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EDITORIAL OFFICE AND ADMINISTRATION: EDITURA ŞTIINŢIFICĂ F.M.R., CALEA GRIVIŢA, NR. 83, SECTOR 1, O.P.12, COD 010705, BUCHAREST, ROMANIA Tel.: +(40)-0372926401; +(40)-0724537051 +(40)-0722696187; +(40)-0724296800 +(40)-0722311272; +(40)-0735547316 Fax: +(40) 021-31512 32

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EDITOR IN CHARGE Prof. Gheorghe V. LEPĂDATU Ph.D

[email protected] SENIOR EDITOR

Mihai Alin POP Ph.D [email protected]

EDITOR Bogdan FLOREA Ph.D [email protected]

MANAGING DIRECTOR EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Prof. Costin SCORŢEA Ph. D.

MANAGER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING HOUSE F.M.R.:

Florentina Brândusa SCORŢEA

METALURGIA INTERNATIONAL

NO. 7 - 2012

ISSN 1582 - 2214

Romanian Metallurgical Foundation

Scientific Publishing House HONORARY PRESIDENT OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING HOUSE

F.M.R.

EDITOR IN CHARGE Prof. Gheorghe V. LEPĂDATU Ph.D

PRESIDENT HONOURARY STAFF ŞTEFĂNESCU DORU Ph. D., Ohio State University Columbus, S.U.A.

(in alphabetical order)

Chenguan BAI - College of Materials science and engineering Chongqing University, CHINA Constantin DUMITRESCU - Member of Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences, ROMANIA I. IMRIŠ - Technical University of Košice, SLOVAK REPUBLIC Jingshe LI - University of Science and Technology Beijing, CHINA W.M. NICOLA - Tri. State University Angola, Indiana, S.U.A. Ion STANCU - Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies

Qingguo XUE - University of Science and Technology Beijing, CHINA Zhengliang XUE - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, CHINA Gencang YANG - Chongqing University, CHINA Zhenkui YIN - University of Science and Technology Beijing, CHINA Xianqing YOU - Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, CHINA Liangying WEN - Chongqing University, CHINA

EDITORIAL BOARD PRESIDENT: Prof. Maria NICOLAE Ph. D., Bucharest Politechnical University, Romania Prof. Ilie BUTNARIU Ph. D., Bucharest Politechnical University, Romania Prof. Marian BORDEI Ph. D., Dunărea de Jos University GalaŢi, Romania Prof. Voicu BRABIE Dalarna Univerbity Suedia Prof. Horia COLAN Ph. D., Deputy member of Romanian Academy Prof. Nicolae CONSTANTIN Ph. D., Bucharest Politechnical University, Romania Prof. Adrian DIMA Ph. D., Member of Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences Prof. Arpad FAY Ph. D., University of Miskolcz, Hungary Prof. FRENCH DAVID Ph. D., CSIRO Energy Technology, Australia Prof. Mira Ricardo GARCIA Ph. D., University of Coruna, Spain Prof. Teodor HEPUT Ph. D., Hunedoara Engineering Faculty, Romania Prof. Gheorghe LEPADATU PH.D. Dimitrie Cantemir University, Romania Prof. Tiberiu MĂNESCU Ph. D., Eftimie Murgu University Reşiţa, Romania Prof. Ioan MILOŞAN Ph. D., Transylvania University Brasov, Romania Prof. Valentin NEDEF Ph. D., Engineering Faculty of Bacău University, România Prof. Avram NICOLAE Ph. D., Bucharest Politechnical University, Romania Prof. doc. Florea OPREA Ph. D., Member of Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences Prof. Radu TAMARA Ph. D., Dunărea de Jos University Galati, Romania Prof. Doina RĂDUCANU Ph. D., Bucharest Politechnical University, Romania Prof. Iulian RIPOSAN Ph. D., Bucharest Politechnical University, Romania Prof. Tiberiu RUSU Ph. D., Technical University Cluj-Napoca, Romania Prof. Jean-Marc SAITER Ph. D., Rouen University, France Prof. V.I. SAFTA Ph. D., Member of Romanian Academy of Technical U.T.Timisoara,Romania Prof. Luc SALVO Ph. D., Grenoble National Politechnical Institute, France Prof. Cornel SAMOILĂ Ph., Transilvania University, Deputy member of Romanian Academy of Technical Science Prof. Augustin SEMENESCU Ph. D. Bucharest Politechnical University, Romania Prof. Laurenţie SOFRONI Ph. D., Member of Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences Prof. Marin TRUŞCULESCU Ph. D., Member of Romanian Academy of Technical Sciences Prof. Petrica VIZUREANU Ph.D ,Technical University Gh. Asachi, Iasi, Romania Prof. Viorel ZAINEA Ph. D., University of Medicine and Pharmacy “CAROL DAVILA”, Bucharest, Institute of Phonoaudiology and Functional ENT Surgery Prof. Dr. D. Hociota, Bucharest, Romania

ADVISORY BOARD :

PRESIDENT: Prof. Florentina POTECAŞU Ph. D., Dunărea de Jos University of Galaţi, Romania

VICE-PRESIDENT: Prof. Alina Adriana MINEA Ph. D., Technical University Gh. Asachi, Iasi, Romania Prof. Marin ANDREICA Ph. D - Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania Prof. Erika ARDELEAN Ph.D - Politehnica University of Timişoara, Romania Prof. Mircea BEJAN Ph. D - Technical University Cluj-Napoca, Romania Prof. Ionel BOSTAN Ph. D - “Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Romania Prof. Florina BRAN Ph.D - The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania Prof. Nicolae CĂNĂNĂU Ph. D - Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania Assoc. Prof. Denis CHAUMONT Ph.D - Bourgogne University of Dijon France Prof. Anisoara CIOCAN Ph.D - “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galaţi, Romania Prof. Brandusa GHIBAN Ph. D - Politehnica University Bucharest, Romania Prof. Nicolae GHIBAN Ph.D - Politehnica University Bucharest, Romania Assoc. Prof. Guibao QIU Ph. D.- Chongqing University, China Assoc. Prof. Xuewei LÜ Ph. D.- Chongqing University, China Prof. Dumitru V. LEPADATU Ph. D - Tehnical University “ Gh. Assachi” Iasi, Romania Assoc. Prof. Nicu MARCU Ph. D - University of Craiova, Romania Narcisa Roxana MOȘTEANU PhD.- The Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies, Romania Prof. Ion PARGARU Ph. D - Politehnica University Bucharest, Romania Prof. Rodica POPESCU Ph.D. - Transylvania University Brasov, Romania Prof. Ana SOCALICI Ph.D - Politehnica University of Timişoara, Romania Prof. Ion STANCU Ph. D.- Bucharest Academy of Economic Studies Prof. Aurelia Felicia STĂNCIOIU Ph. D. - Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania Prof. Rami ŞABAN Ph. D. - Politehnica University Bucharest, Romania Prof. Daniela TARATA Ph.D - University of Craiova, Romania Prof. Bela VARGA Ph. D - Transylvania University Brasov, Romania Assoc. Prof. Marius VASILESCU Ph.D - Politehnica University Bucharest, Romania Prof. Ana VETELEANU Ph. D - Transylvania University Brasov, Romania Prof. Maria VLAD Ph .D - “Dunarea de Jos” University Galati, Romania Assoc. Prof. Chen YUANQING - Chongqing University, China Assoc. Prof. Shengfu ZHANG Ph. D. - Chongqing University, China

Press Information

Welcome news: the date has now been settled –

GIFA, METEC, THERMPROCESS, NEWCAST are being held in

Düsseldorf from 16. to 20. June 2015

The industry has been waiting for this news: the date for the next GIFA,

METEC, THERMPROCESS and NEWCAST has now been settled. The

international trade community will be able to experience the four successful

technology trade fairs again in Düsseldorf from 16. to 20. June 2015. Project

Manager Friedrich-Georg Kehrer: “We are delighted to have found another

date in the early summer, which will certainly help to create a good

atmosphere for discussions and business transactions in the halls on the

exhibition site.”

The last “Bright World of Metals” set a new record for the trade fairs, with

about 2,000 exhibitors, 78,558 square metres of stand space and 79,000

visitors from 83 different countries. The events held last year therefore had

a strong impact on the foundry technology, metallurgy, thermo process

technology and castings industries that exhibited there too. Numerous

business transactions were already concluded while the fairs were still in

progress, while most of the companies also reported that business

continued to develop exceptionally well afterwards.

Kehrer: “We hope that this momentum is maintained over the coming three

years as well. Our aim is to stay in contact with exhibitors, visitors and the

media throughout the years between the events too, via our informative and

up-to-the-minute trade fair portals.” Business and product news that is

updated on a daily basis is provided on the websites www.gifa.de,

www.metec.de, www.thermprocess.de and www.newcast.de.

GIFA, METEC, THERMPROCESS, NEWCAST 2015 Press Department Tania Vellen and Brigitte Küppers Tel.: +49 211/4560-518/929 Fax: +49 211/4560-87 518 [email protected] Kü[email protected] 28.02.2012 Press photos, logos and a site plan can be found in our photo database, which is available in the press service section of the trade fair websites.

METALURGIA INTERNATIONAL VOL. XVII (2012), NO. 7 ISSN 1582-2214

I

CONTENTS

MATERIALS SCIENCE Milutin ĐURIĆ, Zagorka AĆIMOVIĆ-PAVLOVIĆ, Milan ĐURIČIĆ: THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERITIES OF COLD SINTERED IRON .................................................................................................5 Bogdan FLOREA, Petrica HAGIOGLU, Constantin OANCEA: BEHAVIOUR OF COPPER, ALUMINUM AND BRASS SAMPLES SUBJECTED TO AGGRESSIVE CORROSIVE PROCESS ...............................................................................................10 Zvonimir JUGOVIĆ, Radomir SLAVKOVIĆ, Ivan MILIĆEVIĆ, Snežana DRAGIĆEVIĆ, Biljana SAVIĆ, Nikola SLAVKOVIĆ: POSSIBILITY OF OBTAINING FAVORABLE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS FOR MACHINE ELEMENTS EXPOSED TO WEARING AND ABRASION ...............................................................................................17 Zhi-Jiang XIE, Chang-Gui XIE: FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF GAS BLOWER SETS BASED ON FUZZY SPIKING NEURAL NETWORK ...............................................................................................22 Branimir MILOSAVLJEVIC, Radivoje PESIC, Jovanka LUKIC, Sasa BABIC: BIOGAS OBTAINED FROM CORN SILAGE AND/OR COW MANURE IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA AS A ROAD TRANSPORT FUEL ...............................................................................................27 Ljubiša ANDRIĆ, Milan PETROV, Zagorka AĆIMOVIĆ-PAVLOVIĆ, Milan TRUMIĆ: A KINETIC STUDY OF MECHANICAL ACTIVATION OF MICA IN A VIBRATORY MILL ...............................................................................................33 Yin-he LIN, Zhan-cheng GUO, Hui-qing TANG: IRON ORE REDUCTION-EFFECT OF FINAL REDUCTION CONDITIONS ON FINAL REDUCTION DEGREE ...............................................................................................39 Milomir MIJATOVIĆ, Željko M. PAPIĆ, Sasa BABIC , Branimir MILOSAVLJEVIC, Ismet DERDEMEZ: METHODOLOGY OF PROGRAMABLE DYNAMIC TESTS OF ELEMENTS AND COMPLEX STRUCTURES BY MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS ...............................................................................................43 Haoyan SUN, Jingsong WANG, Xiangjuan DONG, Qingguo XUE: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF TITANIUM SLAG METALLURGICAL PROCESSES ...............................................................................................49 Jian LI, Guang-hua WEN, Ming-mei ZHU, Ping TANG: A NEW APPLICATION OF TURBULATOR IN REMOVING INCLUSIONS BY INJECTING GAS FROM THE SHROUD ...............................................................................................57

Camelia CĂPĂŢÎNĂ , Claudia Maria SIMONESCU, Gheoghe GĂMĂNECI, Gheorghe FLOREA: COMPARATIVE STUDY REGARDING AIR POLLUTION WITH HEAVY METALS IN TÂRGU-JIU – ROVINARI – TURCENI AREA FROM GORJ COUNTY ...............................................................................................63 Wei LI, Jinhui PENG, Shenghui GUO, Libo ZHANG, Hongying XIA, Binguo LIU: PILOT-SCALE PRODUCTION OF TITANIUM-TICH MATERIALS USING ILMENITE CONCENTRATES AS RAW MATEIALS BY MICROWAVE REDUCTION ...............................................................................................68 Miloš MADIĆ, Miroslav RADOVANOVIĆ: INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF THE CUTTING PARAMETERS ON THE BURR HEIGHT IN CO2 LASER NITROGEN CUTTING OF AISI 304 STAINLESS STEEL ...............................................................................................74 Radivoje ANTIC, Mirko DJAPIC, Dragan LUKIC: APPLICATION OF THE PARTS LOGISTIC DESIGN-PROCESS PLANNING WITH THE FUZZYCAPP METAL PROCESSING BY CUTING ...............................................................................................79 Bogić VLAOVIĆ, Zagorka AĆIMOVIĆ-PAVLOVIĆ: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF LOW CHROMIUM WHITE IRON CASTED IN WATER-COOLED METAL MOULDS ...............................................................................................86 Aurel PRSTIĆ, Zagorka AĆIMOVIĆ-PAVLOVIĆ, Ljubiša ANDRIĆ, Snežana GRUJIĆ, Ljiljana TUMBULOVIĆ: MICA BASED COATING FOR APPLICATION IN LOST FOAM CASTING PROCESS ...............................................................................................90 Bogić VLAOVIĆ, Zagorka AĆIMOVIĆ-PAVLOVIĆ: NEW CASTING METHOD: GRAVITI BOTTOM POURING INTO WATER COOLED MOULDS ...............................................................................................97 Qi OUYANG, Song PENG, Jianping HU, Wanhong LI, Liming ZHAO: RESEARCH ON ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTIVE MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR COLD-ROLLING STRIP CENTERING CONTROL .............................................................................................101 Emilia COMAN (CIOVICĂ): THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT CONCERNING THE OBTAINING OF WC BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS. OPTIMAL VALUES OF PROCESS PARAMETERS .............................................................................................110

METALURGIA INTERNATIONAL VOL. XVII (2012), NO. 7 ISSN 1582-2214

II

Mingrong HAN, Longqiang HUANG, Liangying WEN: THE PROBLEMS AND MEASURES ON GENERATING SYSTEM OF LOW TEMPERATURE WASTE HEAT IN THE STEEL ENTERPRISE .............................................................................................114 Fei LI, Yu YANG: EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF CUSTOMER COLLABORATIVE PRODUCT INNOVATION BASED ON PSO-WNN .............................................................................................118 Srba MLADENOVIĆ, Ljubica IVANIĆ, Saša MARJANOVIĆ, Svetlana IVANOV, Dragoslav GUSKOVI: ELECTROCHEMICAL AND WETTING BEHAVIOR OF AS-CAST Sn - Zn - Bi LEAD FREE SOLDER ALLOYS .............................................................................................125 Dragana BJEKIĆ, Miroslav BJEKIĆ, Miloš BOŽIĆ, Marko ROSIĆ, Radojka KRNETA: ENERGY EFFICIENT BEHAVIOUR AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES .............................................................................................130 Miroslav RADOJICIC, Zoran NESIC, Jasmina VESIC VASOVIC: PRODUCTION DELAYS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR THEIR REDUCTION .............................................................................................140 Dragan ĆOĆKALO, Dejan ĐORĐEVIĆ, Cariša BEŠIĆ, Snežana BEŠIĆ: ACCEPTANCE OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION CONCEPT: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY IN SERBIAN COMPANIES .............................................................................................146 Radislav VULOVIĆ, Željko M. PAPIĆ, Nebojša STANKOVIĆ, Miloš PAPI: ERGONOMICS AND HEALTH ISSUES CAUSED BY WORKING WITH COMPUTER .............................................................................................155 Aleksandra LABUS, Konstantin SIMIĆ, Dušan BARAĆ,

Marijana DESPOTOVIĆ-ZRAKIĆ, Miloš RADENKOVIĆ: INTEGRATION OF SOCIAL NETWORK SERVICES IN E-EDUCATION PROCESS .............................................................................................161 Željko M. PAPIĆ, Miloš PAPIĆ, Nebojša STANKOVIĆ: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST FOR EVALUATION OF THE ACHIEVEMENT IN THE SUBJECT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATICS .............................................................................................170

Danica LECIC-CVETKOVIC, Milica KOSTIC-STANKOVIC, Vesna MASLIC: RESEARCH OF CUSTOMER SATISFACTION WITH THE ELECTRONIC POSTAL SERVICES IN SERBIA .............................................................................................176 Goran KVRGIĆ, Radojko LUKIĆ, Dragana Vojteški KLJENAK: THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ON PERFORMANCE IN RETAIL .............................................................................................184 Veljko ALEKSIĆ, Đorđe DAMNJANOVIĆ: KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT THROUGH BLENDED LEARNING .............................................................................................194 Sladjana BARJAKTAROVIĆ RAKOČEVIĆ, Sladjana BENKOVIĆ: MODEL OF REGULATION OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS - CASE OF SERBIA .............................................................................................198 Marko VULIĆ, Jovana DADIĆ, Božidar RADENKOVIĆ, Marijana DESPOTOVIĆ-ZRAKIĆ, Zorica BOGDANOVIĆ: SOCIAL CRM METRICS IN E-EDUCATION .............................................................................................205 Violeta TODOROVIĆ, Violeta DOMANOVIĆ, Sandra STOJADINOVIĆ JOVANOVIĆ: THE ROLE OF BALANCED SCORECARD MODEL IN PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT OF THE BANKING SECTOR IN SERBIA .............................................................................................212 Gordana MILOSAVLJEVIĆ, Zorica TANASKOVIĆ, Zagorka AĆIMOVIĆ-PAVLOVIĆ: TRANSITION INFLUENCING STRESS OF EMPLOYEES IN SERBIA .............................................................................................222 Gordana MILOSAVLJEVIĆ, Zorica TANASKOVIĆ, Zagorka AĆIMOVIĆ-PAVLOVIĆ: STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT IN COMPANY AND E-EDUCATION .............................................................................................228 Sasa BABIC, Miroslav DEMIC, Radivoje PESIC, Branimir MILOSAVLJEVIC: A CONTRIBUTION TO METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH OF TRAFFIC SAFETY ANALYSIS OF A CERTAIN AREA .............................................................................................232 Dragana BJEKIĆ, Milevica BOJOVIĆ, Lidija ZLATIĆ, Milena STANISAVLJEVIĆ: MANAGERS’ COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE .............................................................................................239

130 vol. XVII no. 7 (2012) METALURGIA INTERNATIONAL

These journals are included on ISI Web of knowledge regional Journal Expansion European Union 2010, multidisciplinary fields http://isiwebofknowledge.com/products_tools/multidisciplinary/webofscience/contentexp/eu/

ENERGY EFFICIENT BEHAVIOUR AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES

Dragana BJEKIĆ, Miroslav BJEKIĆ, Miloš BOŽIĆ, Marko ROSIĆ, Radojka KRNETA

Technical faculty in Čačak – University of Kragujevac, Serbia ============================================================================================= Key words: energy efficient behaviour, electricity, lighting, office equipment, electric drives, standards

Prof. Ph.D. of Psy Dragana BJEKI

Assoc. prof. Ph.D. EE Miroslav BJEKIĆ

Assistant, Graduated EE Miloš BOŽIĆ

Assistant, Graduated EE Marko ROSIĆ

Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. EE Radojka KRNETA

Abstract: Improvement of energy performance of industrial sector is a very important goal of national energy efficiency policy, which is also a formative element of industrial products competitiveness. Subject of the investigation: regulations of energy efficient usage of electricity in industrial companies and the frame of employers’ education for energy efficient behavior. The sample: EU regulations of energy efficient electricity usage and Serbian implementation of them. The authors selected and recommended directives and standards which are applicable in industrial companies for lighting, efficient usage of office computer equipment, and electric drive energy efficiency. These regulations are standardizing and involving sequentially.

1. INTRODUCTION Concept “energy efficiency“ is the synonym for the

strategy of environmentally functional behaviour in the field of energy resources usage. It is the sign for the efficient use of energy in all sectors. Energy efficiency is a management issue. In order to intensify energy efficiency work, it is important that the top of management of industry clearly show their interest [1].

Industry is the greater consumer of electricity around the world. The industrial sector consumes more than one third of global primary energy and it is responsible for over 40% of CO2 emission (according to EA report 2009 [2, 3]). Usage of energy in the industrial sector varies between countries and regions (fig. 1 [3]), and depends of the technology level, maturity of plant and of the energy production systems, concentration of industrial manufactured sectors, capacity and structure of subsectors. In developed countries, improvement of energy performance of industrial sector represents an important condition to achieve the goals of national energy efficiency policy. According to the prediction in 2007, if all developing countries met the developed countries average manufacturing energy usage intensity, then energy consumption could be potentially reduce by 70% [3].

Fig. 1. Historical Primary Industrial Sector Energy Consumption by Major World Region [3]

Countries with the accelerated development of industrial infrastructure and transition countries (economy of the Central and East Europe, some countries of the South Europe, former countries from Soviet Union [3]), need to increase competitiveness by the implementation energy efficiency concept in industry. Researchers consider that the achievement of energy efficiency, as challenge for modern engineering [4], simultaneously is challenge for improvement of production quality, and for environmental protection.

Achievement of energy efficiency (rational usage of energy, specially electricity) is an important requirement of international community and industrial production, because the electricity consumption per unit of product is one of the basic measure of the quality of manufacturing process and formative indicator to production competitiveness on the market. Rationalization of the electricity consumption (electricity is one of the most useful energy sources in industry) is the topic of the number researches [4] and important activities of the energy management in the industrial companies.

METALURGIA INTERNATIONAL vol. XVII no. 7 (2012) 131


Analysis of energy efficiency in industrial sector emphasized that the concept of energy efficiency can not to realize only by policy and public relationship procedures, but also by the marketing presuress [3], and by the continual education and training staff on energy-efficient behavior.

2. ENERGY EFFICIENCY: BEHAVIOUR AND

POLICY Energy efficiency is the strategic component of

sustainability of ecologically functional behaviour. Therefore, this concept is integreted into the concept of the usage energy quality, or electricity consumption quality (it is in the focus of the paper). The concept “energy efficiency“is used in two meanings – for equipement and for behaviour [5]. By increasing of efficient consumption of energy, the consumption of energy for the same quantity of products or services is decrasing; it has financial, social and ecological / environmental benefits. 2.1. The concept of energy efficient behavior

The important energy saving is achieved by the implementation of adeqate technologies, but the largest saving could to achive by the changing of human behaviour [6, 7].

The behaviour of energy users, energy efficient behaviour, is the part of the national and international strategies of energy efficiency and of the scenarios of sustainable energy efficiency policy. Capacitiveness of energy users could to be strengthen with education and with activities of positive energy awareness development, and with some technological innovations.

Energy efficient behaviour is an energy efficiency resource.

According to the review of researches of environemental relevant behaviour, Corina Fisher [6] selects the following four approaches which are applicable on the energy efficient behaviour: Psychological approaches (Ajzen theory of planned

behaviour is one of it) consider the awareness of environmental demands, adeqate environmental behaviour and educational opportunity. The behaviour is directly connect with the awareness of environmental demands and ecological context. Environmentally relevant behaviour is a function of several dimensions of awareness: environmental knowledge, emotions and attitudes; some external factors are moderators.

Approaches focusing on the rational choice and social dilemmas derived from the economic traditions. These approaches explane the environmental relevant behaviour in the socioeconomic context.

Sociological approaches considered links between energy efficient behaviour and consumption habits to lifestyle and social milieus, and some socioeconomic (age, education, profession etc), and sociocultural variables (lifestyle, estetic preferences, values). Reserachers derived energy consumer style as a special lifestyle, and identification of the specific group motivec, preferency and insentives.

Approaches based on intervention studies and experiment emphasise the importance of the communication campaigns for environmental relevant and energy efficient behaviour.

Different motives and incentives of energy efficient behaviour are derived in researches [6, 8, 9; 10, 11]. Intrinsic factors of established energy efficient behaviour are: energy habits of individuals; awareness of environmental requirements; motivational conflicts and attitudes conflicts; percieved control, norms and values (for example: altruism, social responsibilites) as moderator factors. Extrinsic factors: persons opportunity to act energy-efficient; costs and benefites of energy efficient behaviour; support of the community; social standards and personal norms; sort of feedback on the effects of his/her actions; social dilemmas about benefit of energy efficient behaviour for community and indivudals; community energy policy; information procedures etc. Interaction of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors is recognized.

Different theoretical models have been successfully explane how internat and external factors interact in producing environmentally relevant behaviour: energy efficient behaviour.

According to the Fietkau-Kessel's model of environmentally relavant behavior [6], energy efficient behaviour. as a sort of the environmentally relevant behaviour, is determinated by the opportunities to act, incentives, values and attitudes toward environment (which are based on the relevant environmental knowledge), and by the feedback of the effects of energy efficient / nonefficient behaviour (fig. 2, adapted according to [6, 12]). The knowledge of the energy efficiency in the field of electricity consumption is the moderator of the other factors of energy efficent behaviour.

Fig. 2. Model of energy and environmentally relevant behaviour (Fitkeau & Kessel Model [6, 13])

Theory of planned behaviour (fig. 3, Ajzen [6, 13, 14]) emphasises the importance of the individual's intention to behave ecologically valid and energy efficient, as the best predictor of the behaviour: if people make decisions to act energy-efficiently, they are relativelly like to implement this decision. For that reason, the main question is: how an intention can brought about, how can we support making decision of energy efficent behaviour. In the business context, perception of the effects of energy efficently activities is very important. Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour has been used to expalin the conservation of electricity and heat energy, and willingness to collect information on green electricity. It is one of the best tested theories to expain environmentally relevant and energy efficient behaviour [6].



Fig. 3. Energy efficient behaviour according to the Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour [6, 13, 14]

Energy efficiency, as a widespread concept, is becoming a synonym for strategy of ecological functional behaviour (fig. 4 [15]). Saving of the electric energy is the part of the ecological approach, too. Transfer to the ecological society and ecological culture, and sustain of the ecological model of the human being world comprehension, are not possible without the completely changing of the human awareness and attitudes to the environment. Understanding of the environmental demands, and the other inputs, is important to change behaviour [15].

Fig. 4. Stages of environmental and energy efficiency awareness process [15, 16]

Development of energy efficiency awareness, and behaviour based on it, are complex processes, which are circularly linked with the energy resource management [15]. Development of the energy awareness is the individual and social process. The social impact from the energy efficiency organizations and management is the formative to individual energy saving awareness. It is the basic energy awareness stimulus. At the strategic level, country’s and government organizations and agencies give directions and organize the energy efficiency education.

Different populations (social gropus, ages) have different confidence to the information sources. The results of research is the similar for adolescent and adult [17]: the most of the confidence all of them have to the university researcher, than to the referent and belonging groups, teachers in school etc.

Although the changing of the staff/employeers' behaviour is one of the key factors to realisation of the energy efficiency concept, especially as consumption of electricity in business systems, the researchers didn't investigate the change of behaviour enough. The first step is the exploration of the social frame of energy efficient behaviour; one of very important frame is the knowlegde on energy efficiency policy. 2.2. Energy management – implication for efficient consumption of electricity

Some authors suggest that “energy efficiency of the industrial sector is to complex to be addressed through public

policy and that industrial facilities will achive energy efficiency through the competitive pressures of the marketplace alone” [19] and by implementation of the industrial energy efficiency programmes.

Energy efficiency is a management issue. In order to intensify energy efficiency work, it is important that the top of management of the industry clearly show their interest [1]. The one of the bottom line in Guidelines for Energy Management offered by EPA (ENERGY STAR), is: “Good energy management is good business, and adopting an energy management strategy is a business decision you cannot afford to ignore”.

General international demands in the field of energy efficiency are regulated by the system of legislative documents [19]: the law, secondary legislative documents, properly and timely adequate implementation of the regulations, harmonizations of the existed and development of new regulatives, standards and procedures in the energy efficiency domain, preparation and implementation of the statistical and informational system, and national energy efficiency strategy and plans. General structure and realization of the energy management in industry, actualy are based on the integration of the energy management standards EN 16001:2009 and ISO 50001 [20].

The purpose of an energy management standard is to provide guidance for industrial facilities to integrate energy efficiency into their management practices, including fine tuning of production processes and improving the energy efficiency of industrial systems.

An energy management standard requires a facility to develop an energy management plan. In companies without a plan in place, opportunities for improvement may be known but may not be promoted or implemented because of organizational barriers. These barriers may include a lack of communication among plants, a poor understanding of how to create support for an energy efficiency project, limited finances, poor accountability for measures or perceived change from the status quo.

Typical features of an energy management standard include [3]: a strategic plan that requires measurement,

management, and documentation for continuous improvement for energy efficiency;

a cross-divisional management team led by an energy coordinator who reports directly to management and is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the strategic plan;

policies and procedures to address all aspects of energy purchase, use and disposal;

projects to demonstrate continuous improvement in energy efficiency;

creation of an Energy Manual, a living document that evolves over time as additional energy saving projects and policies are undertaken and documented;

identification of key performance indicators, unique to the company, that are tracked to measure progress; and

periodic reporting of progress to management based on these measurements.

Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy usage according to its discrete functions. Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive energy management programme



[21]. Preliminary energy audit is a relatively quick exercise to: establish energy consumption in the organization; estimate the scope for saving; identify the most likely (and the easiest) areas for

attention; identify immediate (especially no-/low-cost)

improvements/ savings; set a ‘reference point; identify areas for more detailed study/measurement; preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily

obtained data. 2.3. Policy of efficient consumption of electricity in industry

Although the production and competitiveness of the product are the basic goals of industrial production and industrial companies work, achivement of competitiveness by the energy efficient business activities is becoming more important. Industrial energy efficiency can't realized completly by the policy and programmes which are focused on the equipement and specific technologies. The procedures of energy management are necessary.

Purpose of the standards of energy management in the industrial sectors is the facilitating of the integration energy efficiency concept to the management practice, to the industrial processes and improvement of the energy efficiency of industrial system. Energy management is based on the timely planning, promotion, overload organizational barriers [2], [22].

The industrial standards framework for industrial energy efficiency should to allow target-seting agreements, an energy management standard, system optimization training and tools, capacity building to create system optimization experts, documentation and sustain energy efficiency gains, tax incentives and recognition, standardized system optimization methodologies, certification of energy efficient projects for traiding energy efficiency credits, which are the direct goals of United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) [3, 22].

Implementation of energy efficiency policies in industrial business systems includes the application of directives and standards; it requires development of energy efficient behavior of employeers in this sector. Standards should to provide standardized and transparent methodology for the practice and industrial energy efficiency projects. The methodology includes system of optimization, improvement of process, instalation of adequate equipement, development of employeers behaviour.

Some standards and directives which are applied for energy efficiency in industrial sectors, are primarly developed for industry, but some of standards and directives are generally implemented in diferent domains of peoples life (example: directives of lighting, energy efficient electronic and electrical equipement etc).

Industrial business systems consist of administration-management units and manufacturing (production) units. These units are constitutive units for all industrial companies regardless of industrial sectors. The nature of electricity consumption in administration-management organizational units is based on the usage of electronic and computer equipement. Over 60% of the electricity in industry is used in electric drive systems in industrial manufacturing units; it is over 40% of the total electricity production [24]. Although the international documents considere primary lighting and

saving electricity of lighting in housholds and public sector, the implementation of the concept of energy efficient lighting in industrial systems is important, too.

3. RESEARCH ORGANIZATION

The topic of the research: Regulations of energy efficient usage of electricity in some structural units of industrial companies (in the manufacturing units and administrative-management organizational units) and principles of the education of staff energy efficient behaviour are considered in the paper.

The sample: Regulatives/regulations, directives, standards and recommendation in the field of energy efficient usage of electricity in EU and their implementatnion in Serbia.

Method of content analysis is applied. Research is realised continually from 2008. as activity in

two project: „Pojecting of the implementatnion of EU regulations of

energy efficient household equipement, lighting and electronic office equipement“ (project code EE 18018), and

„Researsh, development and implementation of the programmes and measurements of energy efficient electric drives“ (project code TR33016).

4. RESULTS AND DISSCUSION

A number of standards of energy efficiency are currently

in use, and the process of development and internationalization standard is being initiated [3]. These standards have a good foundation for developing a national energy management standard. Countries may choose to use an existing standard and to develop country-specific guidance details for implementations.

4.1. Example: Consumption of the electricity in the industry in Serbia

The process for setting energy efficiency involves making a preliminary assessment of the energy efficiency or potential of industrial facility which include an inventory of economically valuable measured that could be implemented.

Some investigations suggest that Serbia is one of the most energy waster (prodigal) in Europe [25]. Consumption of electricity in industrial companies in Serbia is significantly higher than the EU established standards.

Common characteristic of all industrial sectors and branches is large specific energy consumption, which is the consequence of the following factors (Serbian Energy Efficiency Agency – SEEA) [26]: outdated and exhausted producing technologies; outdated and exhausted energy (producing and conversion) technologies; insufficient quality of maintenance; mainly due to lack of financial means (sources), but also due to poorly organized maintenance services; inability of industrial companies to invest in renewal of production and energy technologies; low-quality systems for monitoring, managing and control and regulation of production processes and energy plants; absence of energy management systems and lack of motivation to manage energy flows etd. One of the important cause is insufficient knowledge and low informative level about modern energy management systems and practices.

The programme “Energy efficiency in industry“ is strategic Serbian project; the central objective is a considerable improvement of energy efficiency of industrial



companies and bringing specific energy consumption within all sectors and branches of the Serbian industry close to standard energy efficiency indicators in industries of European Union countries.

In the period from 2004 to 2010, industry in Serbia consumed 32-38% of total produced electricity (fig 5). What is the reason? Some of the reasons: the level of development of industrial sector is relatively low; the households over-use the electricity; the price of electricity in Serbia is unrealistically low.

Fig. 5. Electricity consumption in Serbian industry and Serbian household from 2004 to 2010 [27]

The harmonization of Serbian energy efficiency strategy with the strategy and objectives of the European Union in this field is needed.

Directives and standards which are applied and/or applicable in the industrial companies in Serbia for the regulation of lighting of industrial objects, usage of electronics and computer office equipement and usage of energy efficient electric drives, are derived by the analysis of European and national regulatives of efficient usage of electricity

The process for setting energy efficiency involves making a preliminary assessment of the energy efficiency or potential of industrial facility which includes an inventory of economically valuable measured that could be implemented.

4.2. Directives for efficient use of electrical energy in the administrative units

Office equipment is consumer of electric energy whose number grows the fastest in the commercial and public sector. In the EU, their consumption reaches 10% of total electricity consumption in the commercial sector. If we take into account the consumption of air conditioners, this amount is about 30% higher, which should eliminate the heat generated by office equipment. With purchasing energy efficient equipment, the cost of electricity in offices can be significantly reduced (up to 90% for products such as monitors).

In OECD countries, standby consumption in households and commercial sector accounts for 1.5% of total electricity consumption, it is estimated that it will soon reach 2.2% of total consumption.

According to international standards IEC62301 and EN62301, standby mode is the mode with the lowest consumption of energy, user has no influence and it can last indefinitely, as long as the device is connected to the power grid and is used according to manufacturer's instructions. Stand-by function and losses in the off state are common features of electrical and electronic equipment in the office (computers, monitors, printers, scanners, air conditioners).

The study of electricity consumption in OECD countries (IEA) shows that with the new electronic devices in the future we should expect the largest increase in stand-by consumption [28, 29].

ENERGY STAR label (fig. 6) contributes security in the supply energy and environmental protection because it allows customers to identify devices with low power consumption [30].

Fig. 6. ENERGY STAR label in BW version [30]

Conventional office equipment and those with ENERGY STAR labels are generally the same price. ENERGY STAR label allows customers to identify devices with low power consumption of electricity and contribute to security of energy supply and environmental protection. The main advantage of office equipment with the label vs. conventional with same prices is reduced energy losses. When an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly device is not in use, it switches to low power consumption - the "sleep" mode in which a computer with ENERGY STAR label consumes about 90% less energy than when in use. By choosing this instead of the conventional equipment, the administrative unit with 100 employees (100 computers, 10 laser printers, 4 copiers, 4 fax, scan 2), the savings would amount to € 1,631 / year.

Table 1. Energy efficiency directives and standards for office equipement [28] Directives Current state in

Serbia DIRECTIVE 2005/32/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 6 July 2005, establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

Translated on Serbian (project 18018) Serbian Agency of Energy Efficiency can use Directive

COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 1275/2008, of 17 December 2008, implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for standby and off mode electric power consumption of electrical and electronic household and office equipment

It is not considered officially. There are research activities to apply it in Serbia.

COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 107/2009, of 4 February 2009, implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for simple set-top boxes COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 278/2009, of 6 April 2009, implementing Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to ecodesign requirements for no-load condition



electric power consumption and average active efficiency of external power supplies THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND COUNCIL REGULATION 106/2008/EK, of 15 January 2008, office equipment for the community energy efficiency labeling program

4.3. Regulations of energy efficient lighting of industrial objects

According to the IEA data [31], electrical lighting in industry, commercial sectors, housholds, with street lightling, consume over 20% of total world production of electricity. World consumption of energy for lighting is the bigger than total needs for energy in the European OECD countries. Global lighting consume more than energy production in the all gas power plant and for 15% more than production of all hidro and nuclear plant. Energy consume for lighting, produce on the global level 1900.000.000 t of CO2 by the year; it is equivalent as 70% of car emmision in the world. 38% of the world consumption of the lighting could be to economicaly saving by using efficient technology in the lightling field; the saving in industry and office 70% by the changing fluorescent lamp; with the modern fluorescent lamp with electrical [31; 32]. In the South-East region, 10% to 30% electricity use for household lighting.

Some directives of lighting in all sectors are applicable in industrial organization (tab. 2). Table 2. Directive of EP and EC in the field of lighting applicable for lighting industrial objects [31] Directives Implementation

in Serbia Directive 98/11/EC of 27 January 1998 implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of household lamps

Translated as a part of project 18018, SEEA use

Direcitve 2000/55/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on energy efficiency requirements for ballasts for fluorescent lighting

Translated as a part of project 18018, SEEA use

Commission Directive 2002/31/EC of 22 March 2002 implementing Council Directive 92/75/EEC with regard to energy labelling of household air-conditioners

4.4. Regulations of energy efficient electric drives in the industrial manufacturing units

Electric drives in industry (pumps, fans, compresors, various conveyors, cranes and other forms of electric drives) consume about 40% of total electricity production [24] and less than 60% of total electric energy in industry, both in developed and developing countries. Directing attention to energy efficiency of electric drives can bring significant energy savings that are estimated from 5 to 30%.

The industrial electric drives are combined with the other components. Optimization of energy consumption is only efficient at the system level when all its components, not only the electric drive, are taken into consideration. In most cases the performance of EMD is dynamic, not static process. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the system in order to satisfy different performing conditions.

The analysis of programmes in different world countries shows that the key measure is to satisfy the Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) concerning electric motors as key components in EMD [24].

Dissipation of energy in electric drive systems is primarily reflected in the inconsistency of the systems themselves (motor-load) and work out of optimal caracteristics and operational point with highest efficiency. This mismatch of electric motor and load can lead to significant losses that greatly reduce the efficiency of the complete system. The analysis of requirements and needs of industrial production systems can reach the most optimal ways of control and regulation of industry processes driven by elerctric motors in terms of energy efficiency and lifetime of the system. The application of standards and energy efficiency marks on electric motors can significantly contribute to energy savings in industrial sector [33]. Use of energy efficient motors in electric drives in industrial companies provides a positive energy, economic and enviromental effects.

What is a possibility to improve energy efficiency of electric motor? The efficiency of electric motors can be improved by [34]: reducing the losses in the windings; using better magnetic steel; improving the aerodynamics of the motor; improving manufacturing tolerances. Objectives of the electric motor energy efficiency policy are: reducing maximal engaged energy; reducing power losses and consumption of active power, and reducing reactive load and consumption of reactive power (excessively reactive power compensation). Standards of energy efficient electric drives are developed [35] and national implementation are very important for industrial sector (tab. 3).

Table 3: EU Directives and Standards of energy efficiency of electric machines and drives which are considered in Serbia Title of standards Implementation

in Serbia Unique standards for measuring the efficiency and classification of induction motors: IEC 60034-1, IEC 60034-2-1, IEC 60034-30 (see later)

In Serbian, naSRPS EN 60034-1:2011;

Standards that define methods for determining losses and motors efficiency. Standrad IEC 60034-1 (IEC/TC-2, 2010-02): title „Rotating electrical machines – Part 2-1: Standard methods for determi-ning losses and efficiency from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles)

in Serbian SRPS EN 60034-2-1:2008 Status: Draft 19.01.2012

Addition on IEC 60034-2-1; Standard IEC 60034-2-2 (IEC/TC-2, standard announ-cement is expected in July 2012, status IEC 2/1626/CDV), title „Rotating electri-cal machines – Part 2-2: Specific methods for determining separate losses of large machines from tests – Supplement to IEC 60034-2-1“;

In English Published 30.09.2011

Standard IEC 60034-2-3 (IEC/TC-2, standrad announcement is expected in July 2012, status IEC 2/1626/CDV), standard title „Rotating electrical machines - Part 2-3: Specific test methods for determining losses and efficiency of converter-fed AC motors“

In the procedures in Serbian Institute for standardization

Standard IEC 60034-17 (IEC/TS, fourth Identical to the



edition 2006): „Rotating electrical machi-nes – Part 17: Cage induction motors when fed from converters – Application guide“; this technical specification deals with the stationary states of cage industion motors powered from the inverter, which are the subject of the standard EN 60034-12, refers to the indirect converter types.

standard SRPS CLC/TS 60034-17:2008 Published 27.05.2008

Standards that define motors efficiency classes: Standard IEC 60034-30 (IEC/TC 2, 2008), identical to the standard title „Rotating electrical machines – Part 30: Efficiency classes of single-speed, three-phase, cage-induction motors (IE-code)

Standard SRPSEN 60034-30:2010, Status: Draft 20.01.2012

Standard IEC 60034-25: 2005 (IEC/TS, 2007) identical to the, standard title: „Ro-tating electrical machines – Part 25: Guide for the design and performance of cage induction motors specifically designed for converter supply“; standard describes the construction and performance cha-racteristics of multi-phase squirrel cage induction motors specifically desig-ned for converter power supply up to 1000V.

standard SRPS CLC/TS 60034-25:2010 English Published 24.03.2010

Standards that refer to variable speed drives: Standard IEC 60034-31 (2008/CD), standard title: „Rotating electrical machines - Part 31: Guide for the selection and application of energy-efficient motors including variable-speed applications”, developed as a part of the project IEC 60034-31 TS – Guide for energy efficiency and use of energy efficient motors including variable speed drives (VSD).

In the procedures in Serbian Institute for standardization.

5. THE FRAME OF STAFF EDUCATION FOR

ENERGY EFFICIENT BEHAVIOUR Strategies of energy efficient behaviour are based on

education, marketing and market transformation, public relations procedures etc.

The most companies expect from own staff (office employeers, worker in the manufacturing etc) to have enough knowledge and skills to apply concept of energy efficiency, aquanted by the formal education. However, they are in the start position in the end of the formal education and in the beganing of the business. It is necessary to build energy efficient behaviour and develop the strategy of energy efficient behaviour of the business system by the different forms of nonformal and informal education. Continual education and training of implementation of the regulatives, directives and standards is especially important because these documents are conventions probably changable.

The first question of planning education for energy efficient behaviour and realization of energy efficiency policy is: What is the most important educational effects: for engineer-constructor of electrical consumer, or for users?

It is easy to say: the focus of the education and public relations for energy efficiency is on the engineers-constructors. Their orientation to project of electricity efficient consumers influence to the longitudinal utility for the comunity, but, it is not enough to energy efficintly functioning of the system and companies. For empowering of the concept of energy efficiency and rational usage of

electricity in industrial companies, it is necessary to treat employeers in industry as consumers. And then, the educational procedures for the hole consumer populations are applicable.

Experiences of some European countries suggested that the basic precondition of efficient energy usage is the education of the children and adolescents – the younger persons [6]. But, the generations which learn concept of energy efficiency in school today are going to manage in industry and manufacturing processes in the future. What are we doing now? How do we improve human resources to achive energy efficiency in this moment? The concept of lifelong learning is the base of the emploqeers training for energy efficient behaviour, implementation of standards, regulations and directives. The general principles of adults education are the instructions to traning employeers [36]: Using background employeers' experience and prior

learning to any new learning process and to realization of the concept of energy efficient electricity consumption, Acknowledging adults’ understanding and experiences validates them as competent and capable learners. It is important that the facilitator of adult learning help adult students see the connections between earlier learning experiences and new information.

Affecting affects to the employeers' goals in this fieelds and make direction, stimulate their behaviour to connsider energy, economic and environmental effects of efficient electricity usage. The employeers as adults like to know how the educational activity will help them to realize their objectives. The adult educator schould explicitly state this objective at the beginning of the activity.

Contecting the information with practice: the instructor needs to create a problem –centered learning environment;

Stimulating cognitive disonance and curiosity; Creating respectful learning environments; Providing a colaboration with the other employeers and

mutual support for realization of the efficient procedures and efficient electricity consumption;

Providing timely feedback leads to successful learning and mastery of content and skills. Sensitive feedback helps learners correct errors and reinforces good behaviors.

Basing on the employeers sense of responsibility, sharing the responsibility for the present and possible effects of electricity consumption,

Organizing training at the workplace, in the environment where the employeer can directly test and aplicate new knowlegde and skills.

How to integrate the experienced learning in the programmes of employeers training for energy efficient electricity consumption? A educator facilitates to the employeers to recognized the knowledge of the efficient energy consumption, what do you want to learn, and, at the end of the courses, what did they read [36]? Adult learning requires building on this prior learning, using methods that treat learners with respect, and recognizing that people have different learning styles and have a variety of responsibilities and time commitments. Effective educators also recognize that adults often learn collectively from each other. The effects of self.directed and self-motivated learnng are the crucial factors of the effectiveness of the training employeers as adult learner.



For developing energy efficient behaviour, it is neccessary to organize educational programmes of efficient electricity consumption in industrial companies. According to the programme, a comprehensive awareness program can support and reinforce the overall objectives of energy efficiency initiative. Implementation of this program in the field of development awareness of efficient electricity consumption and saving, brings about the following goals [5, 8, 37, 38]: Planning of valid employeers information on rational

usage of electricity, energy labels, standards, regulatives and directives is the first step of the process. For example: information of EUROSTAR labels for office equipement is the manner to stimulate employers to understand possibilities of their contribution to own energy efficient behaviour in the administrative organizatonal units.

Energy awareness increases of learning of financial effects of rational, or irrational usage of electricity. Monitoring of the energy consumption and monetary loss could help to employeers to obtain feedback of consumption energy, to reducing consumption or to some new energy efficient behaviour. When framing information, people respond more seriously to monetary loss than to gain. Specifically, people are more willing to take an energy action to avoid monetary loss, than to take the same action for monetary gain.

It is important to integrated information of industrial energy efficiency from different sources. People have trouble integrating complex information from a variety of different sources. Thus, when presenting energy information, one should integrate complex energy variables into form that helps individuals make correct and informed energy decision.

People are more motivated to act when presented with vivid and personalized information,

When information is presented in a way that provides individuals with choice, it increases the individual’s sense of personal control. This lead to increased levels of intrinsic motivation, greater persistence, better performance, and high satisfactionwhen employeers expresed energy efficient behaviour; their sense of responsibility is empowred by this information.

Creating of the electric energy saving culture is the educational process. Development of energy efficiency awareness is the goal of education. Energy efficiency education is consists of the: some kind of short-term activities such as the workshops, presentations, discussion groups, internet blogs and forums, short-time training, lectures, flyers, school lectures, broadcast media, spot and moves, printed publication etc. Sometimes, education of energy efficiency is conected with the activities of public relations [39, 40]. A core element of any industrial energy efficiency program is an information campaign [3]. This campaign should introduce industry to the basic concepts of energy management and industrial system optimization.

The goals of different activities focused on the development of energy efficient behaviour are to motivate the employeers for own actions. Then, the energy resources managers in industrial companies develop the action plans and concrete operacionalized behaviour (turn of lighting, monitoring energy consumptation, make research, training to disseminationi information). Energy relevant knowledge, problem awareness, sense of responsibility, habits of energy

behaviour, are the components of improvement energy efficient usage of electricity in industry [40].

6. CONCLUSION Energy efficient consumption of electricity in the

industrial companies provides energetic, economic and ecological/environmental effects. According to the organizational structure of industrial companise, the 3 main domains of the possible efficient electricity consumption are recognized: for lighting of industrial objects, for office electronic equipement, and for the electric drive systems in industrial manufacturing.

However, additionaly to the introduction of the aw regulations, and improvement of the technology, it is necessary, maybe fundamental, to develop employeers energy efficient behaviout by organizing adequate education, because, the knowledge is the formative component for planned and environmentalu responsible behaviour. Since the employeers education is the part of lifelong learning, principles of andragogy (adult education) is the base of the curricula for the education of energi eficient behaviour and electricity consumption.

Acknowledgement: The paper is developed as a part of project “Research, development and implementation of the programme and measurement of electric drives energy efficiency“ TR 33016 funded by the Ministry of education and science in Serbia.

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Correspondence to Dragana BJEKIĆ [email protected], Technical faculty in Čačak - University of Kragujevac, Serbia

Miroslav BJEKIĆ [email protected], Technical faculty in Čačak - University of Kragujevac, Serbia

Miloš BOŽIĆ [email protected],Technical faculty in Čačak - University of Kragujevac, Serbia

Marko ROSIĆ [email protected], Technical faculty in Čačak - University of Kragujevac, Serbia

Radojka KRNETA [email protected], Technical faculty in Čačak - University of Kragujevac, Serbia

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