1

VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:-01DATE:- AIM: - TO STUDY DIFFERENT TYPES OF SYMBOLS USED IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. 2 34 AIM: - TO STUDY DIFFERENT TYPES OF SYMBOLS USED IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT. SR. NO. NAMESYMBOL 1 Resistor 2Variable Resistor 3Inductor 4Variable Inductor 5Capacitor 6Variable Capacitor 7Cell 8Battery 9A.C. Voltage Source 10D.C. Voltage Source

11D.C. Voltmeter

12A.C./D.C. Voltmeter

13D.C. Ammeter

+ - + - A + - + - R R L L C C + - B + - V V A 514A.C./D.C. Ammeter

15 Wattmeter

16PMMC Type Meter 17Moving Iron Type Instrument 18Single Pole Single Thrown Switch 19Single Pole Double Thrown Switch 20Double Pole Single Thrown Switch 21Double Pole Double Thrown Switch

22Triple Pole Single Thrown Switch

24Earthing 25Transformer + - 6 VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:- 02DATE:- AIM: - TO PERFORM SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF RESISTANCES. 78 AIM: - TO PERFORM SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF RESISTANCES. APPRATUS: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... THEORY: RESISTNACES ARE IN SEREIS: Whenresistorsareconnectedendtoend,sothattheyformonepathfortheflowof current, then resistors are said to be connected in series. - Req = R1+R2+R3+. +Rn Concepts of series circuit: (1) The current flowing in all parts of the circuit is same. (2) Voltage drop across individual resistor is directly proportional to its resistance value, the current being the same in each resistors. (3) Voltage drop are additive. (4) Resistances are additive. (5) Powers are additive. (6) Applies voltage is equal to the sum of different voltage drops.Practical application: (1) Connecting a regulator with fan. (2)Connectingthelampsoflowvoltageusedfordecorativepurposeoperatingonmain supply. (3)Current controlling devices are used in series with controlled equipment. Rn R1 R2 R3+IIV9(4)Fuses are used in series with the equipment they protect. (5)A thermostat switch is in series with the heating element in an electric iron. RESISTNACES ARE IN PARALLEL: When resistors are connected in such a way that one ends of each of them is joined to a common point and the other ends being joined to another common point, then the resistors said to be connected in parallel. I1 R1 I2 R2 I3 R3 II4R4I + - V 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 +.. + 1/Rn Concepts of series circuit: (1) Same potential difference acts across all elements of the circuit. (2) All elements have their individual current depending upon the value of the resistance os elements. (3) Branch currents are additive. (4) Powers are additive. (5) Conductance are additive. (6) Thereciprocaloftheequivalentresistanceisequaltothesumofthereciprocalofthe resistances of the individual resistors.Practical application: (1) Parallel circuits are very common in use. (2) Variouslampsandappliancesinahouseareconnectedinparallel,sothateachcanbe operated independently.(3) For individual control, devices are connected in parallel. PROCEDURE: FOR SERIES CONNECTION (1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. (2) Note down reading of Vs, I, V1, V2 for a fix value of resistance. (3) Repeat the procedure for different values of resistance note down the readings. (4) Calculate the individual resistance and equivalent resistance.

10

FOR PARALLEL CONNECTION (1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. (2) Note down reading of Vs, I, I1, I2 for a fix value of resistance. (3) Repeat the procedure for different values of resistance note down the readings. (4) Calculate the individual resistance and equivalent resistance. OBSEVATION TABLE: FOR SERIES CONNECTION Sr. No. Supply Voltage Vs volt. Current I amp. Voltage across R1 V1 volt.Voltage across R2 V2 volt.R1=V1/I O R2=V2/I O R=R1+R2 O R=Vs/I O FOR PARALLEL CONNECTION Sr. No. Supply Voltage Vs volt. Current I amp. Current through R1I1 amp. Current throughR2 I2 amp. R1=Vs/I1O R2=Vs/I2 O R=R1x R2 R1+ R2 O R=Vs/I O CALCULATION:FOR SERIES CONNECTION (1) R1=V1/I O (2) R2=V2/I O(3) R=R1+R2 O(4) R=Vs/I O FOR PARALLEL CONNECTION (1) R1=Vs/I1 O (2) R2=Vs/I2 O (3) R=R1x R2 O (4) R=Vs/I O R1+ R2

CONCLUSION: 11Review Questions: 1)Find equivalent resistance between point A & B of circuits given bellow. 2)Mention practical application of series & parallel circuits. 3)List out disadvantages of series circuits. 124)Derive the equation of equivalent resistance in parallel

5)Mention advantages of parallel circuits. 6)Mention factors affecting the resistance value. .. .... 1314 VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:-03 DATE:- AIM: - TO STUDY AND VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW. 1516AIM: - TO STUDY AND VERIFICATION OF OHMS LAW. APPRATUS: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... THEORY: Theresistanceisdefineasthepropertyofaelementsduetowhichitopposesthe flowofcurrentthroughit.TheunitofresistanceisOhm(O).Theresistanceofferedbythe conductor depends on the following factors. (1) It varies directly as it length. (2) It varies inversely as the cross section area of the conductor. (3) It depends on the nature of the elements. (4) It depends on the temperature of the elements. So, R = L / A. Where is the specific resistance of the elements or resistivity. Thecurrentflowingthroughaconductorisdirectlyproportionaltothepotential differenceacrosstheendsoftheconductorandinverselyproportionaltotheresistanceof offered by the conductor. STATEMENTS OF OHMS LAW: The ratio of potential difference (V) across any twopointsofaconductortothecurrent(I)flowingbetweenthemisalwaysconstantat same temperature. This constant is called the resistance of the conductor. V/ I = R (constant) or V = IR or I = V / R 17 Limitations: (1) Ohms law does not apply to all non metallic conductors. For example silicon carbide, the relationship is given by V = KIm where K and m are constants and m is less than unity.(2) It also does not apply to non linear devices such as Zener diode, voltage regulator tubes. (3) It is true for metal conductors at constant temperature. If the temperature changes, the law is not applicable. PROCEDURE: (1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. (2) Connect constant value of resistance, measure the Voltmeter and Ammeter reading. (3) Repeat the procedure for different values of voltage and note down the readings. (4) Calculate value of R= V / I. OBSEVATION TABLE: CALCULATION: R = V / IO CONCLUSION: Review Questions: 1)A resistance of 15 carries a current of 5Amp.Calculate the voltage developed across the resister. .. Sr.No.Voltmeter Reading V volt. Ammeter Reading A amp. Resistance R=V/IO 18.... 2)Calculate the resistance of an iron filament if it operates on 230v supply & draws a current equal to 2 amp. .. .... 3)The amount of power dissipated in a resistor is given by the equation P=______ watt. 4)What do you mean by voltage drop? .. .... 5)State limitation of ohms law. .... 1920 VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:-04 DATE:- AIM: - TO STUDY AND VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW AND VOLTAGE LAW. 2122AIM: - TO STUDY AND VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW AND VOLTAGE LAW. APPRATUS: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... THEORY: These laws form the basis of all network analysis and are applicable to any network whether the elements of the network are linear, nonlinear, time varying. KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW: The algebraic sum of all currents terminating at a point is zero at any instant of time. n Where n denotes the numbers of branches EIn = 0 meting at the point. n = 1 Analgebraicsumisoneinwhichthesignofthequantityistakenintoaccount.Ifthe currents entering a point are assigned positive (+) sign, then the currents leaving the point will be assigned negative (-) sign or vice-versa. Consider a portion of some network as shown in fig. Currents i2 and i4 are entering the point. Hence they are assigned (+) sign. Currents i1, i3 and i5 are leaving the point. Hence they are assigned (-) sign. Applying KCL at a point,(-i1) + (i2) + (-i3) + (i4) + (-i5) = 0 Or i2 + i4 = i1 + i3 + i5 Or Sum of incoming currents = Sum of outgoing currents The above KCL law can also be stated as: The sum of currents flowing towards any point in an electric circuit is equal to the sum of the currents flowing away from that point that any instant of time. This law is a consequence of conservation of charge. Thus, Kirchoffs Current Law is a restatement of the principle of conservation of a charge. I1 I2 I5 I4I3 23+ V1 - R1 + V2- R2 + V3 - R3 I I + - E KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW: At any instant of time, the algebraic sum of all branch voltage around any closed loop of a electric network is zero. In other words, the algebraic sumofe.m.f.s.aroundaclosedloopequalstothealgebraicsumofohmicorIRdrops around the loop.N Where Vj is the voltage in the jth element EvJ = 0closed loop having n branches. j = 1 In fig. battery of E volts is supplying energyto three resistances connected in series. Suppose the current in the network is 1A. It Means that the rate of flow of charge in the network is one coulomb per second. The current flows in the direction shown. As electrons flows in the resistance elements, the collide with others atoms and energy is dissipated in the form of heat. By law of conservation of energy, W = W1 + W2 + W3 WhereWdenotestheenergysuppliedbythe batteryincertainintervaloftime,andW1,W2,W3denotestheenergydissipatedinthe resistanceR1, R2, andR3 respectivelyinthesameintervaloftime.Ifthetotalchargeswhich moves in the circuit during this time is Q, then W/Q = W1/Q = W2/Q + W3/Q Since the energy per unit charge is voltage, above equation can be written as E = V1 + V2 + V3 PROCEDURE: FOR KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW (1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. (2) Note down the readings of I1, I2, I3. (3) Repeat the procedure for different values of voltage. (4) Calculate the value of I2 + I3. FOR KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. (2) Note down the reading of I. (3) Repeat the procedure for different values of voltage. (4) Calculate the value of IR1 and IR2. 24 OBSEVATION TABLE: FOR KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW Sr.No.Supply Current I mA Current I1 mA Current I2 mA I = (I1 + I2) mA FOR KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW Sr.No.Supply Voltage V or E volt Current I ampIR = IR1+IR2+IR3 E EMF + IR = 0 CALCULATION:FOR KIRCHOFFS CURRENT LAW (1) I = I1 + I2mA FOR KIRCHOFFS VOLTAGE LAW (1) IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3(2)E EMF + IR = 0 volt CONCLUSION: 25 Review Questions: 1)Why do we connect ammeter in series and voltmeter in parallel to measure current and voltagerespectively? .. .... 2)Verify the KCL for the circuit shown in figure. I total=11Amp .. ...... .. 263)Obtain the value of total current I flowing through the circuit showing in figure using KVL... ...... 4)While applying KVL to a loop, signs are assigned to EMF and voltage drops? .. .......... 27 28 VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:-05 DATE:- AIM: - TO PERFORM SERIES CONNECTION OF RESISTOR (R), INDUCTOR (L) AND CAPACITOR (C). 2930 AIM: - TO PERFORM SERIES CONNECTION OF RESISTOR (R), INDUCTOR (L) AND CAPACITOR (C). APPRATUS: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... THEORY: A circuit that contain a resistance of R ohms, a inductor of L henry and a capacitor of C faraday; all connected in series is known as R-L-C series circuit. Let, v = rms value of the applied voltage i = rms value of the resultant current VR= voltage drop across resistor VL= voltage drop across inductor VC= voltage drop across capacitor An A.C. supply of v volts (rms) at a frequency of f Hz is applied to this circuit. Let the current flowing through the circuit be i amp. When a resulting current i amp. Flows through the circuit, the voltage across each component will be: Voltage drop across resistor R, VR = IR in phase with I Voltage drop across inductor L, VL = IXL leading I by 900. Voltage drop across capacitor C, VC = IXC lagging behind I by 900. The phasor diagram of this circuit can be drawn by taking rms value of current as a reference phasor in series circuit since it is common to all the elements of the circuit. According to KVL,V = VR + VL + VC. SincethevoltageacrossinductorVL leadsthecurrentphasorIby900andvoltage across capacitor VClagsthecurrentphasorby900, phasor VL&VCare in direct position. The resultantofVL&VC isthereof,equaltothearithmeticaldifferencebetweenthem.Hencethe circuit can either be effectively inductive or capacitive depending upon whether voltage drop VL or VC is predominant. There are three possible cases of the series R-L-C circuit. (1) VL> VC that isXL > XC (2) VL< VC that isXL < XC (3) VL= VC that isXL = XC When XL > XC, the circuit is predominantly inductive and when XL < XC, the circuit is predominantly capacitive. The phasor diagram has shown both possible cases. The applied 31I u u VR

VV-VC -VL

(VL- VC) (VC- VL) (XL- XC) (XC- XL) (XL> XC) (XC> XL) VL

R u ZvoltageVisequaltothephasorsumofVR,VL&VC.Thisisobtainedbyfindingfirstthe phasorsumofVLandVC(VL-VC)andthenfindingthephasorsumofVCandVL(VC-VL) and VR by the law of parallelogram. From the phasor diagram, The voltage V applied voltage V being equal to sum of VR, VL, and VC is given in magnitude by V =(VR)2 + (VL ~ VC)2 V = (IR)2 + (IXL ~ IXC)2

=I(R)2 + (XL ~ XC)2

V/I = (R)2 + (XL ~ XC)2 Thequantity(R)2 +(XL~XC)2 isknownasimpedanceofthecircuitand represented by Z. Z = (R)2 + (XL ~ XC)2

The impedance Z is defined as the total opposition offered to the current flow due to the resistance, inductive reactance and capacitive reactance in the circuit. The phase angle can be found from impedance triangle as shown in fig.

(XL ~ XC) Cos u = R / Z

Power consumed in the circuit is given by P = V I Cos u = (IZ) I (R / Z) = I2R Watt PROCEDURE: (1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. (2) NotedownthereadingofsupplyvoltageV,voltagedropacrossresistanceVR,voltage dropacrossinductivecoilVL,voltagedropacrosscapacitanceVC,andcurrentthrough circuit I. (3) Repeat the procedure for different values of resistor and inductor. (4) CalculateresistanceR,inductivereactanceXL,capacitivereactanceXC,impedanceZ, power factor cosu, and power P. VC o 32OBSEVATION TABLE: Sr. no. Supply voltage VS volt. Supply Current I amp. Voltagedrop across Resis. VR volt Voltage drop across Induc. VL volt Voltage drop across capac. VC volt CALCULATION: (1) R = V / I O (2) XL = VL / IO (3) XC = VC / IO (4) Z = (R)2 + (XL ~ XC)2 (4) Cos u = R / Z(5) P = V I cos uWatt CONCLUSION: Review Questions: 1)What is Active power? .. .... 2)Give definition of Reactive power. .. 33.... 3)Define terms Inductive Reactance & capacitive Reactance. .. .... 4)Define Impedance. .. .... 5)Draw vector diagram of Impedance triangle . .. .... 6)Define terms Phase lag & Phase lead. .. .... 347)Why the power dissipated by R-L-C series circuit is same as power dissipated by pure resistive circuit? .. .... 8)Why the current may lead or lag the voltage in an A-C circuit? .. .... 9)In a R-L-C series circuit, the current will be Maximum when XL=_____ ,and explain why? .. .... 10)In an A.C circuit an Ammeter and voltmeter measures the _______ value and voltage respectively. .. .... 3511)Domestic appliances are connected in _______ with the supply(series, parallel),explain. .. .... 36 VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:-06 DATE:- AIM: - TO STUDY AND PERFORM THREE PHASE STAR DELTA CONNECTION FOR BALANCED LOAD. 37AIM: - TO STUDY AND PERFORM THREE PHASE STAR DELTA CONNECTION FOR BALANCED LOAD. APPRATUS: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... THEORY: Threeseparatesingle phasesiscalledathree-phase,six-wiresystem.Thenumber of connecting wires may be reduced by the interconnection of the phases to form a single three-phase a.c. source. There are two methods of interconnecting the three phases. These are called (1) STAR Connection and (2) DELTA Connection. STAR CONNECTION: In this type of connection, similar ends, either the star or the finished are joined together at a common point N, as shown in fig. The star connection is shown in fig. Since the coils are identical, the three voltages VRN, VYN and VBN are equal. The voltage between any line and neutral i.e. voltage across the phase windingiscalledthephasevoltage,whilethevoltagebetweenanytwolinesiscalledtheline RBVPH NVRY VBR VRN VYB VBNVYN IPH IR = IL=IPH IY = IL=IPH IY = IL=IPH Y38VRN VYN VRY VBN VYN IR IY IB 300 600 voltage.Theneutralpointisusuallyearthconnected.Thearrowheadsonvoltageandcurrent indicate positive direction and not their directions at any instant. | VRN | = | VYN | = | VBN | = VPh From the phasor diagram shown in fig. uVRY =VRN2 + VYN2 + VBN2 + 2 VRNVYN2 cos600

=Vph2 + Vph2 + Vph2

=3 Vph2

= \ 3Vph InthebalancedstarconnectionVRY,VYBandVBRareequalin magnitude and but displaced by 1200 from another are known as line voltages. Let each them be equal to VL. VL = \ 3Vph From connection diagram it is clear that each line conductors connected to separate phase in series, so the same current flows through the phase winding as well as the line conductors. Line current, IL = Phase current Iph.

DELTA CONNECTION: Inthistypeofconnectionthestartingendofonecoilisconnectedtofinishingendof another coil as shown in fig. and so on giving a closed circuit, the delta connection is obtained.

ThevoltagebetweenanytwolinesisthelinevoltageVL.Fig.showsadeltaconnected system.Sincethephasecoilsarenowconnectedbetweenlines,thephasevoltageisequalto linevoltage.Henceindeltaconnectionthemagnitudeofthelinevoltage=magnitudeofthe phase voltage. Since the system is balanced, all the phase voltages are equal. Hence in delta connectionLine voltage = Phase voltage RBYIR = IL IY = IL IY = IL VRYVBR VYB IRY IYB IRB 39VRY VBR VYB IRY = Iph IBR = Iph IYB = Iph -IBR IR 600 300 Vph = VL

Sincethesystemisbalanced,thethreephasorcurrentsIRY,IYBandIBRareequalin magnitude but displaced by 1200 from another. The currents are assumed as lagging behind the respective phase voltage by an angle of lag u. Similarly, IR, IY, IB are the currents flowing in the line conductors connected to the external circuit. Hence, these currents are called line currentsIL. From the phasor diagram shown in fig. IR = IRY2 + IYB2 + IBR2 + 2 IRY IYB cos600

u The phase currents are equal in magnitude, IRY = IYB = IBR = Iph , Hence IR =Iph2 + Iph2 + Iph2 + 2 Iph2 cos600 IR

= \ 3 IphSimilarly IY = \ 3 Iph , IB = \ 3 Iph Thus in balanced delta connection IL = \ 3Iph PROCEDURE: FOR STAR CONNECTION: (1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. (2) Note down the readings of VL, Vph, IL, Iph. (3) Calculate IL / Iph and VL / Vph. FOR DELTA CONNECTION: (1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. (2) Note down the readings of VL, Vph, IL, Iph. (3) Calculate IL / Iph and VL / Vph. OBSEVATION TABLE: FOR STAR CONNECTION: Sr. No. Line Voltage VL volt. Phase Voltage Vph volt. Line Current IL amp. Phase Current Iph amp. IL / Iph VL / Vph 40 FOR DELTA CONNECTION: Sr. No. Line Voltage VL volt. Phase Voltage Vph volt. Line Current IL amp.Phase Current Iph amp.IL / Iph VL / Vph CALCULATION: FOR STAR CONNECTION: (1) IL / Iph(2) VL / Vph FOR DELTA CONNECTION: (1) IL / Iph(2) VL / Vph CONCLUSION:

Review Questions: 1)Define term Balanced Load. .. .... 2)In practical the _______ phase system is most preferred. (two,three,four) 3)In a balanced star load line voltage is equal to_______. 414)Draw the complete phasor diagram for the balanced star load. .. .... 5)Draw the complete phasor diagram for the balanced Delta load. .. .... 42 43

VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:-07 DATE:- AIM: - TO MEASURE POWER AND POWER FACTOR IN 3-PHASE AC CIRCUIT 4445AIM: - TO MEASURE POWER AND POWER FACTOR IN 3-0 SYSTEM BY TWO WATTMETER METHOD. APPRATUS: ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... THEORY: MEASUREMENT OF POWER This method can be employed to measure power in a 3-C, 3-wire, star or delta connectedbalancedorunbalancedload.Inthismethod,currentcoilsareconnectedinany two lines, and potential coil each wattmeter is joined across the same lines and the third line. Itcanbeprovedthatthesumofthe powersmeasuredbytwowattmeterW1 and W2 is equal to the total average power absorbed by the three loads. The average power indicates by wattmeter W1 is,10TR RIW VI dtT= } The average power indicate by wattmeter W2 is,20Ty yIW V IdtT= } Also VRB = VRN +VNU and VYB = VYN + VNB From above equations, ( )1 20TR N R Y N Y B N BIW W V i V i V i d tT+ = + +}

This is the total average power in the load. Fromtwowattmeterreadings,itisclearthatforthesameloadangle0,wattmeter WIreadsmorepowerwhentheloadisinductive.Italsoconnectedinthewattmeterinthe circuit.Sincetheloadisbalanced,thelinevoltageVRB=VYB = VLandthelinecurrentIR = IY =IB 46MEASUREMENT OF POWER FACTOR Hence, W1= VL IL Cos (30 - C) andW2 = VL IL Cos (30 + C) W1+ W2 = \3 VL IL CosC W1- W2 = - VL IL SinC Taking the ratio of above expressions, we have, 1 21 21 21 2tan3 3tan 3L LL LW W VI SinW WVICosW WW W| |||= = +| |= |+\ .

1 21 2tan 3W WW W|| |= |+\ . Thus,thesumofthereadingsoftwowattmeterisequaltothetotalpowerabsorbedina three -phase balanced load. W1- W2 = VLIL SinC. POWER FACTOR ON WATTMETER READING Phase angleO60Between 60 & 9090 Power factor 1 0.5 less than 0.5 0wattmeter, W1 + VE + VE + VE + VEwattmeter, W2+ VE 0 - VE -VEW1 = W2 -- W1 = W2

47 PROCEDURE: (1) Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram. (2) Note down the readings of V, I, W1 and W2. (3) Repeat the procedure for different values of balanced load. (4) Calculate total power (W) and power factor (CosC). OBSEVATION TABLE: Sr. No.Line Voltage 'VL' voltLine Current IL' amp.Wattmeter Reading 'W1' watt Wattmeter Reading 'W2' watt Total Power W=W1+ W2 Power Factor CosCTotal power W=\3VLILCosC ,watt CALCULATION: (1) W=W1+ W2 watt (2) C = Tan-1 \3 W1 - W2 W1 + W2 (3) W=\3VLILCosC watt CONCLUSION: .. 48Review Questions: 1)Define power factor of a balanced 3-phase system. .. .... 2)Why 3-wattmeter method is not suitable for measuring power in 3-phase , 3-wire circuit(delta or star connected)? .. .... 3)Merits and demerits of two wattmeter method. .. 4)Calculate Reactive power with two-watt meter method. .. .... 49 VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:-08 DATE:- AIM: TO STUDY ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRIAL WIRING. 50

AIM: - TO STUDY ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRIAL WIRING. ' THEORY: Varioustypesofwiringareemployedforlightingandpowerinstallations dependingupontheconditionsofservice.Wiringisanimportantpartofthebuilding.The overall cost of the installation plays an important role in the choice of particular system of wiringforabuilding.Thefollowingfactorsmustbegivendueconsiderationwhile selecting a types of wiring for a building. 1.Life of the installation. 2.Type of wire and material used. 3.Future extension or alternation. 4.Nature of load. 5.Construction of building. 6.Quality of wiring system 7.Fire hazards or other special conditions. 8.Corrosive fumes. 9.Dampness. 10. Safety of the system. 11. Appearance of the wiring system. 12.Cost, of the wiring system. ,irrespectiveofthechoiceofwiringsystem,cablesusedintheinstallationshouldbe adequately protected against the risk of mechanical damage to which they are liable under normal working condition. Wiring systems are normally classified as per the type of wire used in the installation. Following-arethetypesofwiringsystems,commonlyusedorresidentialbuildings, commercial building, workshops, theaters, etc. 1.Cleat Rifling 2.Wood^iji.casing-capping wiring 3.C.T.S.or T.R.S. wiring 4.Metal sheathed wiring 5.Conduit wiring 1. CLEAT WIRING: In this type of wiring, V.I.R. or P.V.C. insulated wires are used as conductors.Wiresareheldtothewallsandceilingwiththehelpofporcelainorplastics cleatswhichajreplaced6mmofthewalls.Groovesareprovidedinthebaseportionofthe cleat for accommodation of the wires. After the wire is run into cleat base, cap portion of the cleat is placed over it. The cleats are usually of two types having two or three grooves so as to 51receive two or three wires as shown in fig. This wiring is most suitable for temporary job. It is not permitted in damp places and also for permanent job. ADVANTAGES: 1.It is the cheapest system of wiring. 2.A little skill is required to lay the wiring. 3.This wiring can be installed very quickly. 4.It is the most suitable for temporary wiring. 5.The wring can be dismantled very quickly and whole of the materials is recovered. 6.Inspection, alternation and addition can be made easily. * DISADVANTAGES: 1.It gives rubbish look. 2.It rarely employed for permanent job. 3.At the time o whitewashing or distempering the lime falls over the wires which may damage the insulation. 4.Oil and smoke are also injurious to V.I.R. 5.Mechanical injuries may damage the conductor since there is no protecting cover. FIELD OF APLLICATION: This type of wiring is very suitable for temporary wiring installation in dry places. Thisis.alsoacceptablewhereappearanceisnotsoimportantandcheapnessisthemain consideration. This system is not suitable for use in domestic premises. 2. WOODEN CASING-CAPING WIRING: In this system of wiring, the conductor used is either, V.I.R. or P.V.C. cable.Thewiringiscarriedoutinthegrooveofwoodencasing.Casingisjustabasewhich consists j,of a numbers of grooves equal to the numbers of wires. Wooden casing of seasoned teak iWvOod is used in rectangular blocks. The casing is fixed on the wall with the help of wooden screwsiap4 gutties already cemented in the wall. The casing is usually placed 3 to 3.5mm apart front'th;^wallbymeansofporcelaindiscinordertoprotectthecasingfromdampnessofthe building.Afterplacingthewiresinthegrooveofthecasing,tiscoveredbymeansofa rectangular strip of seasoned teak wood of the same width as the casing known as capping with the help of wooden screws. ADVANTAGES: (1) It gives better appearance than cleat wiring. (2) Its cost is quite low as compare to other system of wiring except cleat wiring. (3) It is easy to install and repair. (4) Conductors are strongly insulated. (5) Capping provides protection against mechanical injures. DISADVANTAGES: 52(1) It is not suitable for damp situation. (2) There is risk of fire. (3) To make the job good looking, highly skilled labour is required. Hence labour cost is more. (4) This type of wiring can be used only on surface and can not be concealed in plaster. FIELD OF APPLICATION: This type of wiring is suitable for low voltage (250 V) domestic installations in dry olaces and in places where there is no risk of fire. 3. C.T.S. or T.R.S. WIRING: In this system of wiring, generally C.T.S. (Cab Tyre Sheathed) or T.R.S. (ToughRubberSheathed)conductorsareused.Thistypeofwiringisalsousedforhouse wiringandquitcheap.Thewiresarerunontheteak woodenbuttonswhicharefixedonthe wallortheceilingymeansofscrewsandwoodenplugs.Teakwoodbattensusedforthese types of wiring must be well seasoned, perfectly straight and well varnished. Their thickness should not be less than 10 mm and their width to be depending on the number of conducting wirestoberunoverthisbatten..Thewiresarefixedonthewoodenbattenwiththehelpof tinned brass clips, which are first fixed on the wooden batten as shown in fig. ADVANTAGES (1) It is easy to install and repair. (2) It gives better appearance. (3) The conductors have strong insulation, thereof it has longer life. (4) It is fire proof up to a certain limit. (5) It is cheaper than other types of wiring except cleat wiring. (6) Chemical does not affect the conductors' installation. DISADVANTAGES: (1) The conductors are open and liable to mechanical injury. (2) Its use in places open to sun and rain is restricted. (3) Good workmanship is required to make a sound job in TRS wiring. FIELD OF APLLICATION: The TRS wiring is suitable for low voltage installation and is extensively used for lighting purposes everywhere except workshop. 4.METAL SHEATHED WIRING: This system of wiring is similar to CTS or TRS wiring. Only difference is thatincase,V.I.R.conductorscoveredwithleadalloysheathareused.Themetalsheathis providedovertheinsulationinordertoprotectthewiringsystemfrommechanicalinjury, dampness and atmospheric action. The metal sheathed cables are run on the wooden batten. The batten is fixed on the wall by means of screws and gutties already cemented in wall. The cables are held on the batten with the help of link clips. 53ADVANTAGES (1) The conductors are protected against mechanical injury. (2)It can be suitably employed under damp situations. (3)It gives better appearances. (4)It has longer life. (5)Conductors are protected against chemical. (6)It can be install in open space. DISADVANTAGES: (1) The metal sheathed cables are costlier than CTS or TRS wires. (2) In case of leakage, there is risk of shock. (3) Skilled labour and proper supervision is required. (4) It is not suitable for places where chemical corrosion may occur. FIELD OF APLLICATION: This wiring system is suitable for low voltage (250 V) installations. It may be used inplacesexposedtosunandrainprovidednojointisexposed.Itmayalsobeusedindamp places with a suitable protecting covering. 5.METAL SHEATHED WIRING: Conduit wiring system is the best for domestic and commercial installations. It provides proper protection to the installation against fire hazards, shock, mechanical damage anddampness.InthissystemofwiringVIRorTRSconductorsareruninmetallicorPVC tubes called conduit. Conduits carrying the insulated wires can be installed on the surface of the walls as shown in fig. or conceal in the walls and the ceiling. Modern practice is to conceal the conduitintheplasterofthewall,sothattheappearanceofthehouseorthebuildingremains unaffected. Conduit is made of mild steel, specially annealed so that in can be easily bent or sent without breaking. Conduits are available in standard length of 4 m. Conduit system for each circuit must be erected completely, before any cable is drawn in. After placing the conduit, the insulated wires are drawn into them by means of pilot wire. ADVANTAGES: (1) Conduit provides protection against mechanical injury and chemical. (2) Conductors are safely secured from moisture. (3) This firing has far better look. (4) It has longer life. (5) It provides complete protection against fire due to short circuit etc. (6) The whole system is water proof. (7) It is shock proof, if earthing and bonding is properly done. DISADVANTAGES: (1) It is: very costly system of wiring. (2) It requires more time of erection. (3) It requires highly skilled person. 54FIELD OF APPLICATION: As this system of wiring provides protection against fire , mechanical damage and dampness, so it can used at all kind of places. Review Questions: 1) Why one lamp is controlled by two switches in staircase wiring circuit? .... 2)Name the test which must be conducted on an installation before it can be energized. .... 3)On what factor does the choice of wiring depend? .... 4)What type of supply is required for the large motors? .... 55 5)Write down the functions of a mail switch in an electrical installation? .... 6)What is the function of fuse? .... 7)Why cleat wiring has become obsolete now-a-days? .. .... 8)Why the junction boxes are not required? .. .... 56 VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:-09DATE:- AIM: TO STUDY ABOUT ILLUMINATION. 57AIM: - TO STUDY ABOUT ILLUMINATION. THEORY: Lightistheprimefactorinthehumanlifeasallactivitiesofhumanbeings ultimatelydependuponlight.Wherethereisnonaturallight,useofartificiallightismade. Artificial lighting is playing an increasingly important part in modern everyday life. Light is a form of electromagnetic energy radiate from a hot body, which is capable of being perceived by the human eye. The sensation of light result from a flow of energy into the eye and the light will appear to vary if the rate of flow of energy varies. Light radiations form only a very small part of the complete range of electromagnetic radiations. Light can be of differentcolours,whichdependonthewavelengthoftheradiationcausingit:Sensationof colourduetothedifferenceinthewavelengthoftheradiations.Visiblelightcanhavea wavelenth between 4000A0 to 7500A0. LUMINOUS-FLUX Luminousfluxisthequantityoftheenergyofthelightemittedpersecondinall directions.Theunitofluminousfluxislumen(1m).Onelumenistheluminousfluxofthe iform point light source that has luminous intensity of 1 candela and is contained in one unit of spatialangle(or1steradian).Steradianisthespatialanglethatlimitsthesurfaceareaofthe sphere equal to the square of the radius. This concept is shown in the figure for 1 m radius of the sphere. Since the area of sphere is 4pr2 then the luminous flux of the point light source is 4p lumens. LUMINOUS-INTENSITY Luminous intensity is the ability to emit light into a given direction, or it is the luminous flux that is radiated by the light source in a given direction within the unit of the spatial angel. If the point light source emits 0 lumens into small spatial angel B, the luminous intensity is I=0/B. The unit of luminous intensity is candela. There is a standard that details the candela definition. This includes the standard light source and the physical conditions of the measurement. ILLUMINATION This definition determines the amount of light that covers a surface. If 0 is the luminous flux and S is the area of the given surface then the luminance E is determined by E=0/S. The unit of illumination in SI system is Ix, and in foot-pound system it is foot-candle. One Ix is the luminance of 1 m2 surface area uniformly lighted by 1 1m of luminous flux. REFRACTION Light in a given medium travels in straight lines. When light rays experience a medium in which the light speed changes (such as between air and water, or water and the membrane of a cell) it usually changes direction. This phenomenon is called refraction. The index of refraction 58is a function of wavelength (usually decreasing with angle) which explains how a prism can be used to split white light to its spectral (color) components. Reflection and Refraction REFLECTION when a ray of light strikes the interface between two media of different refractive indices (light speed) some of it gets reflected. The angle of reflection (relative to a normal perpendicular to the surface) equals the angle of incidence. APPLICATION OF LIGHTING General lighting GeneralLightingprovidesanareawithoverallillumination.Alsoknownas"ambient" lighting,Generallightingradiatesacomfortablelevelofbrightness,enablingonetoseeand walk about safely. General lighting is typically seen as the starting point for lighting a space or aroom,usuallygivingthebulkofthelight.Ambientlightingisoftenprovidedbytraditional pendanttypefixtures,downlights,chandeliers,orceilingmountedfixturesetc.Thegeneral decor and aspect of the room will affect the amount of general lighting required. While most of t^ time ambient light comes from the fixtures listed above, in certain applications, it can be the sum of all the accent, decorative, and task lighting that produces the total ambient lighting. Decorative lighting Lightstrips,pendants,chandeliers,andsconcesareallexamplesoflightfixturesthat draw attention to themselves and add character to the room being lighted. Many are also used for general lighting. Task Lighting Task lighting, or directional lighting, is aimed at a specific task. It is a way to provide more light on a specific area to perform a task that requires more light than the ambient fixtures can give. Desk lamps, ceiling pendant fixtures, and appliance lights are all good examples of task lighting fixtures. A desk lamp in an office or a ceiling pendant above a breakfast bar can give the additional lighting needed to read a book or newspaper. 59Accent lighting Accentlightingisalsoasortofadirectionallightingthataddsdramatoaroomby creatingvisualinterest.Aspartofadecoratingscheme,itisusedtospotlightpaintings, houseplants,sculpture,andotherprizedpossessions,ortohighlightthetextureofawall, drapery or outdoor landscaping. Accent lighting requires at least three times as much light on the focal point as the general lighting around it. This usually is provided by track, recessed, or wall-mounted fixtures. METHODS FOR CALCULATING ILLUMINATION 1. Watt per Square meter method Thisisanapproximatemethodandgenerallyusedforroughestimation.Themethod consists in making an allowance for watt per square meter area to be illuminated on the basis of illumination level desires at the place. 2.Lumen or Light Flux method Total lumens received on the working plane = No. of Lamps X Wattage of each lamp X Lamp Efficiency X C.U. X M.F. 3.Point to Point or Inverse Square Law method N=EXA OXC.U. XM.F. Where, N = No. of fitting neededE = Illumination required A = Working area O = Luminous flux produced per lamp C.U. = Coefficient of Utilization M.F. = Maintenance Factor = 1 / Depreciation factor 60BASIC TERMS IN LIGHTING SYSTEM AND FEATURES Lamps Lamp is equipment, which produces light. The most commonly used lamps are described briefly as follows: \_ Incandescent lamps: Incandescent lamps produce light by means of a filament heated to incandescence by the flow of electric current through it. The principal parts of an incandescent lamp, also known as GLS (General Lighting Service) lamp include the filament, the bulb, the fill gas and the cap. Reflector lamps: Reflectorlampsarebasicallyincandescent,providedwithahighqualityinternalmirror, whichfollowsexactlytheparabolicshapeofthelamp.Thereflectorisresistanttocorrosion, thus making the lamp maintenance free and output efficient. Gas discharge lamps: The light from a gas discharge lamp is produced by the excitation of gas contained in either a tubular or elliptical outer bulb. The most commonly used discharge lamps are as follows: Fluorescent tube lamps (FTL) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) Mercury Vapour Lamps Sodium Vapour Lamps Metal Halide Lamps Luminaire Luminaire is a device that distributes filters or transforms the light emitted from one or morelamps.Theluminaireincludesallthepartsnecessaryforfixingandprotectingthelamps, exceptthelampsthemselves.Insomecases,luminariesalsoincludethenecessarycircuit auxiliaries,togetherwiththemeansforconnectingthemtotheelectricsupply.Thebasic physicalprinciplesusedinopticalluminairearereflection,absorption,transmissionand refraction. Control Gear The gears used in the lighting equipment are as follows: A current limiting device, to counter negative resistance characteristics of any discharge lamps. In case of fluorescent lamps, it aids the initial voltage build-up, required for starting. Ignitors: These are used for starting high intensity Metal Halide and Sodium vapour lamps. 61Illuminance This is the quotient of the luminous flux incident on an element of the surface at a point ofsurfacecontainingthepoint,bytheareaofthatelement.Thelightinglevelproducedbya lightinginstallationisusuallyqualifiedbytheilluminanceproducedonaspecifiedplane.In mostcases,thisplaneisthemajorplaneofthetasksintheinteriorandiscommonlycalledthe workingplane.Theilluminanceprovidedbyaninstallationaffectsboththeperformanceofthe tasks and the appearance of the space. Lux (Ix) Thisistheilluminanceproducedbyaluminous fluxofonelumen,uniformlydistributed over a surface area of one square metre. One lux is equal to one lumen per square meter. Luminous Efficacy (Im/W) This is the ratio of luminous flux emitted by a lamp to the power consumed by the lamp. It is a reflection of efficiency of energy conversion from electricity to light form. Premises Illumination level required in lux Residential Living room, kitchen, bedroom Dining room Study room Corridor, toilet, stair case 150 150 300 50-100 Office General Drawing, architecture, typing 200-300 400-1500 62Schools / Colleges Classrooms Work room, Drawing room

200-350 250-500 Review Questions: 1)Explain the basic nature of light. .. .... 2)What is illumination? .. .... 3)State the advantages and disadvantages of discharge lamps over the filament lamp. .. .... 634)What are the requirement of good street light? .. .... 5)What is meant by glare? .. .... 6)Why thermal type starter for use in fluorescent tube have become obsolete now-a-days? .. ....

64

VIDYABHARTI TRUST INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CENTRE UMRAKH EXPERIMENT NO.:-10 DATE:- AIM: TO STUDY ABOUT ELECTRICAL SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS. 65AIM: - TO STUDY ABOUT ELECTRICAL SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS. THEORY: SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN WORKING IN OVERHEAD . LINES While you switch off supply and proceed to do repairs in the line or circuit, doubly ensure that no one else should be able to switch it on. After opening the AB switch, if you want to undertake any work, lock the mechanism. Only you should be able to release the lock after the work is over. When you handle tall objects, look up, and see whether there are power lines. While moving tall 4-legged ladders ensure the absence of power lines on the way. Do not use abnormal force in electrical works. The tools such as cutting pliers and screwdrivers must be properly insulated. Before undertaking any work, particularly at a height of, say even 3 meters or more, inspect thoroughly for the presence of power supply lines overhead and take extra precautions while working under them. We have front and side vision only. Whenever any lengthy/tall objects/machines are to be moved we should look up towards the sky and see whether there are power lines above. It is wisdom to expect the unexpected. Always think of natural forces, which may affect the supply line and take appropriate preventive action to protect yourself. Even if the supply is temporary, take all the care as though it is permanent. Do not undertake any work particularly with long wires or rods or pipes underneath a power line. Ground clearance from the power line is to be maintained as per I.E. rules. Children should not be allowed to play with electric supply systems. Do not assume things before undertaking repairs in electrical systems. Make yourself sure by asking as many people as possible in case of even a small doubt. A line tester is the cheapest testing device for LT supply. A good tester in the pocket, and its use whenever undertaking work in electrical systems, will save your valuable life. Never neglect the street light wire in overhead lines.66SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN WORKING IN ELECTRICAL DRIVES AND SWITCH GEARS While testing small motors on no load, see that they are mechanically stable. Particularly small high speed motors will shift slowly due to vibration. If one contact is spoiled in an ICTP, do not give through connection; change the switch. Avoid looping the power supply from one machine to another machine. The looping may become fateful to someone someday. While undertaking any work in a substation or receiving station, cardon off the area and allow skilled workers only, with proper instruction and under close personal supervision till the work is completed. Sparks should be detected by keen observation (sound). An ammeter, if at all there is one in the circuit, will show the presence of sparking inside. Loose connections will lead to loss of precious human lives. Even if electrical supply is temporary just for a few days, the power supply installation has to be done in a proper order complying with safety rules. Even a slight negligence becomes a cause for major accidents. While removing or inserting fuses in power circuits, check that the isolator is off. Use gloves while working in HT circuits. Use fuse pullers. They will save your life. In modern equipments there are lot of interlocks and safety devices. While repairing these things, check supply to the power circuit and control circuit. Top most priority is to be given for good housekeeping in all electrical installations and more so in a HT installation. There are feeders fed at both ends. This information has to be made known to everybody responsible for electrical works in the supply system. I.E Rules are not just for reading and keeping in mind. They are to be practiced in every step. Particularly with HT systems, connect the earth rods before attempting to do any Do not do electrical works with over confidence. Before shorting the two terminals in a control circuit, ensure twice that you are shorting the correct terminals. Manufacturers have a fancy to change the models and location of terminals. The direction of rotation of a motor in a drive is very important. In many drives, the wrong direction of rotation may cause serious accidents. Even after switching off the supply, check whether there is supply. If you want to undertake work in the power lines do not forget to short them and earth them. You may get feedback supply from a foolish consumer operating a gen-set. Clear writings/Markings and communication are very essential in electrical systems. Be smart, but don't be over-smart in electrical repair works. Indications, indicating instruments and identification of names and numbers of panels are quite important. One must be doubly sure that there is no supply before proceeding with the tests and repairs in panels, to avoid accidents. Acids not only eat away the clothes, not only cause injury to the skin, but also eat away the wood etc. Provide protect covers. 67 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN WORKING IN PORTABLE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS While operating portable electrical machines, ensure proper control of your hands. However simple and however small the work may be, use an electrical cable and not silk wires for giving supply to portable electric machines. Beware of supply in portable switchboards and extension boards. Keep them at a safe height to protect them from possible accidents. For all portable gadgets 3-pin and 3-core cables have to be used and earthing ensured. Do not have temporary joints in the cable. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHEN WORKING IN MISCELLANEOUS SITUATIONS Alcoholic consumption is not only bad for health, but could also be a cause for electrical accidents. Electrical work need clear mind and concentration. Do not ignore even minor items. Occasionally check the screws of the terminal cover and tighten them. While doing any earth work anywhere, analyse the cable routes and instruct the workers to dig with extra care and under your personal supervision. However simple and trivial a job may be, there is some element of skill and basic knowledge needed for the working personnel. Kids have their own fancies which are unimaginable. They have to be continually educated over the dangers of electricity. Electric overhead lines can be found everywhere at a height of 5 to 6 meters from the ground. Beware of them. Loose connections increase temperature and then gradually produce visible sparks, and then audible sparks; ultimately they burn the inflammable material in the vicinity. In functions and meetings where temporary electrical supply is given, the supply system has to be checked for all possible accidents, particularly fire accidents. When you place high heat producing devices side by side, give enough clearance to avoid heat concentration which may result in accidents. Electricity helps in doing very useful works if used with all precautions. If it is used unlawfully as a trap for animals, human beings it can be dangerous. The very person who lays the trap may himself become the victim. Even if the incoming supply is not there, follow the procedures of isolating the loads before undertaking any repair works. Do not assume that incoming power supply will be on only at fixed timings even if it is a routine practice to supply power by only during these timings. 68GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN THE LABORATORY 1.Know what you are working with and how to use it safely. Before beginning any new experiment, find out about the potential hazards involved and the appropriate safety precautions to follow. 2.Perform only appropriate experiments, and be sure you understand the procedures involved before you begin. Ifanything unexpected, dangerous, threatening, or unmanageable happens, immediately call your instructor or the lab staff personnel. 3.Use fume hoods or other necessary engineering controls when handling toxic materials. 4.Wear the proper protective clothing and equipment for each job. This should include eye protection and may include: o Face shields or safety glasses (students are required to provide their own safety glasses). o Lab coats or aprons (students are required to provide their own lab coats). o Gloves to protect the hands from sharp edges, chemicals or hazardous materials. o Hearing protection. 5.Students who are not appropriately attired will not be allowed to perform experimental procedures. Clothing that unduly exposes limbs to splash or drop hazards should not be worn i.e. Shorts, halter tops, sandals and open-toed shoes. Loose clothing and long hair should be confined to avoid contact with hazardous materials, equipment, rotating machinery, or heat sources such as soldering irons or open flame. 6.Contact lenses can be a serious problem in the laboratory, as they can trap chemicals next to the eye, and are difficult to remove in case of a splash accident. We strongly suggest that they not be used when in lab. 7.Never eat, drink, smoke or chew gum around chemicals or hazardous materials, and always wash hands thoroughly before touching food or cigarettes. Food and drink (including water) are not to be brought into the lab at any time. 8.Keep work areas clean and free from obstructions. Backpacks and coats should be put away. 9.Cleanup should follow the completion of any experiment, return leads etc. to wall racks. 10. All chemical containers should be correctly and clearly labeled. 11.Befamiliarwithemergencyprocedures;knowthelocationof,andhowtouse,thenearest emergencyequipment.Notethelocationsoffireextinguishers.(Theseshouldonlybe usedonsmallfires,makesuretheextinguisherisratedfortypeoffire.)Alsonotethe locationoffirealarmpullboxes.Uponhearingafirealarm,allpersonsmustleavethe building. Leave quickly, making sure doors are closed. Don't use the elevator during a fire. 12.Follow prescribed waste disposal procedures; if unsure, call the Chemistry Technologist at 416-979-5000x6356 for advice on hazardous waste disposal. 13.Bealerttounsafeconditionsandcallattentiontothemsocorrectionscanbemadeas soon as possible. Report any accident, unusual occurrence, or injury immediately. First Aid Kits for minor injuries, are located in ENG478 (main office), ENG439 (engineering support) and ENG418 (Jim Koch). All injuries should be checked by Health Services. 6914.Removeallbrokenglassfromworkareaorfloorassoonaspossible.Neverhandle broken glass with bare hands (use dustpan and broom). Place broken glass in cardboard box and mark as such. Notify lab staff for disposal. 15.Spillsandleaksmustbecleanedupwithoutdelay.Checkwiththelabstaffforhelpin cleaning up special situations. 16.Students may not work alone in labs. 17.In the event of a medical or personal emergency contact Ryerson Security. Dial "80" from any office phone OR Press the RED "EMERGENCY" button on any pay phone on Campus. Pay Phones on the 4th of the ENG building floor are located at the north side of the Atrium adjacentthedrink-vendingmachine.TocontactPolice,Fire,Ambulance,dial911for "EMERGENCY" from any pay phone on Campus. Internal office phones may require you to dial 9911.If you dial 911 first, you should also notify Security, they may be able to respond faster and they can direct Emergency Personal to the scene. 18.Hazardous materials likely to be found in the labs. Lead/Tin solder, solder flux remover, Humidity calibration Salts and Circuit Board Fabrication Chemicals such as developer, ammonium persulphate etch, cold tin plating solution. DO'S AND DO NOT'S WITH ELECTRICITY Do's with Electricity Alwaysinstall the safety equipments like Earth leakage/Overload &Short circuit protection (Circuit breakers/switches) near point of supply at your premises. Ensure that a healthy earthing is installed at your premises. Use electricity only when needed; switch off the supply when not required. Always use proper capacity fuse wire in main switches. To get proper voltage, install adequate capacitors for inductive loads. Use only IS marked electrical equipments. As per Electricity Act 2003, it is the responsibility of the consumer to ensure safety of the energy meter and metering equipment installed in their respective premises. Enter all the particulars required in the application form. In all storied buildings, irrespective. of the number of floors, provide space for fixing meter, cut-out etc., in the ground floor only. Use electricity only for purpose for which the service connection has been given (i.e. domestic). Safeguard the meter and other equipments of the Electricity Department in your premises. Construct your building with proper clearance from the existing High Tension/Low Tension lines as per the Indian Electricity Rules 1956.(vide rule 79 & 80). If the building does not have adequate frontage and the line has to go through or over the adjoining premises of other owners arrange for necessary way-leave at your own cost for running the lines. Get your supply converted from single-phase to three-phase if the total connected load ,exceeds 4000 watts. 70Observe safety precautions to avoid electrical accidents. Replace promptly defective electrical fittings and appliances Do Not's with Electricity Do not connect multiple equipments to a single point outlet to avoid excess loading. Avoid loose connections and joints. Avoid theft electricity energy, it is cognizable offence and attracts penal charges and / or imprisonment. Do not tamper with energy meters, meter seals or metering equipments, it is an offence. Do not plant trees below the overhead power lines. Do not meddle with live wires /points. It may cost your life. Do not get the wiring works done by unauthorized persons, which is an office under the Indian Electricity Rules 1956. Do not use substandard wires and wiring accessories.Do not installfittings and appliances of poor quality. Do not give the application before completing the wiring in your premises. Do not construct your building underneath a High Tension or Low-Tension linewit Without proper clearance. ELECTRIC SHOCK AND FIRST-AID Electric Shocks - The Myths We do not know when we will come across an electrical accident to somebody, may be at home or office or industry. It is always better and necessary to know how to give first aid to such victims before arranging to send the victim to the doctor. Removal of Victim from supply: The victim if found fallen on the ground or in sitting position in an unconscious state always suspect that the victim is still in contact with the electric supply. In an anxious state never touch the victim. In the event of such a mistake ,you will fall into the trap. Ascertain whether the victim is still in contact. If so, you should stand on a dry wooden plank and remove the victim, otherwise, pull the victim using a dry rope or coconut matting or stick. If possible stand on a rubber mat. Checking the victim: Check whether the victim is still breathing. Send a message to bring the doctor. If apparently the victim is not breathing, give FIRST AID till the doctor arrives to give further treatment. 71 First-Aid: Method-I Keep the victim with the face downwards. Kneel over the victim's back placing both the hands on the patient's back near the lowest rib such that the fingers are spread outwards while the thumbs of both hands almost touch each other and are parallel to the spine. Rock yourself gently forward, keeping your arms straight pressing slowly for about 2 seconds. Now slowly release the pressure and come to the kneeling position. Repeat the process at the rate of about 15 times a minute. The purpose is to expand and contract the victim's lungs and cause breathing. Continue this operation till the natural breathing is re established. It may take a long time, 30 minutes or even one hour to get the expected result. If the victim starts breathing, it is better to synchronize your actions until the victim breathes strongly. In some cases it so happens that the victim after a temporary recovery of respiration again stops breathing. It is, therefore, very much necessary to check the breathing of the victim continuously, and if natural breathing stops, artificial respiration should be given as explained above. Caution: It is important that an unconscious victim should never be given any drink. First-Aid: Method-II Alternatively, if it is advantageous to place the victims on his back, do so, and loosen his clothes around the chest and stomach. Place a pillow under his shoulders. The aim is to make his head fall backwards. Draw his tongue forward and proceed as follows. You should kneel in a position. Hold the victim just below his elbows and draw his arms over his head until they are horizontal to the ground. Keep them there for about 2 seconds. Bring the patient's arms down on each side of his chest, pressing inwards up so as to compress his chest. Keep the arms in this position atleast for 2 seconds. Repeat the above two positions at the same rate. It is always better if we draw out the patient's tongue during each lung inflating (inhaled position) stroke and release it during each lung deflating stroke (exhaled position). First-Aid: Method-Ill (Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) Place the patient so as to lie on his back. If there is some foreign matter like tobacco, chocolate etc. in the mouth, remove it; this will make the air passage clear. Step 1: Open the airway of the patient by lifting his neck with one hand while your other hand tilts his head back and down as far as possible such that the chin points upwards. Step 2: Pinch the nostrils (nose) to prevent air leakage. Maintain the open airway by keeping the neck elevated. Step 3: Seal your mouth tightly around the victim's mouth and blow the air in. The patient's chest should rise. 72Step 4: Remove your mouth. Release the patient's nostrils. Listen for air escaping from the patient's lungs. Watch for the patient's chest to fall (deflate). Steps 2,3 and 4 make one breathing in-breathing out cycle. Repeat this cycle by following steps 2,3 and 4 at 12 to 15 times a minute. Continue until medical help arrives or breathing in the victim is restored. For young ones (infants) cover the entire mouth and nose with your mouth. Use small puffs of air about 20 times per minute. Review Questions: 1)What is meant by electrical shock? .... 2)What is earthing? .... 3)State the advantages and disadvantages of different type of fuse. .... 4)What is protective relay? 73.... 5)How will you measure current,voltage and resistance with help of a multimeter? ....