Effect of Litter Type on Productive Performance of Growing ... · R 18 Effect of Litter Type on...

5th

International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt

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R18

Effect of Litter Type on Productive Performance of Growing and Laying

Dandarawi Chicken

M. El-Sagheer, H.Y. El-Hammady, and M.F.A. Farghly

Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

ABSTRACT: A total number of 540, sexed 4 weeks old Dandarawi chicks were wing-banded,

individually weighed, divided into 270 males (M) and 270 females (F) and then randomly

assorted into three equal groups, each of 90 M and 90 F, the first was considered the control

(C), while the second and the third groups were the treatments L1 and L2, respectively. Birds

per group were also divided into three replicates, each of 30 M and 30 F, which were

separately kept in two partitions, each of 5 square meters and provided with deep litter of 8

cm height. Females were raised till 40 weeks of age, while the males continued up to sexual

maturity at 24 weeks of age. Birds in the control group (C) were placed on 100% chopped

wheat straw litter, while those of the treatments L1 and L2 were raised on mixed litter of:

25% chopped rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw, 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay and of 20 %

chopped rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay, respectively. All

experimental birds were raised under similar environmental and managerial conditions. The

results of the productive traits were almost similar for the Dandarawi birds of C and L1, since

they had better productivity on economical basis; higher body weight and body weight gain;

better egg production; improved feed conversion and lower mortality percentages as

compared to those of L2. In addition, L1 decreased the suspended airborne dust particulates

as well as the bacterial count inside the poultry house, which positively reflected on the

immunity and health condition of the birds. Therefore, it could be concluded that, using clay

as a component of the litter at a level of 25% for growing and laying Dandarawi chicken is

highly recommended.

(Keywords: litter type, Productive performance, Dandarawi)

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INTRODUCTION

Large quantities of processed solid wood residues and other materials have been used

for producing poultry litter. Although, many by products are used as bedding for poultry,

alternative litter sources are still always of interest to the poultry producers (Hester et al.,

1997). Wood shavings, wood sawdust and rice hulls were found to be among the most

effective litter materials for poultry due to its availability, suitability and low costs. In spite of

wide expansion of the poultry industry in Egypt, the supply of the litter materials are not

always available to meet the demand. This has forced the poultry industry to search for other

alternative litter materials (Al-Homidan and Robertson, 2007 and Sharnam et al., 2008). The

poultry litter was considered as one of the most important and integral elements in providing

the proper environment inside the building to achieve efficient productive and reproductive

performance of poultry (Carr et al., 1990).

Donham (2000) found that the presence of moisture, in conjunction with high

temperature promoted the bacterial growth, causing the decomposition of the litter organic

materials and producing the ammonia, which is responsible for a large number of health-and

density-related welfare problems in poultry production. Also, they added that, exposing the

pullets to several increasing levels of ammonia from 7 to 10 weeks of age reduced their feed

intake and body weight and egg production during the laying season. Grimes et al. (2002)

stated that wood shaving, rice hulls and straw shops were considered as satisfactory litter

materials, they are available, cheap and didn't pack down easily and however, they were not

good water absorbent. They also added that, the clay was found to be less desirable, due to the

excess of dust production inside the poultry building.

The aim of the present study was to determine the feasibility of utilizing wheat straw,

rice hulls, wood sawdust and clay mixtures as alternative litter materials for raising

Dandarawi chickens under the prevailing environmental conditions in Assiut, in an attempt to

assure satisfactory and cost-effective bedding supplies.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present experiment was performed at the experimental Poultry Research Farm,

Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, during forty weeks experimental period. This

experiment was planned to evaluate the effect of litter type on the productive performance of

growing and laying Dandarawi chicken under the prevailing environmental conditions in

Assiut.

A total number of five hundred and forty sexed 4 weeks old Dandarawi birds were used

in this study. Chicks were wing banded, individually weighed, separated into 270 males (M)

and 270 females (F) and randomly classified into three equal groups, each of 90 M and 90 F.

The first group was considered as control (C), while the second (L1) and the third groups (L2)

were the treatments. Birds per group were also divided into three equal replicates, each of 30

M and 30 F, which were separately kept in two partitions, each of 5 square meters and

provided with deep litter of 8 cm height. Females were raised till 40 weeks of age, while the

males continued up to sexual maturity at 24 weeks of age. Birds in the control group (C) were

placed on 100% chopped wheat straw litter, while those of the treatments L1 and L2 were

raised on mixed litter consisted of 25% chopped rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw, 25% wood

sawdust and 25% clay (L1) and of 20 % chopped rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood

sawdust and 40 % clay (L2). The litters for three groups were changed by new litter from the

same mentioned litter types after 24 weeks.

The chemical compositions (analysis) of clay used were identified in the Labs of

Geology and Physics Department, faculty of Science, Assiut university. The clay sample

included the following oxides: SiO2 (52.6), Al2O3 (19.75%), Fe2O3 (5.88%), CaO (7.55%),

MgO (3.03%), K2O (0.98%), Cl (1.99%) and others (8.22%).

Environmental conditions: The newly hatched chicks were exposed to a continuous lighting

period 24 hrs/day during the first 3 days, which was gradually decreased (one hr/week) to

reach 12L hrs/day at 12 weeks of age. Thereafter, it was gradually increased (half hr/ week) to

attain 16L hrs/day during the laying period. Light intensities were 10 and 20 Luxes during

the growth and laying periods, respectively. Nine estimates for indoors temperature and

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relative humidity (RH) were recorded by using a thermo hygrograph at 8 and 10 AM, 12, 4, 6,

8 and 10 PM, and 12 and 2 AM, throughout the forty weeks experimental period (Table 1).

The overall means of temperature and relative humidity as well as temperature humidity

index (THI) were calculated according to the formula of Marai et al. (2002) as follow:

THI=dbºC-((0.31-0.31RH) (dbºC-14.4)), where : db°C= dry bulb temperature in Celsius and

Rh = RH% / 100. It is worth to mention that all experimental birds during brooding, rearing

and laying were raised under similar recommended environmental, managerial and hygienic

conditions. They were fed on the growing and layer rations as shown in Table 2. Feed and

water were available all the time.

The studied traits: The body weight (BW) on individual basis, at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 40

weeks of age. The average body weight gain (BWG) was calculated every four weeks from 4

to 24 weeks of age. The weekly feed consumption (FC) was calculated periodically every four

weeks, from 4 to 24, 24 to 40 and 4 to 40 weeks of age. The feed conversion values, as g

feed/g gain (FCRg) were calculated periodically every four weeks, from 4 to 24 weeks of age

and the feed conversion ratio values, as g feed/g egg mass (FCRe) were calculated

periodically every four weeks, from 24 to 40 weeks of age. Egg weight, egg number and egg

mass and egg production (hen-day egg production (HDP)) were calculated periodically every

four weeks, from 24 to 40 weeks of age. Dead birds were recorded daily and expressed as

percentage during the experimental period. Economical efficiency was based on the costs of

the feed consumed and the litter quantity used as well as the income/bird (body weight and

egg production). The net revenue per bird is estimated as the difference between the total

income/bird (LE), (growth and egg production) and the total costs of feed and litter. The costs

of the used rations and litter types were calculated according to the actual prices prevailing in

the Egyptian market during the experiment.

A total number of one hundred and forty four litter samples i.e forty eight samples were

taken from each group to determine the bacterial count in the litters as the birds aged 8, 12,

16, 20, 24, 28, 36 and 40 weeks, according to Klement et al. (1990). The moisture content of

different litters was also determined at the same ages. A total number of seventy two samples

were taken every four weeks to determine the concentration of airborne ammonia inside the

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poultry house, using twenty four samples from each group which were taken at 10 AM,

according to Nodvor (1976). Similarly, as mentioned by the ammonia determination, 72

samples for estimating the concentration of suspended airborne dust particulates, expressed as

mg/m3 in the experimental rooms were performed by using a specialized apparatus (Model

No PS-33).

Statistical analysis: Data were statistically analyzed using General Linear Models Procedure

of SAS 1996 (version 6.12). Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was used to detect differences

among means (Duncan, 1955). The percentages of HDP were transformed to Arcsine values.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Body weight (BW): The results presented in Table 3, show significant differences (P≤0.05) in

BW of females (F) and males (M) raised on the tested litter types (C, L1 and L2) during the

experimental periods expect at 4 weeks of age. The average females body weight (AFBW) of

L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of C and L2 at 8 weeks of age by 3.1 and 7.4 %,

respectively. The AFBW in C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of L2 at 12, 16,

20, 24, and 40 weeks of age by 9.7, 2.3, 6.5, 12.5 and 6.0 % as well as 10.0, 3.3, 7.5, 11.2

and 6.4%, respectively. The average males body weight (AMBW) of L1 significantly

(P≤0.05) exceeded those of L2 at 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of age by 8.2, 10.4, 7.2, 8.0 and

11.8% , respectively, as well as those of C at 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age by 4.9, 2.8, 3.9

and 3.9%, respectively. The AMBW of C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) increased than those

of L2, at 24 weeks of age by 12.4 and 11.8%, respectively.

From the obtained findings, it could be easily noticed that, the average BW of C was

almost similar to that of L1 and both of them exceeded significantly that of L2. Andersson et

al. (1990) reported that using natural clays in animal rations stimulate appetite.

Andronikashvili et al. (1994) reported that the addition of natural clays in poultry ration

improved digestibility coefficient and nutritive values. McCollum and Galyean (1983)

reported that the natural clays may stimulate the lining layer of the stomach and intestinal

tract, which could increase production of antibodies and consequently inhibit the onset of

nitrites. They also added that, clays could remarkably decrease the frictional rate of liquids

passage and slightly of food particles in the digestive tract. This result is in partial agreement

with those found by Anisuzzaman and Chowdhury (1996), who reported that, the rice husk

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was the best litter material for rearing broilers as well as Al-Homidan and Robertson (2007)

who stated that, wood shavings represented the best litter for Hybro broilers. However,

Martinez and Gernat (1995) and Swain and Sundaram (2000) did not show significant

differences in BW of broilers raised on different mixtures of saw dust, rice husk and shopped

computer with wood shavings.

Body weight gain (BWG): The obtained results (Table 4) show significant differences

(P≤0.05) in BWG of females and males raised on the tested litter types during the

experimental periods, expect from 12 to 16 weeks of age. The females BWG of L1 and C

significantly gained (P≤0.05) more than those of L2 during the periods from 4 to 8, 8 to 12,

16 to 20 and 20 to 24 weeks of age by 14.4, 11.0; 13.2, 16.6; 24.7, 22.0; and 26.9, 34.4 %,

respectively, while, the females BWG of C significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded that of L1 from

20 to 24 weeks of age by 10.2 %. The M of L1 significantly (P≤0.05) gained more than

those of L2, from 4 to 8; 8 to 12 and 16 to 20 weeks of age by 17.3, 13.8 and 20.8 %,

respectively, while, the M of C had intermediate value. The M of C and L1 significantly

(P≤0.05) gained more than those of L2, from 20 to 24 weeks of age, by 41.0 and 28.4 %,

respectively.

The overall means of BWG for C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of L2

by 19.9 and 17.6 % for M, and 15.3 and 13.7%, for F, respectively. The BWG tended a

similar trend to that of the BW. Therefore, the obtained results are in partial agreement with

the findings of Zlobina (1990), who stated that the addition of natural clays (3%) to the

rations of broilers improved BWG. However, Swain and Sundaram (2000) found no

significant differences in BWG of broilers raised on coir dust, saw dust and rice husk.

Feed consumption (FC): The obtained results presented in Table 5 show insignificant

differences in feed consumption (FC) values of birds raised on the tested litter types during

the experimental periods, expect from 12 to 16 weeks of age for F and from 12 to 16 and 16

to 20 weeks of age for M. The females of C and L2 significantly (P≤0.05) consumed more

feed than those of L1, from 12 to 16 weeks of age by 10.5 and 9.9 %, respectively. The FC of

M for C significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded that of L1, from 12 to 16 weeks of age by 8.8 %.

Also, the FC of M for the control (C) significantly (P≤0.05) consumed more feed than those

of L1 and L2, from 16 to 20 weeks of age by 7.0 and 3.9 %, respectively.

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The overall means of FC for C and L2 from 4 to 24 weeks of age significantly (P≤0.05)

exceeded that of L1 by 4.3 and 4.3 % for the F, respectively. The overall mean of FC for M of

C significantly (P≤0.05) surpassed that of L1 and L2 by 4.0 and 3.8 %, respectively. In

general, no significant differences existed in the overall means of FC for birds raised on the

tested litter types during the periods from 24 to 40 or 4 to 40 weeks of age. These results are

in harmony with the findings of Veltmann et al. (1984) and Al-Homidan and Robertson

(2007).

Feed conversion (FCR):

Feed conversion as g feed per g gain (FCRg): The results presented in Table 6 show

significant (P≤0.05) differences in average FCRg values for birds raised on the tested litter

types during the experimental periods, except from 8 to 12 and 12 to 16 week of age for F and

M, respectively. The average FCRg of F for C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) improved than

those of L2, during the periods from 4 to 8, 12 to 16, 16 to 20 and 20 to 24 weeks of age by

11.8 and 17.6; 10.4 and 16.7; 31.7 and 23.4; and 34.8 and 28.1 %, respectively. The overall

mean FCRg of F for C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) improved than that of L2 by 22.6 and

24.0 %, respectively. Also, the FCRg of M for C and L1 had significantly (P≤0.05) improved

than that of L2, from 4 to 8, 8 to 12, 16 to 20 and 20 to 24 weeks of age by 10.5 and 19.1; 7.0

and 9.3; 6.5 and 23.5; and 39.0 and 26.7 %, respectively. The overall means of M for C and

L1 had significantly (P≤0.05) better FCRg values than those of L2 by 16.2 and 18.2 %,

respectively.

Feed conversion as g feed per g egg mass (FCRe): The results presented in Table 7, revealed

significant differences (P≤0.05) in the average FCRe values for birds raised on the tested

litter types during the experimental periods. The birds of L1 had significantly (P≤0.05) better

FCRe values than those of L2, during the periods from 24 to 28, 28 to 32 and 36 to 40 weeks

of age by 20.0, 18.5 and 10.8 %, respectively. The birds of L1 had significantly (P≤0.05)

better FCRe value than that of C, during the period from 28 to 32 and 32 to 36 weeks of age

by 17.5 and 8.9%, respectively. The overall mean of FCRe values of L1 significantly

(P≤0.05) improved than those of C and L2 by 9.60 and 13.8 %, respectively. These results are

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in sympathy with the obtained findings by Zlobina (1990) and Ward et al. (1993), who

reported that the addition of natural clays (3%) to the rations of broilers significantly

improved feed efficiency. Anisuzzaman and Chowdhury (1996). In contrast, Chamblee et al.

(2000) and Swain and Sundaram (2000) did not show significant differences in feed

conversion of broilers raised on litters consisted of varied components.

Mortality rate: The results shown in Table 8 indicated that, the mortality rate of L1 decreased

than those of C and L2 by 5.0 and 6.7 % for F, and 1.6 and 3.3 for M, respectively. These

results are in partial agreement with those obtained by Hatieganu et al. (1985), who reported

that mortality rate decreased by 20% in groups fed diets included natural clay of rabbits.

However, Veltmann et al. (1984), found no adverse effect the mortality of turkey birds raised

on rice hull products versus those kept on wood shavings. Similar results were also achieved

by Martinez and Gerant (1995), Hester et al. (1997), Bilgili et al. (1999) and Chamblee et al.

(2000).

Egg production (EP): The results presented in Tables 9 and 10 revealed significant

differences (P≤0.05) in the average of egg weight (EW), egg number (EN), hen day egg

production (HDP) and egg mass (EM) among birds raised on the tested litter types during the

experimental periods, except from 32 to 36 weeks of age in the HDP and EN and from 24 to

28 and 28 to 32 weeks of age in the EW.

The averages of EN and HDP for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of L2,

during the periods from 24 to 28, 28 to 32 and 36 to 40 weeks of age by 16.5, 14.2 and 10.4%,

as well as 16.5, 14.2 and 10.6%, respectively. The overall mean of HDP for L1 exceeded

significantly (P≤0.05) that of L2 by 10.9 %, while, the overall mean of HDP for C had an

intermediate value. The cumulative average of EN for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) surpassed

those of C and L2 by 6.4 and 11.1 %, respectively, while the cumulative average EN of C

significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded that of L2 by 5.0 %.

The average of EW for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) increased than those of C, during the

periods from 32 to 36 and 36 to 40 weeks of age by 3.2 and 7.3 %, respectively. The overall

mean of EW for L1 exceeded significantly (P≤0.05) that of C by 2.4 %, while the overall

mean of EW for L2 had an intermediate value.

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The average of EM for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of C and L2, from 24

to 28, 28 to 32 and 32 to 36 weeks of age by 7.6, 15.1 and 6.5%, as well as 18.2, 15.1 and

5.3%, respectively. Also, the average of EM for L1 and L2 significantly (P≤0.05) increased

than that of C, from 36 to 40 weeks of age by 12.0 and 6.1%, respectively. The cumulative

average of EM for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of C and L2 by 8.7 and 21.2 %,

respectively.

Taking in consideration the achieved results of growth as well as of egg production of

Dandarawi chicken in the present study, it could be observed that both of the litter type and its

moisture content had a negative effect on the growth and egg production performance of

Dandarawi chicken, as clay percentage in the litter increased up to 40%. Similar results were

found by Kalyuzhnov et al. (1988), who reported that addition of natural clays to the rations

of layer increased egg yield by 3 to 6%. However, Yannakopulous et al. (1998) concluded

that addition of natural clays to the rations of layer did not effect on egg weight.

Ammonia and airborne dust particulates concentrations: The results shown in Table 11

revealed insignificant differences in ammonia concentration (AC) and airborne dust

particulates concentrations (DC) for birds raised on the tested litter types during the growing

period, except during the 16th

and 20th

weeks for the DC. Similarly, no significant differences

in AC and DC for birds raised on the tested litter types in the laying period, except during the

36th

week as well as 36th

and 40th

weeks for AC and DC, respectively. During the 36th

week,

the average AC by the control group (C) significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of birds raised

on L1 and L2 by 18.3 and 19.7 %, respectively. During the16th

, 20th

, 36th

and 40th

weeks, the

average DC by C and L2 groups significantly (P≤0.05) increased than those of birds raised on

L1 by 13.4 and 15.0 %; 17.6 and 16.0%; 18.6 and 17.1%; and 15.8 and 10.1%, respectively.

The average AC remarkably increased with the advance of bird’s age. Taylor (1999) reported

that using acidulated clay as a litter reduced ammonia levels as compared to untreated group.

McWard and Taylor (2000) suggested that using clay litter product in poultry brooding

houses for controls the amount of ammonia present and improves the growth performance of

the young birds, especially during cold weather. This is in line with the results obtained by

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Theresa and Wathes (1989), which indicated that, the average AC ranged from from10.07 to

18.57 ppm at 20°C, while it increased to range between 13.21 to 23.64 and 14.71 to 34.28

ppm at 25°C and 31°C, respectively.

Bacterial count and moisture content of litter: The results presented in Table 12, showed

insignificant differences (P≤0.05) in the average bacterial count (BC) and moisture

percentage (MP) in the tested litter types during growing periods except during 12th

week for

MP. In contrast, there were significant differences (P≤0.05) in the average BC and MP in the

tested litter types during the laying periods except during 28th

week for the BC and MP.

During 12th

week, the average MP in L1 was significantly (P≤0.05) lower than that of L2 by

15.8%, while the control group had an intermediate value. During 32nd

and 36th

weeks, the

average MP for L2 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of C and L1 by 26.4 and 25.0%;

19.2 and 19.8%, respectively. The average MP in the litter of L2 at 40 weeks significantly

(P≤0.05) increased that of the C by 24.7%, while, L1 had an intermediate value. During 32nd

and 40th

weeks, the average BC for C significantly (P≤0.05) surpassed those of L1 and L2 by

30.8 and 28.6%; 35.2 and 26.1%, respectively. However, the average BC of C significantly

(P≤0.05) increased than that of L1, during 36th

week by 28.6%, while, the L2 had an

intermediate value. This is in harmony with the results of Al-Homidan and Robertson (2007).

Economical efficiency: The results presented in Table 13, showed that, birds raised on L1

had higher economical efficiency than those of birds raised on C or L2, since, it amounted

100, 124 and 84, respectively. Swain and Sundaram (2000) concluded that coir dust was more

suitable as a broiler litter, because it was cheaper and more available than both of rice husk

and wood saw dust.

CONCLUSION

The achieved results of the productive traits were almost similar for both Dandarawi

birds raised on a litter of 100% chopped wheat straw (C) and those raised on a litter mixture

consisted of 25% chopped rice hulls, 25 % chopped wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and

25% clay (L1), since they had better productivity on economical basis; higher BW and BWG;

better egg production; improved feed conversion and lower mortality percentages as

compared to those of L2, which consisted of 20 % chopped rice hulls, 20 % chopped wheat

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straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay (L2). In addition, L1 decreased the suspended

airborne dust particulates as well as the bacterial count inside the poultry house, which

positively reflected on the immunity and health condition of the birds. The use of about 25%

clay as a component of the litter for growing and laying Dandarawi chicken is highly

recommended.

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72: 2172-2175.

Yannakopulous, A.L.; A.S., Tserveni-Gousi; and E., Christaki (1998). Effect on natural

zeolite on yolk: Albumin ratio in hen eggs. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 125(6): 702-705.

Zlobina, I.E., (1990). Retention of trace elements from zeolite in birds and the effect of

pegasin on the meat quality of broiler chickens. Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Sibirskii Nauchno

Issledovsl”ski I Proektno Teknologicheskii Institute Zhivotnovodstva, 2: 28-30.

Table 1. Overall means of indoors temperature, relative humidity values and the

temperature humidity index inside the building for Dandarawi chicken during the

experimental periods.

Season

Month

Interval

/ wks

Temperature (C°) Humidity (%)

Temperature

humidity index

(THI)

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

Spring

Apr 8 25.2 25.0 25.2 52.7 53.0 54.5 23.5 23.4 23.7

May 12 26.0 25.0 25.2 53.3 53.0 55.1 24.3 23.5 23.7

Jun 16 28.7 28.2 28.7 51.4 51.6 53.7 26.6 26.1 26.7

Sumner

Jul 20 30.5 30.0 30.2 50.2 51.4 52.9 28.0 27.7 27.9

Aug 24 31.7 31.8 32.0 50.5 50.7 53.0 29.1 29.1 29.4

Sep 28 24.0 24.0 24.3 53.3 53.9 58.2 22.6 22.6 23.0

Autumn

Oct 32 21.8 21.9 22.4 56.0 55.3 56.2 20.8 20.9 21.3

Nov 36 19.3 19.4 20.4 54.5 55.3 55.2 18.6 18.7 19.5

Dec 40 19.4 19.0 19.2 53.5 54.0 52.7 18.7 18.3 18.5

Mean 25.2 24.9 25.3 52.8 53.1 54.6 23.6 23.4 23.7

C= 100 % wheat straw.

L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.

L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.

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Table 2. Composition and calculated analysis of experimental diets for Dandarawi

chicken.

Ingredients

Dandarawi chicken

Growing (%)

(4 -20 weeks)

Layer (%)

(21-40 weeks)

Yellow corn 63.4 62.2

Soybean meal (44%) 30.8 23.0

Wheat bran 1.7 5.0

Limestone 1.0 5.0

Dicalcium phosphate 2.2 4.0

Vit. & min. premix* 0.1 0.2

Mineral premix ** 0.4 0.2

DL-Methionine 0.1 0.1

Lysine 0.1 0.1

Salt 0.2 0.2

Total 100 100

Calculated Analysis:***

Protein, % 19.5 16.5

ME ( KCal/ Kg diet) 2866.0 2750.0

Calcium, % 1.0 2.98

Available phosphorus, % 0.48 0.79

* Vitamin premix for laying, each 3 Kilogram contains Vit. A 100000 IU, Vit D 100000 IU, Vit E 10000

IU; Vit B, 1000mg, Vit B2 5000mg, Vit B6 1500mg, Vit B12 10mg, Pant. acid 1000mg, folic acid 1000mg,

biotin 50 mg and niacin 3000mg.

** Mineral premix for laying, each 3 kilogram contain Fe 30000mg, Mn 6000mg, Cu 4000mg, Zn 50000

mg, I 300mg, Co 100mg and Selenium 100mg.

*** Calculated according to NRC (1994).

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Table 3. Means ±SE of body weight (g) for females and males Dandarawi chicken as

affected by litter type.

Age (in wks)

Females Males

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

4 157.3 ±2.2 159.7 ±2.6 160.7 ± 2.1 172.3 ± 2.1 175.1 ±2.5 180.7 ± 2.1

8 332.4b±4.0 343.2

a±5.0 317.9

b± 5.4 374.7

b± 4.5 394.1

a±4.9 361.8

b± 5.8

12 614.0a±6.5 615.1

a±7.5 554.2

b± 8.5 654.2

b± 6.3 673.1

a±7.1 603.3

b± 7.4

16 796.5a±6.8 804.3

a±6.4 778.0

b± 5.8 854.0

b± 6.0 888.9

a±5.5 824.9

c±14.1

20 990.6a±8.0 1001.4

a±9.0 926.6

b± 9.0 1071.9

b± 8.4 1115.7

a±9.2 1026.3

c± 8.7

24 1264.8a±9.3 1247.6

a±9.1 1107.0

b± 8.7 1375.4

a±10.5 1366.0

a±9.1 1205.4

b±10.5

40 1545.1a±8.2 1552.5

a±8.2 1452.7

b±10.4

a, b and c Means within each row for each division (F,M and FM) with no common superscripts

are significantly different (P≤0.05).




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Table 4. Means ±SE of body weight gain (g/bird/day) for females and males Dandarawi

chicken as affected by litter type.

Age

(in wks)

Females Males

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

4-8 6.30a±0.4 6.55

a±0.3 5.61

b±0.4 7.23

ab±0.3 7.82

a±0.5 6.47

b±0.4

8-12 10.11a±0.2 9.71

a±0.3 8.43

b±0.3 9.75

ab±0.2 10.00

a±0.3 8.62

b±0.3

12-16 6.64 ±0.3 6.50 ±0.5 6.00 ±0.4 7.22 ±0.3 7.62 ±0.5 7.53 ±0.3

16-20 6.80a±0.3 7.04

a±0.4 5.30

b±0.4 7.83

ab±0.3 8.10

a±0.4 6.41

b±0.6

20-24 9.80a±0.5 8.80

b±0.6 6.43

c±0.4 10.84

a ±0.3 8.94

b±0.5 6.40

c±0.5

Overall mean 7.93a±0.7 7.71

a±0.3 6.35

b±0.4 8.58

a ±1.1 8.45

a±0.1 7.29

b±0.1

a, b and c Means within each row for each division (F,M and FM) with no common superscripts





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Table 5. Means ±SE of feed consumption (g/bird/day) for females and males

Dandarawi chicken as affected by litter type.

A- Growing period

Age (in wks)

Females Males

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

4 – 8 27.7 ± 0.8 27.0 ±1.4 28.0 ±1.3 30.8 ±1.4 30.1 ±1.0 30.8 ±1.2

8 – 12 35.6 ±0.1 34.4 ±1.1 34.1 ±1.2 40.0 ±1.0 38.8 ±1.3 36.9 ±1.0

12 – 16 43.7a±1.1 39.1

b±0.8 43.4

a±0.1 47.8

a±1.3 43.6

b±1.0 46.3

ab±1.2

16 – 20 48.4±0.6 44.7±0.3 49.2 ±0.5 54.2a±0.9 50.4

b±0.1 52.1

b ±0.4

20 – 24 97.8±2.4 96.8±2.3 98.5 ±0.6 104.7 ±2.5 103.8 ±2.4 101.3 ±2.7

Overall mean

(4- 24) 50.6

a±1.1 48.4

b±0.8 50.6

a±0.1 55.5

a±1.3 53.3

b 1.0 53.4

b1.2

B- Laying period

Age (in wks)

Females

C L 1 L 2

24 - 28 101.3 ±1.0 99.7±1.1 101.9±1.0

28 - 32 105.3 ±1.2 102.3±1.2 106.2±1.7

32 - 36 106.8 ±1.4 103.7±1.2 106.2±1.7

36 - 40 107.6 ±2.0 104.8±1.8 106.2±2.2

Overall mean (24-40) 105.3±1.3 102.6±1.2 105.1±1.6

Overall mean (4-40) 74.9±1.0 72.5 ±0.7 74.8±1.0

a and b Means within each row for each division (F,M and FM) with no common

superscripts are significantly different (P≤0.05).




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Table 6. Means ±SE of feed conversion (g feed/g gain) for females and males

Dandarawi chicken during growth period as affected by litter type.

Age

(in wks)

Females Males

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

4 – 8 4.41b±0.11 4.12

b±0.10 5.00

a±0.13 4.26

b±0.02 3.85

c±0.01 4.76

a±0.40

8 – 12 3.52 ±0.60 3.54 ±0.21 4.04 ±0.13 4.00b±0.22 3.90

b±0.12 4.30

a±0.00

12 - 16 6.58b±0.20 6.02

b±0.16 7.23

a±0.50 6.71 ±0.22 5.90 ±0.40 5.43 ±0.50

16 - 20 7.12b±0.20 6.35

b±0.54 9.30

a±0.14 7.60

b±1.11 6.22

b±0.80 8.13

a±0.80

20 - 24 9.98b±0.20 11.00

b±0.54 15.30

a±0.14 9.66

b±1.11 11.61

b±0.80 15.83

a±0.80

Overall mean 6.32b±0.10 6.21

b±0.24 8.17

a±0.14 6.45

b±0.14 6.30

b±0.20 7.70

a±0.20

a and

b Means within each row for each division (F,M and FM) with no common superscripts





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Table 7. Means ±SE of feed conversion (g feed/g egg mass) for Dandarawi chicken

during laying period as affected by litter type.

Age

(in wks) C L 1 L 2

24 - 28 6.14ab

±0.70 5.60b±0.80 7.00

a±0.61

28 - 32 5.14a ±0.53 4.24

b±0.81 5.20

a ±0.50

32 - 36 4.50a ±0.60 4.10

b±0.50 4.40

ab±0.13

36 - 40 3.80ab

±0.40 3.57b±0.40 4.00

a±0.30

Overall mean 4.90a ±0.52 4.43

b±0.60 5.14

a±0.40

a and b Means within each row with no common superscripts are significantly different

(P≤0.05).




Table 8. Mortality rate (%) in females and males Dandarawi chicken as affected by

litter type.

Age (in wks)

Females Males

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

4 – 24 3.3 3.3 5.0 3.3 1.7 5.0

24 – 40 5.0 0.0 5.0

Total 8.3 3.3 10 3.3 1.7 5.0




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Table 9. Means ±SE of egg weight and hen day egg production (HDP) for Dandarawi


Periods/age

HDP (%) Egg weight (g)

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

P1 (24-28 w) 38.2a ±0.5 41.1

a±1.0 34.3

b±0.7 43.2 ±0.3 43.5 ±0.4 42.6 ±0.1

P2 (28-32 w) 45.7b

±1.3 52.9a±3.1 45.4

b±1.6 44.8 ±0.6 45.6 ±0.4 45.1 ±0.4

P3 (32-36 w) 52.5 ±2.7 54.3 ±4.4 51.8 ±1.3 45.3b±0.8 46.8

a±0.7 46.5

a ±0.3

P4 (36-40 w) 62.5ab

±3.6 64.3a±4.2 57.6

b±2.1 45.4

b±0.2 47.1

a±0.2 46.2

ab±0.1

Overall mean 49.7ab

±1.9 53.1a±3.1 47.3

b±1.3 44.7

b±0.5 45.8

a±0.1 45.1

ab±0.1

a and b Means within each row for each division (HDP and EW) with no common superscripts





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Table 10. Egg number (egg/hen/28 days) and egg mass (g/hen/28 days) for Dandarawi


Periods/

age

Egg number Egg mass

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

P1 (24-28 w) 10.7ab

±0.2 11.5a ±0.2 9.6

b±0.2 462.2

b±10.1 500.3

a±13.6 408.9

c± 8.4

P2 (28-32 w) 12.8b ±0.4 14.8

a ±0.9 12.7

b±1.4 573.4

b±16.2 674.9

a±41.3 572.8

b±24.2

P3 (32-36 w) 14.7 ±0.7 15.2 ±0.2 14.5 ±2.4 665.9b±33.2 712.0

a±51.6 674.3

b±13.4

P4 (36-40 w) 17.5ab

±1.0 18.0a±1.2 16.1

b±1.6 795.2

b±40.8 847.8

a±53.3 743.8

a±24.3

Cumulative 55.7b

±0.6 59.5a±0.5 52.9

c±0.4 2496.8

b ±23.9 2735.2

a±16.5 2401.2

b±16.5

a, b and c Means within each row for each division (EN and EM) with no common superscripts





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Table 11. Means ±SE of ammonia (PPM) and dust levels (mg/m3) inside the

Dandarawi chicken building as affected by litter type.

Periods/

age

Ammonia Dust

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

1- Growing period:

8 4.6±0.6 4.5±0.5 4.4±0.4 5.2±0.9 4.9 ±1.1 5.2 ±1.2

12 7.6±0.6 7.2±0.7 7.1±0.8 6.3±1.7 5.8 ±1.2 6.1 ±0.4

16 10.0±0.6 11.3±0.7 11.0±1.0 8.21 a±1.1 7.1

b±0.7 8.3

a±1.1

20 15.1±0.4 14.3±0.1 13.8±1.0 8.75 a±1.7 7.2

b±1.3 8.5

a±1.2

1- Laying period:

28 5.4 ±0.4 5.4 ±0.4 5.3 ±0.4 5.15 ±1.2 4.96 ±0.6 5.2 ±0.6

32 9.5 ±0.7 8.7 ±0.6 9.0 ±0.3 7.12 ±1.2 6.45 ±0.7 7.1 ±0.7

36 14.2a±0.5 11.4

b±0.6 11.6

b±0.9 10.52

a±1.5 8.56

b±0.4 10.3

a±0.5

40 15.3 ±0.8 13.9 ±0.6 14.6 ±0.6 12.61a±1.7 10.62

b±1.4 11.8

a±1.3

a and b Means within each row for each division (Ammonia and dust) with no

common superscripts are significantly different (P≤0.05).




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Table 12. Means ±SE of bacterial count per one gram (10-3) and moisture (%) of litter

materials for Dandarawi chicken as affected by litter type.

Periods/

age

Bacterial count Moisture

C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2

1- Growing period:

8 5.0 ±1.3 6.3 ±1.4 4.2 ±1.4 7.2 ±0.3 6.9 ±0.3 6.6 ±0.4

12 8.5 ±0.9 9.0 ±0.6 10.8 ±1.0 10.9ab

±0.5 10.1b ±0.3 11.7

a±0.3

16 16.5 ±3.2 19.7 ±1.9 23.8 ±2.6 14.2 ±0.9 13.6 ±0.7 15.1 ±0.6

20 29.2 ±3.0 36.2 ±2.0 37.5 ±5.4 21.4 ±1.4 22.3 ±0.9 22.6 ±2.4

2- Laying period:

28 6.5 ±0.6 4.6 ±0.7 4.2 ±1.4 7.4 ±0.3 7.4 ±0.2 6.6 ±0.4

32 11.2a±1.0 7.8

b±0.7 8.0

b ±0.6 10.6

b±0.4 10.8

b ±0.4 14.4

a±0.4

36 22.0a±2.4 15.7

b±1.2 18.7

ab±1.5 13.5

b±0.4 13.4

b ±0.7 16.7

a±0.2

40 44.0a±2.7 28.5

b±2.8 32.5

b ±3.5 16.8

b±0.8 21.6

ab±2.1 22.3

a±0.7

a and b Means within each row for each division (BC and MC) with no common

superscripts are significantly different (P≤0.05).




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Table 13. Economical efficiency for Dandarawi chicken as affected by litter type

during the experimental periods. Ex. groups

Items C L 1 L 2

Costs / L.E

Bird at 4

weeks of age

LBW / bird / g 157.3 159.7 160.7

Purchasing price / bird (L.E) 3.00 3.00 3.00

Feed

Feed consumption during growing period (kg/bird) 7.08 6.78 7.08

Feed consumption during laying period (kg/bird) 11.79 11.49 11.77

Total Feed consumption (kg/bird) 18.87 18.27 18.85

Feed costs during growing period / bird (L.E) 13.03 12.48 13.03

Feed costs during laying period / bird (L.E) 19.81 19.30 19.77

Total Feed costs / bird (L.E) 32.84 31.78 32.80

Litter costs/bird (L.E) 0.031 0.015 0.012

Total costs/ bird (L.E) 35.87 34.80 35.81

Revenue / L.E

Bird at 40

weeks of age

LBW/bird/g 1545.1 1552.5 1452.7

Selling price /bird/ L.E 18.54 18.63 17.43

Egg yield Egg number/hen 55.7 59.5 52.9

Selling price for fertile eggs/hen/L.E 33.42 35.7 31.74

Total revenue (L.E) 51.96 54.33 49.17

Net revenue/bird/L.E (without constant costs=25%) 16.09 19.53 13.36

Economical efficiency/bird (EE) 0.45 0.56 0.37

Relative economical efficiency/bird (REE) 100 124 0.84

Cost of 1 kg of live body weight = 12.00 L.E. Price of one egg = 0.60 L.E.

Price of 1 kg of growing ration= 1.84 L.E. Price of 1 kg of laying ration= 1.68 L.E.

Total costs/ bird (L.E.) = Purchasing price, total feed and litter costs / bird (L.E.)

EE/bird=Net revenue per unit of total costs. REE= Relative economical efficiency of the

control group

L.E = Egyptian pound.




*Constant costs include: housing, labor, heating, cooling, lighting and treatment regimens.

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عربيلملخص الا

تأثيرنوع الفرشه علي االداء االنتاجي لدجاج الدندراوي النامي والبياض

محمد فرغلي علم الدين فرغلي –حاتم يوسف الحمادي -محمد الصغير محمد حسن مصر -جامعة أسيوط -كلية الزراعة -قسم اإلنتاج الحيواني والدواجن

تيم والتيي .ع من دجاج الدندراويأسابي 4طائر مجنس عند عمر 045اجريت التجربة على عدد

توزيعهيا عويوائيا عليى ثيمأنثي , 075ذكر , و 075ها الي ميقسوتووزنها فرديا , بالجناح هاترقيم

(C)وقد اعتبيرت المجموعية الوليي للمقارنية .أنثي 05ذكر , و 05 بكل منها ثالث مجاميع متساوية,

وقسمت طيور كل مجموعة إلى ثالثة . علي التوالي L1 ,L2, بينما اعتبرت الثانية والثالثة المعاملتان

ة كال مساح رفتين منفصلتين اسكانها فى غ تمانثي , والتي 05ذكر , و 05مكررات متساوية بكل منها

اسييبو، , بينمييا اسييتمرت 45, واسييتمرت النيياث حتييي عميير سييم 8مييزودب بفرويية بعميي 0م 0منهمييا

مين تيبن القمي %055 فروةربيت طيور مجموعه المقارنة علي ولقد . اسبو، 04الذكور حتي عمر

قي :فروية تكونيت مين مطليوط مين , بينما ربيت الطيور بالمجموعتين الثانية والثالثية عليي (كنترول)

وعليى مطليوط مين قي (L1) , % 00طفلية , %00نويارب طوي , %00تيبن قمي , %00األرز

ولقيد ربييت . علي التولي (L2)% 45طفلة ,% 05و نوارب الط , %05تبن القم , %05األرز

.جميع الطيور بالتجربة تحت ظروف بيئية ورعائية متماثلة

ولقد أوضحت نتائج معظم الصيفات النتاجيية التيي تيم دراسيتها انهيا تكياد تكيون متسياوية لطييور

اساس اقتصادي حيث ازداد ولقد تميزتا بالقدرب األنتاجية وعلي . (L1)والثانية (C)مجموعتي المقارنة

متوسطات وزن الجسم , والزيادب فيي وزن الجسيم , وصيفات انتياج البييم , كميا كيان معيدل التحوييل

باألضيافة . (L2)الغذائي لهما أفضل , باألضافة الي قلة نسبة النفو بالمقارنة بطيور المجموعة الثالثية

لقة في الجو , وكذلك عدد البكتريا فيي الفروية , قلل من التربة المتع L1لما سب فأن استطدام الفروة

نطلي مين النتيائج السيابقة اليي . وربما ينعكس ايجابيا علي القدرب المناعية , والحالية الصيحية للطييور

, وذليك ليدجاج الدنيدراوي النيامي %00التوصية باستطدام الطفلة كمكون من مكونات الفروة بمستوي

.والبيام

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