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Editorial Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanobiomaterials 2014 Xiaoming Li, 1 Sang Cheon Lee, 2 Shuming Zhang, 3 and Tsukasa Akasaka 4 1 Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China 2 Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea 3 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA 4 Department of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan Correspondence should be addressed to Xiaoming Li; [email protected] Received 21 April 2015; Accepted 21 April 2015 Copyright © 2015 Xiaoming Li et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. It is well known that nanomaterials have developed rapidly over the past few decades. Based on their unique physic- ochemical properties and special mechanical properties, nanomaterials have provided application possibility in many different fields. Currently, as nanobiomaterials, they are widely used in various biomedical applications, such as drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, dental/bone implant, and biosensors. For example, nanobiomaterials have been used in tissue engineering because of their satisfactory bioactivity, high mechanical properties, and large surface area to adsorb specific proteins. Many kinds of nanobio- materials are used to prepare composite scaffolds to get better biocompatibility and higher ability in repairing specific tissues. Several antibacterial metallic nanobiomaterials are used to coat implant surfaces to improve the speed of healing fractures. In addition, lots of nanobiomaterials have the potential to break the limitations of the traditional delivery systems. ey can load larger amount of drugs and provide stable drug release for long time at the targeted sites, such as tumors. Moreover, they can combine with polymers to furnish simultaneous drug delivery systems with the con- trollable release rate. Besides these applications, more and more nanobiomaterials show great potential to be applied as highly sensitive biosensors because they have higher ability in loading firmly or interacting completely with recognition aptamers. Although, due to their special properties, nanobiomate- rials have been applied into many aspects of the biomedical field, their biocompatibility and toxicity are very important issues, which is really the concern of more and more people. For example, the nanobiomaterials that are used to deliver drugs to targeted cells can normally traverse the cell membranes purposefully and have ineluctable interactions with intracellular substances. So, the safety of the used nanobiomaterials is fatal indeed, which directly determines the success rate of the drug delivery. Moreover, many implants containing nanomaterials undergo biodegradation in vivo and unavoidably release nanoparticles, whose effects on the cells and tissue in the physiological environment should be obviously investigated. Only when the related research findings have confirmed that the nanomaterials are safe enough for the interacted cells and surrounding tissues, can adapt to organism reciprocally, and cannot be excluded by the immune system do these nanobiomaterials have the qualification to be really used for the related biomedical purposes. Currently, a series of in vitro and in vivo research have been launched on the biocompatibility and toxicity of nanobiomaterials. Usually, the in vitro investigations are firstly conducted to show if the materials affect the nor- mal morphology of the cultured cells or the mixed cells with microscopies and their bioactive functions, including proliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and so forth, by studying both the genes and proteins of the cells with various biochemical analyses. Aſter the studies in vitro, the nanobiomaterials are normally implanted into animal body, such as dorsal muscle pouch, to see if they have significant effect on the normal functions of the surrounding Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2015, Article ID 259264, 2 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/259264
Transcript of Editorial Biocompatibility and Toxicity of ...downloads.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2015/259264.pdfof...
EditorialBiocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanobiomaterials 2014
Xiaoming Li,1 Sang Cheon Lee,2 Shuming Zhang,3 and Tsukasa Akasaka4
1Key Laboratory for Biomechanics andMechanobiology ofMinistry of Education, School of Biological Science andMedical Engineering,Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China2Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA4Department of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
Correspondence should be addressed to Xiaoming Li; [email protected]
Received 21 April 2015; Accepted 21 April 2015
Copyright © 2015 Xiaoming Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
It is well known that nanomaterials have developed rapidlyover the past few decades. Based on their unique physic-ochemical properties and special mechanical properties,nanomaterials have provided application possibility in manydifferent fields. Currently, as nanobiomaterials, they arewidely used in various biomedical applications, such as drugdelivery systems, tissue engineering, dental/bone implant,and biosensors. For example, nanobiomaterials have beenused in tissue engineering because of their satisfactorybioactivity, high mechanical properties, and large surfacearea to adsorb specific proteins. Many kinds of nanobio-materials are used to prepare composite scaffolds to getbetter biocompatibility and higher ability in repairing specifictissues. Several antibacterial metallic nanobiomaterials areused to coat implant surfaces to improve the speed of healingfractures. In addition, lots of nanobiomaterials have thepotential to break the limitations of the traditional deliverysystems. They can load larger amount of drugs and providestable drug release for long time at the targeted sites, suchas tumors. Moreover, they can combine with polymers tofurnish simultaneous drug delivery systems with the con-trollable release rate. Besides these applications, more andmore nanobiomaterials show great potential to be applied ashighly sensitive biosensors because they have higher abilityin loading firmly or interacting completely with recognitionaptamers.
Although, due to their special properties, nanobiomate-rials have been applied into many aspects of the biomedicalfield, their biocompatibility and toxicity are very important
issues, which is really the concern of more and morepeople. For example, the nanobiomaterials that are used todeliver drugs to targeted cells can normally traverse the cellmembranes purposefully and have ineluctable interactionswith intracellular substances. So, the safety of the usednanobiomaterials is fatal indeed, which directly determinesthe success rate of the drug delivery. Moreover, manyimplants containing nanomaterials undergo biodegradationin vivo and unavoidably release nanoparticles, whose effectson the cells and tissue in the physiological environmentshould be obviously investigated. Only when the relatedresearch findings have confirmed that the nanomaterials aresafe enough for the interacted cells and surrounding tissues,can adapt to organism reciprocally, and cannot be excludedby the immune system do these nanobiomaterials have thequalification to be really used for the related biomedicalpurposes.
Currently, a series of in vitro and in vivo researchhave been launched on the biocompatibility and toxicityof nanobiomaterials. Usually, the in vitro investigations arefirstly conducted to show if the materials affect the nor-mal morphology of the cultured cells or the mixed cellswith microscopies and their bioactive functions, includingproliferation, differentiation, mineralization, and so forth,by studying both the genes and proteins of the cells withvarious biochemical analyses. After the studies in vitro,the nanobiomaterials are normally implanted into animalbody, such as dorsal muscle pouch, to see if they havesignificant effect on the normal functions of the surrounding
Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of NanomaterialsVolume 2015, Article ID 259264, 2 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/259264
2 Journal of Nanomaterials
tissues and themain organs by histological, histopathological,and immunohistochemical studies. Though there have beensome methods to test the biocompatibility and toxicity ofnanobiomaterials, they are not enough. More appropriatemethods both in vitro and in vivo to evaluate and comprehendthe biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of nanobiomaterialsare necessary. Most importantly, the current measurementaccuracy of biocompatibility and toxicity needs furtherimprovements. Furthermore, it is urgent to find newmethodsto reduce the cytotoxicity and improve the biocompatibilityof nanobiomaterials.
In this special issue, several articles are devoted to showthe effects of some specific nanobiomaterials on their bio-compatibility and toxicity and to find out their mechanisms.For example, the investigations into the biocompatibilityof nanohydroxyapatite coated magnetic nanoparticles undermagnetic situation, the effects of surface properties of nanos-tructured bone repair materials on their performances, andthe transport and deposition of nanoparticles in respiratorysystem by inhalation also have been studied. Deep investi-gations into the applications of nanobiomaterials have beencarried out, such as their recent applications in prosthodon-tics. In addition, accurate data and updated reviews aboutthe preparation, synthesis, properties, and evaluations ofnanobiomaterials have been presented. For instance, thepreparation and in vitro evaluations of a nanoscaled injectablebone repair material and the synthesis of luminescent Agnanoclusters with antibacterial activity have been studied.What is more, some researches focused on the clinical effectsof nanobiomaterials. For example, the clinical use of thenanohydroxyapatite/polyamide mesh cage in anterior cervi-cal corpectomy and fusion surgery and the clinical effects ofnovel nanoscaled core decompression rods combined withumbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the treatment ofearly osteonecrosis of the femoral head have been investi-gated.This is a successful issue to covermany aspects of evalu-ating the biocompatibility and toxicity of nanobiomaterials invitro and in vivo. However, further researches on this subjectare still needed, such as investigations into the effects of size,shape, and surface of nanobiomaterials on their biocompat-ibility and toxicity and more deep analytical approaches toanimal experiments andmuchmore convincingmechanismsof the corresponding researches.
Xiaoming LiSang Cheon LeeShuming Zhang
Tsukasa Akasaka
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