EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER ON PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE · 2018-05-01 · Keywords: pervious...
Transcript of EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER ON PROPERTIES OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE · 2018-05-01 · Keywords: pervious...
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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2018, pp. 1344–1355, Article ID: IJCIET_09_04_151
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
EFFECT OF GLASS FIBER ON PROPERTIES OF
PERVIOUS CONCRETE
B. Radha Kiranmaye
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
D. Tarangini
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department,
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
K.V. Ramana Reddy
Professor and Head of the Department, Civil Engineering Department,
Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India
ABSTRACT
Conventional Portland cement Concrete is commonly used for pavement
construction. The impervious nature of the concrete pavements contributes to the
increased water runoff into the drainage system, over-burdening the infrastructure
and causing excessive flooding in built-up areas. Pervious concrete is a special type of
concrete with a high porosity used for concrete pavement applications that allows
water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing
the runoff from a site and allowing ground water recharge.
The glass fiber can be the effective material to improve the properties of the
pervious concrete. It will explore the use of glass fiber which is environmentally
detrimental. The presence of glass fiber with cement content strengthens the concrete
in greater extent. In this paper, glass fiber is used as partial replacement of cement in
volume fraction of 1.5%. Pervious concrete with little or no fine aggregate in various
proportions is used. The study evaluates the effect of fine aggregate in varying
fraction of 0%, 10% and 20% with coarse aggregate. The tests to be carried out to
analyze the properties of pervious concrete are void ratio, compressive strength,
flexural strength, split tensile strength and permeability test with varying fraction of
fine aggregate.
Keywords: pervious concrete, porous concrete, pervious concrete with glass fibre.
Cite this Article: B. Radha Kiranmaye, D. Tarangini and K.V. Ramana Reddy, Effect
of Glass Fiber on Properties of Pervious Concrete, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 2018, pp. 1344–1355.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=4
B. Radha Kiranmaye, D. Tarangini and K.V. Ramana Reddy
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1. INTRODUCTION
Pervious concrete which is also known as no fines, porous, gap graded and permeable
concrete and enhance porosity concrete has been found to be a reliable storm water
management tool. By definition, pervious concrete is a mixture of gravel or granite stone,
cement, water, little to no sand (fine aggregate). When pervious concrete is used for paving,
the open cell structures allow storm water to filter through the pavement and into the
underlying soils. In other words, pervious concrete helps in protecting the surface of the
pavement and its environment.
Pervious concrete has the same basic constituents as conventional concrete that is 15% -
30% of its volume consists of interconnected void network, which allows water to pass
through the concrete. High range water reducer and thickening agent are introduced in the
concrete to improve its strength and workability. It can allow the passage of 0.014-0.023 m3
of water per minute through its open cells for each square foot 0.0929 m2
of surface area
which is far greater than most rain occurrences.
Pervious concrete is rough textured and has a honey-combed surface. Carefully prepared
pervious concrete with controlled amount of water and cementitious materials creates a paste.
The paste then forms a thick coating around aggregate particles maintains a system of
interconnected voids which allow water and air to pass through. The lack of sand in pervious
concrete results in a very harsh mix that negatively affects mixing, delivery and placement.
Also, due to high void content pervious concrete is light in weight (about 1600 to 1900
kg/m3). Pervious concrete void structure provides pollutant captures which also add
significant structural strength as well. It also results in very high permeable concrete that
drains quickly.
Pervious concrete can be used in a wide range of applications, although its primary use in
pavements which are in: residual roads, alleys and driveways, low volume pavements, low
water crossings, sidewalks and pathways, parking areas, tennis courts, slope stabilization, sub-
base for conventional concrete pavements etc.
Pervious concrete pavements have become popular as an effective storm water
management tool to reduce the volume of storm water runoff and concentration of pollutants.
It is used at parking areas, low traffic areas, pedestrian pathway etc., because of its attractive
storm water mitigation capabilities, and also in other applications. Apart from this, pervious
concrete may be used as a wall concrete in structural applications for light weight or better
thermal insulation, surface course for parking lots, tennis courts, zoo areas, stalls etc., and for
greenhouse floors to keep the floor free of standing water.
Pervious concrete has been increasingly used due to several sustainability-related benefits
offered by this material. Pervious concrete includes other environmental benefits such as
reduced noise generated by tire-pavement interaction, reduced urban heat-island effect,
minimized road splash, improved skid resistance, recharge of ground water table, reduced
storm water runoff, limited pollutant penetration into the ground water and preservation of
native eco systems. Despite these benefits, the potential for lower compressive strength,
clogging, raveling and susceptibility to freezing and thawing damage, have limited the use of
pervious pavements in cold climate conditions. When compared to conventional concrete,
pervious concrete exhibits sustainability, because of its properties. Some notable
characteristics of pervious concrete are lower unit weight and drying shrinkage, higher
permeability, higher thermal insulation, lower compressive, tensile and bond strength, lower
pressure on framework during construction, and longer curing time required prior to form
removal, elimination of capillary attraction and economy in materials.
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2. MATERIALS
Pervious concrete is considered a special type of highly porous concrete. Such porous
concrete can be classified into two types: where porosity is present in aggregate component of
the mixture and one where porosity is introduced in non-aggregate component of the mixture.
The strength of pervious concrete is dependent on the cement content, water to cement ratio,
compaction level and aggregate gradations.
Aggregates:
Aggregate forms about 75% of the concrete volume. Aggregates can be sand or crushed rock
or recycled concrete materials or other materials. Aggregate grading used in pervious concrete
are typically either single sized coarse aggregate or grading between 20 mm and 12.5 mm.
Rounded and crushed aggregates, both normal and light weight, have been used to make
pervious concrete.
In this paper, Locally available crushed granite stones confirming to graded aggregate of
nominal size 12.5 mm as per IS: 383-1970 is used. Several investigations concluded that
maximum size of coarse aggregate should be restricted in strength of the composite. In
addition to cement paste aggregate ratio, aggregate type has a great influence on concrete
dimensional stability.
Fine aggregate content is limited in pervious concrete mixtures because it tends to
compromise the connectedness of the pore system. Aggregate quality in pervious concrete is
equally important as in conventional concrete. Flaky or elongated particles should be avoided.
Cementitious material:
Cement comprises about 7-14% of concrete. Portland cement conforming to ASTM
C150/C150M is used as the main binder. Supplementary cementitious materials such as fly
ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and silica fume can also be used in addition of
Portland cement and should meet the requirements of ASTM C168, C989 and C1240. In this
project, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 53 grade cement which surpasses the requirements
of IS 12269 – 1987 is used.
It is recognized for its high early strength and excellent ultimate strength because of its
optimum particle size distribution, superior crystalline structure and balanced phase
composition and hence widely used and suitable for speedy construction, durable concrete and
economic concrete mix designs.
Different types of cement have different water requirements to produce pastes of standard
consistence. Different types of cement also will produce concrete have a different rates of
strength development. The choice of brand and type of cement is the most important to
produce a good quality of concrete. The type of cement affects the rate of hydration, so that
the strengths at early ages can be considerably influenced by the particular cement used. It is
also important to ensure compatibility of the chemical and mineral admixtures with cement.
Water
Water quality for pervious concrete is governed by the same requirements as those for
conventional concrete. The higher the content of water in concrete, the higher the concrete
workability, as water makes the concrete thinner. When water is added to concrete, it results
in concrete hydration reaction and hardening subsequently. Water should have a pH value in
the range of 6-8.Pervious concrete should be proportioned with a relatively low water
cementitious material ratio (w/cm) (typically 0.26 to 0.40) because an excess amount of water
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will lead to drainage of the paste and subsequent clogging of the pore system. The addition of
water, therefore, has to be monitored closely in the field.
Supplementary Cement Materials
Glass fibers
Glass fiber also called as fiber glass. It is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass.
Fiber glass is a light weight, extremely strong and robust material. Although strength
properties are somewhat lower than carbon fiber and it is less stiff, the material is typically are
less brittle, and the raw materials are much less expensive. Its bulk strength and weight
properties are also very favorable when compared to metals, and it can be easily formed using
molding processes. Glass is the oldest and most familiar performance fiber. Fibers have been
manufactured from glass since the 1930s.Glass fibers are useful because of their high ratio of
surface area to weight. Moisture is easily adsorbed and can worsen microscopic cracks and
surface defects, and lessen tenacity.
Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is a type of fiber reinforced concrete. Glass fiber
concrete is mainly used exterior building façade panels and as architectural precast concrete.
This material is very good in making shapes on the front of any building and it is less dense
than steel. Glass fiber material is also used in filling cracks and increasing strength of
concrete
Figure 1 Glass fiber
The specifications of the glass fiber used in this paper are as follows:
Length of the glass fiber used is 12mm
Filament diameter: 14 µm/ 0.00055º
Specific gravity of glass fiber is 2.68g/cm3
Moisture (%): 0.50max.
Material: Alkali resistant glass
Softening point: 860°C (1580ºF)
Modulus of elasticity: 72 Gpa
Table 1 Properties of Glass fiber
Properties Glass fiber
Tensile strength 1200 – 1700 Mpa
Compression strength 1080 Mpa
Specific gravity 2.7 g/cm3
Shape Irregular pieces
Nature It does not absorb water
Source Industries
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3. MIX PROPORTION
The aim of proportioning mixtures is establishment of excellent balance between paste
content, porosity, workability and strength. For producing initial trial batches, ACI 522 – R 10
is used.
Table 2 Mix proportion for various mixes
MIX PROPORTION
(cement: fine aggregate: coarse aggregate)
0% fine aggregate (F0) 1: 0: 3
10% fine aggregate (F10) 1: 0.3:2.7
20% fine aggregate (F 20) 1: 0.6: 2.4
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The strength development for different percentages of fine aggregate is studied. The strength
related properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength are
studied. Three mix specimens were tested for each test. The entire tests were conducted as per
specifications required. For the purpose of testing specimens, various pervious concrete
specimens were prepared for different mixes. After thorough mixing, water was added and the
mixing was continued until a uniform mix was obtained. The concrete was then placed in to
the moulds which were properly oiled. For cube compression tests on concrete, cube of size
150mm were employed. All the cubes were tested in saturated condition after wiping out the
surface moisture from the specimen. For the present investigation, cubes were tested by
compression testing machine as per IS: 516 – 1959 at an age of 7days, 14 days and 28 days.
For splitting tensile strength test, cylinders of size 150mm diameter and 300mm height were
cast. Specimens thus prepared were de moulded after 24 hours of casting and were kept in a
curing tank for curing.
5. RESULTS
Test Results on Properties of Pervious Concrete are given below:
3 types of mixes were used to find the properties of pervious concrete
F0 = mix with 0% fine aggregate
F10 = mix with 10% fine aggregate
F20 = mix with 20% fine aggregate
Each mix consists of glass fiber with 1.5% replacement of cement by volume.
VOID CONTENT
Total void content test was conducted in accordance with ASTM C138. In this procedure,
hardened density is calculated by dividing the dry mass by the volume of the specimen. Cube
specimens of size 150mm*150mm*150mm were prepared for each mix. After 24 hours the
specimens were demoulded and cured in water for 28days until testing. The void content was
reported as the average of the samples.
The dry weight of the specimen is first recorded (Md) and then the dimensions of the
specimens are measured are recorded to obtain the volume (V).Hardened density is calculated
as the ratio of the dry mass to the volume of the specimen (Md/V). To characterize porosity,
each specimen is submerged in water for at least 30 minutes, after which the submerged mass
of each specimen is recorded (Mw).The volume of the solids is obtained by dividing the
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difference between the dry and submerged weights by the density of water (ρw).Subsequently
void content (φ) is calculated using the equation given below
Figure 2 Void content test
φ = [
]
M1= buoyant mass of the saturated specimens in water
Md=dry mass in the air for 24 hours
V = total volume of specimens
ρ=density of water
Table 3 Test results of void content
S.no Mix W2 (gms) W1(gms) Void content Average void
content
1 F0 6300 3680 22.37
2 F0 6450 3770 20.59 21.8
3 F0 6530 3830 20.00
4 F10 6550 4160 18.02
5 F10 6740 4215 19.20 18.2
6 F10 6810 4320 17.5
7 F20 7120 5235 16.6
8 F20 7240 5320 15.94 15.6
9 F20 7310 5390 16.20
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compressive is defined as the ability of the material to resist compressive stress without
failure. The specimen was tested in accordance with IS 516:1969. The testing was done on a
compressive testing machine. The machine has the facility to control the rate of loading with a
control valve. After the required period of curing, the cube specimen are removed from the
curing tank and cleaned to wipe off the surface water. It is placed on the machine such that the
load is applied centrally. The smooth surfaces off the specimen are placed as the bearing
surfaces. The top plates are brought in contact with the specimen by rotating the handle and
the machine is switched on. The maximum load at failure at which the specimen breaks is
recorded. The test is repeated for the three specimens and the average value is taken as the
mean strength. The compressive strength is taken as the load applied on the specimen divided
by the area of the bearing surface of the specimen. The results of the tests are tabulated.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH = LOAD / AREA OF THE SPECIMEN
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Table 4 Test results on compressive strength
S.No Type of mix 7 days
(Mpa)
14 days
(Mpa)
28 days
(Mpa)
1 F0 15.8 20.6 25.9
2 F10 17.6 22.3 27.2
3 F20 20.4 26.4 30.1
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
To determine the flexural strength, beams of size 150mm*150mm*700mm are casted. These
specimens are left for curing in water and tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days. The
specimens are dried under the sun for atleast one hour and then placed on the testing machine.
The bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers shall be wiped clean, and any loose
sand or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen where they are to make
contact with the rollers. The specimen shall then is placed in the machine and the load shall be
applied to the uppermost surfaces as cast in the mould, a long two lines spread 20 or 13.3cm
apart. The axis of the specimen shall be applied in increased manner until the specimen fails,
and the maximum load applied to the specimen during the test shall be recorded. The
appearance of the fractured faces of concrete and any unusual features in the type of failure
shall be noted.
The flexural strength is expressed as fb=p*1/(b*d*d)
Where b = measured width
d = measured depth
l = measured length of specimen
p = maximum load applied on the specimen
Figure 3 Flexural strength test
Table 5 Test results on flexural strength
S.No Type of mix 7 Days
(Mpa)
14 Days
(Mpa)
28 days
(Mpa)
1 F0 0.32 0.38 0.46
2 F10 0.35 0.43 0.52
3 F20 0.42 0.45 0.58
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SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
Take the wet specimen from water after 7days of curing. Wipe out water from the surface of
specimen.
Draw diametrical lines on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that they are on the
same axial place.
Note the weight and dimension of the specimen. Set the compression testing machine for
the required range
Keep plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen. Align the specimen so that
the lines marked on the ends are vertical and centered over the bottom plate. Place the other
plywood strip above the specimen. Bring down the upper plate to touch the plywood strip.
Apply the load continuously without shock. Note down the breaking load (P).
Figure 4 Split tensile strength test
Table 6 Test results on split tensile strength
S.No Type of mix 7 days
(Mpa)
14 days
(Mpa)
28 days
(Mpa)
1 F0 1.45 1.73 1.94
2 F10 1.63 2.13 2.37
3 F20 1.84 2.31 2.64
PERMEABILITY TEST
This test method covers the determination of the field water infiltration rate of in place
pervious concrete.
Infiltration rate of pervious concrete cube specimens is determined in the laboratory based
on the modified version of ASTM C1701. After the hardened porosity and density tests are
completed on the specimens, specimens are wrapped on the sides with shrink-wrap which
enables the vertical flow of water without any loss from the sides. Similar to ASTM C1701
procedure, the test is based on the measurement of the time required for the known volume of
water to flow through the specimen. Infiltration rate is calculated based on the equation
I = 4V/D2πt
Where, V is the volume of the infiltrated water
D is the diameter of the specimen and
t is the time required for the designated volume of water to infiltrate through PC
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Figure 5 Permeability test
Table 7 Test results on permeability
S.No Type of mix Time in secs Infiltration rate
(mm/sec)
1 F0 25.39 6.3
2 F10 33.33 4.8
3 F20 41.02 3.9
GRAPHS:
Graph 1 void content and % of fine aggregate
Graph 2 Compressive Strength and % of fine aggregate
21
.8
18
.2
15
.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
F0 F10 F20
Vo
id c
on
ten
t in
%
Mix
void…
15
.6
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.6
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20
.6
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.3 26
.4
25
.9
27
.8 32
.2
0
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10
15
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25
30
35
F0 F10 F20
Co
mp
ress
ive
stre
ng
th i
n
Mp
a
Mix
7DAYS
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Graph 3 Split Tensile Strength and % of fine aggregate
Graph 4 Flexural Strength and % of fine aggregate
Graph 5 Permeabity and % of fine aggregate
1.5
6
1.7
5
1.8
9
1.7
1
1.9
5 2.2
7
1.9
3 2.2
2 2.5
6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
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F0 F10 F20
Fle
xu
ral
stre
ngth
in
MP
a
Mix
7 days
1.4
5 1.7
3
1.9
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1.6
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2.1
3 2.3
7
1.8
4
2.3
1 2
.64
0
0.5
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1.5
2
2.5
3
F0 F10 F20
Sp
lit
ten
sile
str
ength
in
MP
a
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7 days
14 days
28 days
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
F0 F10 F20
Per
mea
bil
ity
Mix
Permeability
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Graph 6 Permeability vs Compressive Strength
4. CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are made from the study on properties of pervious concrete with
the replacement of cement by 1.5% of glass fiber and addition of little amount of fine
aggregate:
1. The void content is observed to be in the range of 15% to 22% with average void
content.
2. The void content of 10% fine aggregate is decreased by 16.5% and 20% fine aggregate
is decreased by 28.4% compared to 0% fine aggregate.
3. The compressive strength of 10% fine aggregate is increased by 7.3% and 20% fine
aggregate is increased by 14% compared to 0% fine aggregate and ranges between
25Mpa to 32Mpa for 28 days of curing.
4. The compressive strength of 20% fine aggregate increased by 15% compared to
conventional concrete without glass fiber.
5. The compressive strength of concrete with 0% glass fiber is increased by 28%
compared to 1.5% of glass fiber.
6. The Split tensile strength increased by 18% for 10% fines and by 26% for 20% fines
compared to 0% fines and ranges between 1.9Mpa to 3Mpa for 28 days.
7. The flexural strength increased by 13% for 10% fines and by 21% for 20% fines
compared to 0% fines and ranges between 1.8Mpa to 2.6Mpa for 28 days.
8. The permeability of 10% fine aggregate is decreased by 29% for 10% fine aggregate
and decreased by 38% for 20% fine aggregate compared to 0% fine aggregate and
ranges between 6.3mm/sec to 3.9 mm/sec.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
6.3 4.5 3.9
Com
pre
ssie
str
ength
in
MP
a
Permeability in mm/sec
28days
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