Editors: David Amit Orit Peleg-Barkat }ª¦¨µ¢¯ Guy D...

Editors:David AmitOrit Peleg-BarkatGuy D. Stiebel

Israel Antiquities The Hebrew UniversityAuthority of JerusalemJerusalem Region Institute of Archaeology

New Studiesin the Archaeologyof Jerusalemand its Region

Collected PapersVolume IV

Editors:David Amit, Orit Peleg-Barkatand Guy D. Stiebel

Jerusalem 2010

Moriah –The Jerusalem Development Co.

Contents

5 Editorial Introduction10 Archaeology and Conservation in Jerusalem Region – 2009-2010 David Amit and Jon Seligman22 The Involvement of the Israel Antiquities Authority in the Master Plan of

Jerusalem’s Old City Ram Shoef

neW stUDIes In tHe PReHIstoRY oF tHe JeRUsALeM ReGIon31 Prehistoric Artifacts from Emeq Rephaim (Area C) Omry Barzilai, Nuha Aga and Onn Crouvi 40 “Marked in Stone” –

A Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Quarry Site at Kaizer Hill, Modi i͑n Leore Grosman and Naama Goren-Inbar*7 Pre-Ghassulian and Ghassulian in Jerusalem and its Vicinity Ianir Milevski, Anna Eirikh-Rose, Uzi A͑d, Omry Barzilai, Zvi Greenhut and

Ofer Marder*24 Beqo a͑ – A New Proto-Historic Site in the Judean Foothils Amir Golani

eXCAVAtIons AnD stUDIes IntRAMURAL AnD eXtRAMURAL53 The Ceramic Assemblage from the Rock Cut Pool beside the Giḥon Spring

Alon De Groot and Atalya Fadida61 Ophel Excavations 2009-2010 Eilat Mazar67 The Extent of Jerusalem during the Iran Age IIA Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets 74 The “Burnt House” in Light of the Publication of the Final Report Hillel Geva*32 New Excavations on Mount Zion in Jerusalem and an Inscribed Stone

Cup/Mug from the Second Temple Period Shimon Gibson

*44 The Mount Zion Inscribed Stone Cup: Preliminary Observations Stephen Pfann84 Wilson’s Arch in Light of Recent Excavations and Past Studies Alexander Onn and Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah101 New Discoveries Interior to the Jaffa Gate Ofer Sion and Shahar Puni 119 Excavations in the Crown Plaza Hotel (Binyanei Ha’uma) Danit Levi and Ron Beeri130 Inscribed and Stamped Ring Stands from the Pottery Workshop

at Binyanei Ha’uma David Amit141 A Crusader Wall Painting from the Abbey of the Virgin Mary

in the Valley of Jehoshaphat, Jerusalem Jon Seligman

eXCAVAtIons AnD stUDIes In tHe JUDAeAn FootHILLs161 By the Way – Khirbet Qeiyafa in the Classical and Late Periods Guy D. Stiebel170 Horvat Beit Loya – A Jewish Village from the Late Second Temple Period

in the Judaean Foothills Oren Gutfeld and Ya’akov Kalman180 Horvat el-Kikh – A Jewish Settlement from the Second Temple Period

at Ramat Bet Shemesh Elena Kogan-Zehavi186 De profundis – Georgian Anchorets in Horvat Burgin Yana Tchekhanovets

New Studies in the Archaeology of Jerusalem � *7

Pre-Ghassulian and Ghassulian in Jerusalemand its Vicinity1

Ianir Milevski, Anna Eirikh-Rose, Uzi ’Ad, Omry Barzilai,

Zvi Greenhut and Ofer Marder

The Israel Antiquities Authority

Introduction

Until recently, remains of Pre-Ghassulian

and Ghassulian sites were scarce in the

archaeological record of Jerusalem and its

vicinity. Although pioneer work was done

by several prehistoric researchers in the area

of Jerusalem pointing to Ghassulian finds,

these were mainly flint artifacts from surveys

and collections (Shalem 1925; Neuville 1951;

Stekelis 1956). Consequently, several scholars

have suggested that during the transition from

the Pottery Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age,

the Judaean Hill Country was only very sparsely

populated, in contrast to other areas, such

as the northern Negev and the Jordan Valley

(Handbury-Tenison 1986: 42; Gilead 1988: 412).

As much as this was true for the Ghassulian

culture (c. 4500–3600 B.C.E), our knowledge

1 Location map of Pre-Ghassulian and Ghassulian sites in Jerusalem and its vicinity

regarding the pre-Ghassulian cultures

(c. 5000–4500 B.C.E, i.e. cultures that postdate

the Wadi Rabah culture) was even more meager.

During the past two decades information on

both pre-Ghassulian and Ghassulian sites

in Jerusalem, as well as in other sites along

the Judaean Hill Country gradually began

to accumulate. During the excavations of Y.

Shiloh at the City of David (Shiloh 1984: 25;

Rosen 1996: 258, 262; Ariel and de Groot 2000:

92–93), Ghassulian pottery and flints were

found, together with a few sherds (A. de Groot,

pers. comm.) and flint tools (Rosen 1996: 261)

possibly dated to pre-Ghassulian cultures.

Salvage excavations conducted in the Rephaim

valley during the 1980’s and the 1990’s

(Eisenberg 1993a; Edelstein, Milevski and

Aurant 1998) uncovered large Intermediate

Bronze (Early Bronze IV) and Middle Bronze II

villages; Chalcolithic flint items and seemingly

some stone tools as well were found in unclear

contexts, mainly in the fills of the terraces that

covered the later sites (Rosen 1998: Fig. 6.1:1–4;

Milevski 1998: Fig. 5.15:1).

A landscape archaeological research project

conducted in the area around the Sataf springs

by S. Gibson (Gibson et al. 1991: 34–35)

uncovered an open-site settlement and a nearby

cave, both containing Chalcolithic Ghassulian

pottery (Fig. 1).

At Khirbet es-Sauma`a (south of Tel el Full)

Pre-Ghassulian and Ghassulian Chalcolithic

finds retrieved at the beginning of the 20th

century suggest that the area north of Jerusalem

was occupied for several centuries during the

Chalcolithic period (Gibson and Rowan 2006).

Close to this site further Chalcolithic occurrences

were discovered. Stekelis (1956: 97) mentioned

flint implements west of Tell el Full, and another

site was found during the survey of Jerusalem

(no.125) with flint items. Another probable site

was found by Shalem (1926: Pl. IX:14) at Neve

Ya‘akov. Furthermore, site 205 of the Kloner’s

Survey of Jerusalem (Kolner 2001: 52, 72) was

encountered close to the wadi bed of Nahal Og;

Another site (no. 308), located more to the west,

was found to contain Ghassulian material culture

during the survey conducted by I. Finkelstein

and Y. Magen (Finkelstein and Magen 1993: 229;

Gibson and Rowan 2006: 98).

Further to the west, at the site of Motza, which

was occupied during long prehistoric periods

(Epipaleolithic, Early and Middle Pre-Pottery

Neolithic, Pottery Neolithic, Early Bronze Age I)

a pit containing Pre-Ghassulian period pottery

was found in Area B (north) (Eisenberg 1993b;

Eisenberg and Sklar-Parnes 2005; Khalaily et

al. 2007), during the excavations conducted by

Z. Greenhut, A. de Groot and A. Eirikh-Rose

in 2002. Chalcolithic Ghassulian sherds and

flint tools dated to the Chalcolithic period were

found also in this area in late contexts.

Complementary information derives from the

numerous oval cup-marks found on the Ophel

hill by R.A.S Macalister and J.G. Duncan

(1926: 26-27). This type of cup-marks had been

attributed by several scholars to the Chalcolithic

Ghasullian, as they are mainly found on

bedrock surfaces near sites dated to this period

(Dagan 1996; van den Brink 2008). Similar

oval cup-marks were also found in a survey

(G-076/2006) conducted by R. Greenberg (pers.

comm.) at the southern bank of Nahal Rephaim,

ca. 1 km to the west of 'Ain Yalo ('En Ya'el).

*8 � Pre-Ghassul ian and Ghassul ian s ites in Jerusalem and its Vic inity


2 Abu Ghosh (Jasmine Street), general view of the excavations, looking west.

Salvage Excavations of the Last Decade

Salvage excavations conducted by the authors

on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority in

the past five years, renewed the archaeological

interest in the Chalcolithic period in the Judaean

Hill Country in general and in the Jerusalem

area in particular. Three of these excavations

will be presented below according to their

chronological ascription.

Abu Ghosh (Jasmine Street)

At Abu Ghosh (A-5750/2009) a Pre-Ghassulian

site was found on a slope below agricultural

terraces, ca. 150 m west of the Benedictine

monastery (Fig. 2). It should be noted that a

natural spring flows within the monastery

compound and its water could have been

utilized by the inhabitants of the ancient site.

Three squares (4x4 m) were excavated and three

strata discerned. While Stratum I represents

modern agricultural terraces, Stratum II

contained few EBI remains. Stratum III, dated

to Pre-Ghassulian, is the main excavated layer,

containing two occupation phases, labeled 'a'

and 'b' (Fig. 3). The architectural remains of the

Pre-Ghassulian are represented by rectangular

rooms with walls built of one or two rows of

dressed field stones. In one of the rooms or

courtyards of the early phase, a pillar base was

found.

A number of unearthed pottery sherds (Figs.

4-5) featured similarities with the Qatifian and

Besorian assemblages of southern Israel (e.g.

Gilead and Alon 1988; Gilead 1990), and some

of the contemporary assemblages in northern

Israel, there labeled by Garfinkel (1999:

153–199) as “Middle Chalcolithic”. The ceramic

vessels include bowls, holemouths, one bow

rim jar, several strap handles that widen toward

the connection with the vessel, and “Bet Pelet”

handles. The bases of the jars are thick and

heavy, creating an angle between the top of the


3 Abu Ghosh (Jasmine Street) – General plan

4 Abu Ghosh (Jasmine Street) – Early Chlacolithic pottery: bowls and holemouths


5 Abu Ghosh (Jasmine Streer) – Early Chlacolithic pottery: jars


6 Abu Ghosh (Jasmine Street) – Flint items and obsidian


7 Abu Ghosh (Jasmine Street) – Flint items and stone tools


base and the walls; one base exhibiting

a circular mat impression.

Flint items (Figs. 6-7) are characteristic of

the Pre-Ghassulian assemblages with sickle

blades broader than those of the Ghassulian

repertoires, and bifacials characteristic both of

the Pre-Ghassulian and Ghassulian Chalcolithic.

Most of the cores found were utilized for

flake production but some of the debitage

probably shows on-site blade preparation. One

item made of obsidian (Fig. 6) displays some

8 Nahal Rephaim (Kh. Halet Abu Sha'ur) – General view of the excavations, looking east

interconnections with the areas far to the north

(Syria, Anatolia). Stone vessels (Fig. 7) are

also characteristic of the Late Neolithic/Early

Chalcolithic types of the southern Levant.

Animal bones and shells were found in several

loci. While the mammal remains have yet

to be studied, mollusca found in Stratum

III show connections with the Red Sea, the

Mediterranean and perhaps the Nile River.

Unfortunately, neither botanic remains were

found, nor were C14 samples available.


9 Nahal Rephaim (Kh. Halet Abu Sha'ur) – Ghassulian pottery


Nahal Rephaim (Kh. Halet Abu Sha`ur)

At Nahal Rephaim a salvage excavation

(A-4985/2006) was conducted between the

railroad and the wadi bed in the site of

Khirbet Halet Abu Sha’ur, dozens of meters to

the north-west of the spring of 'Ain Haniah

(Milevski and Barzilai forthcoming) (Fig. 8). A

total of eight squares (4x4 m) were excavated

at the site following a probe made by A. Nagar

(forthcoming) that revealed a number of finds

dated to the Ghassulian Chalcolithic. Although

the main archaeological features found are a

wine press and related facilities dated to the

Byzantine period, the fill of the terraces in four

of the squares produced large quantities of

Chalcolithic finds. The pottery repertoire included

(Fig. 9) 'V'-shaped bowls, cornets, holemouths,

and storage jars. Fragments of plastic rope

decoration were also found, as well as the typical

lug handles with triangular section.

The flint assemblage exhibits all the steps of

the chaîne operatoire, including blade and

bladelets cores, core tablets and sickle blades

(Fig. 10). Ad hoc tools were found as well. These

10 Nahal Rephaim (Kh. Halet Abu Sha'ur) – Flint items


11 Nahal Rephaim (Kh. Halet Abu Sha'ur) – Stone tool and vessel

items were probably made on site of local flint

found in nodules imbedded in the limestone

bedrock; some exposures of these nodules exist

very close to the site. Among the stone vessels,

a few basalt bowl fragments with the typical

decoration of the Ghassulian Chalcolithic were

found (Fig. 11). The bones found together with

the Chalcolithic finds feature the characteristic

component of Ghassulian sites, with a majority

of caprovines and bovines. Since these bones

were found ex situ it is difficult to draw any

clear conclusions.

To sum up, although the Chalcolithic finds

were not discovered in situ, they are abundant

and homogenous. It is highly probable that a

settlement dated to this period had existed in a

close proximity to the excavated area, perhaps

closer to the wadi bed.

Holyland Park (Field II, North)

Salvage excavations at the Holyland compound

were conducted since 1995 in what was labeled

“Field II”. The compound is located on the top of

a hill on the northern slopes of Nahal Rephaim,

ca. 700 m north of the wadi. In recent years

several excavations were conducted at this area,

revealing mainly a cemetery of the Intermediate

Bronze (EBIV) and the Middle Bronze Ages

(Greenhut, Milevski and Agha 2008; Milevski,

Greenhut and Agha 2010). Roman quarries,

remains of the Byzantine period, as well as

some dwelling houses dated from the Ottoman

to the 20th century were also found.

Few oval cup-marks (Feature 217, in Field II,

North, A-5422/2008) were the only remains that

could be assigned at the start of the excavations

to the Chalcolithic period, if indeed scholars are

correct in relating this feature to this era. During

the last two seasons (A-5776/2009, A-5870/2010)

an underground complex was found that could

be dated to the Ghassulian Chalcolithic period

(also in Field II, North, Fig. 12). The underground

complex consisted of a round space quarried

into the bedrock (Feature 270), ca. 4.5 m in

diameter, and preserved up to 2 m high, as well

as of a broad irregular room also hewn into

the bedrock (or perhaps utilizing a karstic hole,

Feature 269), north of the round quarried space.

The Chalcolithic remains may represent a

broader settlement at the site that may have

suffered from the later human activities,

including the Roman period quarrying and

Ottoman and modern construction.

On the bedrock, inside the irregular

underground room (Feature 269), few cup-

marks are discernable; a thick layer of sediment,


12 Holyland Park (Field II North) – General view, looking north


plenty of fire places and stone layers were

also exposed. Ghassulian pottery was found

at both features, mainly 'V'-shaped bowls,

holemouths, jars and churns. A clay spindle

whorl was also uncovered (Fig. 13). Flint

items were found mainly in the underground

irregular room (Feature 269) including some

cores, sickle blades and few bifacials (Fig. 14).

Stone tools and animal bones were exposed as

well. Unfortunately, as no botanic remains were

found, no C14 samples were available.

Preliminary conclusions

The results of our excavations and the recognized

data of previous archaeological research in

the area, exhibit a new important facies of

late prehistory in the Jerusalem hills. As more

salvage excavations are being conducted in this

13 Holyland Park (Field II North) – Ghassulian pottery


14 Holyland Park (Field II North) – Flint items

area, new horizons are expected to be exposed,

advancing archaeological research of these

prehistoric periods in this region. According to

the new excavations and the previously known

data it seems that the area of Jerusalem and

its environs was well settled during the Early

Chalcolithic and Ghassulian Chalcolithic periods.

Discussing the pre-Ghassulian, we should add

to the information gleaned from Kh. Sauma’a,

the new data that can be drawn from the

excavations at the City of David, at area B at

Motza, and Abu Ghosh. The finds (pottery,

flint and stone tools) show no signs of the

characteristic Ghassulian forms but have general

affinities with the transition repertoires between

the Late Neolithic and the Chalcolithic.

Although the limited excavations at Abu Ghosh

resulted in a very partial exposition of the site,

they do demonstrate the importance of small

assemblages for the definition of some cultural

horizons or archaeological facies.

In addition, it should be stressed that the data


gathered at Sataf, Khirbet es-Samua` and nearby

sites, Nahal Rephaim, Holyland, Motza and the

City of David is still fragmentary to delineate

new clusters of the Ghassulian Chalcolithic

occupations in the Judaean hills. Excavations at

Holyland and Nahal Rephaim unearthed typical

Ghassulian assemblages, though they reflect

some differences between the two sites. The flint

assemblages reveal local exploration of raw

material.

To sum up, we may conclude that several clusters

of Pre-Ghassulian and Ghassulian Chalcolithic

sites in and around Jerusalem existed, mainly

near or at water sources (springs and streams).

Alla Nagorsky, Yossi Ohayion, Michael Smilansky, Ariel Vered and Natalia Zak. Workers from East Jerusalem, Abu Ghosh, Ashkelon and Qiryat Gat participated in the excavations. The authors wish also to thank Jon Seligman, Orit Peleg-Barkat and Sam Wolff for the editing of this paper and Guy Stiebel for his comments on the manuscript.

This is a known pattern observed also at sites

from this period at the Judaean Foothills (Dagan

2001; Eirikh-Rose and Milevski 2008). It seems

that the number of Ghassulian sites outnumbered

the ones of the Pre-Ghassulian, probably

indicating a population increase. More research

should be done on the type of settlements that

characterize the Ghassulian period, in light of

the finds from the Holyland excavation that

demonstrate that the bedrock was sometimes

utilized for underground occupation. Since

it is rather difficult to discern underground

settlements, this phenomenon may explain the

"elusiveness" of some sites in surveys.

Footnotes1 The authors wish to thank the following

colleagues for their help during the excavations and the processing of the finds: Raed Abu Halaf, Nuha Agha, Boris Atkin, Leticia Barda, Yuval Baruch, Mark Cumin, Yossi Garfinkel, Avi Hajian, Carmen Hersh, Liora K. Horwitz, Hamoudi Khalaily, Henk Mienis, Anette Nagar,

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