EDU 5900 AB. RAHIM BAKAR 1 Research Methods in Education.
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Transcript of EDU 5900 AB. RAHIM BAKAR 1 Research Methods in Education.
EDU 5900 AB. RAHIM BAKAR2
Why Study Educational Research?
To become "research literate."
Because we live in a society that's driven by research
To improve your critical thinking skills
To learn how to critically evaluate published research.
To learn how to conduct research in case the need arises one day.
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Objectives of Educational Research There are five major objectives of educational research.
Exploration. This is done when you are trying to generate
ideas about something. Description. This is done when you want to describe the
characteristics of something or some phenomenon. Explanation. This is done when you want to show how
and why a phenomenon operates as it does. If you are interested in causality, you are usually interested in explanation.
Prediction. This is your objective when your primary interest is in making accurate predictions. Note that the advanced sciences make much more accurate predictions than the newer social and behavioral sciences.
Influence. This objective is a little different. It involves the application of research results to impact the world. A demonstration program is an example of this.
Categories of research
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Quantitative Qualitative
Purpose Study relationship, cause and effect
Understand social phenomena as it is
Design Developed prior to the study
Flexible and Evolves during study
Approach Deductive, test theory Inductive, generate theory
Tools Standardized and objective instrument or pre-selected instrument
Face-to-face interaction and the researcher is primary data collection tool
Sample Fairly large Small
Analysis Statistical analysis of numeric data
Narrative description and interpretation
Which category of research to choose?
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Nature of questions or problems being studied not preference for methods(some suitable for quantitative and some suitable for qualitative)
Suggestions: may use both to verify he findings of the other; as a groundwork for the other; explore different aspects of the same research questions
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Quantitative
Experimental Non-experimental
Descriptive researchPre-experiment
True experiment
Quasi-experiment
[many designs]
Ex post facto
Correlation research
Survey research
Experimental research
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The most rigorous
Actually establish different treatment and study the effect
Result clear cut interpretation
Example: a history teacher may want to know how can he teach important concepts to his students?
He may compare two different approaches to teaching history
Correlation research
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To establish relationship between two or more variables
Gather data on two or more variables and seek to determine relationship
Concurrent correlation studies Relationship is drawn from the same point in
study. Example: relationship between …. Predictive correlation studies
Using one characteristics to predict the other. Example: use SPM grade to predict CGPA
Ex post facto
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Also known as causal-comparative study To determine the cause of the difference
between two group of people when experimental research is not possible
No manipulation of IV The IVs are known as categorical IV Example to determine if family structure
(single-two parent family) cause poor performance in education
Survey research
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Purpose to explore and describe Do not investigate relationship Large sample Slice of time
Developmental study
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Trend study Cohort study Panel study Data are gathered at several points in
time
Case study
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Involve small sample Purpose similar to survey and trend studies More depth Direct observation or interviews Single subject, a club, a school, a teenage gang Also known as a type of qualitative research
Qualitative
Ethnography: an in-depth study of natural occurring behavior within a culture or social group
Case Studies in-depth study of a single unit (an individual, a group, a program, an organization etc.)
Document or content analysis
Analyzing or interpreting recorded materials within its own contact
Naturalistic Observation
Unconstructive observation. People being observed are aware of the observation
Focused interview
Unstructured and open-ended format to draw subject response on a topic of interest
Historical Research
Analyze documents and artifacts to what has happened in the past.
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Questions that educational researchers normally ask
Theoretical [focus on developing theories or testing theories]
Practical[aim at solving specific problem]
What is intelligence? How effective is peer tutoring?
How does the child learn? What is the relative effectiveness of method a compared with method B?
Why does one forget? How does teaching…. Affect….?
More commonly done is to test the existing theory
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Basic and Applied Research
BasicAimed at obtaining empirical data to formulate and expand theory.
Aim is to expand the frontiers of knowledge without regard to practical application
AppliedAimed at solving immediate problems (usually)
Can be used to test theories as well
Not aimed at generalization
[a study on the effectiveness of a teaching method on…]
Can be used for generalization depending on the nature of research
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Action Research
Focuses on solving practitioner’s local problems. It is generally conducted by the practitioners after
they have learned about the methods of research and research concepts that are discussed in your textbook.
It is important to understand that action research is also a state of mind; for example, teachers who are action researchers are constantly observing their students for patterns and thinking about ways to improve instruction, classroom management, and so forth.
Start
Are the data primarily in the
form ofNumbers or
Words
NumbersWords
QualitativeQuantitative
Does the researcherHave control over IVYesExperimental
Is random assignment
used?YesTrue Experimental
No
Quasi-Experimental
Survey
Ex Post facto
No
Non-Experimental
Is the study investigate how variables change
together?
No Yes
Is the direction and strengthOf the relationship of the
Two variables among the sameSubjects or paired subjects
studiedNo
YesCorrelational