Educational Technology 1900 - 2010
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EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY1900 - 2010
Toffler’s Three Wave Theory
8000 BC - 1800
Wave 1 – Agricultural Phase
(Toffler, 1980)
1800 - 1960
Wave 2 - Industrial Phase(Toffler, 1980)
1960 - Present
Wave 3 – Information Phase
(Toffler, 1980)
KEY TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES AND
INNOVATIONS
1900 - 1909
First modern visual instruction monograph (Saettler, 2004)
The first portable projector, also know as the Animatograph (Saettler, 2004)
1910 - 1919
A series of historical films that covered important phases of the American Revolution titled “Minute Men” was released (Saettler, 2004)
The first educational film library in a school system was established by the Chicago Bureau of Visual Instruction (Saettler, 2004)
1920 – 1929
One of the first national schools of the air began, sponsored by NBC (Saettler, 2004)
The first comprehensive series of educational silent films is produced by Eastman Kodak Company (Saettler, 2004)
1930 - 1939
Films that correlated with school curriculum were produced, called “The Movietone School Series” (Saettler, 2004)
Electron microscope is invented (http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/twentieth_4.htm)
1940 - 1949
First training film was delivered to assist in war efforts (Saettler, 2004)
Textfilms are introduced by McGraw – Hill book company (Saettler, 2004)
1950 - 1959
The first modem is invented, the Bell 103 by AT&T
The microchip is invented (http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/modern.htm)
1960 - 1969
The first handheld calculator is invented The first internet, called ARPAnet, is
invented (http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/modern_2.htm)
1970 – 1979
Faggin, Hoff, and Mazor invent the microprocessor for Intel
WordStar, the first commercially word processing software program produced for microcomputers is released (http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/modern_3.htm)
1980 - 1989
The STM, or Scanning Tunneling Microscope, is invented
Microsoft invents the Windows program (http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/modern_3.htm)
1990 - 1999
Tim Berners-Lee creates the World Wide Web and internet protocol
The Pentium processor debuts (http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/modern_5.htm)
2000 - 2009
The iPod is introduced by Apple Computers
YouTube is invented (http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/a/ModernInvention.htm)
Nature of Work: Businesses and Corporations
1900 - 1909
Mass Production: Prices of goods were at a much lower cost due to mass production by businesses
The philosophy of this decade was to produce products as quickly as possible (http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade00.html)
1910 - 1919
During this decade, the number of supervisory personnel grew by 66% (http://www.enotes.com/1910-business-economy-american-decades)
The philosophy of the 1910’s was to industrialize the country and, like the 1900’s, produce products quickly (http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade10.html)
1920 - 1929
The philosophy of this decade for businesses was to simply meet the demands of the consumer.
Due to the fact that the war had set a precedent for further involvement later, businesses were much easier to sustain. (http://www.sagehistory.net/twenties/Twenties.htm)
1930 - 1939
Due to the Great Depression, the average failure rate for businesses grew to 127 per 10,000 businesses
The mission of businesses during this time was to survive until the economy picked up (http://ingrimayne.com/econ/EconomicCatastrophe/GreatDepression.html)
1940 - 1949
Businesses and government worked to build markets and profitable trade overseas
Labor unions and close collaboration with government produced an unwavering domestic climate for businesses (http://www.bookrags.com/history/america-1940s-business-and-the-economy/)
1950 - 1959
Steadily increasing during the decade, American exports reached all-time highs
American made products were in high demand and reliable (http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3468301795.html)
1960 - 1969
"It was a good time to be in business in the United States, an era when American efficiency and entrepreneurship were the wonder of the world.“ Joseph Pratt and Louis Galambos
During the 1960s, big businesses dominated the domestic economy (http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/adec_0001_0007_0/adec_0001_0007_0_02205.html)
1970 - 1979
Inflation was increased due to the effects of the Vietnam War and President Johnson’s Great Society programs
People were disappointed when the increased federal involvement in the economy did not have positive effects (http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3468302597.html)
1980 - 1989
Agricultural exports declined and farmers were hit hard
In the beginning of this decade, the nation endured a deep recession (http://economics.about.com/od/useconomichistory/a/economy_1980s.htm)
1990 - 1999
Beginning in the mid-1990s, the U.S. experienced an exceptional expansion in economic production
Some analysts believed that a change in the economic structure of the United States had created a state of secure growth and low unemployment and an opening to essentially change the economy (http://edq.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/21/4/354)
2000 - 2009
The economy has entered a recession The unemployment rate is the highest it
has been in years Teamwork is an essential quality in most
employees
Educational Theories of Learning and
Instruction
1900 - 1909
Dewey’s Reflective Methodof Instruction (Saettler, 2004)
Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning (http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/Learning_theory_timeline.html)
1910 - 1919
Gestalt Phsychology(http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/
Learning_theory_timeline.html)
Burk’s IndividualizedInstruction (Saettler, 2004)
1920 - 1929
Lewin’s Field Study &a Science of Instruction(Saettler, 2004)
Piaget’s Genetic Epistomology(http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/
Learning_theory_timeline.html)
1930 - 1939
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning (Saettler, 2004)
Guthrie’s Contiguity Theory (http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner
/smarks/Learning_theory_timeline.html)
1940 - 1949
Hull’s Drive ReductionTheory
Sutherland’s Theory ofDifferential Association(http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/
Learning_theory_timeline.html)
1950 - 1959
Miller’s InformationProcessing Theory
Estes’ Statistical Learning Theory (http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/Learning_theory_timeline.html)
1960 - 1969
Bruner’s Discovery Learning
Freire’s Pedagogyof the Oppressed(http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/Learning_theory_timeline.html)
1970 - 1979
DeBono’s Lateral Thinking
Bransford’s Transfer-Appropriate Processing(http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/Learning_theory_timeline.html)
1980 - 1989
Habermas’ Critical Communication Theory
Feuerstein’s InstrumentalEnrichment(http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/Learning_theory_timeline.html)
1990 - 1999
Lave’s SituatedLearning
Paivio’s Dual CodingTheory(http://hagar.up.ac.za/catts/learner/smarks/Learning_theory_timeline.html)
2000 - 2009
Cognitivism
Behaviorism
Nature of Society and Culture: Key Events that Determined the Thinking
of the Decade
1900 - 1909
Gas powered automobiles are introduced (http://www.kyrene.k12.az.us/schools/brisas/sunda/decade/1900.htm)
Coal Strike (http://www.mountaintimes.com/history/1910s/world.php3)
1910 - 1919
The Armistice is signed, ending the Great War
A flu outbreak kills over 500,000 in the
U.S.(http://www.mountaintimes.com/history/1911s/world.php3)
1920 - 1929
The Stock Market crashes and the Great Depression begins
Scopes Monkey Trial (http://www.albany.edu/faculty/jjpowers/risp361/projects/F_Viau_Jim/Laws.htm)
1930 - 1939
The Great Depression is full blown
19th Amendment gives women the right to vote(http://www.mountaintimes.com/history/1920s/world.php3)
1940 - 1949
Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. after the bombing of Pearl Harbor (http://www.mountaintimes.com/history/1940s/world.php3)
Commercial television became available to the public with thirteen stations(http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade40.html)
1950 - 1959
President Eisenhower uses federal troops to desegregate schools in Arkansas(http://www.mountaintimes.com/history/1950s/world.php3)
Civil Rights Movement began (http://newestwear.com/blog/?p=16)
1960 - 1969
President Kennedy was assassinated Engel vs. Vital determined that prayer in
school is unconstitutional Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his
infamous “I Have a Dream Speech” and was assassinated in this decade (http://newestwear.com/blog/?p=16)
1970 - 1979
The Vietnam War ends (http://newestwear.com/blog/?p=16)
Watergate Scandal (http://www.mountaintimes.com/history/1970s/world.php3)
1980 - 1989
Computers are starting to be used in every office, school, and some homes (http://newestwear.com/blog/?p=16)
“Black Monday” occurs in which the Dow Jones drops 23% in one day(http://www.mountaintimes.com/history/1980s/world.php3)
1990 - 1999
World Wide Web is introduced and many begin using the Internet
The Gulf War (http://newestwear.com/blog/?p=6)
2000 - 2009
Barak Obama is elected as the first African – American President
Terrorists attacked the Twin Towers
Entertainment
1900 - 1909
Vaudeville Shows Family get-togethers and picnics Afternoon drives Baseball Barbershop Quartets
(http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade00.html)
1910 - 1919
Movies and plays were extremely popular Teens enjoyed a type of dance called
vamping Ballroom dancing Oijua board was popular
(http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade10.html)
1920 - 1929
Endurance races gained popularity Dance marathons became popular Movies became big, with the first talking
pictures (http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade20.html)
1930 - 1939
Movies were popular Board and parlor games Many read mystery novels People gathered around radios Young people danced to big bands
(http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade30.html)
1940 - 1949
The Office of War declared movies essential for morale and propaganda; movies were as popular as ever
The Jitterbug was made popular Basketball was popular
(http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade40.html)
1950 - 1959
As television became more popular, many began following college football on television
Drive-In movies became popular Rock & Roll
(http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade50.html)
1960 - 1969
Skateboards Barbie dolls Television Listening to music on radios Watching musicals
(http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade60.html)
1970 - 1979
The Twist became a popular dance Television was popular as color was
introduced As disco clubs were coming to an
end, chic clubs were opening (http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade70.html)
1980 - 1989
Many Americans began using pc’s Team sports for kids were on the rise Cable was born and with it, MTV The following types of music became
popular: pop, rock, new wave, punk, country, and especially hip hop (http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade80.html)
1990 - 1999
Many began surfing the Internet Audio books allowed people to listen to a
book 98% of households had a television Video games Tae-bo (http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade90.html)
2000 - 2009
Movies and television Social networking iPods Wii and other gaming systems
Resources
Saettler, P. (2004) The Evolution of American Educational Technology. Greenwich, CN: Information Age Publishing Inc.
Toffler, A. (1980). The Third Wave. New York,
NY: Bantam Books.
**Many other sources were used for the completion of this presentation. They are presented within the presentation.