EE-353--ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION.

PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

For Academic Session 2009

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION (EE-353)

For TE (EE )

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Roll Number:

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Batch:

Department :

Department of Electrical Engineering NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi

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Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Contents

NED University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering

Revised 2009 MMA

CONTENTS

Lab. No. Dated Title of Experiments

Page No Remarks

1 Parts of power cable. 1 - 3

2 Cable Size Calculation for the given load.

4 - 7

3(a) Measure the High Level Voltage & Current using Instrument Transformers.

8 - 1 0

3(b) Measure the three phase Power using kilo Watt meter.

1 1 - 1 3

4 Earthing Practices. 1 4 - 1 8

5 Operation and constructional features of a Distribution Transformer.

1 9 - 2 0

6 Substation Equipments and its one-line diagram.

2 1 - 2 2

7 Home Appliances Motors. 2 3 - 2 7

8 Using Calculux

2 8 - 3 6

9 First project on design of general lighting scheme for an office.

3 7 - 4 3

10 Second project on design of general lighting scheme for an office.

4 4 - 4 9

11 To design a task & accent lighting for an office.

5 0 - 5 6

12 Luminescence 5 7 - 6 0

13 Calculate the charges in Industrial/commercial bill.

6 1 - 6 4

14 Captive Power Generation (DG Set-Diesel Generating Set).

6 5 - 6 9

15(a)

Home Electrical Wiring 7 0 - 7 2

15(b)

Safety Rules 7 3 - 7 6

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 01


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LAB SESSION 1

Power Cable

OBJECTIVE

To dissect the power cable into it s distinguished parts.

APPARATUS

Cables

THEORY

A cable is defined as an assembly of conductors and insulators used for the transfer of power in densely populated urban areas. Cables are mostly laid under the ground in order not to disturb the land beauty and to avoid using the land for power transmission purposes.

Figure: Parts of cables

PARTS OF CABLE A cable is composed of the following parts;

Core All cables either have a central core (conductor) or a number of cores made of strands of Copper or Aluminum conductors having highest conductivity. Conductors are stranded in order to reduce the skin effect.

Insulation It is provided to insulate the conductors from each other and from the outside periphery. The common insulating materials are Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polyethylene.



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Metallic Sheath Metallic Sheath protects the cable against the entry of moisture. It is made of lead, some alloy of lead or Aluminum

Bedding In order to protect the metallic sheath from injury, bedding is wound over it. It consists of paper tape compounded with a fibrous material.

Armoring It consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wires or two layers of steel tape, to avoid the mechanical injury. Armoring provides mechanical strength to the cable.

Serving A layer of fibrous material, used to protect the armoring.

Figure: Cross Sectional View of Cable

PROCEDURE

Practical demonstration

RESULT

Cables have been studied and their operation is understood.



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EXERCISE:

Fill the following chart:

S. No

Properties

Copper Aluminium

Annealed Hard

Drawn Annealed

Hard

Drawn 1 Resistivity at 20 C

(ohm-m × 10 8) 2 Temperature coefficient

of electrical resistance at 20 C

3 Coefficient of linear expansion per unit per C

4 Thermal conductivity W/mK

5 Density kg/m3 6 Specific heat kJ/kg K

Give the definition of following terms:

1. Coefficient of linear expansion 2. Temperature coefficient 3. Thermal conductivity 4. Resistivity 5. Ampacity

Explain the following processes:

1. Annealing & Importance 2. Galvanizing 3. Vulcanizing



- 4 -

DB

7.6kW LOAD

15m

LAB SESSION 02

Select the Appropriate Cable Size

OBJECTIVE

Select the appropriate cable size for the given load.

APPARATUS

Given Load Cable Tables Book Protective Device Cable

THEORY

INTRODUCTION: The cable selection procedures set out in this LAB SESSION will give the basic guidelines to be followed to determine the minimum size of cable required to satisfy a particular installation condition.

The following three main factors influence the selection of a particular cable to satisfy the circuit requirements:

(a) Current-carrying capacity dependent upon the method of installation and the presence of external influences, such as thermal insulation, which restrict the operating temperature of the cable.

(b) Voltage drop dependent upon the impedance of the cable, the magnitude of the load current and the load power factor.

(c) Short-circuit temperature limit dependent upon energy produced during the short-circuit condition.

TASK: Determine the size of cable required & voltage drop in the cable.

SITUATION: A 7.6kW single phase load is supplied from a 230V, 50Hz supply. The circuit is protected using BSEN 60898 Type B circuit breaker and is situated 15m away from the distribution board. It is run with one other circuit and is buried in the ground at a depth of 0.8m. the soil resistivity being 1.2 ºC.m/W. The temperature within the installation can be assumed to be 30 C.



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METHOD:

STEP #01

Determine the current requirements of the circuit. This current is known as Design current, either specified by the manufacturer or can be calculated by the formulae.

Design Current (IN) = __ ____kilo Watt Power________ (For 1 phase) Single Phase Voltage x power factor

Design Current (IN) = __ ____kilo Watt Power________ (For 3 phase) 3 x Line Voltage x power factor

If kVA power is given the above formula will change accordingly. If motor power is given in hp then use the conversion 1hp=746 Watts.

Here,

Design Current (IN) = ___7.6 kW_x 1000___ = 33.04 Amps 230 x 1

STEP #02

Determine the method of cable installation to be used.

Installation Conditions: The current-carrying capacity of a cable is dependent on the method of installation to maintain the temperature of the cable within its operating limits. Different methods of installation vary the rate at which the heat generated by the current flow is dissipated to the surrounding medium.

Specific conditions of installation are there like cables installed with or without wiring enclosures in air, in the ground or embedded in building materials.

STEP #03

Determine the environmental conditions in the vicinity of the cable installation, where applicable, like

(i) the ambient air or soil temperature (ii) the depth of laying rating factor (iii) the soil thermal resistivity rating factor

Use any cable s table book to find out the correction factor values.

Here, the correction factors from the tables:

Grouping Factor (Cg): 0.78

Ambient Temperature (Ca): 0.97

Soil Resistivity Factor (Cr): 1.00

Depth of laying factor (Cd): 0.95

STEP #04

Apply the correction factors to determine the current carrying capacity (Ic) of the cable by using the formula.

Current carrying capacity of cable = ____Design current______

Correction Factors



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The above factors should be applied according to the design situation.

Current carrying capacity of cable = ___Design current__

Cg x Ca x Cr x Cd

Here, Current carrying capacity of cable = ________33.04_______

0.78 x 0.97 x 1.00 x 0.95

Current carrying capacity of cable = ________45.96 Amps_______

Minimum cable size = _______10mm2 _____

Find The Protective Device Size (IF).

The design current should be no greater than the fuse rating. The fuse rating must be no greater than the current carrying capacity of the cable. The current carrying capacity of the cable should not be greater than the tabulated capacity of the cable i.e.

IN IF IC

Therefore, Rating of the protective device = 40 Amps

The Worst-Case Scenario A cable may experience various different environments along its route. For example it may start at a switchboard, run through the switch room in a trench with a lid or steel flooring, pass through a duct in a wall and under a roadway, run a long way directly buried and finish on a ladder rack at the consumer. At each of these environments the thermal resistivity and ambient temperature will be different. The environment that causes the most derating of the rated current should be taken and used for the whole cable.

DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE DROP FROM MILLI VOLTS PER AMP -METRE

According to IEE Regulation 522-8 of the 15th edition, it is stipulated that: The voltage drop within the installation does not exceed a value appropriate to the safe functioning of the associated equipment in normal service. For final circuits protected by an over current protective device having a normal current not exceeding 100A, this requirement is deemed to be satisfied if the drop in voltage from the origin of the circuit to any other point in the circuit does not exceed 2.5 percent of the nominal voltage at the design current, disregarding staring conditions.

The voltage drop can be determine using the following formula for applications where only the route length and load current of balanced circuits are known.

Voltage Drop (Vd) = _L x IN

x Vc_

1000 where Vc = the millivolt drop per ampere-metre route length of circuit (mV/A.m) Vd = actual voltage drop, in volts



- 7 -

L = route length of circuit, in meters IN = the current to be carried by the cable, in amperes.

Here, L = 15m IN = 33.04 Amps Vc= 4.2 mV/A.m

Voltage Drop (Vd) = _15 x 33.04 x 4.2_

1000

Voltage Drop (Vd) = _2.081V_ i.e 0.904% of 230V

Hence the selected cable of 10mm2 is suitable for normal current of 33.04Amps & cable length of 15m.

EXERCISE:

You are given the three cables of unknown cross- section; find out the following information about each cables.

S.No

No.of cores

No. of strands

Diameter

(m) Cross sectional

area(sq mm) 1 2 3

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03(a)


- 8-

LAB SESSION 03(a)

Measure the High Level Voltage & Current

OBJECTIVE

Using measuring instruments measure the high level of voltage and current.

APPARATUS

Current Transformer Potential Transformer Megger Clip on Ammeter

THEORY

Current Transformers Ammeters are employed for measurement of current in circuits. In high voltage transmission lines, it is more feasible to use Current Transformers for measurement of current owing to its higher range of measurement. A current transformer works much the same way as an ordinary power transformer. High values of currents flowing in the transmission lines serve as the primary circuit of a current transformer. The high current is stepped down to a much lower value (normally not more than 5A) which is then measured by an ordinary ammeter. This way, an ammeter is not exposed to high currents and voltages.

Potential Transformers Difference between the potential transformers and current transformers is that potential transformers operate on voltage signal instead of current and hence is used to measure high levels of voltages. Another difference between the two is their connectivity to the main line to be measured. Where Current Transformers are connected in series, potential transformers are connected in parallel.



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Among the available range of PTs and CTs, the selection is based on the following factors

Insulation Class

Primary to Secondary ratio

Continuous thermal rating

Service conditions

Accuracy

Clip On Ammeter Current is measured only when an ammeter is connected in a circuit in series. What if the current in any wire connected to a load is required to be measured. Using an ammeter, we shall first need to disconnect the load from the source, insert an ammeter and then measure the current. Instead of doing all this, a clip on ammeter allows current measurement without disconnecting the line. It operates on the concept of transformation, as in transformers where flux linkages produce voltages.

Megger Megger is a name given to an instrument used to measure large values of resistance. Measuring resistance of machines and devices is very helpful in determining faults like short circuits etc. Once a machine faces a fault, its internal resistance gets changed. Machine resistance is regularly monitored in order to detect any internal faults occurring in the machines and other devices.



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OBSERVATION

Using Clip on Ammeter measure the current of a single phase load.

Load Measured Value (A) Using Clip on Ammeter

Calculated Value(A)

Using Formula

Fan 100W bulb

40W tube light Two 100W bulbs in

parallel PC (Personal Computer)

Using CT (current Transformer) measure the current of a given load.

CT ratio: ______

Load Primary Current (Using Clip On Ammeter)

Secondary Current of CT

100kW 200kW 300kW

RESULT

Working knowledge of using measuring instruments has been developed. Their use has been practically demonstrated.

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab Session 03(b)


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LAB SESSION 03(b)

Using watt meter measure the total power of the load

OBJECTIVE

To measure the single phase & three phase load using wattmeter.

APPARATUS

Single Phase Watt-meters Three Phase Watt-meters Ammeter Load Banks

THEORY

Power can be measured with the help of 1. Ammeter and voltmeter (In DC circuits) 2. Wattmeter 3. Energy meter

By Ammeter and Voltmeter: Power in DC circuits or pure resistive circuit can be measured by measuring the voltage & current, then applying the formula P=VI.

By Wattmeter: A wattmeter indicates the power in a circuit directly. Most commercial wattmeter s are of the dynamometer type with the two coils, the current and the voltage coil called C.C & P.C.

Power in three phase circuit can be measured with the help of poly phase watt-meters which consist of one two or three single phase meters mounted on a common shaft.

One wattmeter is used for balanced three phase load, three and four wire system. In three-phase, four wire system, p.c. coil is connected between phase to ground, while in three wire system, artificial ground is created.



- 12-

Figure: Single Wattmeter Method

Two watt-meters are suitable for three phase three wire circuits for all conditions of balances load & power factor. This method can be used to measure the power factor of the load from the two wattmeter readings.

Three watt-meters are used for measurement of power in three phase four wire circuits. The potential coils are connected between phase and neutral. Such method is suitable for all conditions of balance load & power factor



- 13-

Figure: Three wattmeter method

Figure: Three wattmeter method

By Energy Meter: Power can be measured wuth the help of energy meter by measuring the speed of the merter disc with a watch, with the help of following formula:

P = N x 60 kW K

Where N= actual r.p.m of meter disc K= meter constant which is equal to disc revolutions per kW hr

PROCEDURE

Arrange the watt-meters according to the load (single phase or three-phase) and whether neutral available or not (as shown in the above figures).

OBSERVATION

S. No.

Type of Load Actual Load (1 )

Measured Load (Using Wattmeter)

1 Single Phase 2

3 4

Three Phase 5 6

RESULT

The methods of power measurements have fully understood & performed.



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LAB SESSION 04

Earthing Practices

OBJECTIVE

To model the earthing process in the Lab.

APPARATUS

A Transparent Box NaNo3

Sea salt Coal Soil Grounding Rod Grounding Plate

THEORY

Earthing provides protection to personnel and equipment by ensuring operation of protective control gear and isolation of the faulted circuit in the following cases.

Insulation puncture or failure

Breakdown of insulation between primary & secondary windings of a transformer.

Lighting stroke

Ensuring low earth resistance is important in earthing process. In case where protection against the faulted list is provided by mean of fuse or a circuit breaker, the total resistance of the earth path must be low enough to enable the operation of the protective device.

The earth electrode resistance depends upon the electrical resistivity of the soil in which the electrode is installed, which in turn is determined by the following factors:

1. Nature of soil 2. Extent of moisture 3. Presence of suitable salts dissolved in moisture.

TYPES OF EARTH ELECTRODES

Rod & Pipe Electrodes

Plate Electrodes

Strip or Round Conductor Electrodes



- 15-

Plate Electrodes: Plate electrodes consist of copper, cast iron or steel plate. The minimum thickness of plate is recommended as

For cast iron - 12mm

For GI or steel - 6.3mm

For Copper - 3.15mm

And size not less than 600mm x 600mm

Figure: A typical layout of Plate Electrode

Rod & Pipe Electrodes: This type of earthing is more suited for a soil possessing high resistivity and the electrode is required to be longer & driven deeper into the soil to obtain a lower resistance to ground.

The diameter, thickness and length of the pipe is recommended as follows:

Cast iron (CI) pipes - 100mm (internal diameter), 2.5 to 3 m (long), 13mm thick.

MS pipes - 38 to 50mm (internal diameter), 2.5 to 3 m (long), 13mm thick

Copper -13,16 or 19mm diameter, 1.22 to 2.44m long.



- 16-

Figure: A typical arrangement of pipe electrode grounding

Resistivity of Soil:

Type of soil Average resistivity( )

1. Wet organic soil 10 2. Moist Soil 100 3. Dry Soil 1000 4. Bed rock 10000

It has been found that the resistivity of the soil can be reduces by a chemical treatment with the following salts.

Normal Salt (NaCl) and a mixture of salt & soft coke.

MgSO4

CuSO4

CaCl2

Na2CO3

Usually the mixture of NaNo3 + sea salt + coal is used in the ratio of 1:3:5

Economical and most commonly used salts

More common salts



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MEASURING THE GROUND RESISTANCE:

The above tables can give only a general idea of the theoretical value of resistivity of the soil at a particular site for the purpose of design work. The exact resistance of the grounding station must be determined at the site of installation to support theoretical assumptions and the grounding conditions adjusted, if necessary, to obtain the required ground resistance. The resistance of a grounding station can be measured with the help of a ground tester. which generates a constant voltage for accurate measurement. The tester has two potential and one current probe. The procedure of measurement is illustrated in Figure.

Figure: Ground Tester

Figure: Measuring the ground resistance with the help of a ground tester



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The same test can also he conducted with the help of a battery, voltmeter and an ammeter, as illustrated in Figure 22.8. The voltmeter must now indicate the same reading at all three locations. When V becomes constant, read the current I. Then the ground resistance

Rg= V / I ( )

Figure: Measuring the ground resistance with the help of a ammeter & voltmeter

PROCEDURE

Practical demonstration.

RESULT

Earthing process has fully understood.

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 05


- 19-

LAB SESSION 05

Distribution Transformer

OBJECTIVE

To study the operation and constructional features of a Distribution Transformer

APPARATUS

Distribution Transformer

THEORY

Distribution transformer is used to convert electrical energy of higher voltage (usually 11-22-33kV) to a lower voltage (250 or 433V) with frequency identical before and after the transformation. Its main application is mainly within suburban areas, public supply authorities and industrial customers. With given secondary voltage, distribution transformer is usually the last in the chain of electrical energy supply to households and industrial enterprises.

CONSTRUCTION There are 3 main parts in the distribution transformer:

Coils/winding

where incoming alternating current (through primary winding) generates magnetic flux, which in turn induces a voltage in the secondary coil.



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Magnetic core

material allowing transfer of magnetic field generated by primary

winding to secondary winding by the principle of electromagnetic induction.

A transformer s core and windings are called its Active Parts. This is because these two are responsible for transformer s operation.

Tank

serving as a mechanical package to protect active parts, as a holding vessel for transformer oil used for cooling and insulation.

Transformer Accessories

Bucholz relay

Breather

Pressure relief device etc

SIGNIFICANCE OF VECTOR GROUPS Three phase machines, such as transformers, are allotted symbols representing the type of phase connection and the phase angle between the HV and LV terminals. The angle is described by a clock-face hour figure. The HV vector is taken as 12 o clock, the reference, and the corresponding LV vector is represented by the hour hand.

For example, a Dy11 represents; D = HV winding is delta connected y = LV winding is star connected 11 = clock-face reference indicating that the LV vector is at 11 o clock (30o lead) with reference to the HV vector.

PROCEDURE

Practical demonstration.

RESULT

Complete working of the distribution transformer has been understood.

EXERCISE:

Give the definitions of following parts of Distribution Transformer

1. Bucholz Relay 2. Conservator or expansion tank 3. Breather 4. Pressure relief device



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LAB SESSION 06

Substation Equipments & One Line Diagram

OBJECTIVE

To study the major equipments of the substation and make a one-line diagram.

APPARATUS

A visit will be arranged to a sub-station.

THEORY

An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed from high to low levels using transformers. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps.

Feeders The electrical distribution system begins with a source of electrical energy that must be distributed to each and every electrical load. The starting point of this system, which feeds electrical energy into it, is known as a Feeder. The electricity delivered by a feeder is actually distributed to different loads in the system.

Distributors A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken to the consumers. The current through a distributor is not constant due to the tapings taken off at various places along its length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its length is the main consideration as the voltage variation limits are about 6% of the rated voltage at the consumer terminals.

Switch Gears The term switchgear, used in association with the electric power system, or grid, refers to the combination of electrical disconnects, fuses and/or circuit breakers used to isolate electrical equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults downstream Panels are the compartments used for switchgear arrangement.

Switching Devices A device designed to close, open, or both, one or more electric circuits. These include

HRC fuses

Magnetic contactor

Circuit Breaker (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)

Load Break Switch



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Figure: Fuse

Figure: Contactor

Figure: Circuit Breaker

One line diagram of a typical distribution system

EXERCISE:

Using Magnetic Contactor control the single phase & three phase load & draw the schematic.



- 23-

LAB SESSION 07

Home Appliances Motors OBJECTIVE

To operate different AC & DC electric motors in different appliances.

APPARATUS

Fan Motor (Ceiling & Exhaust)

Washing Machine Motor

Pump Motor

Juicer Motor

Toys Motor

Transformers

THEORY

Transformer A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction (transformer action). The electrical energy is always transferred without a change in frequency, but may involve changes in magnitudes of voltage and currents. The total VA at primary and secondary is always constant.

There are two types of transformers. 1. Core Type 2. Shell Type

Figure: Shell Type Transformer

Figure: Core Type Transformer



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Universal Motor The universal motor is a rotating electrical machine similar to DC series motor, designed to operate either from AD or DC source. The stator & rotor windings of the motor are connected in series through the rotor commutator. The series motor is designed to move large loads with high torque in applications such as crane motor or lift hoist.

Figure: Universal Motor

Figure: Closer View of Universal Motor

Figure: Universal Motor Assembly

Split Phase Induction Motor An Induction motor is a motor without rotor windings, the rotor receives electric power by induction rather than by conduction, exactly the same way the secondary of a 2 windings transformer receive its power from the primary.

The single-phase induction motor has no intrinsic starting torque. Starting torque can be achieved by either one of the method.

1. Split phase windings 2. Capacitor type windings 3. Shaded pole stator



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Figure: Induction Motor

Figure: Induction Motor s Rotor

Figure: Piston Motor

PMDC motor A permanent magnet DC motor is the simple motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through the interactions of the two fields. One field is produced by a permanent magnet poles, the other field is produces by electrical current flowing in the armature windings. These two fields result in a torque which tends to rotate the rotor.



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Figure: PMDC Motor s Assembly

Hystersis Motor A Hystersis motor is a type of shaded pole motor, operate on the principle of Hystersis.

Figure: Hystersis Motor

PROCEDURE

Practical Demonstration.

RESULT

The working of household motors has fully understood.



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EXERCISE

Give the application of following AC/DC motors



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LAB SESSION 08

Introduction to Lighting design software Calculux

OBJECTIVE

To become familiar with the basic environment of lighting design software Calculux

THEORY

This Lab session will introduce the main feature of lighting design software and with the environment of Calculux.

Calculux Indoor is a software tool which helps lighting designers in selecting and evaluating lighting systems for offices and industrial applications.

What can you do with Calculux Indoor?

· Perform lighting calculations (including direct, indirect, total and average illuminance) within orthogonal rooms;

· Predict financial implications including energy, investment, lamp and maintenance costs for different luminaire arrangements;

· Select luminaires from an extensive Philips database or from specially formatted files for luminaires from other suppliers;

· Specify room dimensions, luminaire types, maintenance factors, interreflection accuracy, calculation grids and calculation types;

· Compile reports displaying results in text and graphical formats;

· Support Switching modes and Light regulation factors;

The logical steps used for project specification save you time and effort, while the report facility gives you the opportunity to keep permanent records of the results.

Installing the program In order to install Calculux correctly, please stop all other applications before starting the installation.

To install the program: 1. Start Windows. 2. Connect the USB to your USB port [Let suppose drive (K:) of your computer]. 3. Follow the path K:\Calculux



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4. Run the setup in the Indoor5.0b 5. Follow the instructions on screen.

Installing the database 1. Here in the folder DB, there is a database of Philips Luminaries 2. Install the database from the DB folder.

Environment of Calculux Indoor Software

When you start Calculux, the Calculux main window is displayed. This window always contains the menu bar, and if selected, it may also contain a tool bar and/or status line. When a project file is open and data has been entered, a 2D top view or 3D layout is shown.

The menu bar contains the following menus:

1. File 2. Data 3. Calculation 4.Report 5. Finance 6. View 7. Options 8. Window 9. Help



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1. The file menu: By means of the File menu you can manage your project files. You can create new projects; open previously saved projects or print reports.

To activate the File menu:

1. From the Calculux menu bar, choose File.

Go to file menu, click on the New Project.Here in this menu, you can open the previous project or save the current one also.

2. The data menu: By means of the Data menu you can specify the technical information about your lighting project and the areas (grids) on which the calculations will be carried out. You can also make 2-D drawings of objects using rectangles, circles and lines.

To activate the Data menu:

1. From the Calculux menu bar, choose Data. Here in the Data menu, we can add information regarding Project details (e.g. project name, customer & company name), room dimensions (Width, length, height & working plane details) application field, grid, type of luminaries & different type of objects we are using etc.

Rooms Use this dialogue box to specify or display the settings for the room.

Application Fields An application field can be used to graphically mark the area of interest for lighting calculations. The following types of application fields are available:

Sports field a sports field

General field a field without a predefined application.



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Luminaire list The luminaire list contains information about the individually placed luminaires used in the project. You can view, set, edit, copy or delete information of project luminaires. In the luminaire list the following luminaire information, if applicable, can be set:

Luminaire Type

Luminaire Quantity

Luminaire Position (POS X, POS Y and POS Z)

Luminaire Orientation (aiming type)

Drawings Use this option to add a drawing to the project. Following shapes could be added,

Rectangle (for a table etc)

Text (to mark text on the object)

Line ()

Arc

Grid A grid is a set of points in a 2 dimensional plane, at which the lighting calculations will be carried out. A grid must always be rectangular of shape and can be in any plane in space. The position and size of a grid is defined by its corner points A, B and C, and the number of points in the AB and AC direction and the direction of the normal vector.



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3. Calculation: By means of the Calculation Menu you can define the calculations which need to be carried out for your lighting project. You can also calculate the quality figures and specify how the results of the calculations will be presented.

Room Illuminance: Use this dialogue box to view the average luminance and illuminance values calculated for the room surfaces. The accuracy of the values depends on the selected interreflection accuracy.

4. Report:

By means of the Report menu you can define the contents and layout of your reports. By means of the 'Print Preview' option you can preview the report print-out.

Note: The settings in the 'Report menu' only apply to the report(s) you create for the currently selected project. The settings are saved with the project data, when you save your project. For new created projects, the report setup default settings will be applied (see Options menu, Report Setup Defaults...).

5. Finance:

By means of the Finance menu you can set the parameters for the cost calculations for the current project.

6. View:

By means of the View menu you can set the view options for the project overviews in the Calculux main window.

The following options can be selected:

Toolbar

Status bar



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The following view types can be displayed in the Calculux main window. Select from:

3D Project View;

2D Top View;

2D Left View;

2D Right View;

2D Front View;

2D Back View.

7. Options:

By means of the Options menu you can enter or change the default settings for your Calculux projects. The settings in the Options menu will affect all new created projects.

Note: When Calculux is installed, the settings in the Options menu are set to the factory defaults. When starting the first project, it is likely you will need to set your own defaults according to the local requirements.

8. Window:

By means of the Window menu you can arrange windows and icons.



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The following options can be selected:

Use

To

New

Create a new window sharing a 2D-Top View of the currently selected project.

Close Result Views Close all windows which are result views.

Cascade Resize and layer all open windows so that each title bar is visible.

Tile Resize and arrange all open windows side by side.

Arrange Icons Evenly arrange icons in a window.

'open windows' In the 'open windows' field a listing of all open windows is given. The name of the currently selected window is checked.

9. Help Menu:

By means of the Help menu you can search for help information about Calculux topics.

You can also access Help by pressing F1 for context-sensitive help on the dialogue box you are currently using.

Before Starting your First Project:

Assumptions

Installation of Calculux Indoor has been successful;

Vignettes have been installed;

Phillum files have been installed;

Database has been installed.

Before you start 'My First Project' first you should check the default settings of Calculux.



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Checking the default settings

In this section you will check some default settings. By means of default settings you can specify parameters that affect all future projects (new defined luminaires, luminaire arrangements, calculations and/or reports, etc.). The default settings remain valid the next time Calculux is started and can be changed at any time. If you specify/set the most common used parameters, you eliminate the need to specify/set the same parameters every time you create a new project. The default settings can be entered by means of the Option menu and are saved in the configuration file of Calculux.

Do not use the Option menu when you want use different parameters for one particular project only.

For 'First Project' you are going to check the following default settings:

Environment (options) (default settings concerning the program environment)

Report Setup Defaults (default settings concerning the contents and layout of the report)

Calculation Presentation Defaults (default settings concerning the Calculation Presentation)

Environment Select Environment from the Options menu.

Select the Directories tab. Check the directory settings of the Project files, Phillum files and Vignette files.

Select the Database tab. Check the directory settings of the Database files.

Click OK to return to the Main View. The Environment Options only have to be set after installing Calculux.

Report Setup Defaults Select Report Setup Defaults from the Options menu.

Select the Contents tab. In the Included box, select the chapters to be included in the report.

In the Presentation Forms box, select the presentation forms of the calculation presentation result views. Select Textual Table, Iso Contour,Filled Iso Contour

Select the Layout tab. In the Project Luminaire Information box, select in which way the luminaire luminous intensity information is to be shown.

Select Show Polar Diagram In the Installation Data box, select which elements are to be displayed in chapter 'Installation Data' of the report.

Select Show Aiming Angles



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In the General box, select which additional information is to be displayed and in which language the report is to be created.

Click OK to return to the Main View.

Calculation Presentation Defaults Select Calculation Presentation Defaults from the Options menu.

Select the Presentation Forms tab. In this tab you can select the elements to be displayed in the calculation presentation result views. Select Textual Table, Iso Contour, Filled Iso Contour

Select the General tab.

In the Show box, select the elements to be displayed by default in the calculation presentation and report. Select Luminaires, Luminaire Code, Luminaire Legend, Drawings,Fill Color Legend, Room,Connected Field,Connected Grid

In the Iso Contour Method box, select which Iso Contour Method will be used by default for the calculation presentation.

Select Relative

Select the Scaling tab.

In the Minimum Report Scale box. Select 10

In the Sizing box, select the default sizing of the calculation presentation result views, select:

Zoomed Relative to Grid: Factor 1.000

By setting the above scaling, the size of the defined objects in the calculation presentation result overviews will be based on the size of the grid and the field. The size is determined by the 'Zoom Factor'.


Now start your first project.



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LAB SESSION 09

Your First Project on lighting design using CALCULUX

OBJECTIVE

Design a general lighting scheme of an office using CALCULUX. This will be your first task of this Lab.

The details are as under: Room Specifications

Room dimensions Width 3.50 m Length 5.60 m Height 2.70 m Working Plane Height 0.80 m

Reflections Ceiling 0.50 Walls 0.30 Floor 0.10

Position (of Left Front side of the room) X = 0.0 Y =0.0

Required illuminance level

General lighting 300 lux on working plane

Luminaire Specifications

Luminaire type TBS600/135 C7-60 Lamp type TL5 35W

Project Maintenance Factor 0.80

First Task of First project:

Starting the First Project 1. Select New Project from the File menu.

A new empty window will be created. You can maximize the view if you wish.

Enter the project data Select Project Info from the Data menu.

1. Add Information in Project tab about your project, In the Customer tab about your customer, In the Company tab you can enter company information.

2. Click OK to return to the Main View.



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Setting Project Options Select Project Options from Data menu. 1. In the Calculation box:

Disable (no checkmark) 'Luminaire Splitup' Set 'Project Maintenance Factor' to: 0.80

In general, for indoor lighting designs, the luminaire split-up is needed only for precise calculations, such as indirect lighting (uplighter).

2. In the 2D View tab and 3D View tab: Disable 'Aiming Arrows'.


Specifying the Room Select Room from the Data menu.

1. Select the Definition tab. In the Dimensions box, enter the dimensions of the room:

In the Position box you can define the position of the Left Front corner of the room.

By means of the 'Centre' button you can position the centre of the room in origin (x=0, y=0). For this project the position of the Left Front corner is 0,0.

2. In the Quick Estimate box you can specify the requested illuminance level as general lighting. The value you specify will be used by Calculux to calculate the number of luminaires needed to meet the required Illuminance level.

In the 'Required Illuminance Level field', Enter 300 lux

3. Select the Interreflection tab. In the Interreflection Accuracy box you can specify the accuracy of the interreflection calculations.

Select Normal


Selecting Project Luminaires To select Project Luminaires: a) Select Project Luminaires from the Data menu Or b) Click on Toolbar shortcut button. a) Selecting Project Luminaires from the Data menu

1. Select Project Luminaires from the Data menu. 2. Click Add and select Database.

In the Application Area box you can select the application area(s) you want to use. Select Indoor Lighting



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3. Click Open. In the Add Project Luminaires dialogue box, select the family name and/or family code of the luminaire:

Family Name TBS600 Family Code TBS600

By default both the family name and the family code are set to 'any' (no luminaires will be selected). Nevertheless, you should select 'any' for the family name if the family name is unknown or select 'any' for the family code if the family code is unknown.

4. Select the housing and light distributor of the luminaire, select: Housing TBS600/135 Light Distributor C7-60

5. Click Add. 6. Click OK, then Close (twice) to return to the Main View.

OR b) Clicking on Toolbar shortcut button.

1. Click on in the Calculux menu bar. Select the housing and light distributor of the luminaire, select:

Housing TBS600/135 Light Distributor C7-60

2. Click Add. 3. Click OK to return to the main View.

If the luminaire is not in your database you can select another Indoor luminaire. If you wish you can view luminaire details by clicking on the Details button.

Positioning luminaires: Calculux allows you to position luminaires individually as well as in arrangements. For 'First Project' you will create a Room Block arrangement. The number of luminaires needed will be calculated according to the utilization factor (UF factor).

1. Select Arranged Luminaires from the Data menu. 2. Click Add and select Room Block.

In the UF Method box you can see that 3.5 luminaires is sufficient for the requested illuminance level of 300 lux as general lighting.

3. Click Generate. A Room Block arrangement of 4 luminaires will be generated. In the Definition box enter the name of the arrangement, enter:

Name General

4. Click OK, then Close to return to the Main View.



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Defining a (calculation) grid: Before a calculation can be performed a (calculation) grid has to be defined. You can define your own grid, define a grid according to a rule or use a preset grid.

For this project you will use a preset grid. 1. Select Grids from the Data menu. 2. Click Add in the Grids dialogue box.

In the Add Grid dialogue box, enter the name of the grid, enter: Name Working Plane

In the Coupling box, select: Connected to Working Plane


Performing a calculation: All settings concerning the definition or presentation of a calculation for a specific project are performed in the Calculation menu. For 'First Project' project you will use the default settings (as previously done), so no settings have to be done.

1. Select Show Results from the Calculation menu. The calculation will be performed.

Printing the report: All settings concerning the contents and layout of a report for a specific project are normally done in the Report menu. For 'First Project' project you will use the default settings (as previously done).

1. Select Print Report from the File menu. 2. Click OK in the Print dialogue box to print the report.

Saving the project: In case you wish to redesign the project later, it is advisable to save the project.

1. Select Save from the File menu. Enter the file name, enter:

File Name Office 1.cin

2. Click OK to save the project. 3. Select Exit from the File menu to close the program.



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-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7X(m)

AA

AA

Fig: 1st Task

Second Task of The First Project:

Let suppose there is a window in the back wall of the room, two luminaires of the Room Block arrangement have to be moved. How will you move?

Open 'First Project' and save it under a new name. 1. Select Open Project from the File menu. 2. Select OFFICE 1.CIN and click OK. 3. In de File menu, select Save As. 4. In the File Name box, enter OFFICE 2.CIN and click OK.

You are now working in OFFICE 2.CIN.

Repositioning of luminaires for general lighting. There are two possibilities:

Change the Y-spacing of the luminaires in the arrangement

1. Select Arranged Luminaires from Data menu. 2. In the Arrangements dialogue box, click Change. 3. Select the Arrangement tab.

In the Definition box, enter the Y-spacing of the luminaires: Change the Y-spacing from 2.80 to 3.40. 4. Click OK, then Close.

Change the position of the luminaires According to the arrangement rule, the luminaires in the Room Block arrangement can not be moved individually. In order to move individual luminaires, the Room Block arrangement has to be changed into a Free arrangement first.

1. Select Arranged Luminaires from Data menu.



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In the Arrangements dialogue box, click Free, then click Yes. Now the Room Block arrangement is made into a Free arrangement.

2. Click Change and select the Luminaire List tab. In the Luminaire List tab, enter the new positions of the luminaires: Change the Y-position of the luminaires in row 3 and 4 from 4.20 to 4.80.

3. Click OK, then Close.

Now calculate the results again.

Third task of first project:

Add a table in the center of the room & write text on table TABLE

Open 'First Project' and save it under a new name. 1. Select Open Project from the File menu. 2. Select OFFICE2.CIN and click OK. 3. In de File menu, select Save As. 4. In the File Name box, enter OFFICE 3.CIN and click OK.

You are now working in OFFICE 3.CIN.

Add an object table

1. Select Drawings from Data menu. 2. Click Add. & Select Rectangle. 3. Add the dimensions of table.

X=1.00, Y=2.00m, Z=2.00m Length= 2.0m , Width=1.5m

4. Select the Arrangement tab. In the Definition box, enter the Y-spacing of the luminaires:

5. Click OK, then Close.

Now calculate the results again.

AA

AA

Fig: 2nd Task

table

AA

AA

Fig: 3rd Task



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OBSERVATION:

Attach the Self generated Report with each task.

In each report following details should be there 1) Title Page 2) Table of Contents 3) Summary 4) Luminaries Details 5) Installation data 6) Top project overview 7) Calculation Results

a) Textual Table b) ISO Contour c) Filled ISO Contour

INSTRUCTION:

All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple with the workbook.



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LAB SESSION 10

Your Second Project on lighting design using CALCULUX

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this lab is to measure the LUX level on the working plane. This will be your first task of this Lab.

The constructional details are as under:

Room Specifications



Position (of Left Front side of the room) X= 0.0 Y = 0.0

Illuminance level

To be measured

Luminaire Specifications

Luminaire type Lamp Type Color FBS331/218 M6 2xPL-L18W 840 TBS300/236 M1 2XTL-D36W 840

Project Maintenance Factor 0.80

Luminaires Location

Red Lamps (12 in Number) Spacing X- Spacing = 1.2m Y- Spacing = 1.6m Position X=1.20 Y=1.60 Z=3.66

Blue Lamps (20 in Number) Spacing X- Spacing = 1.5m Y- Spacing = 1.6m Position X=1.45 Y=2.20 Z=3.66



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-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10X(m)

-0.5

00.

51

1.5

22.

53

3.5

44.

55

5.5

66.

57

7.5

8Y

(m)

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

AAAAA

BBBB

BBBB

BBBB

First Task of Second Project:

Starting the First Project Select New Project from the File menu.

Enter the project data Select Project Info from the Data menu and fill the Project information in Project tab, Customer information in Customer tab & company information in company tab.


Setting Project Options Select Project Options from Data menu.

1. In the Calculation box: Disable (no checkmark) 'Luminaire Splitup' Set 'Project Maintenance Factor' to: 0.80

2. In the 2D View tab and 3D View tab: Disable 'Aiming Arrows'.




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Specifying the Room Select Room from the Data menu.

1. Select the Definition tab. In the Dimensions box, enter the dimensions of the room:

In the Position box you can define the position of the Left Front corner of the room.

2. In the Quick Estimate box, fill none. you can specify the requested illuminance level as general lighting. But here in this project,

In the 'Required Illuminance Level field', enter none.

3. Select the Interreflection tab. In the Interreflection Accuracy box you can specify the accuracy of the interreflection calculations.

Select Normal


Selecting Project Luminaires To select Project Luminaires: a) Select Project Luminaires from the Data menu Or b) Click on Toolbar shortcut button.

Now select following Project Luminaires: Luminaire type Lamp Type Color FBS331/218 M6 2xPL-L18W 840 TBS300/236 M1 2XTL-D36W 840

Positioning luminaires: Calculux allows you to position luminaires individually as well as in arrangements. For 'Second Project' you will create two separate Room Block arrangements.

1. Select Arranged Luminaries from the Data menu. 2. Click Add and select Room Block.

In the Definition box, enter the given information. In the UF Method box, do not click Generate .

3. See the preview 4. Click OK, then Add another Room Block, default name Room Block1. 5. Now enter the given information about the luminaries and repeat for the

next luminaire.



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Defining a (calculation) grid: Before a calculation can be performed a (calculation) grid has to be defined. You can define your own grid, define a grid according to a rule or use a preset grid.

For this project you will use a preset grid. 1. Select Grids from the Data menu. 2. Click Add in the Grids dialogue box.

In the Add Grid dialogue box, enter the name of the grid, enter: Name Working Plane

In the Coupling box, select: Connected to Working Plane


Performing a calculation: For 'Second Project calculations' use the default settings.

1. Select Show Results from the Calculation menu. The calculation will be performed.

Printing the report: For 'Second Project Report' use the default settings.

1. Select Print Report from the File menu. 2. Click OK in the Print dialogue box to print the report.

Saving the project: In case you wish to redesign the project later, it is advisable to save the project.

1. Select Save from the File menu. Enter the file name, enter:

File Name project2.cin

2. Click OK to save the project. 3. Select Exit from the File menu to close the program.

Second task of Second Project:

In your second task 1. Group the luminaries in three separate blocks. 2. Make rectangles. 3. Make two separate grids, one for working plane & one for Table. 4. Now calculate the results. 5. Generate & Print the report. 6. Save the project.



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-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8X(m)

01

23

45

67

Y(m

)

Table 2

Table 1

BBBB

BBBB

BBBB

BBBB

AAAAAAA

AAAAAAA

1. Group the luminaries in three separate blocks.

Red Luminaries in Center (14 in Number) Spacing & Position X- Spacing = 0.9m Y- Spacing = 1.0m X=1.00 Y=3.3 Z=3.66

Blue Lamps Bottom (8 in Quantity) Spacing & Position X- Spacing = 1.5m Y- Spacing = 1.3m X=1.4 Y=1.00 Z=3.66

Blue Lamps Top (8 in Quantity) Spacing & Position X- Spacing = 1.5m Y- Spacing = 1.3m X=1.4 Y=5.2 Z=3.66

2. Make Rectangles with the dimensions shown in figures below.

Rectangle1 X=0.60 Y=0.70m Z=3.66m Length= 2.0m Width=6.0m



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3. Make two separate grids, one for working plane & one for Table 1. 4. Calculate the results. 5. Generate & Print the report. 6. Save the project.

OBSERVATION:

Attach the Self Generated Report with each task of the Project.

In each report following details should be there 1. Title Page 2. Table of Contents 3. Summary 4. Luminaries Details 5. Installation data 6. Top project overview 7. Calculation Results


INSTRUCTION: All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple with the workbook.



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LAB SESSION 11

Third Project on lighting design using CALCULUX

OBJECTIVE:

Design a task and accent lighting for an office.

The constructional details of the office are as under:

Room Specifications



Position (of Left Front side of the room) X 0.0 Y 0.0

Luminaries Used

TBS600/135 C7-60 MASTERLINE PLUS 20W 24D [13672]

Project Maintenance Factor

0.80



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-4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7X(m)

-0.5

00.

51

1.5

22.

53

3.5

44.

55

5.5

6Y

(m)

Steps To Follow:

Starting the Third Project: Open Your first project office2.CIN and save it under a new name

Adding furniture. 1. Add Bureau (desk), consist of three elements Bureau, Bureau corner,

& Bureau left corner. Name Bureau Position, dimensions and orientation of the bureau (front desk): X =1.30 m Y= 3.10 m Z =0.80 m Length 1.60 m Width 0.80 m Rotation 0.00 deg

Name Bureau corner Position, dimensions and orientation of the bureau (corner): X 1.30 m Y 4.70 m Z 0.80 m Length 0.80 m Width 0.80 m Rotation 0.00 deg

Name Bureau left corner Position, dimensions and orientation of the bureau (left corner): X 0.10 m Y 4.70 m Z 0.80 m Length 0.80 m Width 1.20 m Rotation 0.00 deg

2. Add conference table (dimensions: 0.80m x 1.60m) Name Conference table Position, dimensions and orientation of the conference table: X 1.70 m Y 1.00 m Z 0.80 m Length 0.80 m Width 1.60 m Rotation 0.00 deg



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Selecting a Project Luminaire for task-and accent lighting Now task lighting for the desk and conference table and accent lighting for a painting will be added.For this project the MASTERLINE PLUS 20W 24D will be used.

Click on Toolbar shortcut button .

In the Add Project Luminaires dialogue box, select the family name, family code, housing and light distributor of the luminaire:

Family Name REFLECTOR LAMPS Family Code HALOGEN Housing MASTERLINE PLUS 20W Light distributor 24D

Click Add, then OK.

Positioning luminaires for the task- and accent lighting 1. Task lighting for the bureau

In the Arrangements dialogue box, click Add and select Block. Position X = 1.50 m, Y = 3.50 m, Z = 2.70 m Arrangement Number in AB: 2 X-spacing: 0.40 m

Number in AC: 2 Y-spacing: 0.80 m

In the Project Lumnaire box, select: Type MASTERLINE PLUS 20W 24D Click Apply, then OK.

2. Task lighting for the conference table In the Arrangements dialogue box, click Add and select Block. Position X = 2.10 m, Y = 1.20 m, Z = 2.70 m Arrangement Number in AB: 2 X-spacing: 0.80 m

Number in AC: 2 Y-spacing: 0.40 m

In the Project Luminaire box, select: Type MASTERLINE PLUS 20W 24D Click Apply, then OK.

3. Accent lighting for the painting on the right wall

In the Arrangements dialogue box, click Add and select Line. Select the Arrangement tab and enter: Name Painting

In the Line box, enter the position, quantity and spacing of the luminaires: First X = 0.75, Y = 1.90, Z = 2.65 Last X = 0.75, Y = 0.90, Z = 2.65

Number of Luminaires 2 Spacing 1.00 m



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The rotation of the Line arrangement will be -90°.

Now the luminaires have to be tilted to the wall: In the Luminaire List tab, enter the values for the tilt of both luminaires: Tilt90 = -40° Click OK, then Close.

View Aiming Arrows: Select Project Options from the Data menu. In the 2D View tab, check the Aiming Arrows box. Click OK.

Define Calculation grids for the bureau, conference table and the right wall Grid on Bureau Position A X = 1.3, Y = 3.1, Z = 0.8 B X = 2.1, Y = 3.1, Z = 0.8 C X = 1.3, Y = 4.7, Z = 0.8 Number of Points in AB = 4 AC = 8

Grid on Conference table Position A X = 1.7, Y = 1.0, Z = 0.8 B X = 3.3, Y = 1.0, Z = 0.8 C X = 1.7, Y = 1.8, Z = 0.8 Number of Points in AB = 8 AC = 4

Grid on Left Wall In the Grids dialogue box, click Add.

In the Add Grid dialogue box, enter: Name Left Wall

In the Coupling box, select: Connected to Left wall

Click OK, then Close.

Defining Switching Modes The following four switching modes will be defined for this project:

General lighting;

Task lighting for bureau;

Task lighting for table;

Accent lighting for painting at Left wall.



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Defining the name of the switching modes Select Switching Modes from the Data menu. In the Switching Modes dialogue box, enter the names of the switching modes. Enter General Lighting, then click New. Enter Task Lighting Bureau, then click New. Enter Task Lighting Table, then click New. Enter Accent Lighting Painting, then click OK.

In this Lab, the General Lighting is always switched on.

Selecting the luminaires to which the switching mode is applied Select Arranged Luminaires from the Data menu.

Double click on 'Bureau' in the Arrangements dialogue box. Select the Luminaire Definition tab. In the Switching Modes box, check 'Task Lighting Bureau' only. Click Apply, then OK.

Double click on 'Conference Table' in the Arrangements dialogue box. Select the Luminaire Definition tab. In the Switching Modes box, check 'Task Lighting Table' only. Click Apply, then OK.

Double click on 'Painting' in the Arrangements dialogue box. Select the Luminaire Definition tab. In the Switching Modes box, check 'Accent Lighting Painting' only. Click Apply, then OK.

Double click on 'General' in the Arrangements dialogue box. Select the Luminaire Definition tab.

In the Switching Modes box, check 'General Lighting', 'Task Lighting Bureau', 'Task Lighting Table' and 'Accent Lighting Painting'.

Click Apply, then OK. Click Close.

Defining Calculations Before you can perform a calculation, you have to specify the calculation name and the calculation parameters first.

Select Define from the Calculation menu. For this project the following calculations have to be defined:

Working Plane Double click on 'Working Plane' in the Calculation dialogue box. In the Change Calculation dialogue box, check and/or select: Name Working Plane Grid Working Plane



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Switching Mode General Lighting Calculation Type Plane Illuminance Result Type Total (= Direct + Indirect contribution) Direction Surface +N Click OK.

Similarly for Bureau, Conference table & Left Wall.

Printing the report: Report Setup Select Setup from the Report menu. Select the Components tab. In the Components box, select which components have to be included in the report.

In the Include box, double click on the + or - sign to include (+) or exclude (-) a calculation.

For this project Working Plane, Bureau, Table and Right Wall have to be included.

In the Presentation Forms box, select in which presentation forms the calculation results are presented. Select:

Select: Graphical Table Iso Contour Filled Iso Contour

Click OK.

Printing the Report You can use Print Preview (see Report menu) to preview your report before printing it. Select Print Report from the File menu or Report menu. Click OK in the Print dialogue box to print the report.

Saving the project In case you wish to redesign the project later, it is advisable to save the project. Select Save from the File menu to save the project.



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OBSERVATION:

Attach the Self Generated Report with each task of the Project.

In each report following details should be there 8. Title Page 9. Table of Contents 10. Summary 11. Luminaries Details 12. Installation data 13. Top project overview 14. Calculation Results


INSTRUCTION: All the observation reports should be maintained in a separate file, do not staple with the workbook.



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LAB SESSION 12

Luminescence

OBJECTIVE

To verify the Laws of Illumination.

APPARATUS

A wooden board Connecting wires Fluorescent Light Incandescent Light LUX Meter

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

The inverse-square law, which states that the illuminance at a point on a surface perpendicular to the light ray is equal to the luminous intensity of the source at that point divided by the square of the distance between the source and the point of calculation.

Where:

E = Illuminance in footcandles I = Luminous intensity in candles D = Distance in feet between the source and the point of calculation

TYPES OF LAMPS

INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS Incandescent light bulbs consist of a glass enclosure (the envelope, or bulb) which is filled with an inert gas to reduce evaporation of the filament. Inside the bulb is a filament of tungsten wire, through which an electric current is passed. The current heats the filament to an extremely high temperature (typically 2000 K to 3300 K depending on the filament type, shape, size, and amount of current passed through). The heated filament emits light that approximates a continuous spectrum. The useful part of the emitted energy is visible light, but most energy is given off in the near-infrared wavelengths.



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HALOGEN BULBS Halogen light bulbs produce light in a similar method to a regular incandescent bulb. A halogen bulb has a filament made of Tungsten, which glows when electricity is applied, same as a regular incandescent bulb. What makes a halogen bulb different is that it is filled with halogen gas instead of argon gas like a regular bulb is. The halogen gas removes the carbon deposits on the inside of the bulb, caused by the burning of the tungsten filament, and re-deposits it back on to the filament, resulting in a light bulb which can be burned at a higher temperature therefore creating, both a whiter as well as a brighter light per watt than a regular bulb. The average rated life of halogen bulbs are typically between 2,000 and 4,000 hours.

Figure: Types of Incandescent Lamps

FLOURESCENT TUBE LIGHT A fluorescent lamp or fluorescent tube is a gas-discharge lamp that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor. The excited mercury atoms produce short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor to fluoresce, producing visible light.

Compared with incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps use less power for the same amount of light, generally last longer, but are bulkier, more complex, and more expensive than a comparable incandescent lamp.



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Figure: Types of Fluorescent Lamps

COMPACT FLOURESCENT LIGHTS A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also known as a compact fluorescent light bulb (or less commonly as a compact fluorescent tube [CFT]), is a type of fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs are designed to replace an incandescent lamp and can fit in the existing light fixtures formerly used for incandescents.

Compared to general service incandescent lamps giving the same amount of visible light, CFLs use less power and have a longer rated life, but generally have a higher purchase price.



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PROCDURE & CALCULATIONS

Place different lamps on the wooden board & calculate the LUX level at different point.

S. No.

Type of Lamp

Distance from the source

LUX

1 Incandescent 2

3 1

Fluorescent Lamp 2 3

RESULT

The inverse square law understood.

EXERCISE

On wooden board, make the circuitry of Fluorescent lamp & also draw the circuit diagram of a fluorescent lamp showing fluorescent tube, ballast & starter.



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LAB SESSION 13

Calculating the Total Cost in a Commercial or

Industrial Bill.

OBJECTIVE

You are given an Industrial or commercial Bill

Calculate the total energy cost of the utility bill.

Explain the terms used in the bill

Perform Exercise in the end of the Lab Session

Theory:

The rates of utility companies are based upon the following guidelines:

1. The amount of energy consumed [kW.h] 2. The demand or rte at which energy is consumed [kW] 3. The power facto of the load.

The amount of energy consumed is measured by Energy meter and the demand of the system during the demand interval is measured by Demand meter.

What is The Difference Between Demand and Consumption?

Demand is how much power you require at a single point in time, measured in kilowatts (kW).

Consumption is how much energy you use over a period of time, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).

Example: assume ten lights are turned on each with a 100-watt bulb. To accomplish this, you must draw - or demand - 1,000 watts, or 1 kW of electricity from the power grid. If you leave all ten lights on for two hours, you would consume 2 kWh of electricity.

Demand Measurement

Demand varies by customer and month. To record demand, a special meter tracks the flow of electricity to a facility over a period of time, usually 30-minute intervals.

Over the course of a month, the 30-minute interval with the highest demand is recorded and reflected on a monthly bill.

Minimum Charges

means a charge to recover the costs for providing customer service to consumers even if no energy is consumed during the month.

Fixed Charges means the part of sale rate in a two-part tariff to be recovered on the basis of Billing Demand in kilowatt on monthly basis.



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Variable Charge

means the sale rate per kilowatt-hour (kWh) as a single rate or part

of a two-part tariff applicable to the actual kWh consumed by the consumer during a billing period.

Maximum Demand

where applicable , means the maximum of the demand obtained

in any month measured over successive periods each of 30 minutes duration.

Sanctioned Load

where applicable means the installed load in kilowatt as applied for by the consumer and allowed/authorized by the Company for usage by the consumer.

Power Factor

shall be to the ratio of kWh to KVAh recorded during the month or the ratio of kWh to the square root of sum of square of kWh and kVARh,.

Formulae to be used:

1. Energy Charges (Rs) = No. of Units x energy charges (Rs/kWh)

2. Fuel Adjustment Charges (Rs) = No. of Units x energy charges (Rs/kWh)

3. Fixed Charges (Rs)

If MXD>50% of connected load

then Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x MXD

If MXD<50% of connected load

then Fix Charges (Rs) = Fix charges rates x 50% of connected load

4. Additional Surcharge

Additional Surcharge (Rs) = No. of Units x Additional surcharge (Rs/kWh)

5. Income Tax

Applicable on Taxable Amount

Taxable Amount = Energy Charges + Fuel Adjustment Charges + Additional Surcharge + Fixed Charges + Electricty Duty + Meter Rent + P.f Penalty

6. Sales Tax

Sales Tax = some percent of Taxable amount (See Tarrifs)



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Attach the bill here:



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Calculations:

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LAB SESSION 14

Diesel Generating Set

OBJECTIVE

To study the various components of a Diesel Generating Set

THEORY

It is common practice to provide the standby emergency source of supply at all important installations such as large factories, railways, airports & other essential services. This is usually achieved with the use of a captive Diesel Generator Set (DG Set).

Main Components of A Diesel Generating Set

DG Set comprises of three main parts.

Engine This is the main prime mover (PM) for the generator and may be a gas, petrol or diesel engine, depending upon the availability of fuel. In this LAB we will discuss the Diesel generating Set, being used more commonly for captive power generation.

The control of power output is obtained through this PM only. It has a drooping characteristic.

Governor This senses the speed of the machine and performs extremely fast and accurate adjustments in the fuel supply to the PM. In turn it regulates the speed and output of the PM within predefined limits, depending upon the droop of the PM. The governor may be a mechanical (manual), hydraulic or electronic (automatic) device.

Generator Generator is responsible for changing engine power (hp or kW) into electrical power (kVA). They also must satisfy high magnetizing current draws (kVAR) of electrical equipment.

NEMA suggests 0.8pf for standard generator.

Engine & Generator Sizing Engines are sized according to the actual power in kW required to meet the need of the facility. The generator on the other hand, must be capable of handling the maximum apparent power which is measured in kVA. Thus engine provide power (kW) and frequency control, generator influence kVA and voltage control.



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Fig: A Complete DG Set

Fig: Auxiliary Fuel Tank



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Fig: A front View of a Diesel Generating Set

Fig: Air Ducting

Fig: Batteries & Battery Charger



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Fig: Vibration Isolator

Fig: Batteries

EXERCISE:

Household Equipments Ratings:

Fill the following table;

S. No.

Item Rating (kW) 1 Ceiling Fan 2 Computer Monitor (Size= inches) 3 Refrigerator 4 Split AC (1 ton) 5

Split AC (1.5 ton)

6 Window Type Split AC (1 ton) 7 Window Type Split AC (1.5 ton) 8 Washing Machine 9 Electric Iron

10 Microwave Oven 11 Television (Size = inches) 12 Available Fluorescent Tubes 13 Available CFL 14 Printer (Laser jet or dot matrix) 15 Tape Recorder

This chart is very useful in calculating the size of the generator required for your home.



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Question:

Explain the following parts or terms of Diesel Generating Set: 1. Radiators 2. Canopy 3. Silencer & Exhaust System 4. Shock Vibrators 5. Ducting 6. Batteries 7. Battery Chargers 8. Crank 9. Blower Fan 10. Fuel Tank & Base Frame 11. Main Tank & Auxiliary Tank 12. Drain Valve & Shut-off Valve 13. BHP 14. Standby, Prime & Continuous Ratings 15. Generator Amperage

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 15(a)


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LAB SESSION 15 (a)

Home Electrical Wiring OBJECTIVE

To make connections in home electrical wiring from services main to different distribution boards and electrical points for appliances in a room.

APPARATUS

A large wooden board

Kilo Watt-hour Meter

Wires & Cables

Switches & Sockets

Bulbs & Fans

THEORY

Designing the home electrical wiring needs careful consideration because of safety. For wiring in residential buildings or industrial buildings, wiring layout should be first prepared on the drawing board.

The number of light and power points in a building is determined not only by its size, but is also a matter of individual preference especially in the case of residential buildings and as such the owner should be consulted for this.

The number of outlets should be adequate to ensure convenient hooking up of the various electric operated gadgets & appliances. Minimum four outlets one per wall should be provided in each room. Lamps & motors should normally be wires on different circuits

Figure: Typical Domestic Intake Arrangement



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Yellow Phase Blue Phase

EXERCISE

Make connection of the three phase watt hour meter with the service main and distribute the three-phase incoming service main & neural wire to different distribution boards & electrical points (for appliances) in different rooms of the house.

Select cables for them.

Measure the total energy

Also draw the circuit diagram using the standard symbols of switch fan bulb etc.

R+N

Y+N B+N

In Room 1,2,3 &4 1 Tube Light is there on any one of the walls. 1 Ceiling fan is there. 1 DB is there (with three switches & one socket).

In each washroom, Only one light is there, controlled from outside the washroom.

Red Phase is feeding Room 1 & Room 2; Yellow Phase is feeding Room 3, while Blue Phase is feeding Room 4.

ROOM NO. 01

KWh Meter

R

Y

B N Wash

Room

ROOM NO. 02

Wash Room

ROOM NO. 03

Wash Room

ROOM NO. 04

Wash Room



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Make an extension board with & without fuse with three sockets & one switch in it and show the wiring diagram with color pencil.

Phase Neutral

Phase Neutral

1 2 3

FUSE SWITCH SOCKETS

5A

1 2 3

SWITCH SOCKETS

Electrical Power Distribution & Utilization Lab session 15(b)


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LAB SESSION 15 (b)

Safety

OBJECTIVE

To understand the importance of safety.

APPARATUS

Multimedia

THEORY

Safety rules should be taken in doing any electrical work because electricity could be very dangerous if precautions not taken.

Hazards of Electricity There are two types of hazards caused by electricity.

1. Primary Hazards includes

Electrocution (Electric Shock)

Fire and Explosion

2. Secondary Hazards includes

Skin Burns

Effects of Electrocution Sufficient current flowing through the body will create serious harms, depending on the magnitude of current:

Ventricular Fibrillation

heartbeats disrupted by electric current. The heart flutters rather than beats. The heart pumps little or no blood thru the circulation system. (need a defibrillator to resume heartbeats).

Suffocation

electric current causes the lung to contract violently, affecting respiration.

Cell damage

by electrical energy

Burns

by heating effect of electric current



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The magnitude of current flowing in the body depends on: 1. Voltage 2. Body resistance i.e.

Skin Contact Resistance:

From 1000 kilo-ohms (dry skin) down to 100 ohms (wet skin)

Internal Body resistance:

From 100 to 500 ohms.

Worst Condition: 220V / 200 ohms = 1.1 Amp. Best Condition: 220V / 1,000,000 ohms = 0.22 mA

3. The current pathway through the body 4. Duration of contact



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Prevention of Electrocution 1. Safe Electrical System

Protective Devices in the electrical supply system

Required by local code and regulations

Required for fixed installation and portable equipment

2. Safe Equipment

Use of Safe Equipment (with adequate protection)

3. Proper Maintenance

4. Safe Work Practices

Safe use of equipment (Proper Use)

Hazardous Conditions 1. Direct contact with exposed current carrying parts

a. Maintenance process - need to open up enclosure b. Defective/damaged enclosure or insulation materials c. Unsafe design d. Maintenance people are more at risk

2. Contact with energized conductive parts (Indirect Contact) a. Electric/Ground faults b. Leaking out of electricity

Safeguard against Direct Contact with Live Electrical Parts 1. Adequate insulation of live conductors

Ensured by safe design and proper inspection and maintenance

Stringent requirements in Electricity (Wiring) Regulation 2. Restrict access or contact by Enclosure/ Guarding/ Barrier 3. Interlocking devices

Normally installed at access doors for dangerous parts.

Fool-proof device to ensure electricity supply is cut-off with the device is activated (when the door is opened)

Safeguard against Ground Fault Conditions 1. Grounding/Earthing

Draining of leaked out current to the earth/ground using a conductor (earth wire)

Eliminate the build up of potential difference between the equipment and the ground.



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HOW CAN WE SAVE OURSELVES AND EQUIPMENT FROM ELECTRCITY DANGER:

Using Circuit Protecting

Personnel Protection Equipment (PPE)

Circuit Protecting Devices Prevent Injuries

They shut off the flow of electricity if level becomes too dangerous Examples of these devices are:

Fuses

Circuit breakers

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI)

Personnel Protection Equipment (PPE) Will Save Your Life

Examples of PPE that will protect you from dangerous electrical currents:

o Industrial protective helmets o Eye gear o Rubber gloves o Rubber shoes o Rubber mats

Always Remember . Electricity can kill! Your body is a great conductor of electricity! Do not work on or near live parts! Never use an electrical tool near water Never us an electrical tool that has fallen into water It does not take high voltage to kill

Treat electricity with respect, it deserves!

EE-353--ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION.

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Transcript of EE-353--ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION & UTILIZATION.