Effect of Salinity Intrusion on Food Crops, Livestock, and...

Research ArticleEffect of Salinity Intrusion on Food Crops Livestockand Fish Species at Kalapara Coastal Belt in Bangladesh

Mohammad Zahangeer Alam1 Lynne Carpenter-Boggs2

Shishir Mitra1 Md Manjurul Haque1 Joan Halsey3 M Rokonuzzaman4

Badhan Saha5 and M Moniruzzaman5

1Department of Environmental Science Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU)Gazipur 1706 Bangladesh2Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA 99164-6420 USA3Washington State University Pullman WA 99164-3615 USA4Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development BSMRAU Gazipur 1706 Bangladesh5Soil and Environment Section Biological Research Division Bangladesh Council of Scientificand Industrial Research (BCSIR) Laboratories Dhaka Bangladesh

Correspondence should be addressed to Mohammad Zahangeer Alam mohammadalamwsuedu

Received 8 April 2017 Revised 11 July 2017 Accepted 7 August 2017 Published 27 September 2017

Academic Editor Jesus Lozano

Copyright copy 2017 Mohammad Zahangeer Alam et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work isproperly cited

Salinity has caused significant negative effects on agricultural production This research is focused on the vulnerabilities of soiland water salinities on crop fish and livestock production across the Kalapara coastal belt of Bangladesh Several parameterswere measured as indicators of salinity The electrical conductivity of water was found to be significant with TDS Fminus Clminus SO4

2minusNa+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ NO2

minus and PO43minus Chloride was found to be identical with SO4

2minus Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Brminus and PO43minus

Electrical conductivity Fminus Clminus SO42minus Na+ K+ andMg2+ were all found to be higher than the recommended values Similarly soil

conductivity was found significant with TDS Clminus SO42minus Na+ Fminus NO2

minus NO3minus and PO4

3minus Chloride in soil samples was foundstatistically identical with SO4

2minus Na+ NO3minus and PO4

3minus About 200 ha fodder crops areas are affected each year due to salinityNinety-two percent of the areas were found to be salinity affected in the 36 current cropping patterns Twelve percent of marinefish and 25 percent of shrimp species have disappeared as a result of salinityThe negative impact of soil and water salinity on cropsfish and livestock has been increasing in this coastal belt

1 Introduction

Salinity intrusion is one of the major environmental issuesthroughout the world [1] Bangladesh is a growing and devel-oping country This development is dependent on an agri-cultural production system which in turn brings economicvisibility throughout the world Salinity issues constrainboth the agricultural and economic development Salinitycauses a hostile environment for the normal crop produc-tion throughout the year in the coastal belt of BangladeshThe organic matter content of the coastal soils is prettylow (10ndash15) Nutrient deficiencies of N and P are quitecommon in saline soils Micronutrients such as Cu and Zn

are both widespread As a result the reduction of food cropproduction in the coastal region has significant impact on thenational economy of Bangladesh [2] This threat is elevatedbecause of the reduction of fresh water flow from upstreamtidal flow and groundwater discharge [3] The coastal beltof Bangladesh consists of 19 districts which cover 32 ofthe country and accommodate more than 35 million people[4] During 1973 salinity affected 833 million hectares ofland this was increased to 102 million hectares by the year2000 After that salinity affected a recorded 1056 millionhectares during 2009 [5] Among these affected areas around25 million hectares of low-lying coastal lands represents 09to 21 salinity level (SL) in Bangladesh [2 6] Over the last 35

HindawiJournal of Food QualityVolume 2017 Article ID 2045157 23 pageshttpsdoiorg10115520172045157

2 Journal of Food Quality

years salinity has increased around 26 percent in the coastalregion of Bangladesh [7]

The Kalapara coastal belt is one of the nearest areas to theBay of Bengal in Bangladesh This bay is one of the greatestsources of saline water The electrical conductivity is anindicator of this saline water [8] This conductivity increasesthe salt in soil and water across the coastal belt in BangladeshThis salt water from the Bay of Bengal increases many ionsin the soil and water in this coastal region such as chloride(Clminus) sulfate (SO4

2minus) sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) cal-cium (Ca2+) magnesium (Mg2+) bromide (Brminus) phosphate(PO43minus) nitrite (NO2

minus) nitrate (NO3minus) and sulfate (SO4

2minus)More than 99 of these ions are found in the sea waterthroughout theworld [8]The adverse impact of this saltwaterintrusion is higher in this coastal belt than in any otherpart of Bangladesh As a consequence of tropical cyclonessalinity intrusion has been gradually extended toward theinland water and soil [7] Due to increasing soil and watersalinity people in the communities of the Kalapara coastalregions have been suffering from a scarcity of safe water forthe production of crops fish and livestock [9] As a resultsoil and water salinity are considered a major constraint toagricultural production and diversity of fish in the coastalareas of this country [9 10]

Agricultural production has contributed 21 of thenational GDP of Bangladesh [14] The majority of peopleliving in the coastal community are dependent on theagricultural production of crops fish and livestock Severalclimatic factors such as temperature wind speed and rainfallin the coastal zone are favorable for a wide range of foodcrops [15] For example cereals pulses vegetables fruitsand cash crops have been cultivated successfully for manydecades [16] For this reason planning for cropping patternswith the selection of appropriate varieties that have salinitytolerance is necessary for the local environment [17] Forinstance monsoon season (June to October) is favorable forthe cultivation of crops due to the low salinity intrusion[18] However as soil salinity increases each year dry season(November and May) is only favorable for the cultivationof Rabi (DecemberndashFebruary) crops In fact dry-seasonagriculture is particularly difficult in Bangladesh due tohigh salt stress across the coastal belt For this reasoncrop production has been negatively affected each yearfor many decades across the coastal belt of Bangladesh[19]

Surface water and groundwater are both connected tomajor rivers along the coastal belt through various estu-aries and water inlets [20 21] These sources of water arecontaminated by salinity which is influenced by rainfallriver flows upstream withdrawal of water and sea levelrising [22] Since 1948 salinity of rivers in the southerndistricts of Patuakhali Pirojpur Barguna Satkhira Bagerhatand Khulna has risen by 45 [23] However coastal peopleof Bangladesh rely heavily on rivers for fish tube wells(groundwater) andponds forwashing bathing anddrinking[24] Also domestic ponds cover 10 of the total land areawhich is mixed with saline water from rivers soil runoff andshallow groundwater [22] Approximately 20 million people

are affected by unpredictable degrees of salinity in the wateralong the coastal region of Bangladesh [25]

Due to increased salinity there is a shortage of grazingland and fodder crops for livestock production Because ofthis communities must utilize other natural resources tomake up for the lack of protein from livestock This shortageof milk and cattle in the coastal areas is also documentedin other studies [26] The reduced ability for cattle-raisingin Bangladesh has had serious economic and nutritionalconsequences especially for the children [27] However peo-ple have also converted fresh water areas through intrusionof saline water for shrimp culture increasing the salinityin the surrounding areas and damaging the grazing areasof livestock These kinds of agrobiodiversity changes havecaused reduced frequency of consumption of livestock cropsand fish across the coastal belt in Bangladesh These changesin food habits might also lead to considerable negativeconsequences for agricultural production systems for therural populations across the coastal belt of Bangladesh [28]

In addition saline water has been increasing across thecoastal belt due to the intensity of cyclones in BangladeshThis saline water has many connections with fresh waterbodies across the coastal belt It leads to changes in the trophicstructure and diversity of shallow fresh water bodies such asincreased strength of trophic interactions As a result salinewater fish are mixed with fresh water species Because of thisthe intrusion of saline water in different fresh water bodieshas played a significant role in the disappearance of some fishspecies [29]

There are not currently any established guidelinesfor salinity levels in agricultural production systems inBangladesh [30] High salinity levels might have numerousdirect and indirect impacts on crops livestock and fishDue to the connectivity of agricultural products with humanlivelihood greater levels of gestational hypertension werefound in pregnant women in the southwestern coast ofBangladesh compared with noncoastal pregnant womenThis was hypothesized to be caused by saline water andagricultural crops [31 32] In this situation management ofsalinity intrusion is the vital issue for Bangladesh Howeversalinity in the water and soil may be reduced in ways suchas coastal embankment projects construction of dam andsluices zoning of coastal salinity areas a plantation programselection of salinity tolerance cultivars and public awarenessprograms that can contribute to the mission toward sus-tainable livelihood in the coastal region of Bangladesh [10]This study documents the current status of soil and watersalinities across the coastal belt and their possible impactson agriculture It is hypothesized that regular monitoring ofsoil and water salinity levels will be of significant help in theprotection of crops fisheries and livestock along the coastalbelt of Bangladesh

2 Materials and Methods

21 Description of Study Areas Kalapara Upazila is the mostsalinity prone area in the southwestern part of BangladeshIt is adjacent to the Amtali Upazila of Barguna district onthe north the Bay of Bengal on the south and Rabnabad

Journal of Food Quality 3

Table 1 Geographical position for water and soil sampling study areas across the coastal belt

Samples Locations Latitude Longitude

Water

Ander manik river 21∘53679331015840 90∘8365081015840

Shibbaria river 21∘51263771015840 90∘7523351015840

Badurtoli Canal 21∘54669331015840 90∘8365481015840

Char Gangamoti (beach area) 21∘48243811015840 90∘12239181015840

Kuakata beach (left) 21∘48816241015840 90∘7309911015840

Kuakata beach (right) 21∘48816451015840 90∘7309761015840

Char Gangamoti Mangrove 21∘49248781015840 90∘1274921015840

Sonatula River 21∘53679481015840 90∘8363451015840

ShantiBagh Canal 21∘5335781015840 90∘846171015840

Paira river 22∘27796851015840 90∘20475991015840

Kalapara town pond 21∘5335691015840 90∘886531015840

Kalapara town tube well water 21∘5346891015840 90∘889521015840

Soil

Mustafapur Nilgonj 21∘56075471015840 90∘99121015840





Niamatpur 21∘57924771015840 90∘11975951015840

channel and Galachipa Upazila on the east The total areaof Kalapara Upazila is 491 square kilometers and the pop-ulation is 238000 [33] Water samples were collected from12 locations of the Kalapara coastal belt These areas areAnder manik river Shibbaria river Badurtoli Canal CharGangamoti (Beach area) Kuakata beach (left) Kuakata beach(right) Char Gangamoti Mangrove Sonatula River Shan-tiBagh Canal Paira river Kalapara town pond and Kalaparatown tube well water Soil samples were also collectedfrom Mustafapur nilgonj Char Gangamoti (Beach area)Kuakata beach (left) Kuakata beach (right) Char GangamotiMangrove and Niamatpur areas of Kalapara coastal belt ofBangladesh Geographical Positioning System (GPS) of studyareas is shown in Table 1The study area on a Bangladeshmapand sampling locations of these study areas are highlighted inFigures 1 and 2 respectively

22 Inception Meeting An inception meeting was arrangedat the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) in theKalapara Upazila area of the coastal belt for 3 days Thismeetingwas conductedwith government officials fishermenvisitors and farmers who have been living in the KalaparaUpazila area This meeting was conducted to discuss the soiland water salinities and their possible effects on crops fishand livestock During this meeting participants contributedtheir unique perspectives regarding soil and water salinityand the possible impacts upon crops livestock and fishBased on this meeting we were able to identify the majorareas affected by salinity at Kalapara coastal belt for thecollection of soil and water samples

23 Collection of Water Samples Water samples were col-lected randomly with different salinities along the coastalbelt at Kalapara Upazila for analysis of salinity indicators in2016 Distance of each collected water sample for a location

was 50 meters three collected water samples were mixedtogether for making a sample for each location Samples werecollected in 100ndash500ml polyethylene plastic bottles Eachbottle was cleaned thoroughly by rinsing with diluted HClfollowed by washing with distilled water [34] The watersamples were filtered withWhatman 42 to remove suspendedsolids Prepared sample solutions were sealed immediately tominimize exposure to air and collected samples were carriedto the Laboratory of Environmental Science of BSMRAUand Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(BCSIR) in Dhaka for analysis of dissolved ions and otherwater quality constituents All of the collected water sampleswere kept at 4∘C refrigerator temperature before the analysisof the chemical parameters was completed

24 Collection of Soil Samples Soil samples were collectedfrom different areas affected by salinity on the coastal beltat Kalapara Upazila for the analysis of chemical propertiesSoil samples were collected by Auger from different locationsrandomly Distance of each collected soil sample was about15 meters for a location four collected soil samples weremixed together for making a sample for each location Allcollected samples were kept in polyethylene zip lock bagsthrough proper marking Then samples were carried intothe Laboratory of Environmental Science at BangabandhuSheikhMujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU)and Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(BCSIR) in Dhaka for analysis of chemical properties Allsoil samples were preserved at room temperature in thelaboratory before the analysis of the chemical parameters wascompleted

25 Determination of Water Chemical Properties Water pHwas determined with a glass electrode pH meter (ModelMetrohm906Titrande) [35]The electrical conductivity (EC)


88∘00 89

∘00 90

∘00 91

∘00 92

∘00

88∘00 89

∘00 90

∘00 91

∘00 92

∘00

21∘00

24∘00

27∘00

21∘00

24∘00

N

E

S

W

India

Indi

a

Kalapara

Mya

nmar

Bay of Bengal sea

0 60 120 240

(km)

Figure 1 Study area on a Bangladesh map

was analyzed during sample collection with a conductivitymeter (Model HANNA HI-8633) [35] Total dissolved solids(TDS) were determined with a TDS meter (Model HACHSensION 156) [36] The salinity was measured with a salinitymeter (Model HACH SensION 156) [36]

Anions like fluoride (Fminus) chloride (Clminus) nitrite (NO2minus)

bromide (Brminus) nitrate (NO3minus) phosphate (PO4

3minus) andsulfate (SO4

2minus) were determined by ion chromatogra-phy (Model Dionex ICS-1600) followed by APHA 4110

method [37] Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) of watersamples were determined by flame emission spectropho-tometry (Model Jenway PFP7) at 589 nm and 769 nmwavelength respectively [35] Calcium (Ca2+) and mag-nesium (Mg2+) in water samples were determined withan atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) (ModelAA-7000 Shimadzu) followed by APHA 3111 which wascalibrated using certified reference materials (CRMs) [37](Table 2)


N

E

S

W

90∘524

90

∘20

24

90∘524

90

∘20

24

21∘4714

22∘214

21∘4714

22∘214

Water sampling areas

(4)(2)

(3)

(9)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(1)

(10)

(11)(12)

Soil samplings areas(A) Mustafapur nilgonj

(C) Kuakata beach (left)(D) Kuakata beach (right)(E) Char Gangamoti Mangrove(F) Niamatpur areas

(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)

(1) Ander manik river

(3) Badurtoli Canal

(5) Kuakata beach (left)(6) Kuakata beach (right)(7) Char Gangamoti Mangrove(8) Sonatula River(9) ShantiBagh Canal

(11) Kalapara town pond

(2) Shibbaria river

(10) Paira river

(12) Kalapara town tube well water

(B) Char Gangamoti (beach area)

(4) Char Gangamoti (beach area)

Figure 2 Sampling locations in the study area


Table 2 Methods for the determination of salinity indicators in soil and water samples across the Kalapara coastal belt in Bangladesh

Samples Chemical properties Methodsinstrument for chemical analysis

Water

Salinity Salinity meter (Model HACH SensION 156)Conductivity (120583Scm) Conductivity meter (Model HANNA HI-8633)

TDS mgl TDS meter (Model HACH SensION 156)pH Glass electrode pH meter (Model Metrohm 906 Titrande)

Fluoride (Fminus) mgl Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Chloride (Clminus) mgl Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Nitrite (NO2

minus) mgl Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Bromide (Brminus) mgl Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Nitrate (NO3

minus) mgl Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Phosphate (PO4

3minus) mgl Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Sulfate (SO4

2minus) mgl Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Sodium (Na+) mgl Flame emission spectrophotometry (Model Jenway PFP7)Potassium (K+) mgl Flame emission spectrophotometry (Model Jenway PFP7)Calcium (Ca2+) mgl Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (Model AA-7000 Shimadzu)

Magnesium (Mg2+) mgl Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (Model AA-7000 Shimadzu)

Soil

pH Glass electrode pH meterTDS gkg TDS meter

Conductivity (mScm) Conductivity meter (Model HACH SensION 156)Salinity Salinity meter (Model DDSJ-308A)

Fluoride (Fminus) mgkg Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Chloride (Clminus) mgkg Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Nitrite (NO2

minus) mgkg Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Bromide (Brminus) mgkg Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Nitrate (NO3

minus) mgkg Ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600)Phosphate (PO4

3minus) mgkg Vanadomolybdophosphoric yellow color methodSulfate (SO4

2minus) mgkg Turbidimetric methodSodium (Na+) mgkg Flame emission spectrophotometer (Model Jenway PFP7)Potassium (K+) mgkg Flame emission spectrophotometer (Model Jenway PFP7)Calcium (Ca2+) mgkg Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model AA-7000 Shimadzu)

Magnesium (mg2+) mgkg Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Model AA-7000 Shimadzu)

26 Detection of Soil Chemical Properties Soil pH wasanalyzed with a glass electrode pH meter [35] The elec-trical conductivity (EC) was examined with a conductivitymeter (Model HACH SensION 156) [38] Total dissolvedsolids (TDS) were detected with a TDS meter [38] Thesalinity was measured with a salinity meter (Model DDSJ-308A) [36] The chloride (Clminus) bromide (Brminus) fluoride (Fminus)nitrite (NO2

minus) and nitrate (NO3minus) were determined by

ion chromatography (Model Dionex ICS-1600) followed byAPHA 4110 method [37] Sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+)of soil samples were determined with the flame emissionspectrophotometer (Model Jenway PFP7) at 589 nm and769 nm wavelength respectively [35] The sulfate (SO4

2minus)content of soil samples was determined by turbidimetricmethod [39] Phosphate (PO4

3minus) content of the soil sampleswas determined by vanadomolybdophosphoric yellow colormethod [35] Calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) insoil samples were determined by an atomic absorptionspectrophotometer using certified referencematerial (CRMs)[38] (Table 2)

27 Quality Control Quality control (QC) monitors reagentquality apparatus cleaning and accuracy and precision ofmethods and instrumentation and reliability were imple-mented daily in the laboratory Under this QC blank anal-ysis replication internal standard and certified referencematerials were followed properly for each collected soil andwater sample for the measurement of salinity indicatorsDuring ion analysis standard curve was prepared for eachsingle anion at three points of concentration using certifiedreference material For every five samples a reference sampleand spiked sample were included to ensure the QC Ionchromatography flame photometer and atomic absorptionspectrophotometer were calibrated for every six months andmethods of analysis were validated by Bangladesh Accredita-tion Board (BAB) as per ISOIEC 17025 All quality assurancewas maintained according to the proposed guidelines ofAmerican Public Health Association (APHA) [40] NationalAssociation of Testing Authorities (NATA) [41] andNationalEnvironment Protection Measure (NEPM) [42] Accordingto their guidelines several QC parameters are highlighted inTables 3 and 4

Journal of Food Quality 7Ta

ble3Descriptio

nof

quality

control(QC)

forthe

determ

inationof

salin

ityindicatorsin

water

samples

acrosstheK

alaparac

oastalbeltin

Bang

ladesh

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Salin

ity

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Con

ductivity

(120583Scm

)Po

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

TDSmgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashHeld

for7

days

before

analysis

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Totald

issolved

solid

s(TD

S)also

know

nas

ldquofilterabler

esiduesrdquo

pHPo

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsTh

erew

asno

storage

inrefrigerator

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Fluo

ride(Fminus)

mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lNot

maintained

mdash7days

mdashmdash

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashAnalyzedon

thatday

Stored

iniceb

oxat4∘C

mdash

Nitrite

(NO2minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

200m

lTransported

underice

mdash2days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

mdashAnalyzedwith

in7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Nitrate

(NO3minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

Acidified

with

HCl

topHlt2

7days

with

acidificatio

nStored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Phosph

ate

(PO43minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

300m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Filteredon

site

(045120583

mcellu

lose

acetate

mem

brane

filter)

Transported

underice

mdash2days

Freezed(ltminus20∘C)

after

filtration

mdash

Sulfate

(SO42minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Transported

underice

mdash7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Sodium

(Na+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample


Table3Con

tinued

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Potassium

(K+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified


Table 4 Description of quality control (QC) for the determination of salinity indicators in soil samples across the Kalapara coastal belt inBangladesh

Chemical properties Container Sampling amptransport

Maximumholding time Storage Comments

Salinity Conductivity (mScm)TDS gkgpHFluoride (Fminus) mgkgChloride (Clminus) mgkgNitrite (NO2

minus) mgkgBromide (Brminus) mgkgNitrate (NO3

minus) mgkgPhosphate (PO4

3minus) mgkgSulfate (SO4

2minus) mgkgSodium (Na+) mgkgPotassium (K+) mgkgCalcium (Ca2+) mgkgMagnesium (Mg2+) mgkg

Polyethylene ziplock bag

Transportedunder ice box 7 days

Stored inrefrigerator at

4∘C

Field moist or airdried soil

28 Data Collection regarding Salinity Affected Cropping andLivestockrsquos Grazing Areas Based on the inception meetingdata on salinity affected cropping areas was collected fromthe Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) at KalaparaUpazila Information regarding salinity intrusion on crop-ping patterns was also gathered from these studies This datawas verified in the discussion with a group of 25 farmersfrom different cropping areas at Kalapara Upazila with thehelp of DAE personnel On the other hand data pertainingto salinity affected fodder crops for livestock production wascollected from the Department of Livestock Services (DLS)at Kalapara Upazila Similarly this information was alsojustified by discussions with the affected livestock farmersfrom the coastal belt of Kalapara (Tables 8 and 9)

29 Information regarding Fish Biodiversity Based on theinception meeting information regarding the number ofsalinity affected fresh water bodies was noted from theDepartment of Fisheries (DOF) at Kalapara Upazila Basedon the primary information from DoF we interviewed agroup of people who have been living in the surroundingareas of each of the affected water bodies to get data regardingvisible threatened endangered and extinct fish species Weinterviewed 50 people from each location among thesean average of 10ndash12 were women and the rest were menThey were on average 40ndash60 years old The intervieweeswere involved in diverse professions such as fishing boatingfarming government officials and researchers All recordedinformation regarding the current status of biological diver-sity of fish is presented in Tables 10 and 11

210 Statistical Analysis Soil and water quality constituentswere analyzed through Pearson correlation coefficient usingldquoRrdquo Software version 322 (R Foundation for StatisticalComputing Vienna Austria) Significant levels of correlationbetween soil and water quality parameters were analyzedfor the validation of the data using ldquoRrdquo Software ver-sion 322 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing ViennaAustria)

3 Results

31 Chemical Properties of Water The percentage of salinityin water was significantly correlated with conductivity totaldissolved solid (TDS) chloride (Clminus) sulfate (SO4

2minus) sodium(Na+) potassium (K+) calcium (Ca2+) magnesium (Mg2+)(119901 le 001) bromide (Brminus) (119901 le 01) and phosphate(PO43minus) (119901 le 005) The conductivity was found statistically

significant with TDS Fminus Clminus SO42minus Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+

(119901 le 001) NO2minus (119901 le 01) and PO4

3minus (119901 le 005) WaterpH was correlated with Fminus (119901 le 01) Similarly chloridewas found statistically identical with SO4

2minus Na+ K+ Ca2+Mg2+ (119901 le 001) Brminus (119901 le 01) and PO4

3minus (119901 le 005)The bromide (Brminus) was positively correlated with SO4

2minus Na+Ca2+ (119901 le 01) and Mg2+ (119901 le 001) The phosphate (PO4

3minus)was found to have significant correlation with SO4

2minus Na+K+ Ca2+ and Mg2+ (119901 le 005) The sulfate was found tohave a significant relationship with Na+ K+ Ca2+ and Mg2+(119901 le 005) Sodium was also significantly different fromK+ Ca2+ and Mg2+ (119901 le 001) Potassium was positivelycorrelated with Ca2+ and Mg2+ (119901 le 001) Calcium wasfound significantly different from Mg2+ (119901 le 001) Severalchemical properties of water samples such as conductivity(3229 120583Scm) Fminus (365) Clminus (503760) SO4

2minus (55734) Na+(518494) Mg+ (3850) and K+ (7889) (mgl) were foundto be higher than the recommended values of conductivity(300 120583Scm) Fminus (1-2) Clminus (150ndash600) SO4

2minus (250ndash400) Na+(200) Mg+ (30ndash35) and K+ (12) mgl (Tables 5 and 7)

32 Chemical Properties of Soils The soil salinity was signif-icantly correlated with conductivity Clminus SO4

2minus Na+ (119901 le001) Fminus NO2


3minus (119901 le 01) The conduc-tivity was found to be statistically significant with TDS ClminusSO42minus Na+ (119901 le 001) Fminus NO2

minus NO3minus (119901 le 01) andPO4

3minus

(119901 le 005) The soil pH was correlated with Fminus (119901 le 01)The fluoride was found statistically different from NO2

minus Brminus(119901 le 005) and Clminus (119901 le 01) Similarly chloride was found


Table5Correlationcoeffi

cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm

)0989lowastlowastlowast

1

TDSmgl

0988lowastlowastlowast


1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282


0251lowastlowastlowastminus0576lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast

0675lowastlowastlowastminus0245

0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1

lowastlowastlowastindicatessignificantcorrelationat1

levelofsignificancelowastlowastindicatessignificantcorrelationat5

levelofsignificanceandlowastindicatessignificantcorrelationat10

levelofsignificance


statistically identical with SO42minus Na+ (119901 le 001) NO3

minusand PO4

3minus (119901 le 01) Nitrite was significantly correlatedwith Na+ (119901 le 01) The bromide was positively correlatedwith NO3

minus (119901 le 001) SO42minus and Na+ both were positively

correlated with PO43minus (119901 le 01) SO4

2minus and Ca2+ both werefound statistically significant with Na+ (119901 le 001) and Mg2+(119901 le 005)The soil conductivity was found to be 688mScmwhile the recommended value was 075ndash4 for a sustainableenvironment (Tables 6 and 7)

33 Effect of Salinity on Crops and Livestock ProductionWe know that farmers are reliant on crop and livestockproduction across the coastal belt of Kalapara UpazilaThrough interviews with community members in the studyareas we determined threats that included decreases in cropand livestock production During Aman season (June toSeptember) 100 of the areas are covered by crops About200 ha fodder crop areas are affected each year due to salinityFor this reason food shortage is one of the crucial issues forlivestock and other animals Due to the high dependence onthe salinity affected fodder crops livestock are affected bymany negative consequences such as diarrhea skin diseasesliver fluke loss of bodyweight and breakdownof the immunesystem (Table 8) In addition we found 36 cropping patternsin the 39102 ha cropping area at the Kalapara coastal beltAmong these cropping patterns 92 percent of these wereidentified as salinity affected areas (Table 9)

34 Effect of Salinity on Fish Species Production Out of857 ha water bodies 2-3 are occupied by shrimp culturewhich has contributed to the salinity of inland and freshwater bodies across the coastal belt Other areas have alsobeen replaced by saline water on the Kalapara coastal belt(Table 8) We found the number of fish species to be 59inland 57 marine 10 exotic 3 prawns 4 shrimp and 4 crabacross the Kalapara coastal belt in Bangladesh Among thesefish species the percentages that were identified as visiblethreatened endangered and extinct under the category ofinland fish species were 45 24 19 and 12 respectively On theother hand between the marine fish species the percentagesof visible threatened endangered and extinct species werefound to be 43 21 24 and 12 respectively None of theexotic prawn and crab species were identified in the extinctcategory However 25 percent of the shrimp species wererecorded in the extinct category Natural disasters such assalinity and cyclones were both determined to be criticalcauses for the extinction of fish species across the coastal beltof Kalapara Upazila (Tables 10 and 11)

35 Discussion of the Findings

351 Vulnerabilities of Salinity Different cations and anionsare inconsistent in saline soil and water The degree ofsalinity effects on crops livestock and water bodies in fishmay not have the same level of effects on the environment[43] Specific ion toxicity occurs most commonly due toexcessive boron Clndash HCO3

ndash Na+ and other ions [4445] Similarly cations anions and conductivity in soil andwater in the Kalapara coastal belt were recorded at an

extremely toxic level For instance the soil conductivity wasfound to be 688mScm while recommended values were075ndash4 for sustainable crop production Moreover severalchemical properties of water samples such as conductivity(3229 120583Scm) Fminus (365) Clminus (503760) SO4

2minus (55734) Na+(518494) and K+ (7889) were found at a more toxic levelwhereas recommended values of conductivity Fminus Clminus SO4

2minusNa+ and K+ were found to be 300 (120583Scm) 1-2 150ndash600250ndash400 200 and 12mgl respectively (Table 7) Accordingto Dusgupta et al [1] thirty-nine (39) percent of salinity willbe increased across the coastal belt in Bangladesh by 2050The intensity and spread of this salinity across the coastal beltin Bangladesh were connected with the changes of sea levelrise temperature and rainfall and altered riverine flows fromthe Himalayas [46] Agricultural production of crops fishand livestock has been negatively affected due to this extremelevel of soil and water salinity trends across the coastal belt inBangladesh

Coastal agriculture is based on farmlands which providelivelihood support for the community [47] Several groupsof people often suffer a shortage of freshwater in differentareas of the coastal belt [48] Many regions in the worldalong with the coastal belt of Bangladesh have used salinewater for food crop cultivation fodder crop productiondrinking and bathing [49] These practices have contributedto the enormous negative effects on agricultural productionsystems as well as human health [50 51] Coastal agricultureis predominantly affected by unequal water distribution overthe last decades This system causes an increase in salt levelsin the crop fields as well as reduced yield [52] Also soilsalinity has negatively affected rice yield spikelet sterility and1000-grain weight in the coastal belt of Thailand as well asBangladesh In this regard salinity is responsible for a 20yield reduction of coastal region agriculture In fact the soilnutrient supply was only enough to achieve about 80 ofthe maximum yield [53] In fact this reduction of crop yieldhas been influenced by many environmental factors Amongthese factors salinity is one of the major causes for the yieldreduction [54 55] A similar result was found in these studylocations where 92 percent of the cropping area is affectedby the salinity problem This remarkable salinity intrusioninto the cropping areas has tremendously reduced the cropproduction across the coastal belt in Bangladesh (Table 9)which might have led to the shortage of food availability inBangladesh

Salinity has been convenient for shrimp cultivation acrossthe coastal belt but it has accelerated negative effects on thediversity of fresh water fish Some of the inland fresh waterspecies have become extinct due to the connectivity withsaline water [56] The rest of the fish species are only livingin the fresh water ecosystem that are also likely to be extinctforever (Tables 10 and 11) Moreover this salinity problemincludes large-scale degradation of mangroves alteration ofwetlands land subsidence salinization of groundwater andsurface water pollution of agricultural lands and coastalwaters by pond effluents and sludge introduction of exoticspecies or pathogens into the coastal environment loss ofwild larvae and subsequent loss of goods and services gen-erated by natural common property resources [57] However



cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136

minus0813lowastlowast

1




levelofsignificance


Table 7 Existing and recommended values of salinity indicators in soil and water samples

Samples Chemical properties Existing average values Recommended valuesDoE 1997 [11] USEPA 1994 [12] Horneck et al 2007 [13]

Water

Salinity 188 mdash mdash mdashElectrical conductivity (EC) (120583Scm) 3229 300 mdash mdash

TDS mgl 16156 1000 500ndash1000 mdashpH 789 65ndash85 65ndash85 mdash

Fluoride (Fminus) mgl 365 1 2 mdashChloride (Clminus) mgl 530760 150ndash600 250 mdashNitrite (NO2

minus) mgl 085 lt1 1 mdashBromide (Brminus) mgl 1294 mdash mdash mdashNitrate (NO3

minus) mgl 417 10 10 mdashPhosphate (PO4

3minus) mgl 105 6 mdash mdashSulfate (SO4

2minus) mgl 55734 400 250 mdashSodium (Na+) mgl 518694 200 mdash mdashPotassium (K+) mgl 7889 12 mdash mdashCalcium (Ca2+) mgl 4945 75 mdash mdash

Magnesium (Mg2+) mgl 3850 30ndash35 mdash mdash

Soil pH 123 mdash mdash 65ndash75Electrical conductivity (EC) (mScm) 6688 mdash mdash 075ndash4

Note DoE stands for Department of Environment USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)

Table 8 Effects of salinity on crops fisheries and livestock at Kalapara coastal belt of Bangladesh

Crops Fisheries Livestock

Total cropping areas are 39102 hectare(ha) During Aman season (June toSeptember) 90 of areas are covered byrice Salinity intrusion is highly visibleduring dry season (OctoberndashMay)Cultivation of crops is at an extreme riskas a result of high salinity intrusion

The number of fresh water bodiesrecorded at Kalapara coastal area is 18300with total area of 857 ha Out of theseareas 2-3 are converted into shrimpculture Other areas are replaced by salinewater fish Several occurrences ofadaptation are ongoing such asintroduction of crab fish and Koral andsalinity tolerance tilapia fish

About 200 ha grazingfodder crop areashave been affected each year due tosalinity intrusion For this reason foodshortage is one of the crucial issues forlivestock production in this coastalregion Due to intake of salinity affectedfodder crops by livestock several diseaseswere found such as diarrhea skindiseases liver fluke loss of body weightand breakdown of immune system

Data were collected from the office of Department of Agriculture and Extension (DAE) Department of Fisheries (DOF) and Department of Livestock Office(DLO) at Kalapar Upazila

coastal areas are naturally vulnerable and survival strategiesare very limited for people in these communities so theyprefer shrimp cultivation which is responsible for furtherincreasing salinity (Sarwar 2009) This saline water intrudesin the inland riverine areaswhich contributes to the reductionof fresh water bodies This result is creating even morenegative effects on the diversity of fish in the inland riverineareas across the coastal belt in Bangladesh (Tables 10 and11)

An extreme scarcity of salinity free water was recordedin the coastal belt of Bangladesh because of natural dis-asters such as sea levels rising cyclones floods and landerosion which brought saline water from the sea that mixedwith surface and groundwater [58] Water sources suchas rivers ponds and tube wells are becoming unable toprovide sustainable fresh water for people in the coastalcommunity Many key determinants of human health suchas food availability fresh water availability physical safety

and themicrobiological environment are strongly influencedby salinity [59] As saline water mixes with inland water itbecomes unsustainable for consumption by livestock andfishPeople have started suffering from various kinds of healthproblem such as high blood pressure diarrhea and cholera[60] Not only through water but also through consumptionof food raised in these highly saline areas people are gettingmore saline than they require for optimum health [61] Themost vulnerable groups are the pregnant women and thechildren Higher rates of hypertension affecting pregnantwomen in the southwestern coast of Bangladesh comparedwith noncoastal pregnant women were hypothesized tobe caused by salinity contamination [24] Higher salinityfrom food grains also might have caused a higher rate ofbirth defects which is of great concern to the future ofBangladesh Cholera sometimes spreads as an epidemic aftera disaster such as flood or cyclone Lack of drinking waterand overconsumption of saline water influence malnutrition


Table 9 Effect of soil and water salinity on cropping patterns at Kalapara coastal belt

Description of cropping pattern Total cultivable land (ha) Net cultivated land inpercentage (2014-15) Causes

Fallow-fallow-T Aman 21310 545 Soil and water salinityFelon-fallow-T Aman 6251 1599 Soil and water salinityPulse-fallow-T Aman 5160 132 Soil and water salinityWatermelon-fallow-T Aman 2300 588 Soil and water salinityVegetables-fallow-T Aman 1200 307 DroughtPulse-fallow-T Aman 381 097 Soil and water salinityFelon-Aus-T Aman 356 091 Soil and water salinityBoro-fallow-T Aman 275 070 Soil and water salinityVegetable-vegetable-vegetable 257 066 DroughtWatermelon-Aus-T Aman 200 051 Soil and water salinityAlmond-fallow-T Aman 150 038 Soil and water salinityGreen chili-T Aus-T Aman 120 031 Soil and water salinityPulse-Aus-T Aman 100 026 Soil and water salinityWheat-fallow-T Aman 100 026 Salinity and droughtMaize-fallow-T Aman 100 026 Soil and water salinitySweet potato-fallow-T Aman 100 026 Soil and water salinityPulse-fallow-T Aman 90 023 Soil and water salinitySunflower-fallow-T Aman 80 020 Soil and water salinityGreen chili-Aus-T Aman 80 020 Soil and water salinityAlmond-T Aus-T Aman 50 013 Soil and water salinitySweet potato-T Aus-T Aman 50 013 Soil and water salinityPulse-T Aus-T Aman 50 013 Soil and water salinitySesame-fallow-T Aman 50 013 Soil and water salinitySunflower-Bona Aus-T Aman 40 010 Soil and water salinityWheat-T Aus-T Aman 35 009 Soil and water salinityPulse-T Aus-T Aman 31 008 Salinity and droughtSweet potato-T Aus-T Aman 30 008 Soil and water salinityFresh potato-T Aus-T Aman 30 008 Soil and water salinitySugarcane-sugarcane-sugarcane 21 005 DroughtGarlic-T Aus-T Aman 20 005 Soil and water salinityWheat-T Aus-T Aman 20 005 Soil and water salinityMaize-T Aus-T Aman 18 004 Soil and water salinityGarlic-T Aus-T Aman 16 004 Soil and water salinityVegetable-T Aus-T Aman 15 004 Salinity and droughtPulse-T Aus-T Aman 15 004 Salinity and droughtCucumber-T Aus-T Aman 11 003 Soil and water salinityTotal number of croppingpatterns is 36

Total cropping area39102 ha

Total cultivated areas inpercentages (100)

92 of areas are affectedby salinity

Note T Aman stands for Transplanted Aman Rice T Aus stands for Transplanted Aus Rice

undernutrition water borne diseases and food borne dis-eases and even lead to starvation among coastal people [62]

Not only crops and fish have been negatively affected dueto the high salt in the coastal belt of Bangladesh (Tables 89 10 and 11) Saline water also has a detrimental effect onlivestock production [63] Survival of livestock is dependenton the field grass water and dairy feedThese types of naturalresources are connected to salinewaterDue to the shortage of

fodder crops livestock has been affected in this coastal regionof Bangladesh (Table 8) Tolerance of the saline water variesbetween livestock species Pregnant lactating and youngerclasses of livestock are less tolerant than mature dry stockFor optimum production in these classes of livestock watersupplies should not exceed the optimum salinity levels inthe food for livestock [64] Livestock grazing green feedcan better tolerate salinity levels at the upper limit of each


Table 10 Recorded species of fish at Kalapara coastal belt

Category Local name English name Scientific name

Inland fishes

BhetkiKoral BarramundiSeabass Lates calcariferKalo bujuri Tengra mystus Mystus tengaraTengralowastlowast Striped dwarf catfish Mystus vittatus

Golsha tengralowastlowastlowast Gangetic tengra Mystus cavasiusRui Indian Major carp Labeo rohitaCatla Calta Catla catlaMrigal Mrigal Cirrhinus cirrhosus

Tara baimlowast One-striped spiny eel Macrognathus aculeatusBaimGuchi Striped spiny eel Macrognathus pancalus

Bele Tank goby Glossogobius giurisMagur Air breathing catfish Clarias batrachusBoallowast Freshwater shark Wallago attuPabda Pabdah catfish Ompok pabdaKoi Climbing perch Anabas testudineus

Shollowastlowast Banded snakehead Channa striataGazar Giant snakehead Channa maruliusTakilowastlowast Spotted snakehead Channa punctateCheng Asiatic snakehead Channa orientalis

BhedaMenilowast Mud perch Nandus nandusAorlowast Long-whiskered catfish Sperata aorFolilowast Grey featherback Notopterus notopterusChital Humped featherback Chitala chitalaIlishlowastlowast Hilsha Tenualosa ilisha

Chandana ilishlowast Toli Hilsha Tenualosa toilTit punti Ticto barb Puntius tictoJat puntilowastlowast Spotfin swamp barb Puntius sophoreSarpunti Olive barb Puntius saranaShing Stinging cat fish Heteropneustes fossilisChapila Indian river shad Gudusia chapra

Khalishalowastlowast Striprd gourami Colisa fasciatusMola Indian carplet Amblypharyngodon molaDhelalowast Cotio Osteobrama cotioKalibaus Black rohu Labeo calbasuDarkinalowastlowast Rasbora Rasbora rasboraKakila Needle fish Xenentodon cancilaChanda Elongate glass perch Chanda nama

Panguslowastlowastlowast River pungus Pangasius pangasiusEk thotalowastlowastlowast Halfback Hyporhamphus limbatusPotkalowastlowast Gangaetic puffer fish Tetraodon patocaChurilowast mdash Trichiurus muticusKulilowast Dusky sleeper Elotris fusca

Tapasimuni Paradise threadfin Polynemus paradiseusLakhua Indian threadfin Polydactylus indicusParsialowast Goldspot mullet Liza parsiaPoalowastlowast Pama Otolithoides pama

Somudra koilowastlowastlowast Tripletail Labotes surinamensisRup chanda Chinese pomfret Pampus chinensisTular dandi Gangetic sillago Silloginopsis panijusKuicha Gangetic mud eel Monopterus cuchia

Kani magurlowastlowastlowast Canine catfish eel Plotosus caniusRitalowast Rita Rita ritaBatalowast Bata labeo Labeo bata


Table 10 Continued

Category Local name English name Scientific namePhasalowast Gangetic hairfin anchovy Setipinna phasa

Choukkalowastlowast Indian pellona Pellona ditchelaKachkilowastlowast Ganga river sprat Corica sobornaBagha airlowast Gangetic goonch Bagarius bagariusSilonglowastlowastlowast Silond catfish Silonia silondiaSalbaimlowastlowastlowast Zig Zag eel Mastacembelus armatusChaka Squarehead catfish Chaca chaca

Exotic fishes

Grass carp Asian carp Ctenopharyngodon idellaCommon carp European carp Cyprinus carpioSilver carp Asian carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

Thai sarpuntiRaj puti Firefine barb Barbonymus gonionotusTilapialowast Cichlid fish Oreochromis mossambica

Thai punguslowast mdash Pangasianodon hypophthalmusNiloticalowast mdash Oreochromis niloticus

Bighead carp mdash Aristichthys nobilisMirror carp mdash Cyprinus carpio var specularisBlack carp mdash Mylopharyngodon piceus

Marine fishes

ChitraBistara Spotted butterfish Scatophagus argusJava mdash Siganus javus

Tular dandilowast Lady fish Sillago dominaMedlowastlowast Gaint sea cat fish Katengus typus

Lal poaVola Silver jew Johnius argentatusKonkonlowastlowastlowast mdash Pelamys chiliensis

Churi Ribbon fish Trichiurus haumelaPhasalowast Anchovies Thryssa mystax

DatinaSada datinalowastlowast Silver bream Pomadasys hastaKani magurlowastlowast Canine eeltail catfish Plotosus lineatusTular dandi Gangetic sillago Silloginopsis panijusKuicha Gangetic mud eel Monopterus cuchia

Kani magur Canine catfish eel Plotosus caniusRup chanda Chinese pomfret Pampus chinensisCheowalowastlowastlowast Torpedo trevally Taenoides anguillaris

ShaplapataHaush String ray Himantura uarnakBhangan Mullet Mugil cephalusRekhalowastlowast Four barred finger fish Corius quadrifasciatusLoitta Bombay duck Harpadon nehereus

Foli chanda Silver pomfret Pampus argenteusRup chanda Chinese pomfret Pampus chinensisCheowalowastlowastlowast Torpedo trevally Taenoides anguillarisMaityalowast Jack and pompanos Cybium guttatumLakhua Indian salmon Polynemus indicusSada poa Silver jew Otolithes argentatus

Gongonialowastlowast Grunting toadfish Allenbatrachus grunniensAmadilowastlowastlowast Pointed tail anchovy Coilia dussumieriKukurjivlowastlowast Sole Cynoglossus macrostomus

Kamot hangor Requiem shark Carcharhinus gangeticaBom maittalowastlowastlowast Tuna Euthynnus affinis

Batalowast mdash Mugil cephalusGhagra belelowast mdash Gobius personatus

Ghagra Gagora catfish Arius gagoraSomudra koi Tripletail Labotus surinamensisBhut belelowastlowast mdash Paragobiodon echinocephalus


Table 10 Continued

Category Local name English name Scientific nameSomudra chelalowastlowastlowast mdash Thryssa purava

Potkalowastlowast mdash Chelonodon patocaLambuBara poalowast Long jewfish Sciaenoides brunneusFoton maach King mackerel Scomberomorus guttatusRuppanlowast Thread fun bream Nemipterus japonicasMoori mdash Caranyx speciosus

Choukhalowastlowastlowast Indian pellona Pellona indicaKawalowast Hard tail Megalapsis cordyla

Shankhachil Banded eagle ray Aetomylaeus nichofiiKatabukhalowastlowastlowast Beardless sea catfish Batrachocephalus mino

Kulilowastlowast Duckbill sleeper Butis butisKamila Indian pike conger Congresox talabonoidis

Haturi hangor Hammerhead shark Eusphyra blochiiTak chandalowastlowast Common pony fish Leiognathus equulus

Dahuklowast Walking goby Scarteloas histophorusIlishlowastlowast Hilsa shad Tenualosa ilisha

Chandan ilish Toli shad Tenualosa toliTuna Yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacores

RamchoshTaposilowast Paradise threadfin Polynemus paradiseusKhorsulalowast Corsula Rhinomugil corsula

BhetkiKorallowastlowastlowast Seabass Lates calcariferBargunilowast Jarbua terapon Terapon jarbuaRupshalowastlowast Skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis

PrawnsGolda chingrilowastlowast Fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergiiChatka chingri mdash Macrobrachium malcolmsoniiGura chingri Spider prawn Macrobrachium tenuipes

Shrimps

Bagda chingri Giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodonChaka chingrilowastlowast Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicusChapra chingri Oriental shrimp Penaeus orientalis

Horina chingrilowastlowastlowast Brown shrimp Metapenaeus monocerosChali chingri Yellow shrimp Metapenaeus brevicornis

Crabs

Shela kakra Mud crab Scylla serrataZaji kakralowastlowast Blue swimmer crab Neptunus pelagicusSataru kakra Swimmer crab Neptunus sanguinolentaShela kakra Mud crab Scylla serrata

NoteVisible (without asterisk) indicates that species are available and are not considered in any remarkable risk threatened (lowast) indicates that species are likelyto become endangered within the foreseeable future endangered (lowastlowast) indicates that species are becoming at risk of becoming extinct extinct (lowastlowastlowast) indicatesthat there is no doubt that the last individual has died

Table 11 Present status of recorded visible threatened endangered and extinct fish species at Kalapara coastal belt

Category visible threatened endangered extinct CausesInland fishes (59) 45 24 19 12 SalinityMarine fishes (57) 43 21 24 12 CyclonesalinityExotic fishes (10) 70 30 mdash mdash mdashPrawns (3) 67 mdash 33 mdash mdashShrimps (4) 50 mdash 25 25 CyclonesalinityCrabs (4) 75 mdash 25 mdash mdash


category comparedwith those grazing dry feed or salt bush oron a high salt diet since the high water content of green feedwill dilute the salinity levels of the water supply [65] Salinityaffected livestock may be able to transmit various diseasesinto human bodies For this reason salinity levels should becontrolled in the coastal region for the production of livestockalso

36 Mitigation Techniques

361 Construction of Embankment across the Bank of SeaArray of sea is connected with the inland riverine body Itshould have been isolated through an embankment betweenthe bank of the river and the seaThis land could be protectedfrom inundation of saline water through the establishmentof an embankment of suitable size The recommended sizeshould be 5ndash10 meters higher than the high tide level Bram-mer [66] suggested that the Coastal Embankment Project isa requirement for protection from saline water crossing intothe inland areas He also recommended that it should havemore consistent maintenance than in the past [66]

362 Provision of Sluice Gate on the Embankment The sluicegate is a connection between inland and salt water bodiesin the coastal region of Bangladesh This sluice gate whichis placed in the embankment systems is responsible for thecontrol of excess water This makes it possible to preventintrusion of saline water during high tide in the coastal beltThis sluice gate across the embankment can remove excesssaline water during high tide [2]

363 Leveling of Land Slight variations in the land lead tosalt accumulation in the crop fields Land should be properlyleveled to prevent accumulation of water in the low-lyingpatches with shallow groundwater tables and to facilitate auniform drainage system for removing excess water It willalso help to apply irrigation water uniformly in the fieldduring Rabi season (JanuaryndashMarch) which will facilitateuniform germination of seeds and better growth of cropsHaque [2] recommends that the leveling of soil also suppliesnutrients uniformly in the salinity affected crop fields

364 Harvesting of Rain Water for Irrigation Tidal water isgenerally salty This water is not useful for the productionof crops in the coastal belt During the rainy season excessrain water should be stored in ponds and canals Laterthis harvested rain water will be valuable for crop irrigationduring the dry season Climate change has caused rising sealevels along the coastal belt This in turn has contributedto the rise in salinity intrusion in the region One resultof this is a severe scarcity of potable water at the southwestern coastal area of BangladeshThis rainwater harvestingsystem is proposed solution to provide fresh water for cropcultivation and domestic uses during the rainy season acrossthe coastal belt in Bangladesh [67]

365 Salinity Tolerant Cultivars Even though the coastalarea is relatively flat there exist some altitude differences inareas where depths of standing water can reach 10ndash100 cm

Varieties of cultivars should be selected on the basis oftolerance to standing water and the extent of salinity in thefield to maximize productivity of the available land Utilizingsalt-tolerant crops is one of the most important strategiesto solve the problem of salinity Qualitative and quantitativeprotein synthesis in plants have been altered under thesesaline conditions When a plant is subjected to abiotic stressa number of genes are turned on resulting in increased levelsof several metabolites and proteins some of which may beresponsible for conferring a certain degree of protection fromthe salinity stress [68]

366 Introduction of Crop in Rabi (Winter) Season Croppingintensity should be modified in slightly saline areas by adopt-ing proper soil and water management practices with theintroduction of salt-tolerant crop varieties During this dryseason salt-tolerant minor cereal crops such as lentil mungbean and pea and different vegetables might be cultivatedthrough the proper management of drainage systems [19]

367 Use of Fallowing Lands Groundwater is saline andpresent at a shallow depth (about 10 meter) Keeping landsfallow leads to high salinity in soil due to the evaporationof excessive soil moisture Therefore it is recommended toavoid fallowing of lands during Rabi season (winter season)Salt-tolerant crops should be chosen and grown This can bedone by reintroduction of deep rooted perennial plants thatcontinue to grow and use water during the seasons that donot support annual crop plants This may restore the balancebetween rainfall and water use thus preventing rising watertables and the movement of salt to the soil surface [69] Thiswill be helpful for maintaining of soil salinity profile

368 Application of Potash Fertilizer Since soils in generalare poor in fertility with low organic matter content it isnecessary to apply appropriate fertilizers to increase cropproduction Potash fertilizer has an added advantage in salinesoil It lowers Na uptake by plants and increases K uptakeThus K fertilization protects crops from harmful effects ofNaThis crop nutrient management is one of the best optionsto increase the plant productivity in saline soils For thisan application of potassium sulfate (K2SO4) can improvethe plant productivity and nutrient uptake for food cropsin a saline environment It was observed that the uptakeand accumulation of nutrients like calcium magnesiumpotassium and phosphorus increase in plants subjected to Kfertilizer application under saline environments [70]

369 Reducing of Groundwater Level In many parts ofthe coastal region salinity is highly visible To grow cropssuccessfully in those areas it is necessary to bring down thesalinity by leeching the salts It is also necessary to decreasethe water table level and maintain it below the critical depthto prevent the salt from having an effect on crops To achievethis objective a proper subsurface drainage has to be installedto keep the groundwater at least 15 meters below the soilsurface Salinity is managed by a combination of vegetationand engineering strategiesmdashdesigned to create the reductionof water in these areas The planting of vegetation with high


water usage can be utilized to reduce groundwater rechargeand to intercept water as it moves through the soil [71]

37 Possible Adaptation Strategies and Practices Strengthen-ing adaptation capacity requires blending individual skillsand household capacity with external institutional supportsfor technological acceptance The dynamic geomorphologi-cal nature in coastal areas along with spontaneous naturaldisasters often exceeds the knowledge of the local peopleand use of available resources to reduce the problems inthe long run Adaptation practice is mostly dependent uponinstitutional response for promotional activities and to man-aging observed risks in Bangladesh and less focusing onintegrating other social constructions at the community levelMaking long-term decisions for coastal adaptation dependson climate change and complexities and levels of stakeholdersupport [72]

Coastal adaptation can be reached through adjustment ofecological social or economic systems to actual or expectedclimatic impacts Social ecological and institutional capaci-ties are significantly important to the coastal communities toadapt themselves in an adverse situationThese communitiesof people need to adapt with the changing environmentalconditions caused by salinity They have been followingtraditional cropping patterns for crop cultivation across thecoastal saline environment [73]Theyhave continued to adaptduring the period of rapid change since the 1950s when thefirst major flood embankments were constructed and laterwith the spread of dry-season irrigation and the introductionof high-yielding crop varieties In this situation it is highlyrecommended to change the traditional cropping patterns asper the guidelines of Agriculture Extension Department inBangladesh to ones that will provide more protection fromsalinity intrusion across this costal belt

Introducing fast growing and improved varieties fishacross the costal belt might be a way of supplying freshwater fish Though coastal areas are dominated by groupsof fishermen with the changing environment and extremeevents most of the people are experiencing a decrease in theseasonal fish catch from the sea and rivers in the region Thechannel system can secure additional or alternative sources ofincome through fish cultivation in two seasons of the year Byexcavating a single ditch a family can produce an estimated200 kg of fish annually which secures their household proteinand additional income after consumption Harvesting of rainwater in these ditches also supports regular water supply toplantations on the channel and increases fresh water securityas it doubles as a reservoir

The plantation of the correct varieties of vegetables canprovide an immediate opportunity for household consump-tion in these communities Different hanging vegetablesincluding country bean cucumber bottle bitter and sweetgourds (cucurbitaceous vegetables) and other creeper veg-etables may be cultivated widely across the coastal beltThis cultivation system will be helpful for supplying needednutrients during adverse conditions of salinity intrusionacross the coastal environment

Agricultural practice is increasingly constrained with ahigh level of salinity ingress and frequent and severe impacts

of natural disasters in coastal areas Given the impactsof seasonal water logging and salinity on land and lackof irrigation in dry seasons alternative cropping practicesthrough use of climate resilient rice varieties have been avital need for agricultural production in the area The salt-tolerant rice variety (BR 47) has already been introduced infour coastal districts Considering lower land productivitythis rice variety has been considered a potential crop in thiscoastal area This BR 47 rice variety might be introduced dueto its high yield in extreme saline conditions in this coastalregion

38 Policy Implications and Gaps in These SalinityAffected Areas

381 Fragile Water Governance Systems at Local Level Weakwater governance systems at the local level are anothercause of the salinity increase Salinity intrusion not only is anatural phenomenon but also is caused by human activitiesNumerous human activitiesmdashsuch as untimely water useunplanned shrimp culture insufficient or poorly maintainedinfrastructure and inadequate management systemsmdashcancontribute to salinity intrusion

382 Cross Boundary River Policy A total of 57 major riversare located in the country of Bangladesh of which 54 riversenter from India and 3 rivers fromMyanmar [74] But amongthe 54 rivers twenty-five rivers face one or more upstreamdiversions primarily in the drymonths For this reason waterscarcity during nonmonsoon months causes the salinity toincrease in the soil andwater of the coastal belt of Bangladesh

383 Lack of Capacity of Local Government Local govern-ment reforms in Bangladesh have evolved very distinctlyaccording to the needs of the ruling elites [75] With thechange of government the policy of local government hasalso kept changing As a consequence Local GovernmentInstitute (LGI) has not had any opportunity to act withany effective tiers of government because mandates andlimited funds prevent them from being able to carry outtheir roles and responsibilities Independent reviews statedthat Bangladesh has not been successful in establishinga decentralized system of governance and accountabilityA World Bank review of the decentralization process in19 countries ranks Bangladesh lowest in the decentral-ization scale [76] Due to the lack of capacity of LGIsthey cannot take the initiative to protect coastal poldersembankments roads and other kinds of infrastructure aswell as the unplanned shrimp culture As a result salin-ity has continued to increase across the costal belt inBangladesh

384Weak Structure and PoorMaintenance Bangladesh hasa 5017 km embankment protecting the polders in coastalareas of the Bay of Bengal The primary goal of launchingpolderization in Bangladesh was to protect the coastal inhab-itants from regular natural disasters and to boost the agri-cultural production [77] Bangladesh Water Development


Board (BWDB) formerly known as Water and Power Devel-opment Authority (WAPDA) is in charge of maintainingand conducting the rehabilitation project of the polders [78]But due to the poor maintenance coastal polders in manyplaces have not been protected from salinity intrusion intothe agricultural fields The BWDB has categorized 51 poldersas ldquomost vulnerablerdquo and another 55 polders as ldquomediumvulnerablerdquo To cope with vulnerability it is necessary torehabilitate the damaged infrastructure of the polders Mostof the sluice gates have been damaged which enables thesaline water to continuously flow inland In addition shrimpfarmers cut the embankment to get saline water into theirshrimp fields which also makes the embankment weak Thisweak embankment is easily damaged due to tidal pressureparticularly during full moon and the saline water can thenenter the polders

385 Lack of Coordination among Different OrganizationLocal government has connected with the federal govern-ment Government personnel in the departments of exten-sion disasters fisheries livestock engineering and waterdevelopment boards might have a lack of coordinationto be able to implement any of the government policiestogether On the contrary researchers nongovernment offi-cers (NGOs) and international and national groups havebeenworkingwithout coordinationwith the national govern-ment Due to the lack of integration between the organiza-tions proposed activities for the reduction of salinity acrossthe coastal belt have not been substantially implementedthroughout the country

4 Conclusion

The coastal belt is at an extreme risk due to high soil andwater salinity This salinization in water and soil is the majornatural hazard hampering crop and livestock productionThis is also producing a negative impact on the diversity offish across this costal belt This coastal area in Bangladeshconstitutes 20 of the country of which about 53 isaffected by different degrees of salinity In fact decliningland fish and livestock productivity with a shift towardnegative nutrient balance is among the main concerns forfood security problems in the country Several cations andanions in water and soil such as conductivity Fminus Clminus SO4

2minusNa+ and K+ were found at higher than recommended valuesfor a sustainable environment across the Kalapara coastal beltof Bangladesh About 200 ha fodder crop areas are affectedeach year due to salinity Among 36 cropping patterns 92percent of these were identified as salinity affected areas Outof 857 ha water bodies 2-3 are occupied by shrimp culturewhich has contributed to the salinity of inland and freshwater bodies across the coastal belt Twenty-five percent ofshrimp species were recorded in the extinct category Dueto the weak policy implementation this salinity problemis increasing which has enhanced the negative impacts onfood security It is significantly important to explore thepossibilities for increasing agricultural production for thegrowing population throughout the world as well as thecoastal region of Bangladesh Thus combating this land

salinization problem is a vital issue for food security in thecountry through adoption of long-term land managementstrategies

Disclosure

This research is a national issue for Bangladesh The authorsare all working in the Government Institute of BangladeshTheir job is to conduct research and teaching on the nationalissues in Bangladesh For this reason they do not need toreceive approval for sample collection from any authority ofBangladesh Sampling areas are not indicated as protected orendangered species areas in Bangladesh

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that no conflicts of interest exist regard-ing the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Laboratory ofEnvironmental Science at Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) and Biologi-cal Research Division at Soil and Environment Section ofBangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(BCSIR) The authors are also thankful to the Departmentof Agricultural Extension (DAE) Department of Fisheries(DOF) and Department of Livestock Services (DLS) atKalapara Upazila for their support to collect data on salinityissues across the coastal belt of Bangladesh Finally they areespecially thankful to the Ministry of Science and Technol-ogy Bangladesh for their valuable funding

References

[1] S Dasgupta M M Hossain M Huq and DWheeler ldquoClimatechange and soil salinityThe case of coastal BangladeshrdquoAmbiovol 44 no 8 pp 815ndash826 2015

[2] S A Haque ldquoSalinity problems and crop production in coastalregions of Bangladeshrdquo Pakistan Journal of Botany vol 38 no5 pp 1359ndash1365 2006

[3] W Palash Salinity in the South West Region of Bangladeshand the Impact of Climate Change 2015 httpwwwstudents-waterdiplomacyorgblog201548salinity-in-the-south-west-region-of-bangladesh-and-impact-of-climate-change

[4] S Huq and G Rabbani 2011 Adaptation Technologies inAgriculture The Economics of rice farming technology inclimate vulnerable areas of Bangladesh

[5] Soil Resources Development Institute (SRDI) Saline Soils ofBangladesh SRDI Ministry of Agriculture Dhaka Bangladesh2010

[6] M S Iftekhar and M R Islam ldquoManaging mangroves inBangladesh a strategy analysisrdquo Journal of Coastal Conserva-tion vol 10 no 1-2 pp 139ndash146 2004

[7] MMahmuduzzaman Z U Ahmed A KMNuruzzaman andF R S Ahmed ldquoCauses of Salinity Intrusion in Coastal Belt ofBangladeshrdquo nternational Journal of Plant Research vol 4 no4A pp 8ndash13 2014


[8] OceanHealth Chemistry of sea water 2017 httpoceanplasmaorgdocumentschemistryhtml

[9] A Basar ldquoWater Security in Coastal Region of BangladeshrdquoBangladesh e-Journal of Sociology vol 9 p 2 2012

[10] S Huq Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change forBangladesh Kluwer Academic Publishers 1999

[11] DoE (Department of Environment) The environment conser-vation rules 1997 Ministry of Environment and Forest DhakaBangladesh 1997

[12] USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)Water-quality criteria standards or recommended limits forselected properties and constituents Hydrology of the blackhills area South Dakotapp 46-49 1994 httpspubsusgsgovwriwri024094pdfmainbodyofreport-3pdf

[13] D A Horneck J W Ellsworth B G Hopkins D M Sullivanand R G Stevens Managing Salt-affected Soils for CropProduction A Pacific Northwest Extension publication OregonState University University of Idaho and Washington StateUniversity httpsealbyueduPortals100docsAdditional20ResourcesManaging20Salt-Affected20Soils20for20Crop20Productionpdf

[14] Climate Change Cell 2009 Climate Change Adaptation Re-search Adaptive Crop Agriculture Including Innovative Farm-ing Practices in the Coastal Zone of Bangladesh DOE MOEFComponent 4b CDMP MOFDM

[15] J E Bauer W-J Cai P A Raymond T S Bianchi C SHopkinson and P A G Regnier ldquoThe changing carbon cycleof the coastal oceanrdquoNature vol 504 no 7478 pp 61ndash70 2013

[16] M K Papademetriou and F J Dent Crop Diversification inthe Asia-Pacific Region Food and Agriculture OrganizationBangkok Thailand 2001

[17] RGAllen L S PereiraD Raes andM SmithCrop evapotran-spirationmdashguidelines for computing crop water requirementsmdashFAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56 Food and AgricultureOrganization Food and Agriculture Organization Rome Italy1998

[18] M Rashid andM S Islam Bangladesh country paper for the 3rdsession of the Technical Committee of Asian and Pacific Center forAgricultural Engineering and Machinery (APCAEM) BeijingChina 2007

[19] D Clarke S Williams M Jahiruddin K Parks and MSalehin ldquoProjections of on-farm salinity in coastal BangladeshrdquoEnvironmental Sciences Processes and Impacts vol 17 no 6 pp1127ndash1136 2015

[20] M A Allison S R Khan J Goodbred and S A Kuehl ldquoStrati-graphic evolution of the late Holocene Ganges-Brahmaputralower delta plainrdquo Sedimentary Geology vol 155 no 3-4 pp317ndash342 2003

[21] M Rahman and A Bhattacharya ldquoSalinity intrusion and itsmanagement aspects in Bangladeshrdquo J Environ Hydrol vol 14pp 1ndash8 2006

[22] A A Rahman and P Ravenscroft Groundwater Resourcesand Development in Bangladesh Centre for Advanced StudiesUniversity Press Ltd 2nd edition 2003

[23] Integrated Regional Information Networks 2007 BangladeshRising Sea Levels Threaten Agriculture httpwwwirinnewsorgreportaspxReportId=75094

[24] A E Khan A Ireson S Kovats et al ldquoDrinking water salinityand maternal health in coastal Bangladesh implications ofclimate changerdquo Environmental Health Perspectives vol 119 no9 pp 1328ndash1332 2011

[25] MOEF (Ministry of Environment and Forest) Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Land Use Suitability and Adaptation OptionsCoastal Land Zoning in the Southwest Ministry of Environmentand Forest Dhaka Bangladesh 2006

[26] A Wistrand ldquoShrimp farming in Bangladeshrdquo inThe Blues of aRevolution The Damaging Impacts of Shrimp Farming D Torreand D Barnhizer Eds 2003

[27] A Kendrick The Gher Revolution The Social Impacts ofTechnological change in Freshwater Prawn Cultivation inSouthern Bangladesh Bangladesh Aquaculture and FisheriesResource Unit Dhaka 1994 httpswwwcambridgeorgcorejournalsrenewable-agriculture-and-food-systemsarticlediv-classtitlesalinity-effects-on-food-habits-in-three-coastal-rural-villages-in-bangladeshd

[28] M H Rahman T Lund and I Bryceson ldquoSalinity effectson food habits in three coastal rural villages in BangladeshrdquoRenewable Agriculture and Food Systems vol 26 no 3 pp 230ndash242 2011

[29] S Brucet D Boix L W Nathansen et al ldquoEffects of tem-perature salinity and fish in structuring the macroinvertebratecommunity in shallow lakes Implications for effects of climatechangerdquo PLoS ONE vol 7 no 2 Article ID e30877 2012

[30] WHO (World Health Organization) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality Geneva Switzerland 3rd edition 2008

[31] A Khan S K Mojumder S Kovats and P Vineis ldquoSalinecontamination of drinking water in Bangladeshrdquo The Lancetvol 371 no 9610 p 385 2008

[32] WHO (World Health Organization) Public Health InitiativesmdashHealth Impact of Highly Saline Water Geneva Switzerland2003

[33] Statistical Pocketbook Bangladesh UpazilaThana-wise AreaHousehold and Population of Bangladesh 2001 and 2011Statistics and Informatics Division (SID) Ministry of PlanningGovernment of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh 71 2016http20311221865WebTestApplicationuserfilesImageLat-estReportsPB2015pdf

[34] A K De Environmental Chemistry Wiley Eastern Ltd NewDelhi India 1989

[35] M L Jackson Soil Chemical Analysis Prentice Hall IncEnglewood Cliffs NJ USA 1967

[36] D K ToddGroundWater Hydrology JhonWilly and Sons IncNew York NY USA 1980

[37] APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water andWastewater American Public Health Association WashingtonDC USA 20th edition 1998

[38] SSSA (Soil Science Society of America) Methods of Soil Anal-ysis Part 3 Chemical Methods Soil Science Society of AmericaAmerican Society of Agronomy Madison Wis USA 1996

[39] J Hunt ldquoDetermination of total sulphur in small amounts ofplant materialrdquoThe Analyst vol 105 no 1246 pp 83ndash85 1980

[40] APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water andWastewater American Public Health Association WashingtonDC USA 2st edition 2005

[41] National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA)The use ofcertified reference materials in testing calibration and the roleof proficiency testing 2008 httpswwwnatacomaunata

[42] National Environment Protection Measure (NEPM) Labora-tory analysis of potentially contaminated Soils 2011 httpwwwnepcgovausystemfilesresources93ae0e77-e697-e494-656f-afaaf9fb4277filesschedule-b3-guideline-laboratory-anal-ysis-potentially-contaminated-soils-sep10pdf


[43] HAsbjornsenA SMayer KW Jones et al ldquoAssessing impactsof payments for watershed services on sustainability in coupledhuman and natural systemsrdquo BioScience vol 65 no 6 pp 579ndash591 2015

[44] P A Gale N Busschaert C J E Haynes L E Karagiannidisand I L Kirby ldquoAnion receptor chemistry Highlights from 2011and 2012rdquo Chemical Society Reviews vol 43 no 1 pp 205ndash2412014

[45] S A El-Swaify ldquoSoil andWater Salinity Plant NutrientManage-ment in Hawaiis Soils Approaches for Tropical and SubtropicalAgriculturerdquo in College of Tropical Agriculture and J A Silvaand and R Uchida Eds College of Tropical Agriculture andHuman Resources University of Hawaii 2000

[46] S Dasgupta F A Kamal Z H Khan S Choudhury andN Nishat River salinity and climate change Evidence fromcoastal Bangladesh Policy Research Working Paper No 6817Development Research Group World Bank Washington DCUSA 2014

[47] A J Hamilton K Burry H-F Mok S F Barker J R Groveand V G Williamson ldquoGive peas a chance Urban agriculturein developing countries A reviewrdquo Agronomy for SustainableDevelopment vol 34 no 1 pp 45ndash73 2014

[48] FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) in IntegratedCoastal Area Management and Agriculture Forestry Fisheriesand Scialabban Eds FAO Guidelines Environment and Natu-ral Resources Service Rome Italy 1998

[49] J D Woodruff J L Irish and S J Camargo ldquoCoastal floodingby tropical cyclones and sea-level riserdquo Nature vol 504 no7478 pp 44ndash52 2013

[50] C B Ahmed S Magdich B B Rouina M Boukhris andF B Abdullah ldquoSaline water irrigation effects on soil salinitydistribution and some physiological responses of field grownChemlali oliverdquo Journal of Environmental Management vol 113pp 538ndash544 2012

[51] M Z Alam L Carpenter-Boggs A Rahman et al ldquoWaterquality and resident perceptions of declining ecosystem servicesat Shitalakka wetland in Narayanganj cityrdquo Sustainability ofWater Quality and Ecology 2016

[52] M Das R R Sethi and N Sahoo ldquoEvaluation and integrationof soil salinity and water data for improved land use of under-productive coastal area in Orissardquo Irrigation and Drainage vol59 no 5 pp 621ndash627 2010

[53] C Clermont-Dauphin N Suwannang O Grunberger C Ham-mecker and J L Maeght ldquoYield of rice under water and soilsalinity risks in farmersrsquo fields in northeast Thailandrdquo FieldCrops Research vol 118 no 3 pp 289ndash296 2010

[54] H Eren M Y Pekmezci S Okay et al ldquoHexaploid wheat(Triticum aestivum) root miRNome analysis in response to saltstressrdquo Annals of Applied Biology vol 167 no 2 pp 208ndash2162015

[55] E V Mass and G J Hoffman ldquoCrop salt tolerance- currentassessmentrdquo ASCE J Irrig Drai Div vol 103 no 2 pp 115ndash1341977

[56] M Orr ldquoFish with a different angle The fresh-water fishesof great britain by mrs Sarah Bowdich (1791-1856)rdquo Annals ofScience vol 71 no 2 pp 206ndash240 2014

[57] A K Azad K R Jensen and C K Lin ldquoCoastal aquaculturedevelopment in Bangladesh Unsustainable and sustainableexperiencesrdquo Environmental Management vol 44 no 4 pp800ndash809 2009

[58] R A Wurbs and C Lee ldquoIncorporation of salinity in WaterAvailability Modelingrdquo Journal of Hydrology vol 409 no 1-2pp 451ndash459 2011

[59] D Tilman and M Clark ldquoGlobal diets link environmentalsustainability and human healthrdquo Nature vol 515 no 7528 pp518ndash522 2014

[60] A AzizullahM N K Khattak P Richter andD Hader ldquoWaterpollution in Pakistan and its impact on public healthmdasha reviewrdquoEnvironment International vol 37 no 2 pp 479ndash497 2011

[61] U Patnaik ldquoExport-oriented agriculture and food security indeveloping countries and Indiardquo Economic and PoliticalWeeklyvol 31 no 3537 pp 2429ndash2449 1996

[62] S Cervero-Arago S Rodrıguez-MartınezA Puertas-Bennasarand R M Araujo ldquoEffect of common drinking water disin-fectants chlorine and heat on free Legionella and amoebae-associated Legionellardquo PLoS ONE vol 10 no 8 Article IDe0134726 2015

[63] H C Duong A R Chivas B Nelemans et al ldquoTreatment ofRO brine from CSG produced water by spiral-wound air gapmembrane distillationmdasha pilot studyrdquo Desalination vol 366pp 121ndash129 2015

[64] G Stoeglehner P Edwards P Daniels and M NarodoslawskyldquoThewater supply footprint (WSF) A strategic planning tool forsustainable regional and local water suppliesrdquo Journal of CleanerProduction vol 19 no 15 pp 1677ndash1686 2011

[65] Government of Western Australia (Department of Agricultureand Food) 2016 Water quality for livestock httpswwwagricwagovaulivestock-biosecuritywater-quality-livestock

[66] H Brammer ldquoBangladeshrsquos dynamic coastal regions and sea-level riserdquo Climate Risk Management vol 1 pp 51ndash62 2014

[67] K Z IslamM S Islam JO Lacoursiere andLDessborn ldquoLowCost Rainwater Harvesting An Alternate Solution to SalinityAffected Coastal Region of Bangladeshrdquo American Journal ofWater Resources vol 2 no 6 pp 141ndash148 2014

[68] P Bhatnagar-Mathur V Vadez and K K Sharma ldquoTransgenicapproaches for abiotic stress tolerance in plants retrospect andprospectsrdquo Plant Cell Reports vol 27 no 3 pp 411ndash424 2008

[69] G Manchanda and N Garg ldquoSalinity and its effects on thefunctional biology of legumesrdquo Acta Physiologiae Plantarumvol 30 no 5 pp 595ndash618 2008

[70] A Kausar M Y Ashraf M Gull et al ldquoAlleviation of saltstress by K2SO4 in twowheat (TriticumAestivum L) cultivarsrdquoApplied Ecology and Environmental Research vol 14 no 5 pp137ndash147 2016

[71] Department of Environment and Resource Management 2017Managing salinity with vegetation Queensland governmenthttpswwwqldgovaudsitiassetssoilmanaging-salinity-with-vegetationpdf

[72] E L Tompkins R Few and K Brown ldquoScenario-based stake-holder engagement Incorporating stakeholders preferencesinto coastal planning for climate changerdquo Journal of Environ-mental Management vol 88 no 4 pp 1580ndash1592 2008

[73] H Brammer Can Bangladesh be protected from FloodsUniver-sity Press Ltd Dhaka Bangladesh 2004

[74] A Rounak and M A Rahman ldquoTransboundary River Waterfor Ganges and Teesta Rivers in Bangladesh An AssessmentrdquoGlobal Science and Technology Journal 2013

[75] K Westergaard ldquoDecentralization in Bangladesh Local gov-ernment and NGOsrdquo in Paper prepared for presentation at theColloquium on Decentralization and Development at Depart-ment of Political Science Center for Development ResearchCopenhagen Denmark 2000


[76] M Williams M Keith and K Graham Decentralization andRural Development Characterizing Efforts in 19 Selected Coun-tries World Bank 1998

[77] R Shaw ldquoCritical issues of community based flood mitigationexamples from Bangladesh and Vietnamrdquo Science and Culturevol 72 no 12 2006

[78] J W Thomas ldquoDevelopment Institutions Projects and Aid ACase Study of the Waterrdquo 1974

Submit your manuscripts athttpswwwhindawicom

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

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PeptidesInternational Journal of


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International Journal of

Volume 201


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GenomicsInternational Journal of


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BioinformaticsAdvances in

Marine BiologyJournal of



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Evolutionary BiologyInternational Journal of



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ArchaeaHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


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Virolog y

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom

Nucleic AcidsJournal of

Volume 2014

Stem CellsInternational



Enzyme Research



Microbiology


years salinity has increased around 26 percent in the coastalregion of Bangladesh [7]

The Kalapara coastal belt is one of the nearest areas to theBay of Bengal in Bangladesh This bay is one of the greatestsources of saline water The electrical conductivity is anindicator of this saline water [8] This conductivity increasesthe salt in soil and water across the coastal belt in BangladeshThis salt water from the Bay of Bengal increases many ionsin the soil and water in this coastal region such as chloride(Clminus) sulfate (SO4

2minus) sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) cal-cium (Ca2+) magnesium (Mg2+) bromide (Brminus) phosphate(PO43minus) nitrite (NO2

minus) nitrate (NO3minus) and sulfate (SO4

2minus)More than 99 of these ions are found in the sea waterthroughout theworld [8]The adverse impact of this saltwaterintrusion is higher in this coastal belt than in any otherpart of Bangladesh As a consequence of tropical cyclonessalinity intrusion has been gradually extended toward theinland water and soil [7] Due to increasing soil and watersalinity people in the communities of the Kalapara coastalregions have been suffering from a scarcity of safe water forthe production of crops fish and livestock [9] As a resultsoil and water salinity are considered a major constraint toagricultural production and diversity of fish in the coastalareas of this country [9 10]

Agricultural production has contributed 21 of thenational GDP of Bangladesh [14] The majority of peopleliving in the coastal community are dependent on theagricultural production of crops fish and livestock Severalclimatic factors such as temperature wind speed and rainfallin the coastal zone are favorable for a wide range of foodcrops [15] For example cereals pulses vegetables fruitsand cash crops have been cultivated successfully for manydecades [16] For this reason planning for cropping patternswith the selection of appropriate varieties that have salinitytolerance is necessary for the local environment [17] Forinstance monsoon season (June to October) is favorable forthe cultivation of crops due to the low salinity intrusion[18] However as soil salinity increases each year dry season(November and May) is only favorable for the cultivationof Rabi (DecemberndashFebruary) crops In fact dry-seasonagriculture is particularly difficult in Bangladesh due tohigh salt stress across the coastal belt For this reasoncrop production has been negatively affected each yearfor many decades across the coastal belt of Bangladesh[19]

Surface water and groundwater are both connected tomajor rivers along the coastal belt through various estu-aries and water inlets [20 21] These sources of water arecontaminated by salinity which is influenced by rainfallriver flows upstream withdrawal of water and sea levelrising [22] Since 1948 salinity of rivers in the southerndistricts of Patuakhali Pirojpur Barguna Satkhira Bagerhatand Khulna has risen by 45 [23] However coastal peopleof Bangladesh rely heavily on rivers for fish tube wells(groundwater) andponds forwashing bathing anddrinking[24] Also domestic ponds cover 10 of the total land areawhich is mixed with saline water from rivers soil runoff andshallow groundwater [22] Approximately 20 million people

are affected by unpredictable degrees of salinity in the wateralong the coastal region of Bangladesh [25]

Due to increased salinity there is a shortage of grazingland and fodder crops for livestock production Because ofthis communities must utilize other natural resources tomake up for the lack of protein from livestock This shortageof milk and cattle in the coastal areas is also documentedin other studies [26] The reduced ability for cattle-raisingin Bangladesh has had serious economic and nutritionalconsequences especially for the children [27] However peo-ple have also converted fresh water areas through intrusionof saline water for shrimp culture increasing the salinityin the surrounding areas and damaging the grazing areasof livestock These kinds of agrobiodiversity changes havecaused reduced frequency of consumption of livestock cropsand fish across the coastal belt in Bangladesh These changesin food habits might also lead to considerable negativeconsequences for agricultural production systems for therural populations across the coastal belt of Bangladesh [28]

In addition saline water has been increasing across thecoastal belt due to the intensity of cyclones in BangladeshThis saline water has many connections with fresh waterbodies across the coastal belt It leads to changes in the trophicstructure and diversity of shallow fresh water bodies such asincreased strength of trophic interactions As a result salinewater fish are mixed with fresh water species Because of thisthe intrusion of saline water in different fresh water bodieshas played a significant role in the disappearance of some fishspecies [29]

There are not currently any established guidelinesfor salinity levels in agricultural production systems inBangladesh [30] High salinity levels might have numerousdirect and indirect impacts on crops livestock and fishDue to the connectivity of agricultural products with humanlivelihood greater levels of gestational hypertension werefound in pregnant women in the southwestern coast ofBangladesh compared with noncoastal pregnant womenThis was hypothesized to be caused by saline water andagricultural crops [31 32] In this situation management ofsalinity intrusion is the vital issue for Bangladesh Howeversalinity in the water and soil may be reduced in ways suchas coastal embankment projects construction of dam andsluices zoning of coastal salinity areas a plantation programselection of salinity tolerance cultivars and public awarenessprograms that can contribute to the mission toward sus-tainable livelihood in the coastal region of Bangladesh [10]This study documents the current status of soil and watersalinities across the coastal belt and their possible impactson agriculture It is hypothesized that regular monitoring ofsoil and water salinity levels will be of significant help in theprotection of crops fisheries and livestock along the coastalbelt of Bangladesh

2 Materials and Methods

21 Description of Study Areas Kalapara Upazila is the mostsalinity prone area in the southwestern part of BangladeshIt is adjacent to the Amtali Upazila of Barguna district onthe north the Bay of Bengal on the south and Rabnabad




Water


Shibbaria river 21∘51263771015840 90∘7523351015840

Badurtoli Canal 21∘54669331015840 90∘8365481015840





Sonatula River 21∘53679481015840 90∘8363451015840


Paira river 22∘27796851015840 90∘20475991015840



Soil






Niamatpur 21∘57924771015840 90∘11975951015840








88∘00 89

∘00 90

∘00 91

∘00 92

∘00

88∘00 89

∘00 90

∘00 91

∘00 92

∘00

21∘00

24∘00

27∘00

21∘00

24∘00

N

E

S

W

India

Indi

a

Kalapara

Mya

nmar

Bay of Bengal sea

0 60 120 240

(km)









N

E

S

W

90∘524

90

∘20

24

90∘524

90

∘20

24

21∘4714

22∘214

21∘4714

22∘214


(4)(2)

(3)

(9)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(1)

(10)

(11)(12)



(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)


(3) Badurtoli Canal



(2) Shibbaria river

(10) Paira river








Water









Soil
















ble3Descriptio

nof

quality

control(QC)

forthe

determ

inationof

salin

ityindicatorsin

water

samples

acrosstheK

alaparac

oastalbeltin

Bang

ladesh

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Salin

ity

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Con

ductivity

(120583Scm

)Po

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

TDSmgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashHeld

for7

days

before

analysis

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Totald

issolved

solid

s(TD

S)also

know

nas

ldquofilterabler

esiduesrdquo

pHPo

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsTh

erew

asno

storage

inrefrigerator

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Fluo

ride(Fminus)

mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lNot

maintained

mdash7days

mdashmdash

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashAnalyzedon

thatday

Stored

iniceb

oxat4∘C

mdash

Nitrite

(NO2minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

200m

lTransported

underice

mdash2days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

mdashAnalyzedwith

in7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Nitrate

(NO3minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

Acidified

with

HCl

topHlt2

7days

with

acidificatio

nStored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Phosph

ate

(PO43minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

300m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Filteredon

site

(045120583

mcellu

lose

acetate

mem

brane

filter)

Transported

underice

mdash2days


after

filtration

mdash

Sulfate

(SO42minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Transported

underice

mdash7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Sodium

(Na+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample


Table3Con

tinued

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Potassium

(K+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified













4∘C





3 Results


















3minus





cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm


1

TDSmgl



1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282



1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast


0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1




levelofsignificance



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology




Water


Shibbaria river 21∘51263771015840 90∘7523351015840

Badurtoli Canal 21∘54669331015840 90∘8365481015840





Sonatula River 21∘53679481015840 90∘8363451015840


Paira river 22∘27796851015840 90∘20475991015840



Soil






Niamatpur 21∘57924771015840 90∘11975951015840








88∘00 89

∘00 90

∘00 91

∘00 92

∘00

88∘00 89

∘00 90

∘00 91

∘00 92

∘00

21∘00

24∘00

27∘00

21∘00

24∘00

N

E

S

W

India

Indi

a

Kalapara

Mya

nmar

Bay of Bengal sea

0 60 120 240

(km)









N

E

S

W

90∘524

90

∘20

24

90∘524

90

∘20

24

21∘4714

22∘214

21∘4714

22∘214


(4)(2)

(3)

(9)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(1)

(10)

(11)(12)



(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)


(3) Badurtoli Canal



(2) Shibbaria river

(10) Paira river








Water









Soil
















ble3Descriptio

nof

quality

control(QC)

forthe

determ

inationof

salin

ityindicatorsin

water

samples

acrosstheK

alaparac

oastalbeltin

Bang

ladesh

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Salin

ity

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Con

ductivity

(120583Scm

)Po

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

TDSmgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashHeld

for7

days

before

analysis

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Totald

issolved

solid

s(TD

S)also

know

nas

ldquofilterabler

esiduesrdquo

pHPo

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsTh

erew

asno

storage

inrefrigerator

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Fluo

ride(Fminus)

mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lNot

maintained

mdash7days

mdashmdash

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashAnalyzedon

thatday

Stored

iniceb

oxat4∘C

mdash

Nitrite

(NO2minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

200m

lTransported

underice

mdash2days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

mdashAnalyzedwith

in7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Nitrate

(NO3minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

Acidified

with

HCl

topHlt2

7days

with

acidificatio

nStored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Phosph

ate

(PO43minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

300m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Filteredon

site

(045120583

mcellu

lose

acetate

mem

brane

filter)

Transported

underice

mdash2days


after

filtration

mdash

Sulfate

(SO42minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Transported

underice

mdash7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Sodium

(Na+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample


Table3Con

tinued

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Potassium

(K+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified













4∘C





3 Results


















3minus





cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm


1

TDSmgl



1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282



1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast


0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1




levelofsignificance



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


88∘00 89

∘00 90

∘00 91

∘00 92

∘00

88∘00 89

∘00 90

∘00 91

∘00 92

∘00

21∘00

24∘00

27∘00

21∘00

24∘00

N

E

S

W

India

Indi

a

Kalapara

Mya

nmar

Bay of Bengal sea

0 60 120 240

(km)









N

E

S

W

90∘524

90

∘20

24

90∘524

90

∘20

24

21∘4714

22∘214

21∘4714

22∘214


(4)(2)

(3)

(9)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(1)

(10)

(11)(12)



(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)


(3) Badurtoli Canal



(2) Shibbaria river

(10) Paira river








Water









Soil
















ble3Descriptio

nof

quality

control(QC)

forthe

determ

inationof

salin

ityindicatorsin

water

samples

acrosstheK

alaparac

oastalbeltin

Bang

ladesh

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Salin

ity

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Con

ductivity

(120583Scm

)Po

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

TDSmgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashHeld

for7

days

before

analysis

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Totald

issolved

solid

s(TD

S)also

know

nas

ldquofilterabler

esiduesrdquo

pHPo

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsTh

erew

asno

storage

inrefrigerator

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Fluo

ride(Fminus)

mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lNot

maintained

mdash7days

mdashmdash

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashAnalyzedon

thatday

Stored

iniceb

oxat4∘C

mdash

Nitrite

(NO2minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

200m

lTransported

underice

mdash2days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

mdashAnalyzedwith

in7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Nitrate

(NO3minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

Acidified

with

HCl

topHlt2

7days

with

acidificatio

nStored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Phosph

ate

(PO43minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

300m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Filteredon

site

(045120583

mcellu

lose

acetate

mem

brane

filter)

Transported

underice

mdash2days


after

filtration

mdash

Sulfate

(SO42minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Transported

underice

mdash7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Sodium

(Na+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample


Table3Con

tinued

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Potassium

(K+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified













4∘C





3 Results


















3minus





cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm


1

TDSmgl



1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282



1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast


0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1




levelofsignificance



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


N

E

S

W

90∘524

90

∘20

24

90∘524

90

∘20

24

21∘4714

22∘214

21∘4714

22∘214


(4)(2)

(3)

(9)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(1)

(10)

(11)(12)



(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)


(3) Badurtoli Canal



(2) Shibbaria river

(10) Paira river








Water









Soil
















ble3Descriptio

nof

quality

control(QC)

forthe

determ

inationof

salin

ityindicatorsin

water

samples

acrosstheK

alaparac

oastalbeltin

Bang

ladesh

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Salin

ity

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Con

ductivity

(120583Scm

)Po

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

TDSmgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashHeld

for7

days

before

analysis

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Totald

issolved

solid

s(TD

S)also

know

nas

ldquofilterabler

esiduesrdquo

pHPo

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsTh

erew

asno

storage

inrefrigerator

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Fluo

ride(Fminus)

mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lNot

maintained

mdash7days

mdashmdash

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashAnalyzedon

thatday

Stored

iniceb

oxat4∘C

mdash

Nitrite

(NO2minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

200m

lTransported

underice

mdash2days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

mdashAnalyzedwith

in7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Nitrate

(NO3minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

Acidified

with

HCl

topHlt2

7days

with

acidificatio

nStored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Phosph

ate

(PO43minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

300m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Filteredon

site

(045120583

mcellu

lose

acetate

mem

brane

filter)

Transported

underice

mdash2days


after

filtration

mdash

Sulfate

(SO42minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Transported

underice

mdash7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Sodium

(Na+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample


Table3Con

tinued

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Potassium

(K+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified













4∘C





3 Results


















3minus





cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm


1

TDSmgl



1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282



1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast


0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1




levelofsignificance



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology




Water









Soil
















ble3Descriptio

nof

quality

control(QC)

forthe

determ

inationof

salin

ityindicatorsin

water

samples

acrosstheK

alaparac

oastalbeltin

Bang

ladesh

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Salin

ity

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Con

ductivity

(120583Scm

)Po

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

TDSmgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashHeld

for7

days

before

analysis

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Totald

issolved

solid

s(TD

S)also

know

nas

ldquofilterabler

esiduesrdquo

pHPo

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsTh

erew

asno

storage

inrefrigerator

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Fluo

ride(Fminus)

mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lNot

maintained

mdash7days

mdashmdash

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashAnalyzedon

thatday

Stored

iniceb

oxat4∘C

mdash

Nitrite

(NO2minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

200m

lTransported

underice

mdash2days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

mdashAnalyzedwith

in7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Nitrate

(NO3minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

Acidified

with

HCl

topHlt2

7days

with

acidificatio

nStored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Phosph

ate

(PO43minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

300m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Filteredon

site

(045120583

mcellu

lose

acetate

mem

brane

filter)

Transported

underice

mdash2days


after

filtration

mdash

Sulfate

(SO42minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Transported

underice

mdash7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Sodium

(Na+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample


Table3Con

tinued

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Potassium

(K+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified













4∘C





3 Results


















3minus





cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm


1

TDSmgl



1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282



1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast


0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1




levelofsignificance



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


ble3Descriptio

nof

quality

control(QC)

forthe

determ

inationof

salin

ityindicatorsin

water

samples

acrosstheK

alaparac

oastalbeltin

Bang

ladesh

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Salin

ity

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Con

ductivity

(120583Scm

)Po

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsAnalyzedim

mediately

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

TDSmgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashHeld

for7

days

before

analysis

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Totald

issolved

solid

s(TD

S)also

know

nas

ldquofilterabler

esiduesrdquo

pHPo

lyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

lFilledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

mdashDetermined

onthe

samplinglocatio

nsTh

erew

asno

storage

inrefrigerator

Them

eter

was

calib

ratedon

the

dayof

use

Fluo

ride(Fminus)

mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lNot

maintained

mdash7days

mdashmdash

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Transported

underice

and

filledcontainer

toexclu

deair

mdashAnalyzedon

thatday

Stored

iniceb

oxat4∘C

mdash

Nitrite

(NO2minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

200m

lTransported

underice

mdash2days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

mdashAnalyzedwith

in7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Nitrate

(NO3minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

lTransported

underice

Acidified

with

HCl

topHlt2

7days

with

acidificatio

nStored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Phosph

ate

(PO43minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

300m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Filteredon

site

(045120583

mcellu

lose

acetate

mem

brane

filter)

Transported

underice

mdash2days


after

filtration

mdash

Sulfate

(SO42minus)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

100m

l

Filledbo

ttleto

exclu

deair

Transported

underice

mdash7days

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

mdash

Sodium

(Na+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample


Table3Con

tinued

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Potassium

(K+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified













4∘C





3 Results


















3minus





cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm


1

TDSmgl



1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282



1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast


0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1




levelofsignificance



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


Table3Con

tinued

Salin

ityindicatorsin

water

Con

tainer

Volume

(ml)

Samplingand

transport

Preservatio

nMaxim

umho

ldingtim

eStorage

Remarks

Potassium

(K+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified

forthe

determ

inationof

otherm

etalsinthe

sample

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl

Polyethylene

plastic

bottle

500m

l

Filledcontainer

completely

toexclu

deair

Transported

underice

Acidified

with

nitricacid

topH

lt2

Analyzedwith

in1m

onth

Stored

inrefrigerator

at4∘C

Acidified













4∘C





3 Results


















3minus





cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm


1

TDSmgl



1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282



1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast


0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1




levelofsignificance



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology













4∘C





3 Results


















3minus





cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm


1

TDSmgl



1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282



1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast


0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1




levelofsignificance



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology



cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

water

samples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(120583Scm


1

TDSmgl



1pH

minus0045

minus0013

minus0010

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgl

0282



1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgl


0995

0992

minus0027

0242

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

mgl

minus0181

minus0256lowast

minus0265lowast

minus0311

0392

minus0257

1

Brom

ide(Brminus)

mgl

0524lowast

0524

0515

0385

minus0025

0509lowast

minus0129

1

Nitrate(NO3

minus)

mgl

0052

minus0047

minus0034

minus0286

0275

minus0084

0490

minus0097

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgl

0702lowastlowast

0671lowastlowast


0380

0665lowastlowast

0401

0330

0306

1

Sulfate(SO4

2minus)

mgl




0243


0535lowast

minus0135

0602lowastlowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)

mgl




40252


0509lowast

minus0088

0658lowastlowast


1

Potassium

(K+)

mgl




0022

0127


0403

0015

0683lowastlowast



1

Calcium

(Ca2+)

mgl




0161

minus0032


0532lowast

0020

060

4lowastlowast




1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgl




0214

0002



0584lowastlowast





1




levelofsignificance



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology



minusand PO4

















cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology



cientand

levelofsignificance

betweensalin

ityindicatorsof

soilsamples

atKa

laparac

oastalbelt

Parameters

Salin

ityCon

ductivity

TDS

pHFluo

ride

(Fminus)

Chlorid

e(C

lminus)

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)

Brom

ide

(Brminus)

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)

Sodium

(Na+)

Potassium

(K+)

Calcium

(Ca2+)

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)

Salin

ity

1Con

ductivity

(mScm


1

TDSgkg



1pH

0506

0503

0504

1Fluo

ride(Fminus

)mgkg

0782lowast

0782lowast

0780lowast

0790lowast

1

Chlorid

e(Clminus)

mgkg




0490

0732lowast

1

Nitrite

(NO2

minus)mgkg

0738lowast

0735lowast

0735lowast

0495

0497

0775lowast

1

Brom

ide

(Brminus)mgkg

0618

0618

0622

0707

0877lowastlowast

0587

0227

1

Nitrate

(NO3

minus)mgkg

0752lowast

0754lowast

0753lowast

0616

0914lowastlowast

0691

0226

0883lowastlowast

1

Phosph

ate

(PO4

3minus)mgkg

0816lowastlowast

0818lowastlowast

0814lowastlowast

0058

0587

0785lowast

0557

0357

0577

1

Sulfate

(SO4

2minus)mgkg




0325

0578


0717

0432

0597

0779lowast

1

Sodium

(Na+)mgkg




0436

0695


0733lowast

0566

0688

07887lowast


1

Potassium

(K+)mgkg

minus0136

minus014242

minus0134

0572

204

0minus0071

0281

0098

minus0223

minus0596

minus0167

minus0119

1

Calcium

(Ca2+)mgkg

minus0287

minus0288

minus0295

0507

0279

minus0354

minus0148

0128

0120

minus0343

minus0501

minus0412

0284

1

Magnesiu

m(M

g2+)mgkg

0547

0547

0556

minus0047

0115

0591

0155

0309

0345

03314

0695

0649

minus0136


1




levelofsignificance




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology




Water


































Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology















Inland fishes














Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


Table 10 Continued



Exotic fishes





Marine fishes














Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


Table 10 Continued












Shrimps



Crabs


































4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology






























4 Conclusion




Disclosure




Acknowledgments


References

























































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology


















































































Volume 201






















Advances in

Virolog y



Volume 2014




Enzyme Research



Microbiology

Effect of Salinity Intrusion on Food Crops, Livestock, and...

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Transcript of Effect of Salinity Intrusion on Food Crops, Livestock, and...