EE 394J-10 Distributed Generation Technologies Fall 2012
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EE 394J-10 Distributed Generation Technologies
Fall 2012
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2 Š Alexis Kwasinski, 2012
Course Introduction
⢠Meetings: Mondays and Wednesdays from 2:00 to 3:30 PM in ENS 145
⢠Professor: Alexis Kwasinski (ENS528, [email protected], Ph: 232-3442)
⢠Course Home Page: http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~kwasinski/EE394J10DGFa12.html
⢠Office Hours: Mondays and Wednesdays (10:00 â 11:00) and Mondays (3:30 â 4:30); or by appointment.
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Course Introduction
Prerequisites: ⢠Fundamentals of power electronics and power systems or consent from the instructor.
⢠Familiarity with at least one computer simulation software.
⢠Knowledge on how to browse through professional publications.
Course Description: ⢠Graduate level course.
⢠Goal #1: To discuss topics related with distributed generation technologies.
⢠Goal #2: To prepare the students to conduct research or help them to improve their existing research skills.
⢠This latter goal implies that students are expected to have a proactive approach to their course work, which in some cases will require finding on their own proper ways to find unknown solutions to a given problem.
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Grading:Homework: 25%Project preliminary evaluation: 15%Project report: 30%Project presentation: 20%Class participation: 10%
Letter grades assignment: 100% â 96% = âA+â, 95% â 91% = A, 90% â 86% = A-, 85% â 81% = B+, and so on.
Homework:⢠Homework will be assigned approximately every 2 weeks.⢠The lowest score for an assignment will not be considered to calculate the homework total score. However, all assignments need to be submitted in order to obtain a grade for the homework.
Course Introduction
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Project:⢠The class includes a project that will require successful students to survey current literature.⢠The project consists of carrying out a short research project throughout the course.⢠The students need to identify some topic related with the application of distributed generation technologies.⢠The project is divided in two phases:
Preliminary phase. Due date: Oct. 17. Submission of references, application description, and problem formulation (1 to 2 pages long).
Final phase. Due date: Nov. 28. Submission of a short paper (the report), at most 10 pages long, single column.
Final Presentation:⢠Every student is expected to do a presentation discussing their project to the rest of the class as if it were a conference presentation of a paper.⢠The format and dates of the presentations will be announced during the semester .
Prospect for working in teams:⢠Depending on the course enrollment, I may allow to do both the project and the final exam in groups of 2. I will announce my decision within the first week of classes.
Course Introduction
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History
Competing technologies for electrification in 1880s: ⢠Edison:
⢠dc.⢠Relatively small power plants (e.g. Pearl Street Station).⢠No voltage transformation.⢠Short distribution loops â No transmission⢠Loads were incandescent lamps and possibly dc motors (traction).
âEyewitness to dc historyâ Lobenstein, R.W. Sulzberger, C.
Pearl Street Station:6 âJumboâ 100 kW, 110 Vgenerators
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History
Competing technologies for electrification in 1880s: â˘Tesla:
⢠ac⢠Large power plants (e.g. Niagara Falls)⢠Voltage transformation.⢠Transmission of electricity over long distances⢠Loads were incandescent lamps and induction motors.
http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys213/lectures/niagara/niagara.html
Niagara Falls historic power plant:38 x 65,000 kVA, 23 kV, 3-phase
generatods
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History
Edisonâs distribution system characteristics: 1880 â 2000 perspective ⢠Power can only be supplied to nearby loads (< 1mile).
⢠Many small power stations needed (distributed concept).
⢠Suitable for incandescent lamps and traction motors only.
⢠Cannot be transformed into other voltages (lack of flexibility).
⢠Higher cost than centralized ac system.
⢠Used inefficient and complicated coal â steam actuated generators (as oppose to hydroelectric power used by ac centralized systems).
⢠Not suitable for induction motor.
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History
Traditional technology: the electric grid:⢠Generation, transmission, and distribution.⢠Centralized and passive architecture.⢠Extensive and very complex system.⢠Complicated control.⢠Not reliable enough for some applications.⢠Relatively inefficient.⢠Stability issues.⢠Vulnerable.⢠Need to balance generation and demand⢠Lack of flexibility.
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HistoryConventional grids operation:
⢠In order to keep frequency within a tight stable operating range generated power needs to be balanced at all time with consumed power.
⢠A century working around adding electric energy storage by making the grid stiff by:
⢠Interconnecting many large power generation units (high inertia = mechanical energy storage).⢠Individual loads power ratings are much smaller than systemâs capacity
⢠Conventional grid âstiffnessâ make them lack flexibility.
⢠Lack of flexibility is observed by difficulties in dealing with high penetration of renewable energy sources (with a variable power output).
⢠Electric energy storage can be added to conventional grids but in order to make their effect noticeable at a system level, the necessary energy storage level needs to be too high to make it economically feasible.
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History
Edisonâs distribution system characteristics: 2000 â future perspective ⢠Power supplied to nearby loads is more efficient, reliable and secure than long power paths involving transmission lines and substations.
⢠Many small power stations needed (distributed concept).
⢠Existing grid presents issues with dc loads (e.g., computers) or to operate induction motors at different speeds. Edisonâs system suitable for these loads.
⢠Power electronics allows for voltages to be transformed (flexibility).
⢠Cost competitive with centralized ac system.
⢠Can use renewable and alternative power sources.
⢠Can integrate energy storage.
⢠Can combine heat and power generation.
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https://eed.llnl.gov/flow/02flow.php
Traditional Electricity Delivery Methods: Efficiency103 1018 Joules
Useful energy
High polluting
emissions
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103.4 Exajoules
âNewârenewable sources
https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/
Traditional Electricity Delivery Methods: Efficiency
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Traditional grid availability:Approximately 99.9 %
Availability required in critical applications:Approximately 99.999%
Traditional Electricity Delivery Methods: Reliability
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Traditional Electricity Delivery Methods: Reliability
http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/katrina/la_outage_9_3_0900.jpghttp://www.gismonitor.com/news/newsletter/archive/092205.php
http://www.nnvl.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/index.cgi?page=items&ser=109668
Large storms or significant events reveal the gridâs reliability weaknesses:⢠Centralized architecture and control.⢠Passive transmission and distribution.⢠Very extensive network (long paths and many components).⢠Lack of diversity.
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Traditional Electricity Delivery Methods: Reliability
Example of lack of diversity
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Traditional Electricity Delivery Methods: Reliability
Example of lack of diversity
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Traditional Electricity Delivery Methods: Reliability
Although they are hidden, the same reliability weaknesses are prevalent throughout the grid. Hence, power outages are not too uncommon.
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Traditional Electricity Delivery Methods: Security
Long transmission lines are extremely easy targets for external attacks.
U.S. DOE OEERE â20% of Wind Energy by 2030.â
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Traditional Electricity Delivery Methods: Cost
â˘Traditional natural gas and coal power plants is not seen as a suitable solution as it used to be. ⢠Future generation expansion capacity will very likely be done through nuclear power plants, and renewable sources (e.g. wind farms and hydroelectric plants).⢠None of these options are intended to be installed close to demand centers. Hence, more large and expensive transmission lines need to be built.
http://www.nrel.gov/wind/systemsintegration/images/home_usmap.jpg
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Traditional grid: Operation and other issues
⢠Centralized integration of renewable energy issue: generation profile unbalances.
⢠Complicated stability control.
⢠The grid lacks operational flexibility because it is a passive network.
⢠The grid user is a passive participant whether he/she likes it or not.
⢠The grid is old: it has the same 1880s structure. Power plants average age is > 30 years.
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Distributed Generation: Concept (a first approach)
⢠Microgrids are independently controlled (small) electric networks, powered by local units (distributed generation).
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⢠What is a microgrid?
⢠Microgrids are considered to be locally confined and independently controlled electric power grids in which a distribution architecture integrates loads and distributed energy resourcesâi.e. local distributed generators and energy storage devicesâwhich allows the microgrid to operate connected or isolated to a main grid
Distributed Generation: Concept (newest DOE def.)
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Distributed Generation: ConceptDistributed Generation: Concept
⢠Key concept for microgrids: independent control.
⢠This key concept implies that the microgrid has its own power generation sources (active control vs. passive grid).
⢠A microgrid may or may not be connected to the main grid.
⢠DG can be defined as âa subset of distributed resources (DR)â [T. Ackermann, G.
Andersson, and L. SĂśder, âDistributed generation: A definition.â Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 57, issue 3, pp. 195-204, April 2001].
⢠DR are âsources of electric power that are not directly connected to a bulk power transmission system. DR includes both generators and energy storage technologiesâ [T. Ackermann, G. Andersson, and L. SĂśder, âDistributed generation: A definition.â Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 57, issue 3, pp. 195-204, April 2001]
⢠DG âinvolves the technology of using small-scale power generation technologies located in close proximity to the load being servedâ [J. Hall, âThe new distributed generation,â Telephony Online, Oct. 1, 2001 http://telephonyonline.com/mag/telecom_new_distributed_generation/.]
⢠Thus, microgrids are electric networks utilizing DR to achieve independent control from a large widespread power grid.
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⢠Distributed Generation: Advantages
With respect to the traditional grid, well designed microgrids are: ⢠More reliable (with diverse power inputs).⢠More efficient⢠More environmentally friendly⢠More flexible⢠Less vulnerable⢠More modular⢠Easier to control⢠Immune to issues occurring elsewhere
⢠Capital investment can be scaled over time
⢠Microgrids can be integrated into existing systems without having to interrupt the load.
⢠Microgrids allow for combined heat and power (CHP) generation.
MicrogridsMicrogrids
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⢠Distributed Generation: Issues
⢠Load following
⢠Power vs Energy profile in energy storage
⢠Stability
⢠Cost
⢠Architecture / design
⢠Optimization
⢠Autonomous control
⢠Fault detection and mitigation
⢠Cost
⢠Grid interconnection
MicrogridsMicrogrids
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Distributed Generation: System Components
Generation units = microsources ( aprox. less than 100 kW) ⢠PV Modules.⢠Small wind generators⢠Fuel Cells⢠Microturbines
Energy Storage (power profile)⢠Batteries⢠Ultracapacitors⢠Flywheels
Loads ⢠Electronic loads.⢠Plug-in hybrids.⢠The main grid.
Power electronics interfaces ⢠dc-dc converters⢠inverters⢠Rectifiers
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⢠Highly available power supply during disasters
Microgrid ExamplesMicrogrid Examples
â˘Power electronic enabled micro-grids may be the solution that achieves reliable power during disasters (e.g. NTTâs micro-grid in Sendai, Japan)
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⢠Isolated microgrids for villages in Alaska.⢠Wind is used to supplement diesel generators (diesel is difficult and expensive to transport in Alaska
http://avec.securesites.net/images/communities/Toksook%20Wind%20Tower%20Bulk%20Fuel%20and%20Power%20Plant.JPG
⢠Toksook Bayâ˘Current Population: 590â˘# of Consumers: 175â˘Incorporation Type: 2nd Class Cityâ˘Total Generating Capacity (kw): 2,018
â˘1,618 kW diesel⢠400 kW windâ˘(tieline to Tununak and Nightmute)
Information from âAlaska Village Electric Cooperativeâ
Microgrid ExamplesMicrogrid Examples
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http://www.akenergyauthority.org/programwindsystem.html
http://www.alaskapublic.org/2012/01/18/wind-power-in-alaska/
Selawik
Kasigluk
⢠Other examples in Alaska
Microgrid ExamplesMicrogrid Examples
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⢠Application range:⢠From a few kW to MW
MicrogridsMicrogrids
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⢠What is not a microgrid?
⢠Residential conventional PV systems (grid-tied) are not microgrids but they are distributed generation systems.
⢠Why are they not microgrids? Because they cannot operate isolated from the grid. If the grid experience a power outage the load cannot be powered even when the sun is shinning bright on the sky.
MicrogridsMicrogrids
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Distributed Generation and Smart Grids
⢠European concept of smart grids based on electric networks needs [http://www.smartgrids.eu/documents/vision.pdf]:
⢠Flexible: fulfilling customersâ needs whilst responding to the changes and challenges ahead;⢠Accessible: granting connection access to all network users, particularly for renewable power sources and high efficiency local generation with zero or low carbon emissions;â˘Reliable: assuring and improving security and quality of supply, consistent with the demands of the digital age with resilience to hazards and uncertainties;⢠Economic: providing best value through innovation, efficient energy management and âlevel playing fieldâ competition and regulation
⢠The US concepts rely more on advanced interactive communications and controls by overlaying a complex cyberinfrastructure over the existing grid. DG is one related concept but not necessarily part of the US Smart Grid concept.
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Smart grids
Smart grids definition: ⢠Besides being the new buzz word is not a concept but rather many technologies.
Smart grid focus: ⢠Reliability.⢠Integration of environmentally friendly generation and loads.
Concept evolution: ⢠âSmart grid 1.0â: Smart meters, limited advanced communications, limited intelligent loads and operation (e.g. demand response).⢠âSmart grid 2.0â or âEnergy Internetâ: Distributed generation and storage, intelligent loads, advanced controls and monitoring.
⢠Local smart grid project: Pecan Street Projecthttp://pecanstreetproject.org/
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⢠A customer-centric view of a power grid includes microgrids as one of smart grids technologies.
Smart Grids
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Course Introduction
Schedule:
Wed., August 29 Introduction. Course description. The electric grid vs.microgrids: technical and historic perspective. The âEnergyInternet.â
Wed. September 5 Distributed Generation units. Microturbines, reciprocatingengines, wind generators, photovoltaic generators, fuel cells, and other technologies.
Week 2 September 10 Distributed Generation units. Microturbines, reciprocating engines, wind generators, photovoltaic generators, fuel cells,and other technologies.
Week 3 September 17 Distributed Generation units. Microturbines, reciprocating engines, wind generators, photovoltaic generators, fuel cells,and other technologies.
Week 4 September 24 Energy Storage â batteries, fly-wheels, ultracapacitors, andother technologies. Dr. K at NATO Energy Security Conference (W only)
Week 5 October 1 Energy Storage â batteries, fly-wheels, ultracapacitors, and other technologies. Dr. K at INTELEC
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Schedule:
Week 6 October 8 Power electronics interfaces: multiple and single input dc-dcconverters.
Week 7 October 15 Power electronics interfaces: ac-dc and dc-ac.Week 8 October 22 Power architectures: distributed and centralized. Dc and ac
distribution systems. Stability and protections.Week 9 October 29 Controls: distributed, autonomous, and centralized systems.
Operation.Week 10 November 5 Reliability and availability.Week 11 November 12 Economics. Dr. K at ICRERAWeek 12 November 19 Grid interconnection. Issues, planning, advantages and
disadvantages both for the grid and microgrids. (Thanksgiving week)
Week 13 November 26 Smart grids. Week 14 December 3 Presentations
Course Introduction