EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

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EESiPV: Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar Rebecca Hott Mark LaBarbera Jeff Rayl Kuangyuan Zhang

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EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar. Rebecca Hott Mark LaBarbera Jeff Rayl Kuangyuan Zhang. Problem Statement:. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Page 1: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

EESiPV: Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated

Photovoltaics

EME 580 Group 5: SolarRebecca Hott

Mark LaBarberaJeff Rayl

Kuangyuan Zhang

Page 2: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Problem Statement:Design and evaluation of an integrated photovoltaic and electrochemical storage system for continuous, stable and sustainable grid-connected power generation; including life cycle assessment on economic, policy and environmental impacts."

Page 3: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

System Design Requirements:

Page 4: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Final System Design:Phoenix, Arizona:• BP 3235N – 22,100 panels 5.194MWdc peak• FS3 77.5 – 51,200 panels 3.968MWdc peak

Raleigh, North Carolina:• BP 3235N – 27,300 panels 6.416MWdc peak• FS3 77.5 – 48,000 panels 3.720MWdc peak

Buffalo, New York:• BP 3235N – 45,500 panels 10.693MWdc peak• FS3 77.5 – 60,800 panels 4.712MWdc peak

Page 5: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

System Results: pc-Si Monthly Average PV Generation

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 230

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.55

Phoenix, AZ

Time (Hours)

Pow

er (

MW

)

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 230

1

2

3

4

5

6Raleigh, NC

Time (Hours)

Pow

er (

MW

)

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 230123456789

Buffalo, NY JanFebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec

Time (Hours)

Pow

er (

MW

)

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System Results: CdTe Monthly Average PV Generation

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223240

1

2

3

4

5

6

Phoenix, AZ

Time (Hours)

Pow

er (

MW

)

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 230

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.55

Raleigh, NC

Time (Hours)

Pow

er (

MW

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232401234567

Buffalo, NYJanFebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec

Time (Hours)

Pow

er (

MW

)

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System Results: pc-Si System Average Daily Energy

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.00

10.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.00

Phoenix, AZ

Month

Ener

gy (

MW

h)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.005.00

10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.0045.0050.00

Raleigh, NC

Month

Ener

gy (

MW

h)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.00

10.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.0080.0090.00

100.00

Buffalo, NY

PV System PowerBattery to ECUPV to GridBattery to GridTotal To Load

Month

Ener

gy (

MW

h)

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System Results: CdTe System Average Daily Energy

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.005.00

10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.0045.00

Phoenix, AZ

Month

Ener

gy (

MW

h)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.005.00

10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.0045.0050.00

Raleigh, NC

Month

Ener

gy (

MW

h)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.00

10.0020.0030.0040.0050.0060.0070.00

Buffalo, NY

PV System PowerBattery to ECUPV to GridBattery to GridTotal To Load

Month

Ener

gy (

MW

h)

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Photovoltaic Generation Conclusions:

• Seasonal variations in the solar resource leads to difficult system sizing for a single yearly quantity of base-load generation; seasonal quantities for energy generation with a minimum of 1MWh continuous production

• Solar resource forecasting required for accurate energy generation predictions

o Phoenix (high irradiance): high summer temperatures cause performance losses (especially in CdTe system)

o Raleigh (medium irradiance): provides the most consistent year round energy

o Buffalo (low irradiance): low angle of incidence in winter months requires significantly oversized array for the summer

Page 10: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Vanadium Redox Flow CellElectrolyte Composition

Thermal Redox Reaction

Thermal Redox Reaction

V+2(aq)

V+3(aq)

Charged 3.5 M H2SO4

Charged 3.5 M H2SO4

Discharged 0.5 M H2SO4

Positive Electrolyte 3.5 M [Vtotal]

Negative Electrolyte 3.5 M [Vtotal]

Discharged 2.5 M H2SO4

+ +

Reagents

• Separate positive and negative storage tanks

• Each 225,000 liters (HDPE)

• H2SO4 concentration 0.5-3.5

• H2SO4 & V2O5 are acute health risks

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Vanadium Redox Flow CellElectro-active Species

V+2(aq) V+3

(aq)

H+(membrane)

+ 2H2O

e-(circuit) + H3O+

(aq) +

H3O+(aq)

++ H2O + e-

(circuit)

VO2+ + H3O+

+ H+ + e- VO2+ + 2H2OH3O+ + V+2 V+3 + H2O + e-

VO2+ + V+2 +2 H3O+ VO+2 + V+3 + 3 H2O

ΔrG° = -117.7 kJ mol-1E°eq = 1.24 V

Charge

Discharge

Positive Half-Reaction

Negative Half-Reaction

Positive Half-Reaction

Negative Half-Reaction

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Vanadium Redox Flow CellProton Exchange Membrane

Porous Polyethylene Separator Protects Nafion from VO-2 ions

Nafion Proton Exchange Membrane

VO+2 + VO2+

3.5 M [V]total

0.5 – 3.5 M H2SO4

V+2 + V+3

3.5 M [V]total

0.5 – 3.5 M H2SO4

Carbon FeltElectrode

Polyethylene Separator

Nafion ionomer

Carbon FeltElectrode

575 square meters

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2 x 225,000 liter HDPE Tanks (indoor storage)4 meter tall 4.24 meter diameter

575 m2 active area total500 Cells x 1.15 m2 Series & Parallel stack switching

Electronically controlled switchingMaximize Efficiency by minimizing ΔV between input from

ECU+PV array and VRB Stack

Vanadium Redox Flow CellBalance of Plant

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Vanadium Redox Flow CellElectrochemical Performance

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Vanadium Redox Flow CellElectrochemical Performance

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Photovoltaic – Battery Integration

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Electricity pricing & tariffs

Pheonix, AZ

Raleigh, NC

Buffalo, NY

2.20%

2.70%

3.20%

3.70%

4.20%

price annual increase

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Recent 10 years Utility price vs. time

Pheonix, AZRaleigh, NCBuffalo, NY

Year

Cent

s/KW

h

2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 20360

10

20

30

40

50

60 Expected future utility price vs. time

Pheonix, AZRaleigh, NCBuffalo, NY

Years

Cent

s/KW

h

Pheonix, AZ Raleigh, NC Buffalo, NY0123456789

FiT

Cent

s/KW

h

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Federal, State & Local incentives*by DSIRE

Pheonix, AZ Raleigh, NC Buffalo, NY

Renewable Energy Production Tax Credit *( below yearly number) Renewable Energy Tax Credit

NYSERDA - Clean Energy Business Growth and Development(max $200,000 incentive)

Renewable Energy Business Tax Incentives

Renewable Energy Equipment Manufacturer Tax Credit

NYSERDA - Renewable, Clean Energy, and Energy Efficient Product Manufacturing Incentive Program

Property Tax Assessment for Renewable Energy Equipment

Duke Energy - Standard Purchase Offer for RECs: Solar RECs: $30.00 per MWh

Residential Solar Tax Credit

Solar and Wind Equipment Sales Tax Exemption NC Energy Star Plus

NYSERDA - PV Incentive Program

Local Option - Solar, Wind & Biomass Energy Systems Exemption

Energy Equipment Property Tax Exemption

Progress Energy Carolinas SunSense Commercial PV Incentive Program: $0.18/kWh Residential Solar Sales Tax Exemption 100% exemption from state sales taxyear1 $0.04$/KWh

year2 $0.04$/KWhyear3 $0.035$/KWhyear4 $0.035$/KWhyear5 $0.03$/KWhyear6 $0.03$/KWhyear7 $0.02$/KWhyear 8 $0.02$/KWhyear 9 $0.01$/KWhyear10 $0.01$/KWh

Capital Cost For BP Panel @ Pheonix Landuse

PV Panel

Storage system

installation& construction

other

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Cost-benefit, sensitivity analysis(BP Panel)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-$20,000,000.00

-$15,000,000.00

-$10,000,000.00

-$5,000,000.00

$0.00

$5,000,000.00

$10,000,000.00

$15,000,000.00

$20,000,000.00 NPV vs. Time @ Phoenix

No Benefit10 years incentive10 years+FiT

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-$25,000,000.00

-$20,000,000.00

-$15,000,000.00

-$10,000,000.00

-$5,000,000.00

$0.00

$5,000,000.00

$10,000,000.00 NPV vs. Time @ Raleigh

No Benefit

10 year incentive

10 year +FiT

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-$40,000,000.00

-$20,000,000.00

$0.00

$20,000,000.00

$40,000,000.00

$60,000,000.00

$80,000,000.00NPV vs. Time @ Baffulo

No benefit

10 year incentive

10 year +FiT

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-$20,000,000.00

-$15,000,000.00

-$10,000,000.00

-$5,000,000.00

$0.00

$5,000,000.00

$10,000,000.00

$15,000,000.00Interest Rate sensitivity@ Phoenix

5%

10%

15%

Page 20: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Cost-benefit, sensitivity analysis(First Solar)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-$20,000,000.00

-$15,000,000.00

-$10,000,000.00

-$5,000,000.00

$0.00

$5,000,000.00

$10,000,000.00

$15,000,000.00

$20,000,000.00NPV vs. Time @ Phoenix

No Benefit

10 years incentive

10 years+FiT

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-$20,000,000.00

-$15,000,000.00

-$10,000,000.00

-$5,000,000.00

$0.00

$5,000,000.00

$10,000,000.00

$15,000,000.00

NPV vs. Time @ Raleigh

No Benefit

10 years incentive

10 years +FiT

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-$30,000,000.00

-$20,000,000.00

-$10,000,000.00

$0.00

$10,000,000.00

$20,000,000.00

$30,000,000.00

$40,000,000.00

$50,000,000.00

$60,000,000.00

NPV vs. Time @ Baffulo

No benefit

10 year incentive

10 years+FiT

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

-$20,000,000.00

-$15,000,000.00

-$10,000,000.00

-$5,000,000.00

$0.00

$5,000,000.00

$10,000,000.00

$15,000,000.00

Interest rate sensitivity

5%

10%

15%

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Carbon offsets Assuming that the solar energy is displacing an equivalent

amount of conventionally produced electricity from the local grid; For coal, 900 grams of CO2 is emitted to generate 1 KWh.

Based on our capital costs:

Phoenix BP

Phoenix FS

Raleigh BP

Raleigh FS

Buffalo BP

Buffalo FS

Methane Wind Average

Nuclear Average

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Carbon Offset($/metric ton of CO2)

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Economic conclusion and Future speculation

Years to Break even

Phoenix,BP

Raleigh,BP

Buffalo, BP

Phoenix,FS

Raleigh,FS

Buffalo, FS

No Benefit 16 N 9 16 24 8

10 years incentive 14 N 8 13 17 7

10 years+FiT 12 17 7 11 14 6

By advantage of solar resource, Phoenix passes the Cost-Benefit test. For therelative high electricity price, the design in Buffalo is the most economical favorable, although with the least solar resource. Raleigh, in absence of abundant solar resource or higher price, could not pass C-B test without great incentive for BP Panel. In general, First Solar fits our design better than BP panel in three sites.

Future speculation:Electricity cost projectionsPotential incentiveCarbon offset Material scaring projections

Page 23: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Life Cycle AssessmentThis ‘’cradle to grave’’ evaluation was performed on

the 3 main products involved in our EESiPV systemCdTe PV module, pc-Si PV module, and Vanadium

Redox Flow CellStandards for performing this assessment comply

with the ISO 14000 seriesValues from -4 (high benefit) to +4 (high impact)

were assigned to the product’s impact on material resources, energy use, global warming and human health for each of the five phases

Page 24: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

CdTe PV Module Material Acquisition:

Cadmium is obtained by smelting zinc or lead ores Cadmium is considered toxic, but extremely small amounts are used

Tellurium is recovered during the electrolytic refining of copper This is an energy intensive phase Emissions are also greatest during this phase

Manufacturing Also an energy intensive phase with numerous air emissions

Transportation By large trucks; tailpipe emissions are associated with this phase

Use Produces energy Acidic/Basic solutions along with water for cleaning purposes

Disposal Parts of a PV module will both be disposed of in a landfill and recycled Cadmium poses a threat to human health and environmental conditions if disposed of in a

landfill

Page 25: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

CdTe PV ModuleMaterial Acquisition

Manufacturing

Transportation Use Disposal

Material Resources

4 3 1 0 2

Energy Use

3 4 1 -4 2

Global Warming

3 2 1 0 1

Human Health

3 1 1 0 1

Column Total:

13 10 4 -4 6

Total: 29

Page 26: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

pc-Si PV Module Material Acquisition:

Silicon for wafer production is obtained in one of two ways1 Off-grade from the semiconductor industry2 Direct solar grade (SoG-Si) for photovoltiac-only purposes

Silicon is not considered toxic This is an energy intensive phase Emissions are also greatest during this phase

Manufacturing Also energy intensive with numerous air emissions

Transportation By large trucks; tailpipe emissions are associated with this phase

Use Produces energy Acidic/Basic solutions along with water for cleaning purposes

Disposal Parts of a PV module will both be disposed of in a landfill and recycled

Page 27: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

pc-Si PV ModuleMaterial Acquisition

Manufacturing

Transportation Use Disposal

Material Resources

4 3 1 0 2

Energy Use 4 4 2 -4 2Global Warming

4 3 2 0 1

Human Health

2 2 1 0 0

Column Total:

14 12 6 -4 5

Total: 33

Page 28: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Vanadium Redox Flow Cell Material Acquisition:

Vanadium can be extracted numerous ways such as from the mining or recovery of petroleum residues

H2SO4 can be obtained as waste from other industrial processes This is an energy intensive phase, but less energy is used to acquire materials and

manufacture these flow cells than lead-acid batteries Manufacturing

Is both an industrial and on-site issue Transportation

By large trucks; tailpipe emissions are associated with this phase Use

Vanadium Oxide (V2O5) is a toxic and harmful chemical. It possess irritant properties and is dangerous to the environment. It has a NFPA 704 Health Value of 3.

Disposal The cell is disassembled after operation and materials are either re-used or deposited in a

landfill Studies have been completed where 50 percent of the materials are allocated to re-use and

50 percent are allocated to hazardous waste and landfill disposal

Page 29: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Vanadium Redox Flow CellMaterial Acquisition

Manufacturing Transportation Use Disposal

Material Resources

2 2 1 3 1

Energy Use

3 4 2 0 1

Global Warming

2 3 2 0 2

Human Health

4 3 2 3 3

Column Total:

11 12 7 6 7

Total:

43

Page 30: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Questions?

Page 31: EESiPV : Electrochemical Energy Storage integrated  Photovoltaics EME 580 Group 5: Solar

Reference US Energy Information Administration(http://www.eia.gov/)-Electricity price(2001-2010)

Carbonfund.org for Carbon offset

DSIRE(Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy) for Federal, State & Local incentives

Ecobusinesslinks.com for BP and First Solar PV price

Fthenakis, V. M. & Kim, H. C. "CdTe photovoltaics: Life Cycle environmental profile and comparisons” Science Direct: Thin Solid Films, 2007, 515, 5961-5963

Fthenakis, V. M.; Kim, H. C. & Alsema, E. "Emissions from Photovoltaic Life Cycles” Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42, 2168-2174

Lankey, R. L. & McMichael, F. C. "Life Cycle Methods for Comparing Primary and Rechargeable Batteries” Environmental Science & Technology, 2000, 34, 2299-2304

Raugei, M.; Bargili, S. & Ulgiati, S. "Life cycle assessment and energy pay-back time of advanced photovoltaic modules: CdTe and CIS compared to poly-Si Science Direct: Energy, 2007, 32, 1310-1318

Rydh, Carl J. “Environmental assessment of vanadium redox and lead-acid batteries for stationary energy storage” Journal of Power Sources, 1999, 80, 21-29

Jugnbluth, Niels. “Life Cycle Assessment of Crystalline Photovoltaics in the Swiss ecoinvent Database” Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 2005, 13, 429-446