Effect of Chlorophyll Concentration Variations from Extract of Papaya Leaves on Dye-Sensitized Solar...

7/18/2019 Effect of Chlorophyll Concentration Variations from Extract of Papaya Leaves on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell

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Abstract—In this paper, extract of papaya leaves are used as a

natural dye and combined by variations of solvent concentrationapplied on DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell). Indonesian geographiclocated on the equator line occasions the magnitude of the potentialto develop organic solar cells made from extracts of chlorophyll as a

substitute for inorganic materials or synthetic dye on DSSC material.Dye serves as absorbing photons which are then converted intoelectrical energy. A conductive coated glass layer called TCO(Transparent Conductive Oxide) is used as a substrate of electrode.

TiO2 nanoparticles as binding dye molecules, redox couple iodide/tri-iodide as the electrolyte and carbon as the counter electrode in theDSSC are used. TiO2 nanoparticles, organic dyes, electrolytes, and

counter electrode are arranged and combined with the layeredstructure of the photo-catalyst absorption layer. Dye absorptionmeasurements using a spectrophotometer at 400-800 nm lightspectrum produces a total amount of chlorophyll 80.076 mg/l. The

test cell at 7 watt LED light with 5000 lux luminescence wasobtained V oc and I sc of 235.5 mV and 14 μA, respectively.

Keywords—DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell), natural dye,

chlorophyll, absorption.

I. I NTRODUCTION

OLAR energy is one of the alternative energy that can be

used by humans today. Unlike fossil energy that is

expected to be exhausted in 40 years for oil, 60 years for

natural gas, and 200 years for coal [1]. Indonesia

geographically located on the equator line leads this country

can receive the sunlight more than other countries,

approximate 4.8 kW/m2/day [2]. Based on this phenomenon,

solar energy in Indonesia is the most potential energy to be

used as a source of renewable alternative energy. One of the

technologies that harvests sunlight and converts to electrical

energy is solar cells.DSSC (Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell) have been developed by

Grätzel as alternative energy resource through the discovery of

a new solar cell material with a mimic photosynthesis called

photo-electrochemical reaction [4]. Photosynthesis process

that converts light into chemical energy is the basic of the

chemical approach to the process of changing light into

electrical energy in the DSSC. Development has been offering

Eka Maulana is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, BrawijayaUniversity, Jalan Veteran No. 10 Malang 65145 Indonesia (phone: +62-85-

649-589-668; fax: +62-341-551-430; e-mail: [email protected]).

Sholeh Hadi Pramono, Dody Fanditya, and M Julius are with the

Department of Electrical Engineering, Brawijaya University, Malang,

Indonesia (e-mail: [email protected], [email protected],[email protected]).

cost-efficiency of production, flexible substrates, and low-cost

materials.

Dye commonly used is Ruthenium ( Ru) complex as this

type of synthetic dye was almost close to pure resulting in an

efficiency of 11% [5]. Due to the dye Ruthenium is high cost

to obtain, so in this paper used chlorophyll dye substances

obtained from papaya leaves. The dye role on DSSC acts as

the photon absorption and then a process of excitation of

electrons in the dye molecules to produce electrical energy [6].

The dye ability absorbs the photon is very important thing due

to there is need for characterization. The characterization

needed to determine ability of dye absorbs photons and will

further affect the output power generated combined by TiO2

layer [7]-[9]. Photon absorption level by chlorophyll

dependent on the concentration of chlorophyll which is

influenced by the amount of leaves used the solvent

concentration and the duration of chlorophyll release process

at stirring time. This paper investigates the effect of variations

of this combination to obtain characteristic of the DSSC

performances.

II. METHOD

A. Structure Design

DSSC structure was designed by combining two layers of

glass with different TCO opposite layer. The first glass

(photo-electrode) is composed of layers of TiO2 paste which

has been soaked with a solution of chlorophyll and given

electrolyte solution; while the other glass consists of layers of

carbon as the counter electrode (counter-electrode). DSSC

physical structure is shown in Figs. 1 and 2.

B. Material

A glass substrate was used in this research was conductive

(Indium Tin Dioxide coated) transparent glass ( Aldrich corp.,

TCO-ITO) cut with area of 2x2 cm with surface resistivity of

15-25Ω/sq. TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxide) is a

transparent conductive glass that function as the body of the

solar cell and it conductive layer. This solar cell body serves

as a charge flows. Nano powder TiO2 ( Aldrich corp., titanium

dioxide) 21 nm particles size were used as photoactive layer

material. Nano-porous TiO2 has a band gap energy of 3.2 eV

is needed as transparent semiconductor in most solar light

spectrum. In addition, the TiO2 structure that the pore size in

the nano-scale will increase the system performance due to

nano-porous structure has the characteristics of high surfacearea so it will increase the amount of dye that absorb.

Effect of Chlorophyll Concentration Variations from

Extract of Papaya Leaves on Dye-Sensitized SolarCellEka Maulana, Sholeh Hadi Pramono, Dody Fanditya, M. Julius

S

World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Electrical, Computer, Electronics and Communication Engineering Vol:9 No:1, 2015

49International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 9(1) 2015

I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c i e n c e I n d e x V o

l : 9 , N o : 1 , 2 0 1 5 w a s e t . o r g / P u b l i c a t i o n / 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 7

http://waset.org/publication/Effect-of-Chlorophyll-Concentration-Variations-from-Extract-of-Papaya-Leaves-on-Dye-Sensitized-Solar-Cell/10000317



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aterial so tha

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aporates. M

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Mixing sol

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stirred byKeep the

aluminum D. Dye Prep

Manufacturi

traction of c

aves first we

mparison th

stilled water

bsequently c

en put into 5

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The basic

riation ratio

lume of soncentrations

e solutions

, 120 and 18

sorbance o

ectrophotom

the results

and total chl

e Winterman

Fig. 1 Layer

Fig. 2 Side v

and Electroly

s placed in

minutes so

no addition

ing is compl

nd allowed t

king the ele

dure:

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otassium io

27 g (0.05 M

agnetic stirr solution in

foil.aration

g process

hlorophyll fr

ighed in acc

at has been

and then dri

rushed with

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etween the

lvent (ml)were varied

ere also sti

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f chlorophy

eter at the w

btained, amo

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13.7

25.8

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Structure of D

ew of DSSC st

te Solution P

a clean cont

sterile and

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ml distilled

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om the leave

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SC

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ainer and so

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ater with 0.8

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d the princi

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the variation

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aves that hav

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aya leaf is s

papaya leav

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and 3:5.0%, 80% an

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as done by us

himadzu U

300-800 nm.

phyll-a, chlor

ye is analyze

649

665

6.10 665

ked in

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glass.

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Solventd 98%.

sist of

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ar

an

te

th

ap

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in

g. 3 (a) Papay

E. Preparatio

In the man

A) of 1.5 g

mixture is

proximately

mogeneous

nufacture o

ighed 0.5 g

ated is adde

atula spoons

F. Coating of

Formed area

conductive

o functions a

e Thickness

be stacke

posited on

mbination of

], [11] were

formed of TG. Firing Pr

TiO2 Paste h

d then in-firi

perature of

TiO2 with T

H. Immersio

TiO2 –coating

proximately

f. The TiO2 l

Fig. 3 (b).

leaf (b) Imme

the chlorop

Fig. 4 D

n of TiO2 Pa

facturing of

was added t

stirred with

30 minut

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TiO2 paste.

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ixed with 1

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ayer immersi

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yll dye solutio

SC prototype

te

TiO2 paste,

o 13.5 ml of

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TCO Glass

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an area of 2

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area that h

ding and bru

lp the smoot

O glass werePaste

on the surfac

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s made a bet

hlorophyll D

as soaked in

en a layer o

on in the dye

TiO2-coated

n

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distilled wate

stirrer at 80

e thickene

a binder

TiO2 powd

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ml of PVA.

lp of scotch t

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e by the scot

need. Past

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paste. Areas

shown in Fig

e of the TC

for 30 minut

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the dye solut

TiO2 will b

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I. Preparation of Counter-Electrode Carbon

Making counter-electrode is done by heating the conductive

side of the TCO glass candle flame for about 30 seconds until

the average carbon to cover the TCO conductive glass. Carbon

TCO glass attached to the specified dimensions according to

the dimensions of TCO coated glass TiO2 paste is 2x2 cm2.

J. Provision of Electrolytes

Giving electrolyte by means of using a pipette dropped by 4

drops or as much as 0.25 ml. Electrolyte solution is used as the

electron transport of carbon to the dye.

K. Assembling DSSC

After each component DSSC successfully created dah

ready, then do the assembly process to form a solar cell.

Assembly is done by gluing glass photo-electrode TCO and

TCO glass counter-electrode sandwich structure and then

clamped with a clip so that attachment is denser and does not

shift. The results of the DSSC have shown in Fig. 4.

L. DSSC Investigating

The experimental setup of DSSC electrical characteristic

was used to obtain the open circuit voltage and short circuit

current. The light measured by lux meter trough the DSSC can

be varied, then the output voltage and current varied too. The

second method, the value of the load resistance is varied to get

electricity performance of DSSC. Some parameters were

observed are open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit

current ( Isc), maximum output voltage (V max), and maximum

output current ( I max) to obtain the fill factor (FF ) and

efficiency (η). The FF is defined by the ratio of the maximum

power output of DSSC device is its theoretical power output if both current and voltage were at their maxima, Isc and Voc,

respectively [12].

III. R ESULT AND DISCUSSION

Absorbance chlorophyll dye solution of papaya leaves have

been investigated and measured. Chlorophyll measurement

using spectrophotometer by variation of the ratio papaya

leaves with solvent, solvent concentration and time stirring

were shown in Figs. 5-7. Data analysis of the absorbance to

the wavelengths was used to calculate the number of

chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll inside dye

solution. The result of a, b, and total chlorophyll at ratio of 1:5are 20.328 mg/l, 54.592 mg/l and 74.804 mg/l, respectively.

The calculation analyses of the ratio of leaves mass and

solvent volume is shown in Table I.

TABLE I

CHLOROPHYLL NUMBER BY VARIATION OF R ATIO OF LEAVES MASS AND

SOLVENT VOLUME

Sample

ratio

Chlorophyll a

(mg/l)

Chlorophyll b

(mg/l)

Total Chlorophyll

(mg/l)

1:5 20.328 54.592 74.804

2:5 20.446 55.556 75.895

3:5 22.690 57.509 80.076

Fig. 5 Absorbance of chlorophyll dye solution by the variation of

ratio between leaves mass (m) and solvent volume (v)

Fig. 6 Absorbance of chlorophyll dye solution by the variation ofethanol solvent concentration

Fig. 7 Absorbance of chlorophyll dye solution by the variation of

stirring time

TABLE IIELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF DSSC BY VARIATION OF R ATIO OF LEAVES

MASS AND SOLVENT VOLUME

Sample(ratio)

Total Chlorophyll(mg/l)

Voc

(mV) Isc

(μA)Pmax

(watt)

1:5 74.804 160.7 2.8 112.64x10-9

2:5 75.895 203 4 203x10-9

3:5 80.076 235.5 14 824.64x10-9









a

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c

in

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th

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in

1)

2)

3)

4)

ELECTRICAL CH

Solvent

(%)

Tot

70

8098

ELECTRICAL CH

Stir time

(minutes)

30

120

180

The maxim

hieved from

rrelated to te amount of

tch more p

ectrical char

tio of leaves

able II. The

5 by 235.5m

ere are differ

the three ty

ncentration.

an the 80%

own in Tabl

ve conseque

bsequent ef

SSC. Increa

lorophyll nu

Fig. 7 and T

ere achieved

e characteriz

creasing line

ached fill fac

According t

vestigation a

DSSC havmethod: d

glass, firin

dye solutio

of DSSC b

Refer to th

solvent vo

maximum

factor of D

Variation

98%. It ca

was 824.6

The variati

T

RACTERISTIC O

CONCENTR

l Chlorophyll

(mg/l)

61.815

75.06780.076

T

RACTERISTIC O

TIM

otal Chlorophyll

(mg/l)

80.076

75.895

75.895

m number o

the variatio

e chlorophyllchlorophyll

otons great

cteristic of

mass and so

oc and Isc

V and 14 μ

ences in the

pes of chloro

The average

and 70% of

e III increas

ces on the

ect on the

ing stirring

ber. Effect

ble IV. The

at 30 minute

ation of the

arly. The D

ors (FF) up t

IV.

the design

d electrical a

e been designye processin

g substrate, i

n, counter el

y active area

e variation o

lume of 1:5,

chlorophyll

SSC of 25%

of solvent c

n be achieve

x10-9 watt at

on of stirrin

BLE III

THE DSSC BY

TION PERCENTA

Voc

(mV)

Is

(μ

218.4 5.

224.2 8235.5 1

BLE IV

THE DSSC BY

DURATION

Voc

(mV) I

(

235.5 1

191 3

171 2

f a, b, and t

of 3:5 ma

absorbancereleased by

r than 2:5

SSC was o

lvent volum

ere achieved

, respectivel

eak absorba

phyll dye by

maximum

concentratio

ng linearly.

ate of photo

oltage outp

time reduce

f variation s

aximum ele

of stirring ti

output volta

SSC charact

25%.

ONCLUSION

of DSSC, chl

nalysis it can

ed and chara, TiO2 past

mersion Ti

ctrode proce

of 1.8 x 1.8 c

the ratio bet

2:5 and 3:5;

number of 8

at ratio of 3:5

ncentration

d that the ou

solvent conc

time of chlo

ARIATION OF SO

GE

)

Pma

(watt

279.07x

449.24x 824.64x

ARIATION OF ST

sc

A)Pma

(watt

4 824.64x

.6 172x1

.8 119.97x

tal chloroph

s and volu

n Fig. 5. It r solvent at 3:

and 1:5 rati

served by v

which is sh

maximize at

. Fig. 6 sho

ce values ge

variation of

eak of 98%

of solvent,

This differen

absorption

ts produced

the Voc, I

irring time is

ctrical charac

me. The resu

e against cu

eristic have

orophyll abs

be concluded

terized by fo, TiO2-coate

2 TCO substr

sing, and fab

.

ween leaves

it can be ob

0.076 mg/l

.

was 70%, 8

put power o

ntration of 9

rophyll extra

LVENT

)

10-9

10-9

10-9

RRING

10-9 -9

10-9

ll was

e ratio

efers to5 ratio

o. The

ariation

own in

ratio of

s that

nerated

solvent

higher

it was

ce will

and the

by the

c, and

shown

eristics

lt show

rent is

already

rbance

that:

lowingd TCO

ate into

ication

ass to

ain the

nd fill

% and

DSSC

%.

ct ware

DI

(2

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8][9]

[10

[11

[12

Do

De

M.

De

observed o

chlorophyll

and I sc of 2

This researc

KTI, Depart

13-2014) in

A. Quan, “

Preliminary

Roskilde Uni

S. Manan, “So

Indonesia”,

Semarang, un

Z. Xia, “Cha

Bachelor of S

2009.

O. Regan, M.on Dye-Sensit

M. Syahid, et

Review”. Jou

S. H. Pramon

extraction ofleaves in D

InternationalR. Wang, K.

M. Gratzel, NT. Ohtsuka, T.

] I. K. Ding, J.

transport mat

blading”, Org

] S. S. Kim, et

via simple br 94, pp. 171-17

]

V. W. W. YSpringer-Verl

Ek

mo

Elewa

in

Un

Sh

an

Elewa

Un

19

dy Fanditya, his

partment of Elec

Julius St., his

partment of Elec

f 30, 120, a

number wa

5.5 mV and

ACKNO

was suppo

ment of Ed

the scheme o

R EF

egradation of

uilding of Dye-

ersity, 2006.

lar Energy as a

hesis, Departm

ublished, 2009.

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ience in Chemis

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nal of Cleaner P

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onf. on Edu. Teashimoto, Natur

ture 409, pp. 57. Otsuki, J. Elect

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Maulana, hecular electron

ctrical Engineeri graduated of B

2009 and grad

versity in 2011.

oleh Hadi Pra

laser applicat

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