Educ 201 issues on human development
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Transcript of Educ 201 issues on human development
Issues on
Human
DevelopmentMODULE 3
INTRODUCTION
Each of us has his/her own way of
looking at our own and other people’s
development. These paradigms of human
development while obviously lacking in
scholastic vigor, provide us with a
conceptual framework for understanding
ourselves and others. Scholars have come
up with their own models of human
development. Back up by solid research,
they take stand on issues on human
development.
THREE ISSUES IN
DEVELOPMENT
Nature versus Nurture
Continuity versus
Discontinuity
Stability versus Change
Nature versus Nurture
The degree to which human behavior is
determined by genetics/biology (nature)
or learned through interacting with the
environment (nurture)
http://www.slideshare.net/ruthhewitt125/nature-nurture-powerpoint-
39366869
Nature
Behavior is caused by innate characteristics :The physiological/biological characteristics we are born with.
Behavior is therefore determined by biology.
Also a Determinist view- suggests all behavior is determined by hereditary factors: Inherited characteristics, or genetic make-up we are born with.
http://www.slideshare.net/ruthhewitt125/nature-nurture-powerpoint-
39366869
All possible behaviors are said to be
present from conception.
Genes provide the blueprint for all
behaviors; some present from birth,
others pre-programmed to emerge with
age.
Is a developmental approach:
E.g. Piaget: children’s thought processes
change at predetermined age-related
stages changes in age are related to
changes in behavior.
http://www.slideshare.net/ruthhewitt125/nature-nurture-powerpoint-
39366869
Nurture
An individuals behavior is determined
by the environment- the things people
teach them, the things they observe,
and because of the different situations
they are in.
Also a determinist view- proposes all
human behavior is the result of
interactions with the environment.
http://www.slideshare.net/ruthhewitt125/nature-nurture-powerpoint-
39366869
Nurture Behaviorist theories are nurture theories:
- Behavior is shaped by interactions with the environment.
Born an empty vessel- waiting to be filled up by experiences gained from environmental interaction.
No limit to what they can achieve:
-Depends on quality of external influences and NOT genes.
The quality of the environment is KEY
-You can become anything provided the environment is right.
http://www.slideshare.net/ruthhewitt125/nature-nurture-powerpoint-
39366869
Nature Nurture Interaction
Behavior is often a result of the interaction between nature AND nurture.
An individuals characteristics may elicit particular responses in other people e.g. Temprament: how active, responsive or emotional an infant is influences in part determines their caregivers responses. Gender: people tend to react differently to boys and girls due to expectations of masculine and feminine characteristics.
Aggression: Displaying aggressive behavior create particular responses from other people.
http://www.slideshare.net/ruthhewitt125/nature-nurture-powerpoint-
39366869
SUPPORTING APPROACHES &
PERSPECTIVE
Supporting Nature Supporting
Nurture
-Physiological - Social (e.g.
Helping Behavior)
- Individual Differences - Behavioral
- Developmental
http://www.slideshare.net/ruthhewitt125/nature-nurture-powerpoint-
39366869
Continuity versus DiscontinuityContinuity and discontinuity are two
competing theories in developmental
psychology that attempt to explain how people
change through the course of their lives,
where the continuity theory says that
someone changes throughout their life along a
smooth course while the discontinuity theory
instead contends that people change abruptly.
These changes can be described as a wide
variety of someone's social and behavioral
makeup, like their emotions, traditions, beliefs,
habits, personality and so on.https://www.reference.com/education/continuity-versus-discontinuity-developmental-psychology-
54c9f714b44f24c2
Furthermore, continuity and discontinuity disagree with one another in how they assess the changes that someone undergoes throughout the course of their life. The continuity theory examines the way someone changes in a quantitative and continuous respect. Discontinuity theory, on the other hand, looks at these changes through the lens of a qualitative analysis with an emphasis on the discontinuous nature of how someone changes.
Developmental psychology encompasses a very wide array of observations related to how people think, behave and interact with their environment as well as other people. This field, at first, was focused on how young children develop but, in recent years, it has expanded past the pediatric setting to encompass studies of how people change throughout the course of their entire lives, up until the point of their death.https://www.reference.com/education/continuity-versus-discontinuity-developmental-psychology-
54c9f714b44f24c2
Is Child Development continuous or
discontinuous?
Not all psychologists, however, agree that
development is a continuous process.
Some view development as a
discontinuous process. They believe
development involves distinct and separate
stages with different kinds of behavior
occurring in each stage.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_stage_theori
es
What is the theory of
development?Developmental stage theories are
theories that divide child development
into distinct stages which are
characterized by qualitative differences
in behaviour. There are a number of
different views about the way in which
psychological and physical
development proceed throughout the
life span.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_stage_theori
es
Stability versus Discontinuity
deals with the issue of whether or not
personality traits present during
present during infancy endure
throughout the lifespan.
The stability-change debate describes the developmental psychology discussion about whether personality traits that are present in an individual at birth remain constant or change throughout the life span.
For example, does a naturally extroverted and talkative baby remain that way for their entire life? The stability vs. change debate is one of the fundamental questions in developmental psychology along with nature vs. nurture. Typically cross-sectional and longitudinal studies are used in research concerning stability vs. change.
http://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Stability-
Change%20Debate#ixzz4HV5dL4NQ
Change
Change Theorists- argue that personalities are modified by interactions with family, experiences at school, and acculturation.
Studies of children have often revealed impressive stability over time in aspects of development such as the attachment to their parents or in personality. However, there is evidence which suggests a contrary view, that change is both possible and indeed, is likely under appropriate conditions.
https://prezi.com/nuahqipogaau/stability-vs-
change/
Freud was one of the first psychologist to
emphasize the critical nature of our early
experiences for our later development. He
believed that how we resolve our sexual and
aggressive urges is strongly tied to the
nature of our personality as adults.
Psychoanalysts believe that personality
traits developed in the first 5 years predict
adult personality.
https://prezi.com/nuahqipogaau/stability-vs-
change/
How the First Nine Months
Shape the Rest of Your Life
What makes us the way we are? Why are some people predisposed to be anxious, overweight or asthmatic? How is it that some of us are prone to heart attacks, diabetes or high blood pressure?
There's a list of conventional answers to these questions. We are the way we are because it's in our genes. We turn out the way we do because of our childhood experiences. Or our health and well-being stem from the lifestyle choices we make as adults.
But there's another powerful source of influence you may not have considered: your life as a fetus. The nutrition you received in the womb; the pollutants, drugs and infections you were exposed to during gestation; your mother's health and state of mind while she was pregnant with you — all these factors shaped you as a baby and continue to affect you to this day.
This is the provocative contention of a field known as fetal origins, whose pioneers assert that the nine months of gestation constitute the most consequential period of our lives, permanently influencing the wiring of the brain and the functioning of organs such as the heart, liver and pancreas. In the literature on the subject, which has exploded over the past 10 years, you can find references to the fetal origins of cancer, cardiovascular disease, allergies, asthma, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, mental illness. At the farthest edge of fetal-origins research, scientists are exploring the possibility that intrauterine conditions influence not only our physical health but also our intelligence, temperament, even our sanity.
As a journalist who covers science, I was intrigued when I first heard about fetal origins. But two years ago, when I began to delve more deeply into the field, I had a more personal motivation: I was newly pregnant. If it was true that my actions over the next nine months would affect my offspring for the rest of his life, I needed to know more.
Of course, no woman who is pregnant today
can escape hearing the message that what
she does affects her fetus. She hears it at
doctor's appointments, sees it in the
pregnancy guidebooks: Do eat this, don't drink
that, be vigilant but never stressed. Expectant
mothers could be forgiven for feeling that
pregnancy is just a nine-month slog, full of
guilt and devoid of pleasure, and this research
threatened to add to the burden.
But the scientists I met weren't full of dire warnings but of the excitement of discovery — and the hope that their discoveries would make a positive difference. Research on fetal origins is prompting a revolutionary shift in thinking about where human qualities come from and when they begin to develop. It's turning pregnancy into a scientific frontier: the National Institutes of Health embarked last year on a multidecade study that will examine its subjects before they're born. And it makes the womb a promising target for prevention, raising hopes of conquering public-health scourges like obesity and heart disease through interventions before birth.