EFFECT OF TIME OF HARVEST AND SEED SIZE ON SEED …

ii

EFFECT OF TIME OF HARVEST AND SEED SIZE

ON SEED QUALITY OF SOYBEAN

By

DIDIK HARNOWO

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra

Malaysia,

in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

October 2004

iii

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia

in fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

EFFECT OF TIME OF HARVEST AND SEED SIZE

ON SEED QUALITY OF SOYBEAN

By

DIDIK HARNOWO

October 2004

Chairman : Uma Rani Sinniah, Ph.D.

Faculty : Agriculture

Soybean is one of the most important legume crop in Indonesia. It is widely

cultivated in several agro-ecosystems to meet the local needs. The availability of

high quality seeds is essential for increased productivity but is often neglected.

Farmers use seeds from the previous planting irrespective of season, harvest time

and bulk seeds of varying size together. This study was undertaken in three step

wise experiments in order to study the effect of the current practices on seed

quality, namely (1) to understand the effect of production environment (wet and

dry seasons) and time of harvest on seed quality, (2) to study the effect of seed

size within cultivar on seed quality, and (3) to determine the agronomic

performance of seed lots within cultivar differing in seed size. Seed quality was

assessed using the value of its potential longevity (Ki, in probit scale), the

intercept of the transformed seed survival curve into probit scale. Production

environment affected seed quality, whereby seeds produced in wet season had

lower quality than those in dry season, as indicated by lower seed potential

iv

longevity (Ki). The response of six soybean cultivars to production environment

on seed size and crop duration was similar. Physiological maturity or mass

maturity occurred at around developmental stage R6 + 15 days while maximum

seed quality occurred five days later. Since farmers generally harvest soybean at

around developmental stage R6 + 15 days, delaying harvest until some time after

mass maturity will ensure better seed quality. Seed quality as indicated by Ki value

positively correlated with oligosaccharides, especially raffinose but negatively

correlated with monosaccharides as noted between seasons, among cultivars and

harvest times. On the other hand, the relative amount of pectin methyl esterase

(PME) negatively correlated with seed potential longevity. This suggests that

oligosaccharides and PME play a role in determining quality of seed.

Small sized seeds within cultivar comprised 13.8 – 16.5% of total seed produced

and they exhibited lower quality than large seeds. This is largely attributed to late

pollination and thus resulting in shorter grain filling period. Large and medium

sized seeds within a cultivar did not differ much in quality but large seeded

cultivars had much lower Ki value, indicating poorer storability. If such seeds are

to be stored, more attention in relation to storage condition should be given as

compared to small seeded cultivars. Differences in seed quality as shown by the Ki

value correlated positively with oligosaccharides and negatively with pectin

methyl esterase (PME). Interestingly, when the data of soluble sugars and PME

from the first and the second experiments were pooled, and a simple linear model

relating seed potential longevity with soluble sugars and PME was constructed,

the content of raffinose in seeds had strong contribution to seed potential

v

longevity, whereas PME had smaller contribution. These two biochemical

substances could explain 75% of the variation in seed potential longevity. Thus,

the changes in both the content of raffinose and the relative amount of PME in

seed may partly explain the changes in seed potential longevity due to the

difference in production environment, time of harvest, and seed size. Cultivars

responded differently in its agronomic performance when planted under optimal

condition. Plants from large sized seeds had better growth parameters as compared

to those from small sized seeds. Therefore, bulking should not be practiced, rather

the 15% of small sized seeds should be removed from the seed lot.

Since soybean cultivation is a big industry in Indonesia, the establishment of a

seed program should be initiated. Based on the results of the present study, this

thesis provides a strong basic knowledge to help in establishment of a seed

production plan, namely (1) seed production should be carried out in dry condition

(dry season) i.e. during early dry season (EDS) or late dry season (LDS), (2)

harvesting seeds should be done when the quality is at its maximal i.e. about five

days after physiological maturity, (3) post harvest seed handling should be carried

out properly especially for large seeded cultivars due to their faster deterioration

rate and (4) grading should be done to exclude around 15% of small sized seeds.

The above mentioned factors will ensure more uniform seed lot in terms of seed

size, quality and stand establishment.

vi

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia

sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah

KESAN MASA PENUAIAN DAN SAIZ BIJI BENIH

TERHADAP KUALITI BIJI BENIH KACANG SOYA

Oleh

DIDIK HARNOWO

Oktober 2004

Pengerusi : Uma Rani Sinniah, Ph.D.

Fakulti : Pertanian

Kacang soya merupakan tanaman kekacang terpenting di Indonesia. Ianya

ditanam secara meluas di persekitaran yang berbeza agro-ekosistemnya. Biji

benih yang berkualiti tinggi adalah penting bagi meningkatkan produktiviti, tetapi

ianya sering diabaikan. Petani di Indonesia sering menggunakan biji benih

daripada tanaman musim sebelumnya tanpa mengambilkira faktor persekitaran,

masa penuaian dan saiz biji benih. Bagi memperbaiki sistem pengeluaran biji

benih yang sedia ada, satu kajian telah dijalankan dan dibahagikan kepada tiga,

iaitu (1) kesan persekitaran dan masa penuaian terhadap kualiti biji benih, (2)

kesan perbezaan saiz biji benih terhadap kualiti, dan (3) tumbesaran serta hasil

daripada biji benih yang berbeza saiz. Kualiti biji benih diukur berasaskan nilai

potensi penyimpanan (Ki), iaitu nilai pangkasan pada paksi y pada graf

percambahan biji benih terhadap masa setelah transformasi kepada skala probit

dilakukan. Keadaan persekitaran semasa tumbesaran dan perkembangan biji benih

vii

mempengaruhi kualiti biji benih, dimana biji benih yang dihasilkan dalam musim

hujan adalah lebih rendah berbanding dalam musim kering, berikutan nilai potensi

penyimpanan (Ki) yang rendah. Keenam-enam kultivar memberikan respon yang

sama terhadap saiz biji benih dan jangkamasa kematangan walaupun persekitaran

penanaman adalah berbeza. Kematangan fisiologi berlakukan sekitar fasa

tumbesaran R6 + 15 hari manakala kualiti biji benih mencapai nilai maksimum

lima hari selepas kematangan fisiologi. Oleh kerana petani menuai kacang soya

sekitar fasa perkembangan R6 + 15 hari, menunda penuaian biji benih sehingga

selepas kematangan fisiologi akan menghasilkan biji benih dengan kualiti yang

lebih tinggi. Terdapat korelasi positif diantara oligosakarida terutamanya raffinosa

dengan kualiti biji benih manakala monosakarida memberikan korelasi negatif

dengan potensi penyimpanan. Sebaliknya, jumlah relatif pectin methyl esterase

(PME) dalam biji benih juga mempunyai korelasi negatif dengan potensi

penyimpanan biji benih. Ini menunjukkan bahawa kedua dua jenis bahan di atas

mempunyai peranan dalam menentukan kualiti biji benih.

Biji benih kecil didalam satu cultivar berjumlah sekitar 13.8 – 16.5% daripada

berat keseluruhan dan menunjukkan kualiti yang lebih rendah berbanding dengan

yang berbiji besar. Biji benih kecil adalah biji benih daripada pembuahan yang

akhir, oleh itu jangkamasa pengisian biji adalah lebih pendek. Biji benih besar dan

sederhana tidak menunjukkan perbezaan yang besar dari segi nilai Ki (kualiti)

tetapi kultivar berbiji besar mempunyai nilai Ki yang lebih rendah, melambangkan

keupayaan penyimpanan yang rendah. Sekiranya biji benih kultivar besar hendak

disimpan maka lebih perhatian harus diberikan terhadap persekitaran

viii

penyimpanan berbanding dengan biji benih dari kultivar berbiji kecil. Perbezaan

nilai Ki akibat saiz biji benih menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan

oligosaccharida dan korelasi negatif dengan PME. Apabila semua data gula

terlarut dan PME daripada kajian pertama dan kedua dikumpulkan dan suatu

model yang menghubungkan potensi penyimpanan dengan gula terlarut dan PME

dibuat, maka raffinosa didapati memberikan sumbangan yang besar terhadap

potensi penyimpanan manakala sumbangan PME lebih kecil. Kedua-dua bahan ini

dapat menerangkan lebih kurang 75% daripada variasi pada potensi penyimpanan.

Maka perubahan pada nilai gula raffinosa dengan PME dapat menerangkan

sebahagian daripada perubahan nilai potensi penyimpanan yang diperolehi akibat

persekitaran, masa penuaian dan perbezaan saiz biji benih.

Tindak balas cultivar terhadap tumbesaran serta ciri agronomi bagi biji benih

berbeza saiz adalah berbeza walaupun ditanam pada keadaan optima. Pokok

kacang soya yang berasal daripada biji benih besar menunjukkan pertumbuhan

yang lebih baik berbanding dengan yang berasal daripada biji benih kecil. Oleh

itu, bagi mendapatkan keseragaman, biji benih perlu digredkan dan kurang lebih

15% daripada biji benih bersaiz kecil harus dikeluarkan daripada lot biji benih.

Oleh kerana penanaman kacang soya di Indonesia merupakan industri yang besar,

program industri biji benih yang maju harus diwujudkan. Berasaskan keputusan

yang diperoleh daripada kajian yang dilakukan, tesis ini dapat memberikan

sumbangan bagi mendirikan industri biji benih kacang soya, iaitu : (1)

pengeluaran biji benih kacang soya harus dilaksanakan dalam musim kering,

ix

sama ada dalam musim kering awal atau musim kering akhir, (2) penuaian biji

benih harus dilakukan pada masa kualiti yang maksimum iaitu sekitar lima hari

selepas kemasakan fisiologi, (3) pengendalian pasca tuai biji benih perlu

dilakukan secara tepat terutamanya untuk kultivar bersaiz biji besar kerana ianya

mempunyai kadar deteriorasi yang lebih cepat berbanding dengan biji benih dari

cultivar bersaiz kecil, (4) semasa pemprosesan, biji benih perlu digredkan untuk

mengeluarkan biji benih bersaiz kecil yang berjumlah sekitar 15% daripada berat

biji benih keseluruhan. Faktor-faktor di atas akan menjamin keseragaman saiz biji

benih dalam lot, kualiti serta kemampuan percambahan.

x

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Uma Rani Sinniah for

her supervision, constructive criticisms, and her invaluable guidance and

encouragement throughout my study and preparation of this manuscript.

My sincere thanks are also addressed to my supervisory committee

members, Prof. Dr. Mohd. Khanif Yusop, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Said Saad and

Prof. Dr. Bambang Guritno, for their invaluable advice and encouragement during

my study and preparation of this manuscript.

I am grateful to Ketua Komisi Pembinaan Tenaga, the Project Director of

Participatory Development of Agricultural Technology Project (PAATP), Agency

for Agriculture Research and Development (AARD), and also the Ministry of

Agriculture of the Government of Indonesia for the opportunity and scholarship to

pursue a postgraduate program for doctoral degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia.

I would also like to express my deepest thanks to my wife Koesniah and

my sons Irfan Hartanto and Yusuf Adi Nugroho for their encouragement,

patience, moral support and endless praying during the period of study. Also to

my mother (in memory) who taught me to look for the good in the worst of us,

and to my father who warned me to beware of the bad in the best of us.

xi

Personal appreciation and thanks are go to Dr. Aulani ‘Am, Dra. Sri

Widyarti, Msi. and Ir. Nur Hadi MSc. for their invaluable support on

electrophoresis, to Mr. Danu for sugar analysis, to Nuraedy for his assistance

during the field work, and to Ir. Suprapto for his providing conducive atmosphere

for the author to carry out laboratory research activity. My sincere appreciations

and thanks are also directed to my friends and colleagues.

Above all, Alhamdulillah, be praised to ALLAH SWT, the most

beneficent, the most gracious and merciful who give me physical and

psychological strength and comfort to successfully complete my studies.

xii

I certify that an Examination Committee met on October 27, 2004 to conduct the

final examination of Didik Harnowo on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled

“Effect of Time of Harvest and Seed Size on Seed Quality of Soybean” in

accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and

Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulation 1981. The Committee

recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members for the

Examination Committee are as follows:

Mohammad Mohd. Lassim, Ph.D.

Associate Professor

Faculty of Agriculture

Universiti Putra Malaysia

(Chairman)

Mohd. Ridzwan Abd. Halim, Ph.D.

Associate Professor



(Member)

Adam Puteh, Ph.D.

Lecturer



(Member)

Izham Ahmad, Ph.D.

Seed Technologist

Malaysian Agriculture Research and

Development Institute (MARDI)

(Independent Examiner)

___________________________________

ZAKARIAH ABD. RASHID, Ph.D. Professor / Deputy Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date : 28 Januari 2005

xiii

This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been

accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

The members of the Supervisory Committee are as follows:

Uma Rani Sinniah, Ph.D.


Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)

Mohd. Khanif Yusop, Ph.D.

Professor


Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Mohd. Said Saad, Ph.D.

Associate Professor


Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Bambang Guritno, Ph.D.

Professor


Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia (Member)

_________________________

AINI IDERIS, PhD.

Professor / Dean

School of Graduate Studies


Date :

xiv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations

and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not

been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other

institutions.

__________________

DIDIK HARNOWO

Date : 6 Januari 2005

xv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT ii

ABSTRAK v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix

APPROVAL xi

DECLARATION xiii

LIST OF TABLES xvii

LIST OF FIGURES xix

LIST OF PLATES xxi

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS/NOTATIONS xxii

CHAPTER

1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Research Objectives 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1. Seed Quality 6

2.1.1. Definition and Components of Seed Quality 6

2.1.2. The Concept of Seed Germination and Vigor 8

2.1.3. Seed Potential Longevity 10

2.2. Seed Development and Maturation in Relation to Seed

Quality

14

2.2.1. Moisture Content and Dry Weight 16

2.2.2. Nutrients and Food Reserves 20

2.2.3. Soluble Sugars 23

2.2.4. Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) Enzyme 27

2.3. The Effect of Production Environment on Seed Quality 33 2.3.1. Temperature and Light 33 2.3.2. Rainfall and Soil Moisture 35 2.3.3. Nutrients 37 2.4. The Effect of Seed Size on Seed Quality and Yield 37 2.5. The Agro-ecosystem for Soybean Seed Production in

Indonesia

42

3 THE EFFECT OF PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT AND

TIME OF HARVEST ON SEED QUALITY OF SOYBEAN

46

3.1 Introduction 46

3.2 Materials and Methods 47

3.2.1 Location 47

3.2.2 Crop Establishment 47

xvi

3.2.3 Treatment and Experimental Design 48

3.2.4 Handling at Harvest 49

3.2.5 Parameters 50

3.2.5.1 Seed Moisture Content and Dry Weight 50

3.2.5.2 Germination of Fresh and Desiccated

Seeds

50

3.2.5.3 Seed Potential Longevity 51

3.2.5.4 Conductivity of Seed Leachates 52

3.2.5.5 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio 52

3.2.5.6 Soluble Sugars 52

3.2.5.7 Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) Enzyme 53

3.2.6 Statistical Analysis 55

3.3 Results and Discussion 56

3.3.1 Seed Moisture and Dry Weight 56

3.3.2 Germination of Fresh and Desiccated Seeds 60

3.3.3 Conductivity of Seed Leachates 65

3.3.4 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio 69

3.3.5 Seed Potential Longevity 70

3.3.6 Soluble Sugars 76

3.3.6.1 Changes in Soluble Sugars Due to

Production Environment

77

3.3.6.2 Changes in Soluble Sugars Due to Time

of Harvest

82

3.3.6.3 The Relation between Sugar Content

and Seed Potential Longevity

85

3.3.7 The Relative Amount of PME Due to Production

Environment and Time of Harvest

88

3.8 Conclusions 94

4 THE EFFECT OF SEED SIZE WITHIN CULTIVAR ON

SEED QUALITY PRODUCED IN DIFFERENT

ENVIRONMENT

98

4.1 Introduction 98


4.2.1 Location 100

4.2.2 Crop Establishment, Harvest and Seed Processing 100


4.2.4 Parameters 103

4.2.4.1 Seed Size Proportion by Weight 103

4.2.4.2 Standard Germination 104

4.2.4.3 Seed Potential Longevity 104

4.2.4.4 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio 104

4.2.4.5 Speed of Seed Imbibition 105

4.2.4.6 Soluble Sugars 105

4.2.4.7 Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) Enzyme 105


4.3.1 Seed Size Proportion by Weight 106

4.3.2 Standard Germination 107

xvii

4.3.3 Survival Curves and Seed Potential Longevity 109

4.3.4 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio 112

4.3.5 Speed of Seed Imbibition 115

4.3.6 Soluble Sugar Content 119

4.3.6.1 The Content of Soluble Sugars Due to

Production Environment

120

4.3.6.2 The Content of Soluble Sugars Due to

Seed Size

122

4.3.6.3 The Relation between Soluble Sugar

Content and Seed Potential Longevity

126

4.3.7 The Relative Amount of PME Due to Production

Environment and Seed Size

130

4.4 Conclusions 133

5 AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF SEED LOTS WITHIN

CULTIVAR DIFFERING IN SEED SIZE

136

5.1 Introduction 136


5.2.1 Location and Crop Establishment 137


5.2.3 Crop Management 138

5.2.4 Parameters 139

5.2.4.1 Plant height, Leaf Area and Plant Dry

Matter

139

5.2.4.2 Plant Growth Rate (PGR) 139

5.2.4.3 Yield Components and Grain Yield 139


5.3.1 Plant Height and Leaf Area 140

5.3.2 Plant Dry Weight (Biomass) and Plant Growth

Rate

142

5.3.3 Yield Components and Grain Yield 144

5.4 Conclusions 146

6 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 148

REFERENCES 163

APPENDICES 182

BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR 205

xviii

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2.1 Development Stage Description for Soybean 15

3.1 Germination Percentage of Fresh Soybean Seeds Produced in

Dry and Wet Season Harvested at Different Time of Harvest

60

3.2 Germination Percentage of Fresh Seeds of Six Soybean

Cultivars Harvested at Different Time of Harvest

62

3.3 Germination Percentage of Desiccated Soybean Seeds

Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Harvested at Different Time

of Harvest

63

3.4 Germination Percentage of Desiccated Seeds of Six Soybean

Cultivars (Over Seasons) Harvested Different Time of Harvest

65

3.5 Conductivity of Seed Leachates of Six Soybean Cultivars

Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons

66

3.6 Conductivity of Seed Leachates of Six Selected Soybean

Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Harvested at

Different Time of Harvest

68

3.7 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio of Six Soybean Cultivars Produced in

Dry and Wet Seasons and, Season and Cultivar Average

70

3.8 The Estimates of Potential Longevity (Ki) of Seed Lots of Six

Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons

Harvested at Four Developmental Stages (Four Harvest Times)

76

3.9 Simple Correlation Coefficient between Sugars and Seed

Potential Longevity and Among Sugars

87

3.10 The Relative Content of Pectin Methyl Esterase (PME) in Six

Selected Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons

Harvested at Four Developmental Stages

92

4.1 Mean Seed Dry Weight of Nine Seed Lots Used in this Study 102

4.2 Seed Size Proportion by Weight for Three Soybean Cultivars

Produced During Dry and Wet Seasons and Separated into

Three Seed Size Classes

107

xix

4.3 Standard Germination of Seeds of Three Soybean Cultivars

Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Separated into Three Seed

Size Classes

108

4.4 Potential Longevity (Ki) and 1/σ (in bracket) of Seed Lots of

Three Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons

Separated into Three Seed Size Classes

111

4.5 Seed Coat to Seed Ratio (%) of Three Soybean Cultivars

Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Separated into Three Seed

Size Classes

113

4.6 Simple Correlation Coefficient (r) between Sugars and Seed

Potential Longevity and Among Sugars

129

4.7 The Relative Content of PME in Seed Lots Differing in Seed

Size in Three Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and Wet

Seasons

132

5.1 Single Effect of Season on Plant Height and Leaf Area at Two

and Five Weeks After Sowing

140

5.2 Plant Height and Leaf Area of Soybean at Two and Five

Weeks After Sowing (WAS) from Seed Lots Differing in Seed

Size of Three Soybean Cultivars Originating from Dry and

Wet Seasons

141

5.3 Plant Biomass at Two and Five Weeks After Planting (WAS)

and Plant Growth Rate between Two to Five WAS in Three

Soybean Cultivars Planted in Screen House

143

5.4 Single Factor Effect of Cultivar and Seed Size on Yield

Components and Grain Yield of Soybeans

145

xx

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

2.1 An Illustration of the Relation between Seed Survival Curve

(A) and Seed Viability Line (B)

12

2.2 The General Pattern of Seed Development With Three

Conceptual Phases Showing Temporal Changes in FW

(Fresh Weight), DW (Dry Weight) and MC (Moisture

Content)

15

2.3 The Amino Acids Sequence of the Primery Structure of

PME. Histidine and Tyrosine are the Only Two Residue

Types that have been Ascribed Fuctional Importance in the

Enzyme Activity

29

2.4 Diagram Showing the Existing Cropping System of

Soybean Based on Agro-ecological Condition in Indonesia

and Soybean Seed Flow

44

3.1 Changes in Seed Moisture Content (%) and Mean Seed Dry

Weight (mg) of Soybean cv. Dieng (A), Tidar (B) and Wilis

(C) Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons Harvested at Four

Developmental Stages

57

3.2 Changes in Seed Moisture Content (%) and Mean Seed Dry

Weight (mg) of Soybean cv. Cikurai (A), Argomulyo (B)

and Burangrang (C) Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons

Harvested at Four Developmental Stages

58

3.3 Survival Curves of Soybean Seed cv Dieng (A), Tidar (B),

Wilis (C), Cikurai (D), Argomulyo (E) and Burangrang (F)

Produced in Dry Season

72

3.4 Survival Curves of Soybean Seed cv. Dieng (A), Tidar (B),

Wilis (C), Cikurai (D), Argomulyo (E) and Burangrang (F)

Produced in Wet Season

73

3.5 The Content of Stachyose, Raffinose and Oligosaccharides

of Soybean Seeds (Over Seasons and Time of Harvests)


78

3.6 The Content of Galactose, Glucose, Fructose and

Monosaccharides in Seed of Soybeans (Over Cultivars and

Time of Harvests) Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons

79

xxi

3.7 The Content of Galactose, Glucose and Fructose of Seeds in

Six Soybean Cultivars Over Seasons and Time of Harvests

80

3.8 The Effect of Time of Harvests on Sugar Content in Seed of

Soybeans Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons

84

4.1 Survival Curves of Three Seed Lots Differing in Seed Size

of Soybean cv. Dieng (A), Wilis (B) and Argomulyo (C)


110

4.2 Rate of Seed Imbibition of Seed Lots Differing in Seed Size

in Three Soybean Cultivars i.e. A: Dieng, B: Wilis, and C:

Argomulyo Produced in Dry and Wet Seasons

116

4.3 The Content of Fructose, Galactose, Monosaccharides and

Sucrose in Seed of Three Soybean Cultivars Produced in

Dry and Wet Seasons

121

4.4 The Content of Stachyose, Raffinose and Oligosaccharides

in Seeds of Three Soybean Cultivars Produced in Dry and

Wet Seasons

122

4.5 The Content of Galactose and Glucose in Seed of Three

Soybean Cultivars Differing in Seed Size Within Cultivar

(Large, Medium and Small) Produced in Dry and Wet

Season

124

4.6 The Content of Stachyose and Oligosaccharides in Seed of

Three Soybean Cultivars Differing in Seed Size Within

Cultivar (Large, Medium and Small) Produced in Dry and

Wet Season

125

4.7 The Content of Raffinose in Seed of Three Soybean

Cultivars Differing in Seed Size Within Cultivar Produced in

Dry and Wet Seasons

127

6.1 The Diagram Showing the Involvement of PME on Seed

Deterioration and Seed Quality

159

xxii

LIST OF PLATES

Plate Page

3.1 The Physical Appearance of Harvested Crop (cv. Wilis)

Coinciding With the Four Developmental Stages of Soybean.

49

3.2 Electrophoretic Profile of Seed Protein of Soybean cv. Dieng

(A) and Tidar (B), Produced in Dry Season (Lane 1-4, Each

Indicates H1-H4) and Wet Season (Lane 5-8, Each Indicates

H1-H4)

89

3.3 Electrophoretic Profile of Seed Protein of Soybean cv. Wilis

(A) and Cikurai (B), Produced in Dry Season (Lane 1-4, Each

Indicates H1-H4), and Wet Season (Lane 5-8, Each Indicates

H1-H4)

90

3.4 .Electrophoretic Profile of Seed Protein of Soybean cv.

Argomulyo (A) and Burangrang (B), Produced in Dry Season

(Lane 1-4, Each Indicates H1-H4) and Wet Season (Lane 5-8,

Each Indicates H1-H4)

91

4.1 Seeds of Soybean cv. Dieng, Wilis and Argomulyo Separated

into Three Seed Size Classes

102

4.2 Electrophoretic Profile of Seed Protein of Soybean cv.

Argomulyo, Wilis and Dieng Produced in Dry (A) and Wet

(B) Seasons, Each Consists of Three Seed Size Classes i.e

Large, Medium and Small

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LIST OF ABBRIVIATIONS / NOTATIONS

oC : Degree Celcius

AA : Accelerated Aging

Anova : Analysis of Variance

AOSA : Association of Official Seed Analysts

APS : Ammonium Peroxydisulphate

BIS : N. N’-Methylenbisacrylamide

BPB : Bromophenol Blue

BSA : Bovine Serum Albumin

cm : centimeter

D : Day

DAS : Day(s) After Sowing

DMRT : Duncan’s Multiple Range Test

EC : Enzymes Catalog

et al. : et alia

g : gram

Ha : Hectare

ISTA : International Seed Testing Association

i.e. : id est L.

KDa : Kilodalton

Kg : Kilogram

L : Liter

mg : milligram

ma : milliampere

mL : milliliter

mm : millimeter

M : Molar

nm : nanometer

PAGE : Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

PME : Pectin Methyl Esterase

ppm : part per million

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rpm : rotary per minute

SAS : Statistical Analysis System

SDS : Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

t : tonnes

TEMED : N, N, N, N, - Tetramethylethylendiamine

Tris-HCl : Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane Hydrochloric Acid

mg : microgram

Wb : Wet basis

EFFECT OF TIME OF HARVEST AND SEED SIZE ON SEED …

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