Effect of Animal Effect of Animal Manure Amendments Manure Amendments

on pH of Soils.on pH of Soils.

By:By:

Shah, G.A.Shah, G.A.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONSoil Acidity as a problemSoil Acidity as a problemAnimal manure and soil acidityAnimal manure and soil acidityLiterature SurveyLiterature SurveyProposed mechanisms (from Proposed mechanisms (from literature)literature)How can we predict liming effect of How can we predict liming effect of manure?manure?

Soil Acidity as a problemSoil Acidity as a problem

Sustainability of agricultural Sustainability of agricultural production systems (Nobel et al., production systems (Nobel et al., 1996) 1996)

Nutritional disorders (Haynes and Nutritional disorders (Haynes and Mokolobate, 2001) Mokolobate, 2001)

Nutrient toxicity / deficiency (Von and Nutrient toxicity / deficiency (Von and Mutert, 1995) Mutert, 1995)

Animal manure and soil acidityAnimal manure and soil acidity Some people even think that manure in Some people even think that manure in

general lowers soil pH (Kirchmann et al., general lowers soil pH (Kirchmann et al., 2007; Shen et al., 2007) 2007; Shen et al., 2007)

ButBut Manure can increase soil pH (Whalen et al., Manure can increase soil pH (Whalen et al.,

2000; Whalen et al., 2002; Walker et al., 2000; Whalen et al., 2002; Walker et al., 2004). 2004).

The effect is greater at the higher rate of The effect is greater at the higher rate of addition (Naramabuye and Haynes, 2006b) addition (Naramabuye and Haynes, 2006b)

Poultry manure application increases soil pH Poultry manure application increases soil pH (Duruigbo et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2007; (Duruigbo et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2007; Naramabuye and Haynes, 2006ab &2007)Naramabuye and Haynes, 2006ab &2007)

At heavy application it can cause an increase At heavy application it can cause an increase in salt concentration (Mokolobate and in salt concentration (Mokolobate and Haynes, 2002b). Haynes, 2002b).

Effects of manures composition on soil pHEffects of manures composition on soil pH

Type of Type of manuremanure

CharacteristicsCharacteristics(gkg(gkg-1-1DM)DM)

Time Time spanspan

Soil pH changeSoil pH change ReferencesReferences

Organic COrganic CTotalTotalNN PP KK CaCa NaNa MgMg pH KClpH KCl pH waterpH water pH CaClpH CaCl

22

Poultry manurePoultry manure

(Layer)(Layer) 250250 3939 205205 26.926.9 110.7110.7 5.45.4 1111 66weeksweeks

4.0→6.5 4.0→6.5 (+2.50)(+2.50)

4.00→6.554.00→6.55(+2.55)(+2.55)

---- Naramabuye and Naramabuye and Haynes, 2006b.Haynes, 2006b.

(Broiler)(Broiler) 343343 2525 188188 1919 34.834.8 3.53.5 1717 -do--do- 4.0→4.6 4.0→4.6 (+0.6)(+0.6)

4.0→5.04.0→5.0(+1)(+1)

---- -do--do-

211.5211.5 13.713.7 1313 5.25.2 69.569.5 22 19.519.5 33weeksweeks

4.60→5.734.60→5.73(+1.13)(+1.13)

4.7→5.84.7→5.8(+1.10)(+1.10)

---- Duruigbo et al., Duruigbo et al., 2007.2007.

239239 6363 2121 2020 7777 2.62.6 5.75.7 66weeksweeks

4.0→5.14.0→5.1(+1.10)(+1.10)

4.2→5.44.2→5.4(+1.20)(+1.20)

---- Mokolobate and Mokolobate and Haynes, 2002a.Haynes, 2002a.

252252 3939 20.520.5 26.926.9 110.7110.7 ---- 1111 3 3 daysdays

---- ---- 4.1→6.34.1→6.3(+2.20)(+2.20)

Naramabuye and Naramabuye and Haynes, 2006a.Haynes, 2006a.

131131 32.832.8 4343 29.329.3 2727 ---- 5.75.7 30 30 daysdays

---- 4.30→4.614.30→4.61(+0.31)(+0.31)

---- Tang et al., 2007 Tang et al., 2007

296.3296.3 3.63.6 ---- ---- 12.412.4 ---- 8.98.9 33weeksweeks

---- 4.60→6.494.60→6.49(+1.89)(+1.89)

---- Ano and Ubochi, Ano and Ubochi, 2007.2007.

(Layer)(Layer) 252252 38.538.5 20.520.5 26.926.9 110.7110.7 5.45.4 1111 7 7 weeksweeks

4.1→5.94.1→5.9(+1.80) (+1.80)

4. 10→6.554. 10→6.55(+2.45)(+2.45)

---- Naramabuye and Naramabuye and Haynes, 2007.Haynes, 2007.

-do--do- 252252 38.538.5 20.520.5 26.926.9 110.7110.7 5.45.4 1111 25 weeks25 weeks 4.1→4.74.1→4.7(+0.6)(+0.6)

4.1→5.04.1→5.0(+0.9)(+0.9)

---- -do--do-

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

(gkg(gkg-1-1DM)DM) Soil pH changeSoil pH change ReferencesReferences

Organic Organic CC

Total Total NN

PP KK CaCa NaNa MgMg Time Time SpanSpan

pH KClpH KCl pH WaterpH Water pHCaClpHCaCl22

114114 1010 1.81.8 0.60.6 0.30.3 ---- 0.10.1 33daysdays

---- ---- 4.1→4.64.1→4.6(+0.5)(+0.5)

Naramabuye Naramabuye and Haynes, and Haynes, 2006a.2006a.

249.3249.3 22.822.8 7.07.0 22.722.7 ---- ---- ---- 25 25 weeksweeks

---- ---- 4.8→6.04.8→6.0(+1.2)(+1.2)

Whalen et al., Whalen et al., 2002.2002.

313313 4.94.9 ---- ---- 11.211.2 ---- 19.919.9 33weeksweeks

---- 4.60→5.914.60→5.91(+1.31)(+1.31)

---- Ano and Ano and Ubochi, Ubochi,

2007.2007.

194194 16.316.3 3.83.8 4.84.8 2.42.4 0.10.1 0.80.8 77weeksweeks

4.1→4.34.1→4.3(+0.2)(+0.2)

4.1→4.64.1→4.6(+0.5)(+0.5)

---- Naramabuye Naramabuye and Haynes, and Haynes, 2007.2007.

194194 16.316.3 3.83.8 4.84.8 2.42.4 0.10.1 0.80.8 2525weeksweeks

4.1→3.94.1→3.9(-0.2)(-0.2)

stablestable ---- -do--do-

Cattle Manure

Type of Type of manuremanure

CharacteristicsCharacteristics(gkg-1DM) (gkg-1DM)

Time Time SpanSpan

ee

Soil pH changeSoil pH change ReferencesReferences

Organic Organic CC

TotaTotal Nl N

PP KK CaCa NaNa MgMg pH KClpH KCl pH WaterpH Water pH pH CaClCaCl22

340340 25.425.4 34.534.5 12.412.4 50.950.9 44 11.511.5 77weeksweeks

4.1→4.64.1→4.6(+0.5)(+0.5)

4.1→5.0 4.1→5.0 (+0.9)(+0.9)

---- Naramabuye Naramabuye and Haynes, and Haynes, 2007.2007.

340340 25.425.4 34.534.5 12.412.4 50.950.9 44 11.511.5 2525weeksweeks

stablestable 4.10→4.24.10→4.255

(+0.15)(+0.15)

---- -do--do-

Raw Raw (liquid)(liquid)

---- 28.828.8 0.660.66 1.171.17 ---- ---- ---- 28 28 daysdays

---- 5.8→5.35.8→5.3(-0.50)(-0.50)

---- Loria and Loria and Sawyer, Sawyer, 2005.2005.

-do--do- ---- 28.828.8 0.660.66 1.171.17 ---- ---- ---- 120 120 daysdays

---- 5.8→5.25.8→5.2(-0.60)(-0.60)

---- -do--do-

AnearobiAnearobi-cally -cally Digested Digested (liquid)(liquid)

---- 3030 0.780.78 1.121.12 ---- ---- ---- 28 28 daysdays

---- 5.8→5.35.8→5.3(-0.50)(-0.50)

---- -do--do-

-do--do- ---- 3030 0.780.78 1.121.12 ---- ---- ---- 120 120 daysdays

---- 5.80→5.25.80→5.255

(-0.55)(-0.55)

---- -do--do-

271.3271.3 5.25.2 ---- ---- 13.713.7 ---- 1313 3 3 weeksweeks

---- 4.60→6.44.60→6.444

(+1.84)(+1.84)

---- Ano and Ano and Ubochi, Ubochi, 2007.2007.

---- 24.224.2 3939 16.516.5 38.638.6 ---- 9.979.97 88weeksweeks

---- 4.0→4.84.0→4.8(+0.8)(+0.8)

---- Shen, Q.R. Shen, Q.R. and Shen, and Shen, Z.G. 2001.Z.G. 2001.

Pig manure

Effect of slurry application on soil pHEffect of slurry application on soil pH

Types Types of of

slurryslurry

CharacteristicsCharacteristics(gkg(gkg-1-1DM)DM)

Time Time spanspan

Rate of Rate of applicatioapplication (mn (m33haha-1-1))

pH changepH change ReferenceReference

Dry Dry matter matter contentcontentss(Kgm(Kgm-3-3))

Total Total N N

NHNH++44

-N-NNONO--

33 -N-N

Total-Total-PP KK CaOCaO

Cattle slurryCattle slurry

100100 4040 ---- ---- 2020 4040 ----

20 20 yearyearss 5050

5.60→6.025.60→6.02(+0.42)(+0.42)

Potarzycki Potarzycki et al., et al., 2004.2004.

100100 4040 ---- ---- 2020 4040 ---- -do--do- 100100

5.60→5.805.60→5.80(+0.20)(+0.20)

-do--do-

9393 33.9733.97 ---- ---- 19.3519.35 43.8743.8724.924.955

10 10 yearyearss 100100

6.1→6.2 (+0.1)6.1→6.2 (+0.1) Martyniuk Martyniuk et al., et al., 20022002

Pig SlurryPig Slurry

Anaero-Anaero-bically bically storedstored 59.459.4

163.2163.299

112.7112.799

1.61.688 35.3535.35 ---- ----

99daysdays

9090

StableStableaa Chantigny Chantigny et al., et al., 2004.2004.

Anaero-Anaero-bically bically digestedigestedd

32.532.5240240

166.1166.155

3.03.077 43.0743.07 ---- ----

-do--do-

9090

-do--do- -do--do-

28.828.8 90.2790.27 59.0259.02 ---- 27.0427.04 31.5231.52 ----

4 4 yearyearss 9090

6.0→6.86.0→6.8(+0.8) (+0.8)

Plaza et Plaza et al., 2004.al., 2004.

“a” means in beginning there was an increase but as time passes it decreased and reached to initial soil pH. ‘--’ means no data mentioned in the related paper.

Proposed mechanisms (from literature)Proposed mechanisms (from literature)

Biological decarboxylation of organic anions (Barekzai and Biological decarboxylation of organic anions (Barekzai and Mengel, 1993; Yan et al., 1996; Naramabuye and Haynes, Mengel, 1993; Yan et al., 1996; Naramabuye and Haynes, 2006a).2006a).

Decreasing concentration of exchangeable Al (Naramabuye and Decreasing concentration of exchangeable Al (Naramabuye and

Haynes, 2006b; Mokobate and Haynes, 2002b; Nobel et al., Haynes, 2006b; Mokobate and Haynes, 2002b; Nobel et al., 1996).1996).

Al complexation by solid phase organic matter (Haynes and Al complexation by solid phase organic matter (Haynes and

Mokolobate, 2001).Mokolobate, 2001).

Microbial decarboxylation of Ca-organic matter complex (Ano Microbial decarboxylation of Ca-organic matter complex (Ano and Ubochi, 2007).and Ubochi, 2007).

Increasing the base saturation of the soil by cations (Shen, Q.R. Increasing the base saturation of the soil by cations (Shen, Q.R.

and Shen, Z.G. 2001).and Shen, Z.G. 2001). Buffering from Ca-carbonate and Bicarbonate (Eghball, 1999. Buffering from Ca-carbonate and Bicarbonate (Eghball, 1999.

and Whalen et al., 2000). and Whalen et al., 2000).

HOW CAN WE PREDICT LIMING EFFECT HOW CAN WE PREDICT LIMING EFFECT OF MANUREOF MANURE

► By laboratory AnalysisBy laboratory Analysis► CaCOCaCO33 contents can be a good predictor contents can be a good predictor

(Mokolobate and Haynes, 2002a).(Mokolobate and Haynes, 2002a).

What is important in changing soil pH?What is important in changing soil pH?► Soil buffering capacity (Ritchie and Dolling, Soil buffering capacity (Ritchie and Dolling,

1985). 1985). ► Soil type (Camberato and Martin, 2000). Soil type (Camberato and Martin, 2000).

Hypothesis and Hypothesis and Research Research QuestionsQuestions

OutlinesOutlines

► Research QuestionsResearch Questions► Background of hypothesisBackground of hypothesis► HypothesisHypothesis► Expected resultsExpected results► Relevance of researchRelevance of research

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

►Can animal manures be an alternative of Can animal manures be an alternative of lime?lime?

►Which typical manure composition is Which typical manure composition is most efficient in amelioration of soil most efficient in amelioration of soil acidity?acidity?

►What is the most effective level of What is the most effective level of manure application?manure application?

► Is there any interaction between Is there any interaction between manures and soil types to increase pH?manures and soil types to increase pH?

Background informationBackground information

Types of Soil AcidityTypes of Soil Acidity

1.1. Active Acidity Active Acidity HH++ is measured by soil pH is measured by soil pH

2.2. Potential Acidity Potential Acidity

HH++ or Al or Al+3+3 Adsorbed on Soil Adsorbed on Soil Produce HProduce H++ and lower soil pH and lower soil pH Potential to affect soil pHPotential to affect soil pH Not measured by soil pHNot measured by soil pH

AlAl+3+3 (potential)(potential) Al Al+3+3 + 3H + 3H22O O

Al(OH)Al(OH)33 + 3 H + 3 H++ (active)(active)

MicrobialMicrobial HydrolysisHydrolysisOrganic Manures CaOrganic Manures Ca+2 +2

Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22

DecarboxylationDecarboxylation

2 Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)22 + Al + Al+3+3 Al(OH) Al(OH)33 + 2Ca + 2Ca+2 +2 + + OHOH--

HH++ + OH + OH-- H H22O O (Ano and Ubochi, (Ano and Ubochi,

2007).2007).

clay

HH+ + + CaCO+ CaCO33 Ca Ca++++ + H + H22COCO33--

HH++

COCO22 + H + H22OO

(Eghball, 1999)(Eghball, 1999)

Hypothesis 1:Hypothesis 1: Calcium rich manure Can Calcium rich manure Can

increase the soil pHincrease the soil pH

Soil collides Soil collides

C:N ratio and pHC:N ratio and pHGeneral process:General process: microbialmicrobial

R-CO-COOR-CO-COO-- + H + H++ R-CHO + CO R-CHO + CO2 --------- (1)2 --------- (1)

DecarboxylationDecarboxylation

Mineralization NitrificationMineralization Nitrification

Organic N NHOrganic N NH++44 NO NO--

33 + 2H + 2H++ ------ ------ (2) (2)

Increase in pH is counterbalance by N mineralizationIncrease in pH is counterbalance by N mineralization (K.mengel.et.al 1992)(K.mengel.et.al 1992)

If High C:N ratioIf High C:N ratio,,More organic anions (pH increase)More organic anions (pH increase)

Low C:N ratio,Low C:N ratio,Less organic anions (pH decrease)Less organic anions (pH decrease)

Hypothesis 2Hypothesis 2

Low N in manure can increase soil pH Low N in manure can increase soil pH

Why ?Why ?

Three types of soilThree types of soil: (sand, clay, peat : (sand, clay, peat (0-30cm) & (0-30cm) &

(30-60cm)(30-60cm)))

Buffering capacityBuffering capacity

Chemical propertiesChemical properties mineralization ratemineralization rate Three types of manure: Three types of manure: (poultry, slurry, (poultry, slurry,

FYM)FYM)

C:N ratioC:N ratio

Basic cationsBasic cations Three levels of manure Three levels of manure application:application: Optimum levelOptimum level SalinitySalinity

Expected ResultsExpected Results

Manures:Manures: Poultry and low nitrogen slurry may increase the pHPoultry and low nitrogen slurry may increase the pH

Soils:Soils:

Interaction of manures with soil to increase pH may Interaction of manures with soil to increase pH may

be stronger for sandy soil then peat and claybe stronger for sandy soil then peat and clay

Relevance of researchRelevance of research

► Own DisciplineOwn Discipline communication, acquired practical communication, acquired practical

knowledge knowledge

► For SocietyFor Society Farmers:Farmers: Reduction of heavy metal toxicityReduction of heavy metal toxicity Manure management Manure management Crop production & sustainabilityCrop production & sustainability

MethodologyMethodology

►Soil study Soil study ►Organic Manures and analysis Organic Manures and analysis ►Plant Analysis Plant Analysis ►Green House, KortenoordGreen House, Kortenoord►Work planWork plan

Soil studySoil study► Soil typesSoil types Sandy soil from Droevendaal Farm Sandy soil from Droevendaal Farm Clay soil near HaarwegClay soil near HaarwegPeat soil from Farm Spruit Zegveld, west of Utrecht Peat soil from Farm Spruit Zegveld, west of Utrecht

Pot fillingPot filling Clay 12 kg/potClay 12 kg/pot Sandy 15 kg/ potSandy 15 kg/ pot Peat (0-30 cm) 9 kg/potPeat (0-30 cm) 9 kg/pot Peat (30-60 cm) 7.50 kg/potPeat (30-60 cm) 7.50 kg/potSoil analysisSoil analysis pH, Organic matterpH, Organic matter Total N Total N P , PP , P22OO55 KK+1+1, Na, Na+1+1 and Mg and Mg+2+2

CaCa+2+2

Organic Manures and analysisOrganic Manures and analysis

Types of manuresTypes of manures Farmyard manure Farmyard manure Poultry manure Poultry manure Low N slurry Low N slurry

Application ratesApplication rates Blank Blank 40 kg N ha40 kg N ha-1-1 80 kg N ha80 kg N ha-1 -1

120 kg N ha120 kg N ha-1 -1

Manure analysisManure analysis NHNH33-N and Organic –N -N and Organic –N Total N, PTotal N, P22OO55 and K and K+1+1

NaNa+1+1 and Mg and Mg+2+2

CaCa+2 +2

4 types soil * 3 manures* 3appli. Rate + 1 control/soil* 3 replications = 120 pots4 types soil * 3 manures* 3appli. Rate + 1 control/soil* 3 replications = 120 pots

Plant AnalysisPlant Analysis

► Plant (rye grass) CuttingsPlant (rye grass) CuttingsTwo times (July and November) with cutting knife.Two times (July and November) with cutting knife.

Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency (%)Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency (%) =NF-NC/ NR =NF-NC/ NR x 100 x 100 wherewhereNF = N uptake in manure applied pot (kg N haNF = N uptake in manure applied pot (kg N ha -I -I) ) NC = N uptake in control pot (kg N ha NC = N uptake in control pot (kg N ha -I-I))NR = N rate applied (kg N ha NR = N rate applied (kg N ha -1-1))

Green House, KortenoordGreen House, Kortenoord DesignDesign Completely randomized (CRD)Completely randomized (CRD) TemperatureTemperatureDay temperature 18 Day temperature 18 00C and night 14 C and night 14 00C (average C (average

temperature 16 temperature 16 00C)C)Optimum temperature for rye grass is 15 Optimum temperature for rye grass is 15 00CC LightLightNo artificial light (only sunlight)No artificial light (only sunlight) IrrigationIrrigationSprinkler irrigationSprinkler irrigation Manure applicationManure applicationManually mixing of manure top 10 cm in each pot.Manually mixing of manure top 10 cm in each pot.

Sowing of Rye grassSowing of Rye grass

Two days after manure incubationTwo days after manure incubation

Soil samplingSoil sampling

First two days after sowingFirst two days after sowing

Second after first harvest (July)Second after first harvest (July)

Third after final harvest (November)Third after final harvest (November)

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