EFFECT OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION FACTORS ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

HOW INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC

MOTIVATION FACTORS AFFECT EMPLOYEE

PERFORMANCE?

Case of: Apple Inc

Master of Business Administration

Author Name: Ghulam Mustafa

Student ID No: 00106318

Submit Date: 09th November 2012

Ghulam Mustafa ID 00106318

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I want to express my gratitude to Mr. Mohammed Nadir, supervisor of my dissertation, without his help and guidance it would have been easy to draft my research work. He has been a mentor, a support and a counsellor who has guided me through the process and helped me find the strength in me.

I also would like to thank my parents, whose upbringing has made me stand where I am, a place where I can work my way up to fulfil their dreams and complete my degree successfully.

In the end, i would thank my mentors, tutors and friends, without their guidance, this work would have been impossible.


PROJECT DECLARATION

Student Name: Ghulam Mustafa

I am submitting this project as a part of the assessment and appraisal for my Masters in Business Administration (MBA). It is hereby declared that this project has been finalised by my own personal efforts. As far as any study, research and work are concerned, they are a part of the guidance given to me by the supervisor of my project or people who are related to the research e.g. librarian, people participated in survey in connection with research and so on. I also declare that this project is a fresh research work and has not been formerly used as a substantial element for any other work, such as a contribution towards another qualification, academic or professional, even if it were a lower level.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This document is a reflection of the challenges and prospects of Apple Company that are presented in a globalised context. It explains the concept good sale and good services. The literature will also demonstrate terms that are used very often in the Apple Inc. system is in application in countries in all over the world, however, there is emphasis laid on its success in the United Kingdom. They have started operations of the Apple company system in the early 90s after much popularity of the system and mainly due to the huge amount of Muslim immigrations to UK. However, there are still some policies that need to be emphasized to make it more profitable for the UK economic system. An Apple company system does say that the regulation of money is more important than the accumulation of wealth as according to the concepts in Islam which hugely discourages the accumulation of wealth. Much address is also made in the literature as to how Apple Company is very important in bringing the balance of power and wealth as the developing nations of the world are mostly Muslim countries and they are the ones who are being suffered from the huge impacts of interest. However, the literature also lays key emphasis on the realizations made by the west regards to the influence of interest Apple ing or conventional Apple and the way conventional Apple has harmed the economies of scale in the latest credit crunch. There will be differences and similarities discussed in the literature regards to the comparisons made between the conventional Apple ing and the Apple company system and how the conventional Apple system has been so popular as it really attract businesses and investors but never deals with the long term sustainability elements of the finance and Apple in a more globalised context. Lastly, there will be recommendations as to how far it is important to promote and market the idea of an Apple company system, its benefits and a general know how to the public regards to its benefits. Training programs in universities and colleges can influence the skilled work force that is needed in the sector to make it more marketable and efficient for use. Thus, an Apple company system is the new way of the Apple world which deals with company free Apple and gives its customers a range of financial products that they can use for their future financial needs.


Table of ContentsChapter 1: INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................07

1.1 STUDY BACKGROUND.........................................................................................................07

1.2 RATIONALE............................................................................................................................07

1.3 AIM & OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................07

1.4 ORGANISATIONAL PROFILE..............................................................................................09

Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................................11

2.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................11

2.2 WIDER MARKET ACCESS....................................................................................................12

2.3 GREATER PARTNERSHIP POTENTIAL.............................................................................13

2.4 ADMINISTRATIVE AND COMMUNICATIVE FLEXIBILITY..........................................13

2.5 BETTER ACCESSIBILITY AND CONVENIENCE..............................................................13

2.6 CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................24

Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................25

3.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................25

3.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY AND SRATEGY.......................................................................25

3.3 DATA COLLECTION.............................................................................................................25

3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN..............................................................................................................26


3.5 STUDY LIMITATION AND CONCLUSION........................................................................29

Chapter 4: FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS..................................................................................................30

4.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................30

4.2 PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS...........................................................................30

4.3 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION.............................................................................38

Chapter 5: INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................39

5.1 RESEARCH STRATEGY........................................................................................................38

5.2 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS.............................................................................................40

Chapter 6: CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................42

References...................................................................................................................................................45

Appendices

TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1 7 s Model....................................................................................12Figure 2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need......................................................21Figure 3 Two Factors of Motivation.........................................................22Figure 4 Approaches of Research.............................................................29


Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 STUDY BACKGROUND Apple was founded in April 1976. The company is an American corporation which was founded by Mr. Steve Jobs, 21 at the time and Mr. Steve Wozniak, 26 years old. However, both were dropped out from their college. The Wozniak one of the partner with the Steve jobs had developed a box of phone calls which allowed making long distance free phone calls. After a long time of this invention they both decided to join in the same platform and form the company (Apple Crumble, 1997)

The headquarters of company is in Cupertino, a town in California, recently made CEO Mr. Tim Cook after the retirement of co-founder is Mr. Steve Jobs. The company has over 284 retail outlets located in 10 different countries around the globe. The recent tragic death of Steve jobs hit the shareholder confidence for a small period of time and the shared went down following the news of his death. However the company regained the momentum of success (Bartholomew, 1999).

Apple Inc. moved along with the innovation and changing technology on constant basis. The company manufactured computer design and the hardware.

The company initially gained popularity for their personal computer line known as Macintosh powered by Mac OS. This enabled company to obtain a huge loyal user-base. However the company continued the technological advancement and attained the success throughout the business process. The company gained success throughout operations. Thus the company became top company in the innovation and the technological advancement (Kupfer, Andrew, 1992).


The success of technology such as iTunes, media application, iPod (personal music player) and iPhone has gained the remarkable success for the company and enable company to gain the huge customer base.

1.2 RATIONALE The rationale is important part of every thesis which research has been done according information of dissertation and need of course required because rationale indicate very high quality of method which is written by writer and it should be helpful for new people who can read it and get information regarding their requirement. Rationale is important behalf of purpose and this work will be done according that level and should be standard and quality and especially essential when submit purpose give these references according dissertation that will be done according main them of research and which information has been mention is questionnaires that is main them of rationale in research. The aim of this research is considered with motivation of employment either internet or external what will effect on employees who work in any organisation without motivation. So just find out that what is main purpose of motivation? This study is considered with limited areas which coming for employee’s motivation and satisfactions. In being or smile organisation having similar problems which is considered with employer and with employees and these issue are since long time going on and having not finished yet, always employees want rewords, benefits, holidays pay, sick pay leniency from top management. So my research is considered with employees benefit and motivation which make happy to work in any company or organisation basically motivations is very essential for employees who work it should be from management or even from top level management it will keep employees inside of organisation and make happy to work for it with hard working and sincerely without losing brand name and quality of company because so many being company fallen down due to management and staff who work there or when they merge why because there is many problems when two organisation want to be merge with help each other and build name in market with of staff and making quality of brand and standard and make some value in market it is very difficult to launch new product in market and having already many competitors available in market with best deal and quantity and quality so in case every smile business man or being business man want be best in market and give their product for customers which they need in current timing it is all depend on management of employees who want sale and make profit for company and as well for customers so recording these issue having all companies members who want earn more and more money through their business and make profit. According my research employees should be happy in work place and comfortable and easy to work having no stress from top level management


and should be friendly environment in office having parties and get together some time and giving them reword per annum it will keep employees happy and comfortable for more work. Especially being organisation doing these activities only for their employees as well giving them good training and during training company giving them facilities like accommodation when any employees going for training even home country or in parents country company should care his employees giving them food, accommodation during period of he or she live there these things keep employees in touch of same company for long period.

The rationale for the research is to gain the knowledge and experience.

The rationale for the research is gain the practical know how of the industry so that the theoretical knowledge can be linked to the practical knowledge.

The rationale for the research to obtain the access to the practical world where the links in the job market can be established.

The rationale for the research is to develop the personal skills of the research.

The rationale for the selection of Apple Corporation is that it fulfils the minimum standard of the company where the research can be conducted and enable researcher to obtain the good amount of information and knowledge that enable researcher to achieve the purpose.

1.3 AIM & OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation factors

on employees performance. Which are main them of motivation for employees during their job with any organisation?

To investigate the employees preferred motivation factors. Comparing both factors. Research will be both side for employee’s x and y employee’s

To investigate the inherent use of both factors at Apple Inc This research aims to identify the impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic

motivational factors on employees and how it affects their performance

The aim of this research is considered only moral motivation is important even when employees need how to make staff happy and keep in side for long time

To collect information from customers and employees even employers of any organisation


1.4 ORGANISATIONAL PROFILE As mentioned earlier, Apple Inc was founded by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne. The company has been through a long journey in just over 35 years from computers to consumer electronics since its inception. On the 1st of January 2007, the company’s name was changed from Apple Computer Inc to just Apple Inc.

The profile of company of Apple inc this company started in third of January 1977, in being this company only manufactures mobile for communication and relative with media devices and other hand making personal desktop computers and portable digital entertainment instalments which make people happy and enjoy with music players, and during that timing sale of products are relative with range of software services and later on third party digital relatives applications. The Apple product during starting afforded to customers including Mac, iPod, iPhone, iPad and Apple TV a portfolio of those who want investment of money being like shareholders with Apple company because services quality of product it was best then other market members and all and all customers want buy that product and even consumers increase gradually.

Apple is now being company and having best brand name in all over the world because customers always look for brand name and quality that is reason for sale and standard of apple is best then other provider same product in market and most of them items used for educations and for those who are educate and know to how use iphone , ipad and so many new products which coming every months for customers, this is best company which running good goods and in all over the world though third party and retail stores in all over the world which provide same product and quality and standard for consumers and customers, basically this company has not long time to be started and within one half decades become most expansive it product and brand name so that is main reason company goes up and up day by day through their product and help of staff so here five segments

Apple Inc’s operations are distributed in five segments: Europe, American Continents, Asia-Pacific, Japan and Retail. Europe includes all the countries in Europe, countries in the Middle East and Africa. Asia-Pacific segment consists of the Australian continent and Asian countries excluding Japan. Retail segment is responsible for running company owned retail stores around the globe. Like this company which has brand name and nice staff that is main reason going up day by day non of any other company which teak over of Apple company yet and having best value in market at moments. All products are sale almost all of worldwide through help of third party and retails sale store which provide best deals for new customers and even which are already in.


http://www.crunchbase.com/person/steve-jobs

http://www.crunchbase.com/person/steve-wozniak

Profile of any company is important because it give information regarding of company is main them of whole dissertations which indicate basic information. Which already mention in above chapter and in mythology is always designed for information which is basic for in them and epically for those who are scholar to read and giving their view and understanding everything which is give in detail to read with help of methodology and this is main them and for those who can read and getting need able information from these methodology which has knowledgeable information for scholar.

The purpose of finding and presented in subject we have mention some graphical and tables which contain with some information regarding tabular and manners which show complete information regarding in this chapter.

The interpretation of each graphic would be followed in this chapter.

Regarding discussions and analysis which will contain and giving information will be complete and having analysis and the values. Moreover, primary research from the literature review will be involved in the analysis.

The theme of research profit and conclusions it is all depend on basic information and data which has been collected from primary and secondary and give one format which will give complete information and would be made up, once the complete analysis of all data would have been given. While the experience of the writer is kept in mind, the recommendations would be provided to the government of UK and to the writers who will be interested in this issue we talk about limitations about this study and research which has been made regarding work and assignment, it is consider information which has been giving writer in the deed and it is consider requirement of knowledge which mention in detail with help of graphs and tables contain with help of material it show information of complete .The theme of research and collection of information and giving and having limitation of collecting data from different sources and giving one format including complete knowledgeable. The theme is consider with dilemma which has been mention and giving some solution of Apple Company to improve their internal problems and external dilemma which company has and need to fine best solutions regarding to improve their standard and their product and their staff helping to improve those problems which company has suffering from being and want to solution either internal and external which relative with Apple company through out of whole this situation and this is need to help company to solve problems help with main staff and support through planning and strategy.

The apple company sale its many products and good services for consumers, for those who are running small and midsized business


especially for educations, venture and government customers with the help of its retail stores. Many of them are online stores and some of them are for directs sales forces like third party stores Mac App Store and iBookstore. The company had 357 retail stores, which includes 112 stores around the globe and 245 stores within USA. This reflects to the fact that the company has been focusing on US and that focus is expanding day by day towards international market.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 INTRODUCTION The policies developed by the company and their management play a noteworthy role in the future strategies and operation. Thus, the success of any organisation today is the reflection of the past efforts that are undertaken throughout out the period of time (Beardwell et al, 2004).

The Apple Inc. has followed the innovation and modern adoption of technology throughout their operations. However, this does not suggest that the company has put behind the human resource factors at the side. Rather the company has always put the human resource factors actively at from and adopted the policies throughout the process. Beardwell et al (2004) suggest that the company can obtain the meaningful and long lasting success through the correct input of human resources. Thu it is established fact the human resources can be the deciding factor for the company (Moore, & Attewell, 1991)

According to the Cull (2008) the human involvement with in the organisational framework is the outcome of the organisational policies. Drawing upon the motivational framework provided by Cull (2008) suggesting that the Apple corporation is providing the tools that actually help the employees to better attain the intrinsic and extrinsic motivational and that helps the employees to perform at the work place (Barney, 1986).

The company is obtaining the competitive advantage through focusing upon the motivational tools. Thus the company is achieving the motivation through extrinsic and intrinsic tools. However, the strategic analysis


suggests that there can be possible gap in the strategies adopted and that are required to be adopted according to the need of competition and environment. Thus the management can fulfil the gap and ensure their constant level of strategic edge (Budhwar, Pawan. Debrah, Yaw, 2001).

The culture adopted by an organization plays a significant role in the success or failure of the company. The Porter’s model suggests the strategic shift is required fill the gap (Buchanan & Hucczynski, 1991).

The company is following the strategy of involving the human resource with in the organisational process for the organisation success.

Figure ) 7 s Model

Source: Buchanan D, and Hucczynski A,(1991) pp 35

According to the model provided, the company intends to utilise all the human resource skills effectively and actively in order to attain the competitive advantage. The model the organisational values, staff relationship, the style of management, system of organisation, human resource skills, strategies adopted and the structure of an organisation through which the who organisation is built in order to obtain the performance. Thus, whence the strategies are adopted effectively, the organisation tends to attain the motivational level of their employees at the higher level (Personnel, 2005),


The injection of the organisational culture and value is significantly important in order to obtain the correct level of motivation within the employees (Brockett, 2008).

2.2 WIDER MARKET ACCESSThe use of IT can help the organizations on both “buy-side” and “sell-side” by helping them increase advantages of a wider and broader range of the market. Fariselli (1999) and Essig and Arnold (2001) have also proposed a similar theory. Suppliers/sell-side organizations can access to wider consumer/customer/client base that can also reach out globally. Likewise, for buy-side organizations (buyers) can classify new product lines or enhance their supplier set-up by researching suppliers that bid cheaper rates or better quality or faster delivery methods. The selection criteria would vary between organization’s interest.However, it is debateable that such benefits are restricted through policies of the company for example, local / domestic selling or resourcing restricted to local / easily accessible markets. We have also seen that Roth (2001) has researched that the organizations that have successfully applied SCM (Supply Chain Management) technologies in their operations had managed to curtail supplier base per billion dollar of expense.

2.3 GREATER PARTNERSHIP POTENTIALApple as an organization has empowered businesses to form and maintain relationships with their suppliers irrespective of their geographical location and strategic alliances. This results in helping businesses to increase the buyers or suppliers support they receive. We can witness a similar view by Hurwitz (2000) and Tumolo (2001). Essig and Arnold (2001) also make a similar argument when they propose that partnerships for supply chain purposes that consist of capabilities based advanced technology can considerably boost the benefits of association to both organization and its customers. However, as proposed by Huber et al (2004) that even partnerships in a supply chain system are hesitant to share susceptible data, which might weaken the benefits / fruits of such partnerships, and therefore, such partnerships might build up to the organizations.

2.4 ADMINISTRATIVE AND COMMUNICATIVE FLEXIBILITY

It has been established that the use of electronic systems in SCM (Supply Chain Management) increases an organization’s flexibility and precise organizational procedures. These procedures would be performed both internally in the organization and on the outside of the organization. It also helps in improving effective business methods of communication between organization and its suppliers or customers. Though, it is debated that


there is a concurrent collapse in channels of communication and the variations in procedural administration, in case of a breakdown in IT infrastructure. This effects the parties in the supply chain.

The most widely used tool in order processing and checking the status of that order is internet, which eventually reduces cost and time associated to order processing on paper. The availability of prices online prior to purchase certifies the accurateness of the price and helps comparability. The information related to the order flows between the partners of the supply chain swiftly, which results in quick records update and it accurateness. The hassle of waiting and time consumption is reduced significantly.

2.5 BETTER ACCESSIBILITY AND CONVENIENCEThe most common benefit of integrating IT in Supply Chain Management (SCM) is its provision for round the clock accessibility to both suppliers and customers associated with the supply chain. The actions are carried forward at a time suitable for the parties individually rather than finding a specific time convenient for both. The dependence on manual work is reduced as the need for mutual presence reduces. Either party need not wait for the presence of the party in order to carry out order placement or dispatch. This has benefited the organizations worldwide as the world market has shrink and the time zones are no longer a barrier.

APPLE INC’s CURRENT STRATEGY

Apple has adopted a differentiation strategy alongside its unique marketing campaigns that position it as a trendy alternative compared to other brands in the market. Despite being a premium brand with a capability of high margins, Apple has been able to demean its competitors pricing with the iPad 2 releases by leveraging its balance sheet and its position as one of the largest buyers to secure components at low prices. This further gives Apple a competitive advantage. (7)

APPLE’s STRATEGY IN TERMS OF SUITABILITY; FEASIBILITY & ACCEPTABILITY

SUITABILITYACCEPTABILI

TYY/N FEASIBLITY Y/N

APPLE inc has well recognized and trusted brand that can boost its sales and revenue (1)

with the market capitalization of 305 billion dollars, Apple

Introduction of value brand products leads to high turnover

High Return on Shareholders’ Funds

Y

Y

Y

Apple finance as a huge source of capital

Apple Stores generating $4,032 per retail square foot per year

Y

Y

Y


Inc. is the second most valuable company in the world

In 2010 Apple became the largest company in the tech universe (1,5)

Growth is driven from presence in North America (R6)

Apple is still able to undercut its competitors (7)

Ref (Osiris) High Operating

rev. / Turnover per share (71.68 in 2010) ref Osiris

Y High growth rate in turnover (52%)

Apple Maintains Dominance of Mobile Application Store, generated $1.8 billion in revenue in 2010

Y

Ref 1: Farhad, Fast Computer, Apple Nation, Manjoo; Jul/Aug2010, Issue 147, p68-112Ref 2: http://ycharts.com/calculations/rankings/market_capRef 3: http://www.zdnet.com/blog/apple/apple-becomes-worlds-second-most-valuable-company/9047Ref 4: Apple company profile Ref 5: Hawn, Carleen, If he’s so smart, Fast Company; Jan 2004, Issue 78, p68Ref 6: Data monitor : 10 top mobile handset manufacturerRef 7: Bloomberg, 2011; Piper's Munster Interview on Apple's Jobs; [Online Video available at http://www.bloomberg.com/video/67277168 (Accessed 21 March 2011)]

KEY STRATEGIC FACTORS 1. Weak Presence in Emerging market (2)2. Apple's market share in the Smartphone market declined in 2009, and its Macs also have a small share in the PC market (3)3. Apple Inc’s profitability may be affected by price erosion due to forceful competition in various markets in which Apple operates (4)4. In China, Apple is facing a sizable threat from Nokia, which commanded 74.3% market share in 2009 (2)5. Apple Inc has been dependant on third parties in the manufacturing of component and product manufacturing along with the logistical services (5)


STRATEGIC OPTIONS

OPTION 1:Differentiation

Strategy

OPTION 2:MERGER

OPTION 3:ACQUSITION

Benefits reducing environmental threats (6)

reducing the threat of new entrants (6)

Premium price for the firm (7)

Increase in brand loyalty by the customer

Sustaining competitive advantage (7)

BenefitsBenefit from a synergy (9)

Achieve economies of scale (8) (generates cost efficiency)

Reduces Competition (8)

Increase in market power/share (8)

Combining complementary resources (8)

Mergers may allow greater investment in R&D (10)

Benefits Greater Value Generation of the company (12)

lower cost of operation and/or production (12)

Diversification of products, services (13)

Draw BackCost of hiring highly skilled sales force (7)

Use of more expensive material to improve the quality of the product (7)

Loss due to differentiation (7)

Draw BackMergers can lead to job losses (10)

Cultural Differences (11)

Conflicts of interest (9)

Draw Back Integration problems (14)Can be costly due to high legal costs (14)

The returns from acquisitions may not be attractive (14)

Strategic Evaluation in term of Suitability, Feasibility and Acceptability

Strategic Evaluation Matrix

SUITABILITY

ACCEPTABILITY

FEASIBILITY

Continues in Existing Strategy

Y Y Y

Merger Y Y Y

Acquisition Y Y Y

2.6 RECOMMENDATION


All three options are attractive for APPLE Inc but Merger would be the best option and Apple can enjoy a maximum benefit from synergy and increase its market shares (9)

I would recommend that Apple Inc should merger with Google , as Market capitalization of Google in 2011 is $162.1b and APPLE INC is $306.02b and if they combine their market capitalization becomes $468b and may become the first most valuable companies in the world (R 15),

Furthermore, Apple iOS and Google Android have risen as two major platforms in the mobile world. The outcome is that both iOS and Android have been wildly successful in 2011 and continue to capture the mobile market share R (16, 17)

It is evident from market research that Microsoft controls 90% of the computer based OS industry. Apple and Google have to form a joint venture in the future to gain control in Computer OS market. (18)

1. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS (LOW)

Company which is already involved in a similar operations:

Such a threat in this market is moderate. There is a possibility to enter in this market as a company already involved in similar operations by means of diversification, such as electronics and moving onto mobile production, example, Samsung. This reduces the impact of getting rid of assets, as the structure of the company and the raw materials used are the same. Such a strategy has been demonstrated by Apple Inc, which was only known for manufacturing computers, but diversified into mobile market with the iPhone which has gained popularity in the recent times and brought a new terminology and vision in the mobile industry known as smart phone. Apart from Apple Inc, other major players in smart phone market are Research in Motion’s Blackberry, HTC and they have been very successful until now.Ref : data monitor :industry profile..global mobile phone :Publication Date: October 2010Ref : http://www.htc.com/uk/press/htc-story.htmlRef: http://www.rim.com/company/

Barriers to enter due to high R&D and Investment Cost and Exit Cost ,Developing Successful Brand

However, in order to come into this market as a beginner would not be feasible unless with something new to offer as Apple did. As it is necessary for organizations to maintain economies of scale and battle for market share with existing players. Huge investments are vital to start operations


http://www.rim.com/company/

http://www.htc.com/uk/press/htc-story.html

and to market the products. Large capital is required for research and development of new technology. Further to initiate production would be very costly too. Additionally, currentl market analysis suggests that the existing players in the market are strong, in terms brand awareness, experience, etc. They have considerable brand recognition and loyalty, including HP, Sony, Nokia, Samsung, Microsoft, Intel and Apple, etc. In this situation, it would be difficult to develop a successful brand i.e. according to Interbrand 2010 ranking Microsoft came 3rd Position , Intel on 9th

NOKIA Brand came on 8th position , HP on 10th , Apple in on 17th , and Sony on 34th , and Dell on 41th position. Therefore, initial investment, established standards and recognized brands names are difficult to prevail over for a new entrant.

Ref: data monitor: industry profile... global mobile phone: Publication Date: October 2010Ref: The Telecommunications Industry-

http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/telecom.asp#axzz1PwvfmeDl

Ref: http://www.interbrand.com/en/best-global-brands/best-global-brands-2008/best-global-brands-2010.aspx

2. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES

Mobile phones – Low

To substitute cellular phones, fixed line telephones can be an answer, but in today’s era of fast moving lives and due to rapid technology advancement this threat is seen as minimal.

Ref: data monitor :industry profile..global mobile phone :Publication Date: October 2010

Personal Computers (High)

As new kind of IT equipments like HDTV / Digital TV & Smart phones provide their users with the internet, TV, GPS and mp3 functions and their increasing utility and recognition might obstruct the development of the PC industry. Therefore, threat for PC is high.

Ref: data monitor report on The Top 10 Consumer Electronics Manufacturers

3. POWER OF SUPPLIER (HIGH)


Information and communication technology industry heavily depends on third party suppliers which are located in different parts of the world across the globe. In terms of main components which are used in production such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), LCD’s, and flash memory etc. Major suppliers of these components are Hon Hai Company and Quanta Computer etc , Furthermore In launching new products technology giants such as Apple, nokia, dell, hp etc. Sometimes use customized components which are only available from one supplier.

Data monitor, Apple company profile, accessed on 16th June, 2011

Data monitor, information and communication industry Profile, accessed on 15th June, 2011

ICT Industry has entered into several agreements with one or multiple suppliers but companies are open to the risk because there is no assurance that the agreements will be renewed upon expiration and on the same approving terms and prices?

ICT industry is reliant on suppliers of components and an influential supplier could apply pressure by supplying components at elevated prices to enhance his profits. Further, the tendency for smart phones has fortified the power of supplier as operating systems such as RIM, Windows, Symbian, Android and iOS are now an essential component of Smart phones.

Ref 1: Data monitor: ICT industry profile accessed on 16th June, 2011Ref 2: Data monitor: apple Profile

4. THREAT OF BUYER -- (MODERATE) Economic forces: low Switching Cost, More Options available

High inflation rate is leading towards low GDP, increasing national debts are leading towards spending cuts and unemployment due to worldwide redundancies, is a worrying factor for ICT industry which can push buyers to switch for copycat and low price competitive products which offer the similar features and technology which are available within the same industry. For example: RIM Black Berry has launched its new Tablet which offers the similar features as Apple IPad but relatively smaller in size and cheaper in price, this can chip away the share of Apple in Tablet Pc market.


The customers now enjoy the option of choosing from a wide range of affordable, economical and technologically advanced products due to a large number of suppliers / retailers.

Business source premier, “switching between consumer technologies” written by: Kevin, C. Sridhar R.Papagari Sangareddy, Chen Ye and Sanjeev JHA

Ref: guardian.co.uk, accessed on 16th June, 2011

Exceeding Customer expectations

There are two kinds of buyers in the market, the independent retail outlets such as the Phone 4 U and secondly, departmental stores such as ASDA that purchase handsets in order to sell to end-users. Nevertheless, it is essential for buyers to store the latest products if they want to meet up with the end-user demand which eliminates their strength in the supply chain. Some of major players of ICT industry such as Apple, Google, BlackBerry, Dell, and HP etc. have somehow managed to meet the customer’s expectations by continuous improvements in quality and innovation

MARKET VOLUME

Cell phones have a global market, since the beginning of the 1990s until today; this market has been growing rapidly in terms of volume and demand. The global mobile phones market has grown by 2.5% until 2009 to achieve a volume of 1,005.8 million units. 10.7% is the rate for compound annual growth of this market during the period 2005–09. This is a huge growth and with many players in the market such as Sony Ericsson, Motorola, Apple, Nokia, Samsung, etc.

MARKET VOLUME FORECAST


The forecast for the global mobile market for the period until 2014 is to have a volume of 1,520.8 million units, which would be a growth of 51.2% since 2009. The prediction for compound annual growth of the market in the period 2009–14 is predicted to be at the rate of 8.6%.

YearMarket Value

$’B

Growth%

Market Volume

Million Units

Growth%

2005 69.1 -- 669.4 --2006 78.3 13.4 822.8 22.92007 94.9 21.1 951.1 15.62008 99.4 4.8 981.3 3.22009 95.8 (3.7) 1005.8 2.52010 103.2 7.7 1,101.7 9.52011 113.2 9.7 1,197.1 8.72012 124.8 10.3 1,296.8 8.32013 138.9 11.3 1,399.0 7.92014 155.3 11.8 1,520.8 8.7

Source : data monitor , the Global Mobile Industry

Global Mobile phone market value by segmentMarket Size

$’ bn2009 2010 2011 2014

CAGR2006-2011

Feature Phones

81 72 59 34 (15.5)%

Smart Phones

52 89 131 259 37.8%

Total 133 162 191 293 17.1%

Source : data monitor , 10 Top Mobile Handset Manufucture


MARKET SEGMENTATIONAsia-Pacific is expected to be the largest market during the period between 2009 and 2014 for smart phones. The basic reasons for this change / growth would be the rising purchasing power and incomes of consumers in the region. Another reason is the increasing demand and need or desire to stay in contact with relatives, business peers etc. The growth is also subject to the increasing population and affordability of cell phones.

Source: Data Monitor Report, Published by Business Insights, “The top 10 Mobile Handset Manufacturer

Global computing marketOverall, although it remains important to the IT industry, desktop computing is generally in decline, challenged by mobile computing. Notebooks’ functionalities have been improving dramatically while their average price has been decreasing. The combination of better features and lower prices has made laptops more attractive to a broad range of users, from consumers to business users.

However, seen in terms of relative changes in percentage share, notebooks are expected to register fastest growth by eating into desktop PCs shares.


Motivation DefinedMotivation is the interest of an individual or an employee in order to attain a particular given task or goal. The motivation is the inner willingness to perform certain task due to the inner willingness or external rewards or benefits that are offered against the performance (Dennis & Randall, 2004).

The Maslow’s theory of motivation gained the popularity in the theory of motivation. The intrinsic and extrinsic factors are significantly important in any organisation in order to obtain the long term success. This is by far one of the most famous theories and considered quite effective on motivation.

Figure 1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need

Source: Dennis, R. & Randall, S. (2004) pp 45

The theory of Maslow’s is described in the hierarchy. The hierarchy is located according to the need basis. Thus higher the need will be at the basic step and then step by step this goes into the incremental change towards the top position (Reader A, 1998)

The level of dissatisfaction can become the cause of motivation where the human being find the or develop the urge of repeating the same action until the success is obtained. Thus through this factor the demined and strong employees are attached and attain the motivation through this tool (Dennis & Randall, 2004).

As per Maslow’s theory, there are needs that have to be considered as common needs. Those needs are categorised as needs that relate to the physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualisation. Thus these needs flow in the process from the bottom to top and are fulfilled step by step. According to the theory the needs must be fulfilled in order to move onto the other need. However critics on the other hand suggest that the needs are not necessarily fulfilled in the step by step process (Chandra kumara and Anil, 2007). The constant achievement and positive results in the


individual’s life lead a person to reach to the level of self-actualisation (Dan-Shang Wang and Chi-Lih Shyu, 2008).

Higher the level of motivation better the level of results will be. There is the positive relationship of these both factors. However, the level of satisfaction varies from situation to situation. Thus, it is important that the employee’s satisfaction is to be achieved and obtained through the fulfilment of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors (Nixon, 2004)

The employee performance can be the matter of significant factors that directly relate to the motivation. In majority of cases the employees are not performing and that becomes the reason of not being motivated at the work form the management or work environment that exist at the work place (Ruel et al, 2007). Paauwe & Boselie (2003) identified that there are about 34% of performance related problem are the outcome of motivational factors. The employees from extrinsic or intrinsic factors become less motivated. Thus the problems persist.

Figure 2 Two Factors of Motivation

Source: Silverman, (1993)

Picture no 3 provides the Herzberg two factors motivational factors. The Herzberg provides the simple and clear approach to the motivation. Herzberg linked the level of motivation with the individual’s performance. The Herzberg suggests the existence of Motivators that actually motivation the employees or de-motivate employee at the work place. According to Herzberg there are Hygiene factors that refrain employees from the dissatisfaction level. The hygiene factors can stop the de-motivation but in some cases, they cannot develop motivation (Rogers, 2004).

According to Pawan and Budhwar (2001)


1. Achievements of an employee2. The sense of recognition3. The present condition at place of work4. The responsibility level at present5. Personal growth and hygiene factors

The salary is considered as the major factor of Hygiene factor that has significant contribution to attain the employee motivation and satisfaction (Jain, P, 2005).

INTRINSIC FACTORS OF MOTIVATIONIntrinsic motivation, it is the internal motivation to perform a task or work. The individual sometimes become internally motivated to perform some task. However, the internal motivation cannot be developed in isolation; rather it requires the motivators that actually boost the internal motivation (Herzberg, & Frederick, 1959).

The intrinsic motivation is obtained through the work that provides the pleasure or joy in performing that particular work. The intrinsic motivational factors are largely adopted by the present organisation in order to ensure the real customer services given to their customers (Jackson, & Schuler, R. (2003).

The employees that are more intrinsically motivated are more likely to engage to obtain the customer satisfaction. They make their best efforts to obtain the maximum level of customer satisfaction. Thus the performance of an organisation is likely to increase. For example employees at Apple store are more friendly and helpful, they can be categorised as internally, motivated. With Intrinsic Motivation, it is meant that employees are motivated to do a certain task because of the pleasure or satisfaction received in doing those tasks. In other words, it can be established that intrinsic motivation comes from within the job itself rather than the external sources like monetary incentives, benefits etc. An employee with a tendency of being internally motivated could be motivated with a by factors related to the job such as recognition, growth, responsibility and advancement. If the employee tends to be motivated by intrinsic rewards, than it should be understood that he is interested in a job/task that interests him, a work environment that is challenging and the sense of accountability in performing the tasks in order to motivate him. Therefore, it can be said that an intrinsically motivated person will perform a task or do the job willingly. The reason being his interest in the job due to the amount of challenges within or because of the satisfaction he gets from performing the task. This is an evidence of the fact that external factors like pay and benefits do not actually motivate the employee. As mentioned in


many theories like Herzberg and Maslow, the external factors are mere satisfiers and compared to intrinsic motivation it is ineffective in the long term. The best example for intrinsic rewards is athletes taking part in a race. They put the maximum effort in the task and work their way up because of the satisfaction and pleasure they get from mastering the different set of skills in the game. This can be seen in boxers, trying to make use of even the tenth of a second in a game or sprint racers making every effort possible to reach the finish line first. The same can be seen in other organizations with employees, for example, the organization under study is Apple Inc and its founder Mr. Steve Jobs, an example of employees working to achieve the satisfaction with in their job rather than monetary or other external rewards. The factors, which can affect the intrinsic methods of motivation, are influence and control.

EXTRINSIC FACTORS OF MOTIVATIONExtrinsic motivational factors are the external motivational factors. These factors come outside of an ideal. The extrinsic factors come from the external side. The rewards and other motivational factors can be given to employees.

Extrinsic motivation factors also tend to increase the performance of an employee. The motivation comes from the external sources. The example can be categorised such as reward, money, coercion, threats and punishment in some cases. In some situation the major extrinsic factor is the competition because it comes from external side and tends to increase the performance. The Employee at the Apple store is given as gift vouchers, certificates on the performance. However, such certificated and prizes play as a role of extrinsic motivators (Jain, 2005).

On the other hand, extrinsic motivation is when an employee is motivated through external rewards that are rewards outside his job description. These rewards are usually in terms of monetary incentives, grades, etc. In this case, an employee works on a task / project / job by satisfying his needs with rewards outside the job such as performance related bonuses, the employee tends to carry out the task or job for the fact that he is interested in it but mainly because of the extrinsic reward associated with it. This reward is what drives the subject employee or employees to do things that he might or might not be interested in doing. In other words, extrinsic rewards act as a driving force that get the employee to do things for tangible rewards instead of the task itself. Extrinsic motivators can be both positive and negative. Positive motivators can be monetary rewards, bonuses, increments and other incentives. On the other hand, negative motivators can be described as bribery or threats that can be used to motivate the employee or employees extrinsically that means outside their


job description. The basic focus of extrinsic motivators in on rewards the employee reaps from his or her actions instead of the actions themselves. For example, if an employee or employees are working on a task such as sales in which they are neither exactly interested in and nor in the benefits the company gets from their actions (sales). What they are interested in is the reward associated with a certain level of sales. The employees of a sales department usually get bonuses on achieving a certain level of sales. This example illustrates that some people do not tend to work willingly and such people are made to work by extrinsic rewards. Hence, the Stick and Carrot Rule. In reality, these rewards have a short-term influence in overall performance of the employee and even the organization as a whole. The reason for this is that employee or employees being motivated by the extrinsic rewards can only be persuaded to work as long as they are offered rewards and therefore, in absence of such will refrain from either performing the tasks or lowest level of requirement would be fulfilled.

• EFFECTIVE METHOD OF MOTIVATIONAfter the above discussion, we can compare the benefits of intrinsic rewards with extrinsic rewards. These motivators are co-dependent on the multiple factors such as culture, environment, society, awareness, etc. This dependence makes the effectiveness of a certain method of motivation debateable. In a society of the west where the necessities integral to living like housing, basic allowance for food etc are the responsibility of the government, people tend to look for tasks or careers they feel satisfied in accomplishing. Whereas in the third world countries, it in unlikely (not impossible) to find a person with career driven strategy. Even though the above factors do make a huge difference in making up a society’s mind-set, it would be unjustified to say that these are the only driving factors. Examples of people from within third world countries is an evident fact that there are other forces which also play an important role in determining an employee’s motivating factors. The culture of the organization and the factors on which accomplishment is based also make a huge impact. If the culture on a an organization is to extrinsically reward an employee on his performance, people who tend to find satisfaction in the job role would not either stick to that organization or move to other organizations with a different culture. Such an environment could also result in moulding the employees’ behaviour and source of satisfaction.

It can be established that extrinsic motivation is easily enforceable but with a lesser impact, especially a short-term impact on the performance etc of an employee. Intrinsic rewards are a win-win model if the employees are groomed in a way where they look for satisfaction with in their work and welcome activities such as job enlargement and job enrichment. This does not imply that extrinsic motivation is a theory of the by-gone days rather;


they should be used from time to time for short term motivation, example, annual bonuses. It is important to groom the employees in the work environment to help them get intrinsically motivated and therefore reaping the long term benefits of the this approach. Once such an ideal environment is established, absence of extrinsic rewards will not de-motivate employees and therefore an organization’s overall aim and objective will not be put at risk and will result in the organization’s long-term success.

CHOICE & PREFERENCE OF CUSTOMER:

Apple Inc needs to prioritise the market demand, customers’ choices and their preference as an essential element. It is very important to evaluate market preferences in order to formulize a marketing strategy for a product or service. In order to achieve the best results, demographics of the market / customer should analysed in depth, for example, Islamic Calendar system would be very popular with the users in the middle east and even with the Muslims around the globe. Customer’s behaviour should be studied as this would provide reasoning to the reason for change in the behaviour and organizations such as Apple Inc can understand the driving force behind it. For example, the Islamic Calendar in the Middle East would be important as most of the countries follow the Islamic Calendar as official calendar unlike the West and Far East who follow the Georgian Calendar. Psychological and functional needs of the market also drive the behaviour of the customers in a market. Customer’s preferences and their choices have to be considered as Emotional Intelligence and serves as a critical factor in attracting them to the product or service. With respect to motivation, religion does play an important role and the customer’s choice is highly affected by it. According to Watson, A (2002), “once the consumers recognize the need for a good or service they will undertake an information search which maybe passive or active and the extent and depth of this search will influence their buying decisions.” The customers of the Apple ing of Islamic system have realized that this would be the better alternative in the current economic crisis, as it has been shown that the power of the repayments over the loan has been declining because of the high interest rates and the inflation.

2.6 CONCLUSION

The conclusion of all research which has been done and which data collected from deferent sources and information including research. The main theme of research and data


According to the Cull (2008) the human involvement with in the organisational framework is the outcome of the organisational policies. Drawing upon the motivational framework provided by Cull (2008) suggesting that the Apple corporation is providing the tools that actually help the employees to better attain the intrinsic and extrinsic motivational and that helps the employees to perform at the work place (Barney, 1986).

The company is obtaining the competitive advantage through focusing upon the motivational tools. Thus the company is achieving the motivation through extrinsic and intrinsic tools. However, the strategic analysis suggests that there can be possible gap in the strategies adopted and that are required to be adopted according to the need of competition and environment. Thus the management can fulfil the gap and ensure their constant level of strategic edge (Budhwar, Pawan. Debrah, Yaw, 2001). Companies are using the motivational tools to gain competitive advantage. By doing so, they develop a work force which is loyal and might not be willing to move or switch to a competitor in time. Therefore, this acts as catalyst in a company’s long term growth planning and helps the employees strive harder and go the extra mile for their organization when they are motivated.

To investigate the impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation factors on employees performance. Which are main them of motivation for employees during their job with any organisation. To investigate the employees preferred motivation factors. Comparing both factors. Research will be both side for employee’s x and y employee’s To investigate the inherent use of both factors at Apple Computer, Inc. This research aims to identify the impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivational factors on employees and how it affects their performance.

The aim of this research is considered only moral motivation is important even when employees need how to make staff happy and keep in side for long time To collected information from customers and employees even employers of any organisation. This all work has been done according to research of motivation and satisfaction for employees during work place and having respectable place and nice environment in office where anyone can work. It is aimed to bring out a set of possible solution to the growing organization so that the matters related to Human Resource Management are handled properly.


Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 INTRODUCTION The methodology is the level of research and makes sure that imaginary findings and measuring it with the realistic approach. The line of attach it is support to methods through which the qualitative and quantitative data analyzed. So Methodology is basically research with deep and fine out main aim and objectives in project. So this is depending on obtained through primary investigate. On other hand in this section which discussion will be debates in deeply and very clearly which are clearly concerned with basic information and resources which will be provided data. So now which we have talk about research and information it supporting to care out and


helping with deferent sections and which are positive from internal and being unable to do for hypothesis to match with the real result.

The research is designed to examine the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational tools on employees and how does it impact their performance. The research is designed to undertake the research question and obtain the information through the primary and secondary data (Onwuegbuzie, 2005).

The research is designed to understand the performance boosting factors of an employee. However, the topic will be reviewed through extensive search of secondary data. In last the results and recommendation will be established through the secondary data and primary data evidence through which he results could be established (Taylor, 1991).

3.2 RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY AND STRATEGY

This research focuses on the development and uptake of data-exchange standards in order to gain an understanding of how such standards are adopted and diffuse across their target population. Hence, case studies and action research are used to Fulfil the aims of the research, which are to:

• Establish the barriers and factors that influence the standards of data-exchange adoption.

• Develop guidelines to facilitate and accelerate the adoption of data-exchange standards

3.3 DATA COLLECTIONThe data consists of two forms generally. The primary data collection and secondary data collection will be the main two sources of data collection during this research work. The both forms are important for this research. The primary data is important in order to obtain the realistic information which is more reliable information (Silverman, 1993).

Secondary Data collectionThe secondary data collection is also equally important. The secondary data collection provides the more in-depth information to the researcher. The information is available in the huge quantity and at the low level of cost as compare to the primary data collection methods Myers, M.D. (2009). The primary data collection requires more expenditures and time consuming (Strauss & Corbin, 1990).

3.4 RESEARCH DESIGN The information will be collected in both the forms such as qualitative and quantitative data. The each data type has its own significant role in the research process.


According to Saunders (2011) the qualitative data is the data which is collected through the interview or the questionnaire which is collected in the form that has meaning to analyse or to understand. On the other hand the quantities data is the data which is available in quantitative form. Thus the quantitative data enable the researcher to show the results in the graphical shape. On the other hand the qualitative information can be only interpreted through the meanings (Nixon, 2004)

Sample ObservationsThe observation is the strong tool to find out the information during the research process. Thus the research is designed to observe a selected group of people. The apple store will be visited and at least 6 employees will be observed and will be analyzed their performance, working environment, their level of satisfaction and environment (Ragin, 1987).

Through this method more realistic information could be collected and used for the research and further improvement of company’s performance.

Personal InterviewsThe interview is the process of obtaining the information directly from the participant through the question and answer portion. The interview are fast, economical and more reliable (Myers, 2009).

In this research the interview will be another important aspect to find out the level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors with employees and how effectively those factors are adopted at Apple Corporation and within their outlets. Thus, through the interview the primary data collected through survey, could be validated (Morey, 1984).

Research QuestionHow Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivation factors affect employee performance?

How motivation affect the employees?

Questionnaire DesignThe questionnaire is designed and attached with in the appendices. The target audience is the sample of 100 respondents. There are 100 questionnaire that will be distributed amongst the employees if at least two big stores. Through this the research can become more reliable. The survey suggests the opinion of majority and through this the long term strategy can be formulated to remain sustainable and competitive (Zikmund, 2003).

Pilot testingAt the beginning level of research the pilot test will be carried out. Through this the questionnaire even can better be formed. If there are any unwanted


questions that do not serve the purpose, they those questions will be replaced (Prasad, P. (2005).

In the pilot testing the following will be monitored; Is there enough depth in the question? Are the questions ambiguous? Is the question asking the right question? Is the questionnaire understood in accordance to their purpose?

Sources of secondary Data Collection

If it can be reported simply that the data is in its unique and authentic format, the data will be place in the main literature review or introduction and will provide support to the argument and serve as evidence.

Data can be made useful for various purposes. You can utilise it for analysis for a completely diverse subject than the original and even reinterpreted. In such a case, it would be placed in the Analysis of Findings segment of the report or research. The suicide research by Durkheim is one of the finest examples in this case. He studied the causes and reasons to analyse the patter of committing suicide by different classes or groups of people and his research resulted in the fact that Protestants are more likely to commit suicide that Catholics. This shows how he utilised a data gathered or recorded by coroners etc for completely diverse subject. Lots of statistical association and analytical comparison had to be done by him to perform the research. (Details of Durkheim’s work: Haralambos – 1995)

Most students depend on collection of basic or primary data that means collecting data first hand as it is required by most research projects. Most of the research does not involve secondary data in their analysis or findings even though it is perfectly adequate to do so. The important point here is that there can always be much more data available to aid in the research and the data collection could have been on a much a larger scale than a student’s connections. This mere fact could add to the research and prove to be helpful in coming up with the right conclusion.

The secondary data sources are various. However, it is intended to collect the secondary data through the following sources;

Political And Legal Factors

In certain countries, there are some regulations that are related with production and marketing of electronic equipments for example, ability to return the product by the end of it residual life for proper disposal or recycling purposes. Other rules and regulations to prevent biohazard and


other technical issues may affect the general marketing and production activities. In some countries, there are laws restricting the usage of perilous material in the production of electronic equipments. These countries include countries in the European Union, North American countries. Apple Inc and similar organizations have abide by these law for environmental safety and sustainability.

Ref 1: Apple anual reportRef 2: End-of-life electronics legislation

Political instability

Technology industry mostly rely on vendors for products and components from many countries i.e. Germany. Israel, China, Japan, Ireland, Malaysia, Netherlands, Korea, Taiwan, the Philippines and Singapore etc

If manufacturing or logistics in these locations are disrupted for any reason, it could harm the financial performances of the Technology Industry and ability to satisfy customer needs. This could result in delays in delivery, delay in product launch, etc which would in turn be very bad an organization’s reputation. In addition, defective parts and products from these vendors could reduce product reliability and harm the reputation of the company.

Apple’s Procedures Guideline Apple’s Training books Apple’s HR Manuals Subject books Case studies Periodically published journals Periodically published magazines Publications such as newspapers

Deductive and Inductive ApproachThere are two main source of research approach.


Figure 3 Approaches of Research

Source: Silverman (1993).

Figure no 4 suggests that is two main researches approached through which the research can be conducted.

This research will use the inductive approach. The reason behind choosing the inductive approach is the number of responses that are expected in the huge quantity. The inductive approach provides the huge opportunity to deal with many responses. Thus the researcher can provide the meaningful conclusion and recommendation through the careful theoretical analysis upon the findings (Saunders, 2011)

Timescales Time is the limitation. The limited time is available to carry on the research. However, the employees may not find time to cooperate in the research (Slonim, 1960).

Cost The cost is the major limitation. However, this factor shall and will not compromise in the research work.

3.5 STUDY LIMITATION AND CONCLUSION The research has the suitable business background and the knowledge of the subject. The research has obtained the subject information that he learnt during the studies. Thus, the researcher is strongly capable to conduct the research (Silverman, 1993).

The written consent will obtain the willingness of an individual before the research processes begin.

The interview will be recorded.


Variable Defines The level of trust will be maintained. The trust and confidentiality will be kept throughout the research process.

Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis

4.1 Research design

Apple Inc is a leading organization, which has been growing rapidly under the supervision of Late Steve Jobs. The products, Apple Inc has been offering during the past 10 years are not only loved by the customers for their quality, standard and durability but has successfully become a status symbol in the modern era of technology. The journey started from Computers, on to MP3 Players then towards mobile phones and now Tablets and TVs. Unique platform and the prefix “i” distinguishes its products from other competitors in the market. With great products, comes great customer service. The human resource management at Apple Inc was different from the industry, until Steve Jobs’ time.

According to Roderick Kramer, a social psychologist sums up Steve’s way of working with subordinates as:


“A certain type of forcefulness and perseverance is sometimes helpful when tackling large, intractable problems”.

Ref.: Wired Magazine: 16.04

Everything, from design to production, should be perfect. In addition, given such an environment at work, employees worked hard to excel and shine in the eyes of their CEO.

4.2 Presentations of Data and Analysis

Data analysis is a practise where raw data is given a structure and organized in a manner that it gives useful information to the user by the analyst. It is important to understand the process of organizing and inspecting data in order to get what is actually reflected by the data and that analysis shall not be based on a presumption. It is also vital to understand the main reason of the analysis so that relevant data is selected for the process so that once the analysis is performed, the result is relevant as well. There are various ways that can be used to analyse data and data manipulation is particularly easy in order to get a desired or certain outcome. Therefore, focus is vital and to ascertain the origin of the data and the process through which analysis in performed.

Apple Inc is considered to be one of the most inventive and celebrated company in the world. The likes of Business Week and Fortune Magazines have been writing cover stories about the well managed success of the company. It is revolutionary to see how Apple manages and values its human resource, the most important aspect of which is Intrinsic Motivation. Based on the research available on different resources on the internet, we have found at that even the aristocratic method of management by which Jobs has been running the company and the need to achieve perfection even in minute details and that fear of being fired has not stopped the employees from working hard. Surprisingly, it has worked as a catalyst in achieving such an environment and passion in between employees and a sense of competition where they work hard and achieve the targets set by their boss, Mr. Steve Jobs. It was revealed in a research that many employees who have had the chance to work with Steve Jobs found this way to be more effective in learning and growing within the job. This is surely a form of Intrinsic Motivation where an employee learns to be satisfied and content with himself when he is achieves the targets set by his job and grows with in his or her job. Intrinsic motivation can be very helpful in getting a required task done by an employee or a group of employees and it shall result

Ref.: Wired Magazine: 16.04


Apart from the Intrinsic Methods of Motivation, research has shown that in order to not only attract but to also retain the employees Apple Inc exercises motivational methods such as non-performance related incentives, part owing benefits, expected inducements. These vary from product discounts to insurances. Apple Inc mixes this monetary incentive methodology with its Intrinsic Method, the creative culture, hence revolutionizing the concept of motivation altogether. The company is using a mix of both Intrinsic and Extrinsic methods of Motivation which not only results in employees always striving harder and willing to go the extra mile for their company but also helps the company in achieving its long term and short term targets and performance standards. It is also proving the theory of aiding the intrinsic method of motivation with extrinsic methods by awarding timely incentives to employees in order to groom the creative and innovative thinker inside them and hence sustain high levels of motivation.

Ref.: Employee motivation and incentives at Apple – by Christoph Müller

The main theme of this research project is considered on behalf of the information gathering, which is mentioned here, and analysis and it represents the information for which we discuss in the presentation. The most important aspect is data collection and having to come up with best possible options and benefit Apple Inc in making a stronger human resource management system. As an organization with a reputation of doing everything perfect and achieve excellence in whatever they work for, it is important for them to excel in human resource, to attract and then retain their employees. The international brand has to sustain its employees’ motivation levels in order to get what is required and to have long-term growth and stability. This is by applying a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic methods of motivation. The research presents how these are linked with employees, the effect of internal and external environment and the way in which organizational culture effects the employees of a company. The role which an organizational culture can play in motivating its employees. Because, in the end, it is all about management, how the employee gains satisfaction from his or her work and what makes him go the extra mile and strive hard to achieve excellence within the job he is assigned to do. Management has very important role and we can see the role of Late Steve Jobs as CEO and the reaction of employees who had the opportunity to work with him. Being a large and reputable organization, it is important to maintain the standard and create policies, which support the sustainable growth of the company by better human resource management. This research will show that correct analysis of the human resource management can result in amazing results owing to employee motivation by applying the correct mix of Intrinsic and Extrinsic methods of motivation.


4.3 Interpretation and ConclusionBusinessdictionary.com has defined data as:

“Information in raw or unorganized form (such as alphabets, numbers, or symbols) that refers to, or represents, conditions, ideas, or objects. Data is

limitless and present everywhere in the universe.”Ref.: (businessdictionary.com)

Another theorist, Yadin, defines it as: “A collection of facts and figures; in computing, data is used for the

electronic processing and manipulation of the collected material, and its conversion into useful information. In statistics, data are based on research

and manipulated for analysis. Any space here devoted to whether is a singular, plural or collective noun is futile”.

Ref.: Yadin L. D – 2002

In order to reach the correct interpretation of a data analysis and the conclusion brought forward, it important to focus on three points:

The validity of the data – Internal Validity The accuracy of the data with respect to repetition etc – Reliability The results achieved are correspondence with the rest of the

population – External ValidityRef.: (Capon, 2008)

The process of focusing on the ways in which people think, the manner in which they interpret data is a form of research of qualitative data. It has been argued that the researcher should understand the norms of the environment prior to attempting to research for qualitative data.

From the above discussion, we have been able to establish that motivation is about stimulating the employees in order to get the required results at work. There are two ways of motivation; one that dates back several hundred of years, External Methods of motivation and the other is Internal Methods of Motivation. The effectiveness of the external methods of motivation has been argued by different theorists and it has been made certain that they have less rather no effect on the long-term plans of a company. Theorists have also brought up the idea that external motivators such as pay are mere satisfiers and the absence raises the question of satisfaction rather than motivation. The absence of an external motivator might dissatisfy an employee or employees but shall not act de-motivator. It is important to understand the external and internal environment of an organization also plays a very important role in finding the right motivators for the employee or employees of the company. There is a clear need for developing a challenging environment within the organization to stimulate


employee or employees to carry out the tasks and feel the satisfaction in doing the required work. Organizations such as Apple Inc have been striving to find the right mix of methods of motivation in the past and they have chosen to apply both the methods. This is evident from the feedback different researchers have been able to receive from their employees.

Organizations, which are successful, have shared a common characteristic. These organizations have been able to recognize the fact that employees are a key aspect of business performance.

Ref.: Tidd and Bessant, 2009

It has been elucidated that the performance of an employee is dependent on his or her aptitude, willingness or motivation and prospects or opportunities made available to him. This plays an important part in ascertaining the adverse effects or outcomes of lack of motivation on a company’s performance.

We have established that motivation is a force that helps in stimulating the employee or employees in achieving maximum results. It is necessary to understand and develop a framework, which will comprise of the factors that sway motivation. There are various examples of such factors, the introduction of innovative and new technology, they rules and regulations set by the government, the socio-political situation of the nation or society.

Apple Inc under Steve Jobs has done great wonders in the field of business. It has grown smoothly in the past 10 years. Apple Inc is known for being one of the most innovative companies. The following is its quarterly sales chart which is evident of the fact that the company risen rapidly in the past few years with the sales and demands of its products growing rapidly.


Figure 4 Apple Inc's quarterly sales by product

As previously discussed, employees performance is an integral part of the overall performance of the company and the above chart clearly shows that Apple Inc under Steve Jobs has clearly made an achievement in both the aspects. The strategy with respect to human resource, which Apple Inc has been following, is to get the best of the employees. This has acted in favor of Apple Inc so far. There are using a mixture of extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. The focus is more towards recognition then rewards. The driving force being Steve Jobs himself who has not only set examples for the employees of his company but for other CEOs around the globe. The above chart clearly indicates that the policies applied to motivate and stimulate the employees at Apple Inc. Even though, Jobs has a debatable style of management where the employees have a consistent fear of being fired, the employees are not only devoted but also work hard and try to excel in their jobs in order to not only secure their employment but also enjoy the work. This might seem like a Threat, an External Method of Motivation, but acts as an Intrinsic Motivator where the employee or employees are not only enjoying their job but also striving to excel in it.

Research has proven that the two factors that increase or decrease intrinsic motivation are information and control. Theorists suggest that rewards have two basic elements that affect intrinsic motivation. These two factors, information and control, depends on how individual employee’s freewill and capabilities. Therefore, if it is in an employee’s nature to only focus on work when supervised and he relies on the information given to him by the manager or colleagues, his motivating factors are strong. On the contrary,


if an employee whose work is more creative / innovative in nature might not accept consistent oversight. Apple Inc has been one of the most innovative companies of this era of technological advancement. It has provided the market with a new vision of consumer electronics with a touch of creativity and style.

When understanding the effects of incentives, it is very crucial to establish a clear differentiation between recognition and reward. It is important to understand that performance related incentives negatively influence intrinsic motivation. The employees who are enrolled in programs where they are given rewards based on their performances undergo a sense of threat and lack of control. This also affects in people limiting their potential and only putting minimal efforts that are required attain a certain performance level. In other words, rewards based on performance result in not only limiting people to strive for a certain goal but also causes a certain category of threat to the employee. For this reason, theorists of the modern era suggest that organizations should give more on weight to incentives with respect to recognition.

“Trivial rewards will result in trivial amounts of effort and thus trivial improvements in performance”

Ref.: Robinson, et al, 1992 - P. 29

Therefore, it is can be argued that organizations that place more stress on incentives in terms of recognition have a more satisfied human resource. Apple Inc has been rewarding its executives by offering them with Recognition Bonus up to 5 percent of their individual basic salaries even if they miss a target. We can imply that Apple Inc has been known the “fundamental attribution error” and therefore strived towards maintaining employees’ loyalty, commitment and motivation.

Ref.: ZDNet, 2003

It is also argues by theorists that money has no significant representation in terms of value in spite of the reality that organizations and their manager offer money as the only reward most often. Organizations such as Apple Inc have come up with a different vision in this regard, offering free iPods and iPhones in order to appreciate the employees of their accomplishments. This is somewhat cheaper than the usual monetary rewards. Organization can adopt to incentives other than money, which can be remembered, for example, gifts such as holidays or a simple thank you or praise.

Ref.: AppleInsider 2005; Meinck, 2007

RECOMMENDATION TO APPLE


This chapter has critically indicated that incentives actually help to motivate employee or employees. For the purpose, a comprehensible and explanatory definition of motivation has been given. Apple Inc has come a long way from its establishment. Employees have been working hard and going the extra mile to prove their worth in the company. There are plenty of theories on motivation, some of those have been outdates. Some do not accept a combination of external and internal methods of motivation. Some do not recognise external motivators as motivators and for some internal motivators never existed. Apple Inc has successfully implemented a mix of both the methods of motivation and as it is said, “So far, so good”. The challenge for Apple Inc here is to maintain the high standards of output and keep the employee motivated and stimulated so that the long-term growth of the company is not impaired.

SUMMARY

Apple Inc should as it has in the past, carry on to attract the creative and smart people around the globe and formulate a human resource management strategy to retain such a quality human resource. According to Steve Jobs, it is a consumer driven company and they are proud in being unique and innovative with their products. They have always tried to stand out in the market and they are quite good at it. Somehow they have managed to satisfy their employees.

Most importantly, after the demise of Steve Jobs, Apple Inc has lost a fatherly figure which was more like a driving force for the company. Therefore, it is important for them to formulate a strategy for their survival. Concentrate on the improvement of employees’ confidence and self-esteem. It might be challenging, as absent Steve, the employees might think of good day gone-by. Apple Inc needs to understand that lower-level employees are more conscious than the managers and that their morale is most important. The management is too busy and concerned with the end-result that they forget to understand the mere fact the employees have concerns. As with the case of any other successful company, long-term and consistent growth can be overpowering and devastating. At this point, it is important to look after for the concerns and issues of the staff rather than own salaries and incentives.

Apple Inc should implement a total reward system that integrates both financial and non-financial incentives. Apple Inc has been following the same approach of mixing extrinsic methods of motivation with intrinsic methods. This would overshadow the autocratic leadership style of Steve Jobs. Sense of job security will help reduce the threat of “defence routines” employee tend to follow in such circumstances. Such a practise affects in


decreasing employee morale and motivation and has diverse effects on the innovative approach which has been Apple Inc’s biggest asset. Apple Inc has so far managed to steer its employees in the desired way by employing the right strategy to motivate its employees by recognising their contribution to the organization’s success.

It can be concluded that employee morale and motivation has always been a critical factor in the overall success, prosperity and growth of the company. Therefore, it is vital to observe the level of employee motivation because of interconnected internal, external, individual and organizational aspects.

Ref.: Employee motivation and incentives at Apple - Christoph Müller

CHAPTER 5: INTEGRATIVE ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION

A recommendation is main theme of whole thesis and primary data and secondary data which has been collected from deferent sources and need to give some recommendation because the main theme is always goes though strategy and preplanning and when it is need something to change according to demand of consumer and customers services so it is need to recommendation and help to improve the services and standard it is depend on recommendation and which data has been given in above chapters. The main point is that opinion and given by those who are analyst to consumer about either giving by stock is worth buying even not busy anything from market but they having this hope that they will earn much more money to being shareholder in that company and buy share which they will sale when market is good position. So study is recommendation is that always base what is position of company and what thing need to be changed which make most suitable profit during changing that is only consider with management from top to bottom because everything depend on management level if management level is best then any company can goes up gradually and make good profit with help and support of management from top to bottom, in case if there is problems with management then what will be happened with company? Almost multinational company goes down when they have problems in management because management is


most important in any organisation to run good or bad through staff company can make lost or profit, it happen when employees does not need benefit suppose sick pay holidays and reword these activities are most valuable for employees and employers if these activates will not provided by company then staff will not stay longer and even not get interest to work will heartily. According my recommendations is that company should care their staff from top level to bottom level that is only way to increase business in market because in market there is already competitors available to face with them it is important having good staff and brand name

Analysts are responsible for the opinion they give to their clients for buying a certain stock. For this purpose, Wall Street investment firms employ thousands of analysts. Their job is to recommend by issuing reports on daily basis on stocks. Company’s financial statements and industry standards are observed and financial models are built by the analysts. This is to project future movements of the company compared to their industry, most importantly future revenue streams. These projection reports form the basis for recommending feasible investments. It is difficult to compare recommendations between brokerages because each brokerage has its own terminology, but the most general ratings are based on strong buy, buy, hold, and sell.

5.1 RESEARCH STRATEGY

In the next step, research strategy is developed to outfit the basic motive of the research project and attain the results. According to Saunders et al (2009), quantitative and qualitative data collection methods and analysis are utilised in a mixed method. The same mixed method research strategy has been utilised here.

As per Bryman (2006), the intention to utilise a mixed method strategy is to maintain data collection. That means quantitative method of data collection will be utilised to support data collection in qualitative method and vice versa. Initially, interviewers were facilitated by questionnaires through this method. Moreover, through this method, the research findings are given substantiation by utilising the two different methods of study. In this case, the results of questionnaires authenticated the conclusion of interviewers. This increased the authentication of conclusions drawn in this study. This was achieved by a technique called Data Triangulation. The most vital part in this process is that any downsides of the qualitative methods are overcome by the advantages of quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. For example, where data gathered through qualitative methods cannot be statistically implied, quantitative methods of data collection and analysis can remedy this dilemma.


Methods of Data Collection:In order to perform the research, two types of primary data collection methods were used:

Semi-structured interviews Questionnaire based survey

Before moving forward with the methods of data collection, a detailed research of the available existing literature was made on IT implementation in Supply Chain Management, that included books, reports and articles. Based on these, the queries in semi-structured interviews were formed. The development of these questions was a lengthy and crucial process, but it was made certain that these questions were in line with the research questions. This would help in achieving the research objectives.

To begin with, employees or owners of ten SME were contacted for interviews. They were selected based on holding immediate duties for the carrying out and implementing IT processes in their respective organizations / companies. Four of these individual agreed to contribute to the research project. Before the making of the questionnaire, the semi-structured interviews were performed in order to understand the basic subject. This has also been suggested by Teddlie and Tashakkori in 2003. The whole process narrate supra resulted in boosting the confidence for this research and it was made sure that the issues important to this subject and research were included in the questionnaire. The interviews played a key role in highlighting new insights of the subject matter of this research, such information was not made available through literature review. This also highlighted the fact that one-to-one interviews are a much efficient way of understanding various views of the managers of these SMEs on the subject of Supply Chain Management and information technology. Based on the suggestions by Saunders et al (2009), open-ended questions were helpful in giving the respective owners and managers a chance to freely respond to the queries which were a part of the interview.

Based on the outcome of the above stated interviews, a questionnaire was made which was handed out to another fifty SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). This helped in identifying the importance of IT in Supply Chain Management in these organizations. Out of the fifty questionnaires distributed, twenty-seven (27) were successfully completed and returned which formed the basis of this research. In order to establish a standardization in the data being collected, most of the questions in the questionnaire were objective in nature. Few questions were also included in the questionnaire whose response was open-ended. To sum up, the


questionnaire was meant to gather standard data, which represented IT adoption level, era in which it was adopted and how much investment was and has been made in this respect. This questionnaire has been attached in appendix to facilitate assessment and quality of research. The whole process of finding made from this research was complemented by the secondary data present in the literature. This aided in establishing a descriptive understanding of the hurdles in the adoption and implementation of Information Technology.

Design of QuestionnaireThe research objective formed the basis of the design of the questionnaire. It was vital to test the relevance of each and every question to observe if it was in accordance with the research objectives. As a result, all questions have a direct relation with the other questions in the questionnaire. This process was suggested by Brace (2008). He proposed that the questions which are a part of the questionnaire should be devised to serve the objectives. As it has been mentioned that the questions were devised on the basis of the interviews and the literature review which were also related to the research objectives, the correlation of these questions was achievable. It was ensured that every question was inter linked with the objectives of the research and yet a broad aspect of the results extracted from the literature review were included in the questionnaire.

Sampling TechniqueIt is suggested by Saunders et al (2003), sampling techniques supply a range of methods. This is what that enables the mitigations of data requirement from a subgroup instead of all potential scenarios and cases. In order to easy the process of supervising the data collection sampling is required. This results in utilising least resources in terms of people and time. It is vital to select the correct sample of the population and therefore, two diverse methods were used for the collection of two modes of data.

5.2 DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

There are many sources to collect information like suppose news papers, media, customers, consumers, marketing books, internet and company staff my research which has been almost done by me collecting primary and secondary data from deferent recourse which are almost helpful for me to give them one shape and giving them name as thesis. If we talk about information which we need when we make some important research on particular any tease then we need to searcher regarding information which we need some time it will be easy to get and some time it will be very hard to get some organisation does not want share their private information regarding their company roles in this case the person who doing research


he or she will have to face with difficulties to collected information which they need on other hand like books and internet we need information but that is not completely which is required by management because none of company want share private data on internet they only share which data that is common for everyone and actual singer that will create problems during collecting data and giving them particular name. data is most important and valuable when it will be collected from deferent sources so here is data which has been collected from primary and secondary data. If we talk about collection of information data analysis, we need to summarise them and give them one shape and make it valuable for readers who will read it and get some information which they need. My research is very huge and clear first of all I tried to get data from secondary through books internet and news papers but that was not enough to fill my requirement which I need in this case need to visit company and meet with staff members and get information from them that is most important way to full requirement because the reason is very almost organisation avid to put their information on internet to see very one and make some ham for company so that is important reasons to avid put information. The main things that security of company for business running in market because their so many competitors who just wish to find some ham full and get their benefits according their way of business so the main theme of this research is collecting data even from local public, customers and shareholders. According research customers always looking brand name and quality of goods which they want to busy there is main reasons once any product get brand name then almost costumers and consumers want that brand name without wasting single minutes to buy because they have believe on product and brand name and much quality of goods they will not goes in loosed with that time. Some sources has been mention here for collecting data which are

Apple’s Annual Reports Published Apple’s Procedures Guideline Apple’s Training books Apple’s HR Manuals Subject books Case studies Periodically published journals Periodically published magazines Publications such as newspapers


CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS After the above discussion, we can conclude that with the current situation at hand, Apple should concentrate on implying a refined strategy that needs to be implemented where the employees and their work pressure is understood. A company, which takes pride in being innovative, surely will have a workforce, which is under severe pressure, and this pressure cannot be undermined. Being a financially successful organization, a small percentage of salary rise will not be material in terms of financial cost but will also be beneficial in terms of future growth and as the expression goes “Keep the machinery running”. This would also help in employees focusing on the innovative side and sharing the workload of Late Steve Jobs. This will also affect positively on significant lay-offs, which has become a significant threat in the Silicon Valley. This would send a message that Apple Inc also cares about the employees well being and their families, which under the current circumstances seems like a dream for a hard working organization like Apple Inc. All this would be short-term but would act as a lubricant in helping the employee focus on his job. Recommendation is important when all research work finished and find out


some best decisions on behalf of that decision company need take some step move forward and make good sale in market with help of those problem which need to give more attention and care during their business running in market, so we have seen here in all research work show about motivation of employees and satisfaction during their job in any company and having no issue during work. According my research all companies must need make best policies for new commerce those who want work hard and give them benefits and support for employees. Motivation either from internal or external but it should be give to employees from their employers even from top management. What is main role of management from top level or even from low level? Apple Inc has been an ideal example of being capable of making the employees work on a certain task by wanting them to do that certain task. This can be achieved by promoting a system on intrinsic and extrinsic methods of motivation by implementing a total reward system. This would support employees’ commitment and obligation towards the organization. Apple Inc needs a mechanism that recognizes employee’s accomplishment and values by presenting them with financial and non-financial incentives.Management is most essentials part of business without good management company never goes up even it will goes down day by day that is main reason company fallen down due not right person on right place any sectors so that become main reasons and policies’ makers should be alert from simple issue or being issue which create from miss management and create problem for all staff so it show that if any company want be success in market or even to run good business having brand name then they need to improve basic thing and which are most important for employees and employers. In this case we have discuss regarding employers and employee’s motivation and benefits which are coming from company and indeed of the knowledge of case which has been discuses here it is relative with same issue regarding satisfaction of employee’s so behalf of that we have done collect primary data and secondary data from deferent sources and give them one shape during primary data collection it has been many problems and some issues because almost being companies does not want give some confidential information regarding their company or private information like right fingers of annual incoming from Apple company and much more but without primary data we cannot make right decisions during discussion with staff of Apple retails stress they informed me so many things which were need able for me and having very important to put in this thesis. If we have look on this company then it is very clear that this company is not too much old and become best in market within 30 years in bringing this company just started few items for those who can do study and relative with software and media as well, once any company make brand name in market then same company can get more customers and consumers so like


Apple is best and best product provider in market having brand name and standard compare to other companies which sailing same product because customers always follow for brand name and there is reason once they trusted then it will remain for long time. As well we get ideas from customer who coming in stores looking product and trying to buy they even informed us that we love to brand name and this is nice brand name and we have trust on this company that is main reason which bring us here in same Apple stores and buy product which we want so it is clear that during getting primary data I come to Crosse many new ideas and knowledge which I was unaware before.

Apple Inc has been an ideal example of being capable of making the employees work on a certain task by wanting them to do that certain task. This can be achieved by promoting a system on intrinsic and extrinsic methods of motivation by implementing a total reward system. This would support employees’ commitment and obligation towards the organization. Apple Inc needs a mechanism that recognizes employee’s accomplishment and values by presenting them with financial and non-financial incentives.


Dissertation Layout

Chapter 1: This chapter will include the necessary introduction to the topic. the Aims and objective and the detailed overview of the company

Chapter 2: This chapter will include the detailed literature review on the topic. the literature review will consist on the theories from the different school of thoughts, models and the arguments.

Chapter 3: This chapter includes the adopted methods that help to find and analyse the data.

Chapter 4: This chapter of dissertation will include the outcomes and results

Chapter 5: This chapter will include the analysis of the results. Chapter 6: This chapter will include the formal conclusion of the

research.


REFERENCES

'Apple Crumble,' Economist (US), July 12, 1997, p. 54.

Bartholomew, Doug, 'What's Really Driving Apple's Recovery,' Industry Week, March 15, 1999, p. 34.

Beardwell, I. et al, (2004) 4th ed. Human Resource Management a Contemporary Approach: Prentice Hall, Harlow

Barney, J. (1986) Organizational Culture: Can It Be a Source of Sustained Competitive Advantage? Academy of Management Review, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 656-665

Budhwar, Pawan S.; Debrah, Yaw (2001), Rethinking comparative and cross-national human resource management research, International Journal of Human Resource Management, May2001, Vol. 12 Issue 3, p497-515, 19p

Buchanan D, and Hucczynski A,(1991) Organisational Behaviour :Prentice Hall, Padstow

Chorn, N. (2004), the Strategic Alignment, 1st ed., Harvard Business School Press

Chandrakumara, Anil (2007), Does HRM fit really matter to citizenship and task performance?: Sri Lankan manufacturing sector experience, Employee Relations, 2007, Vol. 29 Issue 6, p611-639, 29p

Dennis, R. & Randall, S. (2004), International Human Resource Management, 2nd Ed, Routledge

Herzberg, & Frederick. (1959). The motivation to work. New York: John Wiley and Sons

Jackson, S. & Schuler, R. (2003), Managing HR through strategic partnership. South-Western: Cincinnati, OH.

Jain, P. (2005). A comparative analysis of strategic human resource management issues in an organization context. Library Review, 54(3), 166-179.

Johnson, G., Scholes, K., & Whittington, R. (2005). Exploring Corporate Strategy Text and Cases (7 ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Kupfer, Andrew, 'Apple's Plan to Survive and Grow,' Fortune, May 4, 1992

Khatri, N., & Budhwar, P. (2002). A study of strategic HR issues in an Asian context. Personnel review, 31(2), 166-188


Myers, M.D. (2009) Qualitative Research in Business & Management. Sage Publications, London.

Morey, N.C. and Luthans, F. (1984) "An Emic Perspective and Ethnoscience Methods for Organizational Research," Academy of Management Review (9:1), pp. 27-36.

Nixon, B. (2004) Creating a cultural revolution: the 21st century challenge for HRD Training Journal, Ely: Oct 2004

Prasad, P. (2005) Crafting Qualitative Research: Working in the Postpositivist Traditions. M.E. Sharpe, New York.

Rubin, H. and Rubin, I. (1995) Qualitative interviewing: the art of hearing data, Sage Publications, San Diego.

Silverman, D. (1993) Interpreting Qualitative Data, Sage Publications, London.

Saunders (2011) Research EMthods, Prentice Hall , London

Appendix 1 Consent Form


Appendix 2 : Questionnaire

Survey Questionnaire RESPONSE

YES NO

1. Have you received job training?

2. Do you perform multi-tasking?

3. Do you feel motivated at work place?

4. Do you find staff meeting useful?

6. Are you satisfied with the management policies and communication made? 7. Tick as appropriate

I get reward through Vouchers/Cash/Gift Items/Discounts/Certificate of appreciation

8. Other Team members behave nicely when communicate with them?

Scale from 1 to 3(1 is highly good 2= Normal 3= undesirable way) 1 2 3 9. Do you feel passion to perform the job?


Scale from 1 to 3 (1 is highly good 2 normal 3 No passion ) 1 2 3

10.motivation?

11. I get recognition when perform well?

12.workshops?

task assigned to you?

13. I feel motivated even when work under pressure?

14. I like work environment! (choose from scale)

Scale from 1 to 3 (1 is highly satisfied, 2= not satisfied 3 very dissatisfied) 1 2 3

15. I prefer to receive as a reward (tick one )

Cash/ Vouchers/ Gift Items/ Holiday Tours/ Discount Cards /None of these specify: ( )

16. I am satisfied to receive (tick from the given option)

More Rewards Money Good Working environment


17. I prefer to receive (tick only one)

Recreational/ holiday trip Cash bonus Paid Holidays for a week18. I am satisfied from the job

Scale from 1 to 3 (1 is highly good, 2= Normal 3= not satisfied 1 2 3

Appendix 3: Work Schedule Work Schedule for the completion of this study is highlighted in the Gantt chart below.

Nov 2011 Dec 2011

1-25 25-30 1-15 15-31

Proposal submission and Feedback

Draft and complete literature review

Draft and complete methodology

Draft and complete findings


Draft and complete analysis

Draft and complete conclusion

Revise, edit and submit


EFFECT OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION FACTORS ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE

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Transcript of EFFECT OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION FACTORS ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE