Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class...

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CPE Screening We are grateful to Dr Andrew Dodgson, Consultant Microbiologist, Public Health England and Central Manchester Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote

Transcript of Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class...

Page 1: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

CPE Screening

We are grateful to Dr Andrew Dodgson, Consultant Microbiologist, Public Health 

England and Central Manchester Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

Educational Workshops 2016

Keynote

Page 2: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Terminology

• CPECarbapenemase Producing Enterobacteriaceae

• CRE Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae

• CPOCarbapenemase Producing Organism

• CRO Carbapenem Resistant Organism

Page 3: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Classification of carbapenemases

• Class A (serine based)• KPC, GES, SME, NMC, IMI

• Class B (metallo‐enzymes)• NDM, IMP, VIM, GIM, SIM, SMP, L1, BCII, Ccra

• Class D (serine)• OXA

Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007

Page 4: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Classification

• Chromosomal– Class A

• SME, NMC, IMI

– Class B• BCII, L1, Ccra

• Plasmid– Class A

• KPC, GES

– Class B• NDM, IMP

– Class D• OXA

Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007

Page 5: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

What’s worth worrying about?

• All of them?• The “Big 5”

– KPC– VIM– NDM– IMP– OXA‐48 like

Page 6: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Diversity

• Molecular characteristics

• Substrate profile• Activity against carbapenems

• Host species…….

• Compare with MRSA

Implications for:• Detection• Therapy• Control?

Page 7: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Global Distribution‐KPC

From: Lee et al., Front Microbiol. 2016 Jun 13;7:895

Page 8: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Global Distribution‐NDM

From: Lee et al., Front Microbiol. 2016 Jun 13;7:895

Page 9: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Global Distribution‐OXA‐48

From: Lee et al., Front Microbiol. 2016 Jun 13;7:895

Page 10: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/antimicrobial_resistance/database/Pages/map_reports.aspx

Page 11: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

A UK Perspective

Number of isolates referred from UK hospital microbiology laboratories confirmed as carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae by AMRHAI, 2003−2014.

Page 12: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase (KPC)

• 1st described from an isolate in a surveillance project from 19961

• Plasmid mediated• Disseminated throughout eastern seaboard during early 2000’s 

• Rate of carbapenem resistance in K. pneumoniae from NY went from 0.1% to 22% between 1999‐20062

1Yigit et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr;45(4):1151-61. 2Landman et al. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007 Jul;60(1):78-82.

Page 13: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Control‐What can we do?

• Find carriers• Screening

• Isolate carriers• Eliminate vectors

• Hand hygiene• Clean equipment

• Clean environment • Change host environment 

• Antibiotic policy

Page 14: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Control

Page 15: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Screening

• Who, when & how often?– On Admission– Any patient who in the last 12 months has: 

• Been an inpatient in a hospital abroad OR • Been an inpatient in a UK hospital known to have had problems with spread of carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae

OR • Previously been colonised or had an infection with carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae or close contact with a person who has, if known 

– 3 screens 48hrs apart

Page 16: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

MIC’s of Carbapenemase producers

ECOFF S I RErta >0.125 ≤0.5 1 >1

0.5->64Imi >1 ≤2 4-8 >8

0.5->64Mero >0.125 ≤2 4-8 >8

0.25-64

Miriagou et al. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 Feb;16(2):112‐22.

Page 17: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Detection‐problems

MIC Determined by:• Presence, amount & type of carbapenemase• Porin loss• Presence & amount of other β‐lactamases (ESBL & AmpC)

Page 18: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Detection‐problems

Carbapenem resistance ≠ Carbapememase

ANDCarbapenemase ≠ Carbapenem 

resistance

Page 19: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Detection Methodologies

Considerations:• Clinical sample vs. Screening samples• Prevalence

– Sporadic– Outbreak– Endemic

Page 20: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

An approach to clinical samples

• Test ALL significant Enterobacteriaceae against a carbapenem

• Ertapenem most sensitive (least specific)– Problems with Enterobacter

• Speciate• Work up all showing non‐susceptibility• Don’t rely on expert rules of automated systems to identify potential CPE

Page 21: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Screening Methods

• Faecal sample or rectal swab– Need adequate sample if rectal swab* (~50% increased positivity rate, 

for swabs with visibly faecal material, vs without)

• Enrichment vs. direct• Medium?

– Abx supplemented Mac or CLED– Mac or CLED with Carb disc– Commercial chromogenic

• Molecular

*Shorten, et al. JHI, 2016.

Page 22: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Screening Methods

• CDC method• 10ug Imi disc dropped in to 5ml TSB• Overnight incubation• Plated on to Mac

• Comparison of CDC and direct plating on Mac with 10ug Erta disk (≤27mm zone) *

– CDC, sens 65.6%, spec 49.6%– Direct, sens 97.0%, spec 90.5%

*Lolans et al, JCM 2010

Page 23: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

CLED + Erta

ESBL Chromogenic + Erta

Negative Positive

Page 24: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Chromogenic media

• A number of formulations available• Difficult to critically assess performance• Likely to be optimised for KPC in particular• For example: 302 Turkish Pt’s screened (all who were +ve had OXA‐48)– CDC Method 58% sens, 95% spec– chromID Carba 58% sens, 99% spec– chromID OXA‐48 76% sens, 99% spec.

Zarakolu  et al., ECCMID 2014

Page 25: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Molecular screening methods

• In‐House PCR• Commercial PCR

– A number available (Check‐Direct, EasyPlex, Cepheid)

– Variations in platform, cost, genes detected.– Direct comparisons not available

Page 26: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Molecular screening methods

• Potential advantages– Sensitivity– Turn around time– Genotype known immediately

• Disadvantages– COST– Lack of isolate for sensitivity/typing– Won’t detect novel/unusual mechanisms– Equipment/training

Page 27: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Molecular screening methods

Comparison of commercial PCR vs culture1:• Sens 96.6%, Spec 98.6%, PPV 95.3%, NPV 99%.• Results available in 32‐48 mins.UK experience2:• 67,801 samples tested by in‐house or commercial PCR, PCR +ves then cultured

• Only 81.7% of PCR +ve found to be culture +ve

1Tato, et al. JCM, 2016, 54(7):1814‐9. 2Shorten, et al. JHI, 2016.

Page 28: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Laboratory Methods

• Disc susceptibility– Interpretation, inoculum.

• E‐test– Microcolonies, interpretation

Page 29: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying
Page 30: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Detection Methods

• BSAC– Interpretation, inoculum.

• E‐test– Microcolonies, interpretation

• Automated systems (e.g. VITEK)– Variable performance, “expert” rule base may miss some

– e.g. may not call a carbapenemase unless all ceph’s resistant also

Page 31: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Confirmatory testing

Locally:• Is it needed?• Is it reliable?• Does it make a difference? 

– Clinically?– Infection Control?

Page 32: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Confirmatory tests

• Modified Hodge Test• Phenotypic• Not specific to one enzyme• Within the capabilities of most labs• Subjective (to a degree)

Page 33: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

“Cloverleaf test”

Page 34: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Negative MHT

Page 35: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Positive MHT

Page 36: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Synergy testing

Mechanism  Carb + clav Carb + boronic acid

Carb + EDTA R to temocillin

MBL ‐ ‐ +++ +/‐

KPC +/‐ +++ ‐ +/‐

OXA‐48 ‐ ‐ ‐ +++

Page 37: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Confirmatory testing

PCR• Gold standard• Reference test• Commercial systems available• Recently published comparison

– no difference in performance between 3 commercial assays

Findlay et al., JAC, 2015; 70(5):1338‐42.

Page 38: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

An unanswered question

Can we robustly determine loss of carriage?Do we rescreen patients known to be previously positive when readmitted?

– What does a negative mean?– Genuine or below limit of detection?– PCR more believable than culture?

Page 39: Educational Workshops 2016 - BSAC · Educational Workshops 2016 Keynote. Terminology ... – Class B • NDM, IMP – Class D • OXA Queenan and Bush, CMR 2007. What’s worth worrying

Summary

• CPE represent a heterogenous group of species and mechanisms

• Laboratory detection from clinical specimens may require a high index of suspicion

• No one screening method will tick ALL the boxes