Educ.5 (report) delaaayed

Psychologica

l

Foundations Of

Education

Sociological

Anthropologi

cal

Psychological Foundation of Education

Educational Psychology

Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Thorndike

Definition

Educational Psychology - psychology in an educational setting, study on the nature of a child at various ages & the processes of growth& development, difficulties between Children's' ability & school performance.Schools of

Thoughts in Psychology

Temperament


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Thorndike

Definition

Schools of Thoughts in Psychology

Temperament

In psychology, temperament refers to those traits of an individual's personality, such as introversion or extroversion, that are often regarded as innate rather than learned. A great many classificatory schemes for temperament have been developed; none, though, has achieved general consensus in academia.

4 Temperament

Types


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


4 Temperament

Types

Sanguine temperament

Choleric temperament

Melancholic temperament

Phlegmatic temperament

Each of the four types of humours corresponded in ancient times to a different personality type.

Temperament


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


4 Temperament Types

Sanguine temperament is fundamentally impulsive and pleasure-seeking; sanguine people are sociable and charismatic. They tend to enjoy social gatherings, making new friends and tend to be boisterous. They are usually quite creative and often daydream. However, some alone time is crucial for those of this temperament. Sanguine can also mean sensitive, compassionate and thoughtful. Sanguine personalities generally struggle with following tasks all the way through, are chronically late, and tend to be forgetful and sometimes a little sarcastic. Often, when they pursue a new hobby, they lose interest as soon as it ceases to be engaging or fun. They are very much people persons. They are talkative and not shy. Sanguines generally have an almost shameless nature, certain that what they are doing is right. They have no lack of confidence.


Sanguine temperament Choleric temperament


Definition

Temperament


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


4 Temperament Types

Choleric temperament is fundamentally ambitious and leader-like. They have a lot of aggression, energy, and/or passion, and try to instil it in others. They can dominate people of other temperaments, especially phlegmatic types. Many great charismatic military and political figures were choleric. They like to be in charge of everything. However, cholerics also tend to be either highly disorganized or highly organized. They do not have in-between setups, only one extreme to another. As well as being leader-like and assertive, cholerics also fall into deep and sudden depression. Essentially, they are very much prone to mood swings.




Definition

Temperament


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


4 Temperament Types


Melancholic temperament Phlegmatic temperament

Melancholic temperament is fundamentally introverted and thoughtful. Melancholic people often were perceived as very (or overly) pondering and considerate, getting rather worried when they could not be on time for events. Melancholics can be highly creative in activities such as poetry and art - and can become preoccupied with the tragedy and cruelty in the world. Often they are perfectionists. They are self-reliant and independent; one negative part of being a melancholic is that they can get so involved in what they are doing they forget to think of others.

Definition

Temperament


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


4 Temperament Types


Melancholic temperament Phlegmatic temperament

Phlegmatic temperament is fundamentally relaxed and quiet, going from tenderly attentive to lazily inactive. Phlegmatics tend to be content with themselves and are kind. They are accepting and affectionate. They may be receptive and shy and often prefer stability to uncertainty and change. They are consistent, relaxed, calm, rational, curious, and observant, qualities that make them good administrators. They can also be passive-aggressive.

Definition

Temperament


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Albert Bandura (December 4, 1925)

* a psychologist

* contributions to many fields of psychology, including social cognitive theory, therapy and personality psychology

* also influential in the transition between behaviorism - and cognitive psychology.

* He is known as the originator of Social Learning Theory and the theoretical construct of self-efficacy.

Albert Bandura


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Albert Bandura

Social learning theory hypothesizes that there are three regulatory systems that control behavior.


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Albert Bandura

First,

the originator encouragements really influence the time and response of behavior. The stimulus that occurs before the behavioral response must be appropriate in relationship to social context and performers.


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Albert Bandura

Second,

response feedback influences also serve an important function. Following a response, the reinforcements, by experience or observation, will greatly impact the occurrence of the behavior in the future.


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Albert Bandura

Third,

the importance of cognitive functions in social learning. For example, for aggressive behavior to occur some people become easily angered by the sight or thought of individuals with whom they have had hostile encounters, and this memory is acquired through the learning process.


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Edward Tolman (1886 –1959)

* an American psychologist

* famous for his studies on behavioral psychology

* best known for his studies of learning in rats using mazes

* 1932 book, Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men

Edward Tolman


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Edward Tolman


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Edward Thorndike (1874–1949)

* supported the scientific movement in education

* Thorndike developed the theory of instrumental conditioning or the law of effect.

* He was one of the first to say that individual differences in cognitive tasks were due to how many stimulus response patterns a person had rather than a general intellectual ability.

Edward Thorndike

Edward Thorndike


Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Edward Thorndike (1874–1949)

* He contributed word dictionaries that were scientifically based to determine the words and definitions used.

*Thorndike contributed arithmetic books based on learning theory.

*He developed tests that were standardized to measure performance in school related subjects.



Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Functionalism

Gestalt Psychology

Psychoanalysis

Behaviorism

Humanistic Psychology

Cognitivism



Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Functionalism

Functionalism has the most influence of any theory in contemporary psychology. Psychological functionalism attempts to describe thoughts and what they do without asking how they do it. For functionalists, the mind resembles a computer, and to understand its processes, you need to look at the software -- what it does -- without having to understand the hardware -- the why and how underlying it.

Behaviorism

Gestalt Psychology Humanistic Psychology

Psychoanalysis Cognitivism



Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Functionalism

According to Gestalt psychologists, the human mind works by interpreting data through various laws, rules or organizing principles, turning partial information into a whole. For example, your mind might interpret a series of lines as a square, even though it has no complete lines; your mind fills in the gaps. Gestalt psychotherapists apply this logic to problem-solving to help patients.

Behaviorism





Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Functionalism

Psychoanalytic theory, which originated with Sigmund Freud, explains human behavior by looking at the subconscious mind. Freud suggested that the instinct to pursue pleasure, which he described as sexual in nature, lies at the root of human development. To Freud, even the development of children hinged on key stages in discovering this pleasure, through acts such as feeding at the mother's breast and defecating, and he treated abnormal behavior in adults by addressing these stages.

Behaviorism





Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Functionalism

In the 1950s, B.F. Skinner carried out experiments with animals, such as rats and pigeons, demonstrating that they repeated certain behaviors if they associated them with rewards in the form of food. Behaviorists believe that observing behavior, rather than attempting to analyze the inner workings of the mind itself, provides the key to psychology. This makes psychology open to experimental methods with results that can be replicated in the same way as any scientific experiment.

Behaviorism





Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Functionalism

Humanist psychologists teach that to understand psychology, we must look at individuals and their motivations. Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of needs" exemplifies this approach: a system of needs, such as food, love and self-esteem, determines a person's behavior to various extents. Meeting these needs leads to a sense of self-satisfaction and solves psychological problems.

Behaviorism





Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Functionalism Behaviorism



Hierarchy of Needs



Temperament

Albert Bandura

Edward Tolman

Edward Thorndike


Functionalism

Cognitive psychology follows behaviorism by understanding the mind through scientific experimentation, but it differs from it by accepting that psychologists can study and understand the internal workings of the mind and mental processes. It rejects psychoanalysis, as it regards psychoanalytic theories about the subconscious mind as subjective and not open to scientific analysis.

Behaviorism



Anthropological Foundation

Anthropological Foundation of

Education

Anthropological

FoundationCharacteristics of Culture

Filipino Characters

Anthropological Foundation of Education

Anthropological


Filipino Characters

• derived from the Greek words anthropus meaning “man”, “human” and logus, meaning study

• the study of mankind• the science that treats of the origin,

development (physical, intellectual, moral, etc.) and especially the cultural development, customs, beliefs, etc, of man.

• the study of humankind, everywhere, throughout time, seeks to produce useful generalization about people and their behavior and to arrive at the fullest possible understanding of human diversity

• the study of humankind, in all times and places

Definition


Anthropological


Filipino Characters

Characteristics of Culture

• only human society possesses culture• human cultures vary considerably although they

resemble each other in some respect• culture tends to persist once learned and

accepted• culture changes gradually and continuously• culture exists in the minds of men who learned

from previous generations and who use it to guide their conduct with others.

• there is a tendency to borrow from other cultures• members of a culture may behave differently as in

the case of those who belong to sub-cultures• no person can escape entirely from his culture


Anthropological


Filipino Characters

Education is charge with the function of teaching what society needs in building a nation in terms of moral and ethical standards of the group. Its challenging task has impact, ethics, morality and values to young Filipinos.


StrengthsAnthropological


Filipino Characters

Weaknesses

1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao : Opening yourself to others and feel one with others with dignity and respect deal with them as fellow human beings.- sense of fairness and justice- concern for others- ability to empathize with others- helpfulness and generosity- practice of hospitality- sensitive to other feelings and trust




Filipino Characters

Weaknesses

2. Family Orientation : A genuine and deep love for family.- commitment and responsibility- honor and respect- generosity and sacrifice- sense of trust and security




Filipino Characters

Weaknesses

• 3. Joy and Humor : Filipinos have a cheerful and fun-loving approach to life and its up and down, pleasant disposition, a sense of humor and propensity for happiness that contribute not only to the Filipino charm but also to the Filipino Spirit. We laugh at those we love and hate. We tend to make joke about our good and even bad fortune, to smile even in the most trying of times.- emotional balance and optimism- healthy disrespect for power and office.




Filipino Characters

Weaknesses

4. Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity

5. Hard Work and Industry : capacity for hard work given to raise one's standard living of a decent life for one's family.

6. Faith and Religiosity : Faith in God - accepting reality to comprehend as a human created by God. "Pampalakas-loob“

7. Ability to Survive




Filipino Characters

Weaknesses

1. Extreme Personalism- always trying to to give personal interpretation to actions- thank you with "but" (compliment-criticism-compliment)

2. Extreme Family Centeredness - strong family protection good or bad condition




Filipino Characters

Weaknesses

3. Lack of Discipline : relaxed attitude but poor time management - impatient and unable to delay gratification or reward- love to take short-cuts or 'palusot' system- carelessness

4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative: strong reliance to others fate- very complacent but their rarely is a sense of urgency- too patient without any plan or action (matiisin)




Filipino Characters

Weaknesses

5. Colonial Mentality: Patriotism vs Active awareness- luck of love and appreciation on what they have- open outside but side-open or close inside

6. Kanya-kanya Syndrome: self-serving attitude that generates feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others (status vs prestige).- personal ambition but insensitive to common good- crab mentality- lack of appreciation resulting unhealthy competition




Filipino Characters

Weaknesses

7. Lack of Self Analysis and Reflection- Sometimes superficial and flighty

Sociological Foundation


Mortimer Jerome Adler

Carl Rogers

What is Society?

SociologicalFoundation of Education




Carl Rogers

What is Society?

The sociological foundations are concerned with the human relation’s factor–the behavior of individuals and their relations to each other. If the ultimate purpose of the social sciences is the improvement of human relations, that of education is the improvement of individuals; and therefore of human relations.




Carl Rogers

What is Society?

SOCIOLOGY is derive from Latin Word socius means associate and Greek word logus or science. It is the study of interaction on human behavior.

Sociology is concerned with a study of people or groups of persons and human activities in terms of the groups in society.




Carl Rogers

• derived from the Latin word “socios” or socialis” – meaning fellow, companion, or associate.

• It is a science involved in developing a better social order characterized by good, happiness, tolerance and racial equality.

What is Society?

What is Society?

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Mortimer Jerome Adler(1902 - 2001)

- was an American philosopher, educator, and

popular author.

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

In The Idea of Freedom, Vol. I, Adler classifies all freedoms into three categories:• The Circumstantial Freedo

m of Self-Realization• The Acquired Freedom

of Self-Perfection• The Natural Freedom

of Self-Determination

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Self-realization is freedom from external coercion, political end economic freedom, etc. The freedom we have identified as circumstantial is variously called "economic freedom," "political freedom," "civil liberty," "individual freedom," "the freedom of man in society," "freedom in relation to the state," and "external freedom.“

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

It is sometimes referred to negatively as "freedom from coercion or restraint," "freedom from restrictions," or "freedom from law," and sometimes positively as "freedom of action," "freedom of spontaneity," or "freedom under law."

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Freedom from these constraints is the kind of freedom worth having stressed by the classical compatibilists from Thomas Hobbes on. Today most philosophers might include a large number of circumstantial internal constraints on freedom such as an agent's mental disabilities, addictions, behavioral conditioning, both normal and coercive (indoctrination or brainwashing), and perhaps even factors like heredity and environment.

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Self-perfection is the idea from Plato to Kant that we are only free when our decisions are for reasons and we are not slaves to our passions (making moral choices rather than satisfying desires).

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

This is the acquired or learned knowledge to distinguish right from wrong, good from evil, true from false, etc. Adler also includes many theologically minded philosophers who argue that man is only free when following a divine moral law. Sinners, they say, do not have free will, which is odd because sinners are presumably responsible for evil in the world despite an omniscient and omnipotent God.

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Self-determination covers the classic problem of free will. Are our actions "up to us," could we have done otherwise, are there alternative possibilities, or is everything simply part of a great causal chain leading to a single possible future?

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Most of Adler's natural freedoms are compatibilists. They include Hegel's freedom of a stone falling according to Newton's law of gravity.

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Adler defines the natural freedom of self-determination as that which is not either circumstantial or acquired.

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

A freedom that is natural is one which is (i) inherent in all men, (ii) regardless of the circumstances under which they live and (iii) without regard to any state of mind or character which they may or may not acquire in the course of their lives.

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

•Adler believe that people strive to become better or more perfect than the smaller creature they see themselves to be.

•ADLERIAN THEORY is to rid themselves of feeling of inferiority and to become stronger and more perfect.

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

•Adlerian Theory believe that experiences with other people certainly have an effect on one’s outlook but that people are creative and tend to interpret these experiences and try to make sense of them.

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

•Adlerians believe that human are primarily social beings and that achieving felling of psychological strength is beat done by working and cooperating with others( Adler, 1964).

Mortimer J. Adler



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

•Adlerians believe that it is possible to react to a child’s disturbing behavior so that the behavior eventually ceases.

•Adults need first to observe the child and find out what the child’s goal is.

Carl Rogers



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Carl Ransom Rogers(1902 – 1987)

Rogers is widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1956.

Carl Rogers



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Carl Rogers developed a humanist personality theory that emphasized the importance of self-actualizing tendency in forming a self-concept.

Carl Rogers



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

He was a highly-influential humanistic psychologist who developed a personality theory that emphasized the importance of self-actualizing tendency in shaping human personalities.

Carl Rogers



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

Carl Rogers was most interested in improving the human condition and applying his ideas. His person-centered therapy may well be his most influential contribution to psychology. Rogers' pervasive interest in therapy is what clearly differentiates him from Maslow, despite some similarities in their ideas.

Carl Rogers



Carl Rogers

What is Society?

The person-centered approach has had impact on domains outside of therapy such as family life, education, leadership, conflict resolution, politics and community health.

Prepared By:

Agudo, Kristine Claire P.Zafra, Rosebelle M.

Educ.5 (report) delaaayed

Education

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