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Education

in

India - 2010

General Education of the Youth

Literacy & Numeracy for the masses Technical education: Human

Resource Development

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HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN INDIA

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VARIOUS GOVERNING BODIES FOR EDUCATION PLANNING &

MANAGEMENT

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REFLECTIONS ON THE CHALLENGES

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PRIVATE EDUCATION

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Primary to Early Secondary

Education has also been made free for

children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class

VIII under the Right of Children to Free and

Compulsory Education Act 2009. The NationalPolicy on Education (NPE), 1986, has provided

for environment awareness, science and

technology education, and introduction oftraditional elements such as Yoga into the

Indian secondary school system

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There have been several efforts to enhance quality

made by the government. The District Primary

Education Programme (DPEP) was launched in 1994with an aim to universalize primary education in

India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary

education system.

85% of the DPEP was funded by the central

government and the remaining 15 percent was

funded by the states. The DPEP, which had opened

160000 new schools including 84000 alternative

education schools delivering alternative education toapproximately 3.5 million children, was also

supported by UNICEF and other international

programmes.

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Primary education scheme has shown a high

Gross Enrollment Ratio of 9395% for the last

three years in some states. Improvement in

staffing and enrollment of girls has also been

made as a part of this scheme. Universalization

of Education for All is aimed by Sarva Shiksha

Abhiyan, one of the largest education initiatives

in the world. Enrollment has been good, quality

need to be improved.

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Three reasons for Dropping out

1. Schools are not attractive.

2. Economic constraints

3. Lack of a tradition of going to, or continuing

in schools.

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Reasons for Dropping out

Unattractive school facilities represent

the most important reason that pushes

children out of schools.

Economic constraints also matter very much,

though they matter more for enrolment of

children in schools than for their continuation

in schools.

'Other reasons are not that important.

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Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)

The scheme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)was launched in 2001.

The goals of SSA are as follows : (i) All 6-14 age

children in school / EGS (Education GuaranteeScheme) Centre/ Bridge Course. (ii) Bridge allgender and social category gaps at primarystage and at elementary education level. (iii)

Universal retention. (iv) Focus on elementaryeducation of satisfactory quality withemphasis on education for life.

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Primary Schools National norm:

1 teacher per 40 students

30% of primary schools have ratios above this

norm.

In Bihar [for e.g.,] it is 1:59 and 1:92

Improvements needed in both

human and physical facilities and

overall functioning of the system.

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targets at school

India needs to improve on

high pupil teacher ratios,

shortage of infrastructure and

Inadequate number & level of teacher training.

overall functioning of the system

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DISE 2008-09: School-Based Indicators

With the improved coverage, the number ofschools/sections imparting elementaryeducation dealt with under DISE increasedmany-fold. From 8,53,601 schools in 2002-03,

their number has increased to 11,96,663schools in 2006-07 and further to 12,50,775schools in 2007-08. In the year, 2008-09, asmany as 12,85,576 schools impartingelementary education across 633 districts ofthe country are covered under DISE.

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DISE 2008-09: School-Based Indicators

Of the total schools, about 87.30 percent schools are

located in the rural areas. During the same period,

the number of primary schools increased from

6,01,866 to 8,09,108.

Category-wise distribution of schools reveals that

majority of the schools (62.94 percent) are

independent primary schools.

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DISE 2008-09: School-Based Indicators

The increase in the number of schools is alsoreflected in the ratio of primary to upperprimary schools/sections which clearly showsthe impact ofSarva Shiksha Abhiyan under

which a large number of schools have beenopened in the recent past.

This ratio for the year 2008-09 is one upperprimary school/section for every set of 2.27primary schools/sections compared to 2.45 in2006-07 and 2.42 schools/sections in 2007-08.

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The vocational education stream is quite small

enrolling less than three percent of students at the

upper secondary level. Vocational education courses

are offered in schools at Grades 11 and 12 (in most

states with vocational streams, vocational and general

courses are offered by the same institution).

These are aimed at preparing students for entry into

the labor market.

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There are 6800 schools, almost all in the public sector,

enrolling close to 400,000 students in the vocational

education scheme utilizing just 40 percent of the

available student capacity in these institutions. These

schools offer a total of over 100 courses in various

areas - agriculture, business and commerce,

humanities, engineering and technology, home

science and health and para medical skills.

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HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA

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Higher Education System: The Current Status

Since independence, the higher education system hasgrown rapidly. By 1980, there were 132 universities and4738 colleges in the country enrolling around fivepercent of the eligible age group in higher education.

Today, India is the third largest higher education systemin the world (after China and the USA) in terms ofenrollment. However, in terms of the number ofinstitutions, India is the largest higher educationsystem in the world with 17973 institutions (348

universities and 17625 colleges). This means that theaverage number of students per educational institutionin India is also lower than that in the US and China.

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h f i i i i i hi h

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The types of institutions imparting higher

education in India.

Universities under the Government

Private Universities

Deemed Universities (Aided)

Deemed Universities (Unaided)

Colleges under Government

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Th t f i tit ti i ti hi h d ti

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The types of institutions imparting higher education

in India.

Private Colleges (Aided)

Private Colleges (Unaided)

Distance Learning

Non-University Sector (Polytechnics and

Industrial Training Institutes)

Foreign Institutions

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Higher / Technical Education and

Youth Employment Opportunities in India

For India, the issue of youth employment and

associated educational reform is crucial. Indias

young scientists, technocrats, and business

executives demonstrate the highest levels ofexcellence and commitment in diverse

professional fields, and command respect

among their peers and employers around theworld.

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h / h l d d

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Higher / Technical Education and

Youth Employment Opportunities in India

In contrast, each day, 84 million young Indians

do not get sufficient food. Yet for thousands of

years, India has progressed through vast

diversity in language, culture, religion, caste,creed, and socio-economic stratification.

While achieving these reforms and optimizing

Indias education system will be a hugechallenge, it is one that can be overcome.