Biosecurity in Shrimp Aquaculture

Eduardo M. LeañoNetwork of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific

Bangkok, Thailand

Why Shrimp?

Shrimp farming: not all tails (tales) have happy

ending!

Disease outbreaks are one of the serious causes of economic loss in many shrimp aquaculture operations around the region. Mainly a result of transboundary movement (trade) of live shrimps.

Shrimp Diseases

Prof. D.V. Lighnter

• It is now apparent that many of the introductions and movements of shrimps have been responsible for the introduction, establishment and spread of important pathogens into new geographic areas and hosts.

• Once established in natural waters (and often aquaculture facilities) and hosts, such pathogens are almost impossible to eradicate.

Trading and Movement

Briggs et al., 2005

Disease control strategies• No single risk: No single solution

• Preventive and prophylactic strategies

• SPF and SPR based aquaculture

• Rapid diagnostics

• Early warning surveillance

• Biosecurity programs

• Epidemiological approaches and risk management

• National/regional/international initiatives

BiosecurityA strategic and integrated approach that encompasses both policy and regulatory frameworks aimed at analyzing and managing the

RISKS of the sectors dealing with:

Food Safety

Plant life and health

Animal (incl. aquatic) life and health

In AQUACULTURE, it entails protection of fish or shellfish from infectious agents (viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic) as well as from invasive species.

Environment

Biosecurity means a set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of pathogenic agents to, from and within an aquatic animal population.

Biosecurity is the cost-effective management of risks posed by pathogenic agents to aquaculture through a strategic approach at enterprise, national and international levels with shared public-private responsibilities.

Progressive Management Pathway for Aquaculture Biosecurity (PMP/AB)Management Risk

D

HOST

ENVIRONMENT PATHOGEN

HOST

ENVIRONMENT

PATHOGEN

Biosecurityrequires

pathogen

exclusion

Disease development

Keep disease agents out!

Pathogen exclusion: NOT EASY

TRANSBOUNDARY MOVEMENT of LIVE shrimps around the world.

D

HOST

ENVIRONMENT PATHOGEN

Healthy shrimps

Healthy farms

Biosecurity means a set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of introduction, establishment and spread of pathogenic agents to, from and within an aquatic animal population.

Biosecurity

Incomplete Biosecurity Programme

• Biosecurity ensure prevention of pathogen and harmful agents' entry into the system as well as going out of the system

• Most common application: preventing pathogen entry into the system

• Pathogen and or harmful agent going out of system is overlooked/not included

Slide courtesy of U Win Latt (2019)

In case biosecurity is breached

Untreated discharge of water, infected organisms

Disease outbreak

Missing

Shrimp Production

Management with Holistic

Approach

Quality Inputs

Feed Management

Water Quality Management

Health Management

Waste Management

Traceability

Biosecurity

Environmental Quality

Sustainable Shrimp

Production

What is supposed to be….

Slide courtesy of U Win Latt (2019)

Why is there an increasing focus on

biosecurity?

Use of Biosecurity• Reduce risk of disease introduction• Minimize spread on-farm or to new areas• Promote fish health• Protect economic investment

– Reputation

• Protect against new diseases• Protect human health

– Zoonoses, Food safety

Biosecurity for Aquaculture Facilities,

2009Source: M. Reantaso

Major Goals of Biosecurity

• Animal management– Obtaining healthy stocks; optimizing health and immunity

• Pathogen Management– Preventing, reducing or eliminating pathogen

• People Management– Educating and managing staff/visitors

Biosecurity for Aquaculture Facilities,

2009Source: Yanong and Erlacher-Reid, 2012

Biosecurity Plans• No “one-size-fits-all” solution

– Varies with type of operation, species, life stage reared

• Range– Simple and quickly implemented

• Foot dips; disinfection; signs

– Other economic investmentor effort• Dedicated quarantine equipment or facilities

• Cost-Benefit

Biosecurity for Aquaculture Facilities,

2009

Basic Biosecurity Measures (for prevention of pathogen into and from the system)

• Water filtration and disinfection;• Optimum water quality;• Disinfection of culture facilities;• Personnel hygiene;• Production/use of pathogen free or

pathogen resistant stocks;• Proper feeding management and

monitoring;• Shrimp health monitoring

Broodstockfacilities

Hatcheries

Closed-culture system facilities (e.g. RAS)

Open Culture System (Grow-out Ponds)

• Water filtration cannot exclude pathogenic microorganisms;

• Environmental fluctuations occur daily;

• Maintaining optimum water quality is always a challenge;

• Feeding management is not as simple as 1-2-3;

• Entry of pathogen-carrier organisms.

Farmer Education is critical

Source: M. Reantaso

Throwing of dead shrimps into open water

Trading of diseased shrimps Discharge of contaminated water

Good record keeping; standard record for each aquaculture facility

Proper disposal of packing materials and other fomites

Examples of biosecurity measures

Provision of foot dips in aquaculture facilities

exclusion of wild organisms (possible pathogen carriers)

Examples of biosecurity measures

exclusion of wild organisms (possible pathogen carriers)

Examples of biosecurity measures

proper nutrition and feeding management

removal and proper disposal of dead shrimps from ponds

Examples of biosecurity measures

proper handling of shrimps

quarantine of incoming shrimp stocks (esp. broodstock)

reporting of abnormalities/mortalities and disease outbreaks

Examples of biosecurity measures

GAA

Examples of biosecurity measuresmaintaining good/optimum water quality

Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity

Shrimp Toilet: discharge of sludge wastes during grow-out culture operation

D. Kawahigashi (2016)

Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity

Shrimp Toilet: discharge of sludge wastes during grow-out culture operation

D. Kawahigashi (2016)

Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity

Biofloc System A biofloc floccule is a miniature, loosely held collection of materials (uneaten feed, faeces, detritus and other particles) and attached organisms (bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, phytoplankton and fungi) kept in suspension by strong agitation of water in a pond or tank.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305905355_Use_of_Bioflocs_in_Shrimp_Farming

Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity

Aquamimicry

https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocate/aquamimicry-a-revolutionary-concept-for-shrimp-farming/

Aquamimicry is a concept that strives to simulate natural estuarine conditions by creating zooplankton blooms (mainly copepods) as supplemental nutrition to the cultured shrimp and beneficial bacteria to maintain water quality.

Recent Innovations that can Contribute to Overall Shrimp Farm Biosecurity

Green Water System

Green water technology is a technique that cultures shrimps in water that is abundant in phytoplankton e.g. Chlorella, turning the water green hence, its name. It is usually produced from growing tilapia (either monocultured or co-cultured with shrimps).

How to prevent shrimp diseases and its spread??

Nutritious and appropriate foods/feeds;

Food supplements

Properly managed grow-

out culture operations

Healthy Hatchery Production

SPF SPR SPT

Healthy broodstock, PLs

Healthy harvest

BIOSECURITY

Enhanced

BIOSECURITY

Sustainable

development

Improved food

safety

More free market access

Environmental

protection

Genetic

improvement

Improved human

health

Maintenance of

biodiversity

Increased trade

Source: M. Reantaso

For more information, visit us at www.enaca.org

Thank You

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