Editorial Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteriadownloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/501658.pdf ·...
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Editorial Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Madhab K. Chattopadhyay, 1 Ranadhir Chakraborty, 2 Hans-Peter Grossart, 3,4 Gundlapally S. Reddy, 1 and Medicharla V. Jagannadham 1 1 Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CSIR), Hyderabad 500 007, India 2 Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal 734 430, India 3 Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany 4 Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany Correspondence should be addressed to Madhab K. Chattopadhyay; [email protected] Received 26 March 2015; Accepted 26 March 2015 Copyright © 2015 Madhab K. Chattopadhyay et al. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Antibiotic resistance of bacteria and other microorganisms is one of the most serious and grievous challenges of the twenty-first century. e life-saving drugs, which held a great deal of promises during the 1940s to eradicate all the infectious life-threatening diseases in the world, have ceased to work, because of the increasing emergence of microbial strains invulnerable to them. Many of the previ- ously efficacious antibiotics are no longer usable because of widespread occurrence of multiresistant microbial strains. Lately, discovery of new antibiotics is failing to keep pace with the emergence of (multi)resistance of pathogenic and also environmental bacterial strains. Consequently, the prospect of chemotherapy looks bleak. e trepidation that we might be pushed back to a situation analogous to the preantibiotic era, when no chemotherapeutic agent was available to contain and combat deadly bacterial infections, does not appear to be an overblown imagination. Based on this backdrop, this special issue appears to be an aptly undertaken and well-timed endeavour to address this global problem. e articles contributed by investigators from various research laboratories with different scientific back- grounds have not only portrayed the width of the problem but also displayed some silver lining in the management of the looming crisis. Rapid detection of the profile of resistance is essential for timely application of the right antibiotic to a patient. H. Frickmann et al. summarize the efficacy and limitations of various molecular and mass spectrometric methods for the detection of resistance. e omnipresent nature of the resistant organisms is revealed in a number of articles. F. B. Atique and Md. M. R. Khalil report on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria (predom- inantly skin commensal coagulase-negative staphylococci) isolated from allogenic bone samples for graſting, collected from different hospitals of Bangladesh. Food materials are believed to serve as a vehicle for transmission of resistance. is issue is addressed by F. S. Dehkordi et al. who report on the genotype and resistance-profile of Helicobacter pylori isolated from vegetables and salad samples, picked up from groceries and supermarket in a province of Iran. e high similarity in the genotype pattern of the isolates obtained from vegetables and humans indicates transmission. A. B. Fl´ orez et al. reveal tetracycline and erythromycin-resistant bacteria and genes conferring resistance to these antibiotics in 10 Spanish and 10 Italian samples of commercial cheese. P. Krupa et al. report on the population structure (based on spa typing) of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal swabs of pigs, collected from two slaughter houses of Poland. Some meat samples bought from the shops were also included into their studies. D. De Vito et al. char- acterize multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonella typhimurium for resistance genes in an area of southern Italy by pulsotyping and phage typing. C. Zhang et al. report on the resistant phenotype and genotype of Streptococcus suis serotype 2, isolated from 62 clinically healthy sows and 34 Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2015, Article ID 501658, 2 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/501658
Transcript of Editorial Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteriadownloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/501658.pdf ·...
EditorialAntibiotic Resistance of Bacteria
Madhab K. Chattopadhyay,1 Ranadhir Chakraborty,2 Hans-Peter Grossart,3,4
Gundlapally S. Reddy,1 and Medicharla V. Jagannadham1
1Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CSIR), Hyderabad 500 007, India2Molecular Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal 734 430, India3Experimental Limnology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhuette 2,16775 Stechlin, Germany4Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
Correspondence should be addressed to Madhab K. Chattopadhyay; [email protected]
Received 26 March 2015; Accepted 26 March 2015
Copyright © 2015 Madhab K. Chattopadhyay et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.
Antibiotic resistance of bacteria and other microorganismsis one of the most serious and grievous challenges of thetwenty-first century. The life-saving drugs, which held agreat deal of promises during the 1940s to eradicate allthe infectious life-threatening diseases in the world, haveceased to work, because of the increasing emergence ofmicrobial strains invulnerable to them. Many of the previ-ously efficacious antibiotics are no longer usable because ofwidespread occurrence of multiresistant microbial strains.Lately, discovery of new antibiotics is failing to keep pacewiththe emergence of (multi)resistance of pathogenic and alsoenvironmental bacterial strains. Consequently, the prospectof chemotherapy looks bleak. The trepidation that we mightbe pushed back to a situation analogous to the preantibioticera, when no chemotherapeutic agentwas available to containand combat deadly bacterial infections, does not appear to bean overblown imagination.
Based on this backdrop, this special issue appears to bean aptly undertaken andwell-timed endeavour to address thisglobal problem.The articles contributed by investigators fromvarious research laboratories with different scientific back-grounds have not only portrayed the width of the problembut also displayed some silver lining in the management ofthe looming crisis. Rapid detection of the profile of resistanceis essential for timely application of the right antibiotic toa patient. H. Frickmann et al. summarize the efficacy andlimitations of various molecular and mass spectrometric
methods for the detection of resistance. The omnipresentnature of the resistant organisms is revealed in a numberof articles. F. B. Atique and Md. M. R. Khalil report on theoccurrence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria (predom-inantly skin commensal coagulase-negative staphylococci)isolated from allogenic bone samples for grafting, collectedfrom different hospitals of Bangladesh. Food materials arebelieved to serve as a vehicle for transmission of resistance.This issue is addressed by F. S. Dehkordi et al. who reporton the genotype and resistance-profile of Helicobacter pyloriisolated from vegetables and salad samples, picked up fromgroceries and supermarket in a province of Iran. The highsimilarity in the genotype pattern of the isolates obtainedfrom vegetables and humans indicates transmission. A. B.Florez et al. reveal tetracycline and erythromycin-resistantbacteria and genes conferring resistance to these antibioticsin 10 Spanish and 10 Italian samples of commercial cheese. P.Krupa et al. report on the population structure (based on spatyping) of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolatedfrom nasal swabs of pigs, collected from two slaughter housesof Poland. Some meat samples bought from the shops werealso included into their studies. D. De Vito et al. char-acterize multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Salmonellatyphimurium for resistance genes in an area of southern Italyby pulsotyping and phage typing. C. Zhang et al. report onthe resistant phenotype and genotype of Streptococcus suisserotype 2, isolated from 62 clinically healthy sows and 34
Hindawi Publishing CorporationBioMed Research InternationalVolume 2015, Article ID 501658, 2 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/501658
2 BioMed Research International
diseased pigs reared in different farms of China. Antibioticresistance in the nosocomial isolates is a matter of seriousconcern. F. Lombardi et al. look into the molecular epi-demiology of carbapenemase-producing strains of Klebsiellapneumoniae isolated from the surgery unit at a cardiovascularcentre of Italy. D. Ojdana et al. demonstrate the abilityof an E. coli strain obtained from a hospital of Poland toproduce carbapenemase enzymes and also the presence ofgenes responsible for the production of carbapenemases andother𝛽-lactamases. Extended-spectrum-𝛽-lactamase (ESBL)is a bacterial enzyme having the ability to hydrolyse eventhe third-generation cephalosporins and aztreonam. BesidesKlebsiella pneumoniae some strains of Escherichia coli are alsoknown to produce this enzyme. This is indicated by M. S.Rezai et al. who performed genotyping of ESBL-producingstrains of E. coli, obtained from a paediatric hospital of northIran. The authors also show the association of ESBL-positiveE. coli strains with resistance to various other antimicrobials.Occurrence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in ice-berg lettuce obtained from the retailmarket of Rochester (US)is described by N. Bhutani et al. A wide spectrum of diseasesis caused by the virulent strains of ESBL-positive isolates ofE. coli. Regional difference in the prevalence of virulencegenes in 432 phenotypically ESBL-positive patient-isolates ofE. coli (obtained from the Baltic Sea region) is shown by J.Lillo et al. Keeping in mind the tremendous challenge posedby drug-resistant tuberculosis, a number of relevant articlesare included in this collection. The susceptibility profile ofM. tuberculosis isolates to various antitubercular antibioticsvaries significantly depending on the test system as revealedby Z.Mei et al.They have also shown that changes in bacterialsusceptibility are further caused by mixed infection withparticular genotypes of M. tuberculosis strains. Resistance-profile of 100 strains ofM. tuberculosis, isolated from patientsin northeast Iran, is reported by A. T. Sani et al. Occurrenceof nontuberculosis Mycobacterium, in 25 out of 125 patients(20%) surveyed, underscores the need of proper diagnosisbefore the onset of chemotherapy.
Discovery of new drugs and strategies to circumventantibiotic resistance is the need of the hour to containthe problem. N. Jafari et al. report on the isolation of anantibiotic-producing strain of a soil Actinomycetes belongingto the genus Pseudonocardia. The antibacterial compoundproduced by it is effective against Staphylococcus aureus.Theyhave also purified and partially characterized this compound.R. D. Wojtyczka et al. demonstrate high antibacterial activityof two new quinoline derivatives of a structure of 3-thioacyl1-methyl 4-arylaminoquinolinium salts against somenosoco-mial strains of staphylococci in both planktonic and biofilmform. In view of the widespread nature of the problem causedby inefficacy of the antibiotics produced by fermentation andchemical synthesis, it is necessary to tap alternative sources(e.g., plant kingdom) for novel antibiotics. P. Del Serroneet al. demonstrate antibacterial activity of Neem seed oil(Azadirachta indicaA. Juss.) against enteropathogenic strainsof E. coli and indicate that some of the ciprofloxacin-resistantisolates lost their virulence following treatment with Neemseed oil. Antimicrobial peptides are considered potential can-didates for themanagement ofmultidrug-resistant infections.
M. Singh and K. Mukhopadhyay evaluate the antimicrobialpotential of an anti-inflammatory neuropeptide whereas C.Chen et al. report on the efficacy of recombinant lysostaphinagainst methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in a mousemodel. Widespread use of carbapenems is associated withemergence of resistance. The polymyxin antibiotic colistin isnot used at present because of its nephrotoxicity. H.-J. Tang etal., however, demonstrate the efficacy of a combination of col-istin and imipenem against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiellapneumoniae. Bacteriophages could be suitable alternativesfor antibiotics, which currently have lost efficacy becauseof the emergence of resistant strains. N. Shivshetty et al.demonstrate the potential of a bacteriophage isolated fromsewage to protect diabetic mice against Pseudomonas aerug-inosa-induced bacteremia. Reversal of bacterial resistance toantibiotics is essential to restore the efficacy of the existingantimicrobials. C. Santiago et al. claim to achieve an increasein susceptibility of a MRSA strain to ampicillin when it wascombined with a plant extract. A number of computerizedmodels have been developed during the recent past to assistthe physicians with the necessary information to enableprescription of the right antibiotic in the right moment.M. Rodriguez-Maresca et al. report on the efficacy of anew electronic device based on laboratory data on the mostprobable susceptibility profile of pathogens responsible forinfections and also on local epidemiology.
Acknowledgment
We are hopeful that the compendiumwill be highly useful forresearchers in deciding on the future course of investigation.We feel highly appreciative of all contributions made by theinvestigators.
Madhab K. ChattopadhyayRanadhir ChakrabortyHans-Peter GrossartGundlapally S. Reddy
Medicharla V. Jagannadham
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