Editorial Advisory Boardbookstore.teri.res.in/docs/journals/TIDEE 3(4) December... ·...

Why is TIDEE published? How is its purpose being fulfilled?T I D E E (T E R I Information Digest on Energy and Environment) aims tokeep policy-makers, scientists, and technologists abreast of the latestdevelopments in the fields of energy, local and global environment, andsustainable development.

T I D E E incorporates and builds on the strengths of all the abstractsjournals T E R I has published to date, beginning with Energy Digest (1982 to1990) and Indian Energy Abstracts (1985 to 1990), which merged to formT I D E (T E R I Information Digest on Energy, 1991 to 2001). A S S E T(Abstracts of Selected Solar Energy Technology) merged with TIDE in 1999.Whereas these journals covered energy issues, T I S G L O W (T E R IInformation Service on Global Warming, 1990 to 1998) focused on globalwarming, GER (Global Environmental Review, 1999 to 2001) focused onclimate change, and TIMES (TERI Information Monitor on EnvironmentalScience, 1996 to 2001) focused on the environment. In all, up to 2001, wepublished close to 10 000 abstracts in these journals. TIDEE continues thetradition and consolidates in one journal current information from all over theworld on energy, environment, and sustainable development.

To serve the readers of T I D E E , T E R I ’s Library and Information Centreregularly scans (1) more than 600 periodicals; (2) several hundred otherdocuments such as technical reports, newspapers, patents and standards,government gazettes, conference proceedings, and books; (3) about a dozenabstracting and indexing services; (4) other electronic resources such asCD-ROMs; and (5) the World Wide Web including websites, discussiongroups, and mailing lists. Relevant information from all these sources isfurther scrutinized by subject specialists. The text thus collected and refined isthen meticulously copy-edited to international standards and presented in aspecially designed user-friendly format.

Each issue of TIDEE contains a few articles, about 250 abstracts, a fewnewsbriefs and digests of websites, and announcements of conferences, patents,standards, government notifications, and so on.

The project team of TIDEE is guided by a distinguished editorial boardchosen to represent conventional and non-conventional energy sources, local andglobal environmental issues, and broad issues of sustainable development.Besides, the project team is also guided by experts in information science andpublishing.

How often is T I D E E published?T I D E E is published four times a year, in March, June, September, andDecember. The four issues make up a volume. The issue dated March 2002marks the first issue of T I D E E .

How to subscribe and how much does it cost?A year’s subscription to TIDEE costs 1200 rupees within India and 90 dollarsoverseas at current rates. Payment can be made by a demand draft or a localcheque drawn in favour of TERI and payable at New Delhi. We also acceptMasterCard, Visa, American Express, and Diners Club cards.

Whom to contact for more information?For information on editorial content, please contact

The Editor <[email protected]>, T I D E E

For enquiries about subscriptions and advertisements, please contactTERI PressThe Energy and Resources Institute E-mail [email protected] Seth Block, IHC Complex Fax 2468 2144 or 2468 2145Lodhi Road Web www.teriin.orgNew Delhi – 110 003 Tel. 2468 2100 or 2468 2111

India +91 • Delhi (0) 11

Editor P K BhattacharyaAssociate Editors N Deepa, Varsha AsthanaAssistant Editor Pritika Kalra

© The Energy and Resources Institute 2004

About T I D E EEditorial Advisory Board

Dr Narendra Kumar BansalProfessorCentre for Energy StudiesIndian Institute of TechnologyHauz KhasNew Delhi – 110 016, India

Dr D K BiswasFormer ChairmanCentral Pollution Control Board40/14, Chittaranjan ParkNew Delhi – 110 019, India

Prof. Jose GoldembergSecretary of State for theEnvironment of the State of SãoPaulo, Government of BrazilAvenida Prof. FredericoHermann Junior345-Prédio 1-50 AndarCEP: 05 489-900 São Paulo - SPSão Paulo, Brazil

Dr R K PachauriDirector-GeneralT E R I, Darbari Seth BlockI H C Complex, Lodhi RoadNew Delhi – 110 003, India

Dr Allen HammondChief Information Officer and SeniorScientistWorld Resources Institute10 G Street NE, Suite 800Washington, DC 20 002, USA

Dr Saleemul HuqDirectorClimate Change ProgrammeInternational Institute for

Environment and Development3 Endsleigh StreetLondon WC1 0DDUnited Kingdom

Dr K C KhandelwalAdvisorMinistry of Non-conventional EnergySourcesBlock 14, CGO ComplexLodhi RoadNew Delhi – 110 003, India

Dr Y S RajanPrincipal AdviserConfederation of Indian IndustryPlot No 249-F, Sector 18Udyog Vihar, Phase IVGurgaon-122 015, India

T I D E E (T ERI Information Digest on Energy and Environment)Volume 3, Number 4 • December 2004

Contents

Sectoral focus: environmentDraft National Environment Policy

Media reviewMedia on energy and environmental issues

TechnoscanAbstracts of current research

Coal and coal productsPetroleumNatural gasHydrogenOther synthetic and natural fuelsBiomassHydroenergySolar energyGeothermal energyTidal and wave energyWind energyElectric power engineeringEnergy planning and policyDirect energy conversionEnergy conservation, consumption, and utilizationTransport and energyTransport and environmentFossil fuels and environmentRenewable energy and environmentIndustrial pollutionPower sector and environmentHazardous waste and its managementHealth effectsControl technologiesEnvironmental planning, management, and policy issuesSustainable developmentClimate change: issues and policiesClimate change: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerabilityGHG emissions and mitigationBiodiversity and natural resources

Internet resourcesWebsites

Occasional publicationsPatentsStandardsGovernment notifications/policy

Book alertCalendar of eventsIndexes

AuthorKeyword

411

423

429433

521

525

529531537

ChairmanDr A Ramachandran(Former Under Secretary General,

United Nations)3 Crescent RoadHigh GroundsBangalore – 560 001

MembersProf. B V SreekantanHonorary Visiting ProfessorCulture, Cognition, and Consciousness UnitNational Institute of Advanced StudiesIndian Institute of Science CampusBangalore – 560 012

Dr (Mrs) Wakako HironakaMember, House of Councillors2-1-1, Nagata-choChiyoda-kuTokyo 100Japan

Dr (Mrs) Manju SharmaFormer Secretary, Department of

Biotechnology, Ministry of Science &Technology, Government of India

D1 / 55 ChanakyapuriNew Delhi – 110 021

Mr Tejendra Khanna, IAS (Retd)ChairmanRanbaxy Laboratories Ltd

(Former Lt. Governor, Delhi )19, Nehru PlaceNew Delhi – 110 019

Mr Deepak S ParekhChairmanHousing Development FinanceCorporation LimitedRamon House, H T Parekh Marg169, Backbay ReclamationChurchgateMumbai – 400 020

Mr Ajai Vikram SinghDefence SecretaryMinistry of DefenceGovernment of India101 South BlockNew Delhi – 110 011

Dr R K PachauriDirector-GeneralT E R IDarbari Seth BlockI H C ComplexLodhi RoadNew Delhi – 110 003

About T E R IT E R I’s Governing Council

A dynamic and flexible organization with a global vision and alocal focus, T E R I was established in 1974.

While in the initial period the focus was mainly on documen-tation and information dissemination, research activities in thefields of energy, environment, and sustainable development wereinitiated towards the end of 1982. The genesis of these activitieslay in T E RI’s firm belief that efficient utilization of energy,sustainable use of natural resources, large-scale adoption ofrenewable energy technologies, and reduction of all forms ofwaste would move the process of development towards the goalof sustainability.

A unique developing-country institution, T E R I is deeplycommitted to every aspect of sustainable development. Fromproviding environment-friendly solutions to rural energy prob-lems to helping shape the development of the Indian oil and gassector, from tackling global climate change issues across manycontinents to enhancing forest conservation efforts among thelocal communities, from advancing solutions to growing urbantransport and air pollution problems to promoting energyefficiency in the Indian industry, the emphasis has always beenon finding innovative solutions to make the world a better placeto live in. However, while T E R I’s vision is global, its roots arefirmly entrenched in the Indian soil. All activities in T E R I movefrom formulating local- and national-level strategies to suggest-ing global solutions to critical energy and environment-relatedissues. It is with this purpose that T E RI has establishedregional centres in Bangalore, Goa, Guwahati, and Kolkata, anda presence in Japan, and Malaysia. It has set up affiliateinstitutes—T E R I-North America in Washington, DC, USA,and T E R I-Europe in London, UK.

TERI hosts the annual Delhi Sustainable Development Summit,which is swiftly gathering momentum as a major forum for theconvergence of globally renowned leaders and thinkers dealingwith the issue of sustainability.

With a staff strength of over 500, drawn from multidisciplinaryand highly specialized fields, offices and regional centresequipped with state-of-the-art facilities, and a diverse range ofactivities, T E R I is the largest developing-country institutionworking to move human society towards a sustainable future.TERI makes effective use of the latest developments in moderninformation technology in both its in-house and outreach activities.

T E R I lays great emphasis on training, capacity building, andeducation. In 1999, it set up the T E RI School of AdvancedStudies, recognized as a deemed university by the UniversityGrants Commission, India. The T E R I School is evolving as aresearch university, offering doctoral and masters programmesin bioresources, biotechnology, energy, environment, andregulatory and policy studies.

Having celebrated its silver jubilee in February 2000, T E R Iis now poised for future growth, driven by a global vision andoutreach, with a philosophy that assigns primacy to enterprise ingovernment, industry, and individual actions.

Draft National Environment Policy

A diverse developing society like India provides numerous challengesin the economic, social, political, cultural, and environmental arenas.Some of these issues include livelihood security, health care,education, empowerment of the disadvantaged, and elimination ofgender disparities.

The present national policies for environmental management arecontained in the National Forest Policy, 1988; National ConservationStrategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development,1992; and Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution, 1992. Somesector policies such as the National Water Policy, 2002, have alsocontributed towards environmental management. Despite these policydocuments, the need for a comprehensive policy statement has beenevident for some time in order to infuse a common approach to thevarious sectoral and cross-sectoral approaches to environmentalmanagement, including fiscal. There is also a need to review theearlier objectives, policy instruments, and strategies. The draft NEP(National Environment Policy), 2004, is a response to the nationalcommitment to clean environment. A spirit of partnership shouldthus be realized throughout the spectrum of environmentalmanagement in the country. While the state must galvanize its efforts,there should also be recognition by each individual – natural orinstitutional – of his/her responsibility towards maintaining andenhancing the quality of the environment. The NEP, 2004, is alsointended to be a statement of India’s commitment to making apositive contribution to international environmental efforts.

Environment

Recent developmentsRecent developmentsRecent developmentsRecent developmentsRecent developments

P The Central Pollution Control Board is reviewing the ambient air quality standards

and is in the process of suggesting stricter pollution control measures in the country

to minimize the impact of air pollution on health.

P The shipping ministry and all major ports plan to approach the MoEF (Ministry of

Environment and Forests) for amendments in the CRZ (coastal regulation zones)

notifications on a number of prohibited activities and clearances required in the

Sectoral focus

Background

412

T I D E E (TERI Information Digest on Energy and Environment)–•–Volume 3, Number 4 (December 2004)

Sectoral focus: environment

The principal objectives of this policy are enumerated below. Theserelate to current perceptions about the key environmental challenges.They may accordingly evolve over time.P Conservation of environmental resources To protect and conserve

the critical ecological systems and resources, and the invaluablenatural and man-made heritage, which are essential for life-support, livelihoods, economic growth, and a broad conception ofhuman well-being.

P Intra generational equity and livelihood security for poor To ensureequitable access to environmental resources and quality for allsections of society, and in particular, to ensure that poorcommunities, which are most dependent on the environmentalresources for their livelihood, are assured a secure access to theseresources.

P Inter-generational equity To ensure the judicious use ofenvironmental resources to meet the needs and aspirations of thepresent and future generations.

P Integration of economic and social development To integrateenvironmental concerns into policies, plans, programmes, andprojects for economic and social development.

P Efficiency in environmental resource use To ensure efficient use ofenvironmental resources in the form of reduction in their use perunit of economic output to minimize the adverse environmentalimpacts.

P Environmental governance To apply the principles of goodgovernance (transparency, rationality, accountability, reduction intime and costs, and participation) to the management andregulation of the use of environmental resources.

P Environmental conservation resources To ensure higher resourceflows, comprising finance, technology, management skills,traditional knowledge, and social capital, for environmental

coastal regulation zones. The demand has also been to exempt ports that have

already obtained clearance from the environment ministry for modernization and

expansion within port limits, irrespective of the project value.

P The MoEF proposes to create an independent monitoring mechanism to increase

private sector participation in the implementation of National River and Lake

Conservation Programme.


Objectives

413



conservation through mutually beneficial multi-stakeholderpartnerships between local communities, public agencies, andinvestors.

Principles These objectives are to be realized through various strategicinterventions by the different public authorities at the central, state,and local government levels. They would also be the basis ofpartnerships between public agencies, local communities, and thevarious economic actors. However, these strategic interventions,besides legislation and evolution of legal doctrines for realization ofobjectives, need to be premised on a core set of unambiguously statedprinciples. The principles would guide the activities of different actorsin relation to this policy. Each of these principles has an establishedgenealogy in policy pronouncements, jurisprudence, internationalenvironmental law, or international state practice. These principlesare as follows.P Human beings and sustainable development concerns Human beings are

at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They areentitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

P Right to development The right to development must be fulfilledso as to equitably meet the development and environment needsof the present and future generations.

P Environmental protection and development process In order toachieve sustainable development, environmental protection shallconstitute an integral part of the development process and cannotbe considered in isolation from it.

P The precautionary approach Where there are credible threats ofserious or irreversible damage to the key environmental resources,lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason forpostponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmentaldegradation.

P The new NEP (National Environment Policy) will do away with mandatory central

clearance for industrial investment proposals worth over 500 million rupees

(11.11 million dollars).

P The MoEF has mooted a proposal for introduction of a system of accreditation for

consultants and experts to prepare environmental management plans and carry out

public hearings.

414



P Economic efficiency In various public activities for environmentalconservation, economic efficiency would be sought to be realized.Economic efficiency refers to the maximization of welfare acrossall members of a society, given its human, natural, and man-maderesources; its technology; and the preference of its members.Welfare is reckoned as an aggregate of the net value realized byeach member of society in his/her subjective perceptions. Theeconomic efficiency principle requires that services developedfrom the environmental resources be given an economic valueequal to those of other goods and services. Further implications ofthis principle are as follows.• Polluter pays Impacts of production and consumption acts ofone party may be reviewed by a third party, which does not have adirect economic nexus with the original act. Such impacts aretermed ‘externalities’. If costs (or benefits) of the externalities arenot revisited on the party responsible for the original act, theresulting level of the entire sequence of production orconsumption, and externality is inefficient. In such a situation,economic efficiency may be restored by making the perpetrator ofthe externality bear the cost (or benefit) of the same. The policywill, accordingly, promote internalization of the environmentalcosts, including through the use of incentive-based policyinstruments, taking into account the approach that the pollutershould, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard tothe public interest and without distorting international trade andinvestment.• Cost minimization Where the environmental benefits of acourse of action cannot, for methodological or conceptual reasons,be imputed, the economic value (as in the case of ‘incomparableentities’), and in any event, the economic costs of realizing thebenefits should be minimized. Efficiency of resource use may also


P The NEP, 2004, suggests institutionalizing a holistic and integrated approach to the

environment and natural resources management, explicitly identifying and

integrating environmental concerns in the relevant sectoral and cross-sectoral policies

through review and consultation.

P The NEP asks for a review of the body of existing legislation in order to develop

synergies between the relevant statutes and regulations.

415



be accomplished by the use of policy instruments that createincentives to minimize wasteful use and consumption of naturalresources. The principle of efficiency also applies to the issues ofenvironmental governance by streamlining processes andprocedures in order to minimize costs and delays.

P Entities with incomparable values Significant risks to the humanhealth, life, and environmental life-support systems, besidescertain other unique natural and man-made entities, which mayimpact the well-being broadly conceived of a large number ofpersons, may be considered ‘incomparable’ in that the individualsor societies would not accept these risks for compensation inmoney or conventional goods and services. A conventionaleconomic cost–benefit calculus would not, accordingly, apply intheir case, and such entities would have a priority in the allocationof societal resources for their conservation without considerationof direct or immediate economic benefit.

P Equity The cardinal principle of equity or justice requires thathuman beings cannot be treated differently based on irrelevantdifferences between them. Equity norms must be distinguishedaccording to the context, that is, ‘procedural equity’ relating tofair rules for allocation of entitlements and obligations, and ‘endresult equity’ relating to fair outcomes, in terms of distribution ofentitlements and obligations. Each context, in addition, must bedistinguished in terms of ‘intra generational equity’ relating tojustice within societies and in particular, providing space forparticipation of underprivileged men and women, and ‘inter-generational equity’ relating to justice between generations.Equity, in the context of this policy refers to both equity inentitlements to, and participation of the relevant public in theprocesses of decision-making over the use of environmentalresources.

P While implementing the NEP, 2004, a judicious mix of civil and criminal processes

and sanctions of violating environmental norms would be employed in the legal

regime for enforcement through a review of the existing legislation. Civil liability

law, civil sanctions, and processes would govern most situations of non-compliance.

Criminal processes and sanctions would be available for serious infringements of the

environmental law.

416



P Legal liability Civil liability for environmental damage woulddeter environmentally harmful actions, and compensate thevictims of environmental damage. Conceptually, the principle oflegal liability may be viewed as an embodiment in the legaldoctrine of the ‘polluter pays’ approach. The following alternativeapproaches to legal liability may apply.• Fault-based liability In a fault-based liability regime, a party isheld liable if it breaches a pre-existing legal duty, for example, anenvironmental standard.• Strict liability Strict liability imposes an obligation tocompensate the victim for the harm resulting from actions orfailure to take action, which may not necessarily constitute abreach of any law or duty of care.

P Public trust doctrine The state is not an absolute owner but merelya trustee of all natural resources, which are by nature, meant forpublic use and enjoyment, subject to reasonable conditionsnecessary to protect the legitimate interest of a large number ofpeople or for matters of strategic national interest.

P Decentralization Decentralization involves ceding or transfer ofpower from a central to state and local authority, in order toempower the public authority, having jurisdiction at the spatiallevel at which particular environmental issues are salient, toaddress these issues.

P Integration Integration refers to the inclusion of environmentalconsiderations in sectoral policy-making; integration of social andnatural sciences in the environment-related policy research; andstrengthening of relevant linkages among various agencies at thecentral, state, and local self-government, charged with theimplementation of environmental policies.

P Environmental standard setting Environmental standards mustreflect the economic and social development situation in which


P To make the environmental clearance processes more effective, the NEP, 2004,

would encourage regulatory authorities, both central and state, to institutionalize

regional and cumulative environmental impact assessments to ensure that environmental

concerns are identified and addressed at the planning stage itself. Besides, due

consideration would be given to the quality and productivity of lands, which are

proposed to be converted for development activities as part of the clearance process.

417



they apply. Standards adopted in one society or context may haveunacceptable economic and social costs if applied withoutdiscrimination in another society or context. Settingenvironmental standards would involve several considerations,including (a) risks to human health, (b) risks to otherenvironmental entities, (c) technical feasibility risks, (d) costs ofcompliance, and (e) strategic considerations.

P Preventive action It is preferable to prevent environmentaldamage from occurring in the first place, rather than attemptingto restore the degraded environmental resources after the damageis done.

P Environmental offsetting There is a general obligation to protectthe threatened or endangered species and natural systems that areof special importance to sustaining life, providing livelihoods, orgeneral well-being. If, for exceptional reasons of overriding publicinterest such protection cannot be provided in particular cases,cost-effective offsetting measures must be undertaken by theproponents of the activity to restore the environment.

P The clustering of industries and other development activities would be commissioned

to facilitate the setting up of environmental management infrastructure as well as

monitoring and enforcement of environmental compliance.

P The NEP, 2004, emphasizes on monitoring and implementation of environmental

management plans through participatory processes, involving the government,

industry, and the potentially impacted community.

National

Environment Policy

at a glance

The draft NEP touches upon the key environmental challenges facingthe country, objectives of the environment policy, strategic themes forintervention, broad indications of the legislative and institutionaldevelopment intended to accomplish strategic themes, and mechanismsfor implementation and review. The draft policy seeks to achieve theobjectives of conservation of critical environmental resources, livelihoodsecurity for the poor, integration of environmental concerns in theeconomic and social development, efficiency in environmental resourceuse, environmental governance, and enhancement of resources forenvironmental conservation.

The NEP, 2004, has advocated the need for modifications in theexisting environmental regulations for enabling speedy environmental

418



clearance. The draft policy has also called for conservingenvironmental resources; setting of environmental standards;adopting standardized management systems, programmes, andprojects for environmental conservation; environmental certificationand indicators; as well as a review of the enactment of legislation byagencies of the central, state, and local governments and pollutionemission norms. It also seeks to stimulate partnerships of differentstakeholders, that is, public agencies, local communities, theinvestment community, and international development partners,towards harnessing their respective resources and strengths forenvironmental management. The policy also seeks to involve theprivate sector in effluent and sewage treatment plants, landfills, aswell as incinerators for toxic and hazardous waste.

At a time when the industry engaged in developing transgenicproducts is demanding changes in the government’s regulation andformulation of a national biotechnology policy, the NEP has called forreviewing the regulatory processes for living modified organismsotherwise called genetically modified organisms, so that issues ofecological health are adequately addressed.

The NEP has advocated the formulation and adoption of aninternationally recognized sui generis intellectual property rightslegislation to enable the local communities to derive economicbenefits from the grant of access to these resources. The draft policyhas called for encouraging regulatory authorities, and the central andstate governments to institutionalize regional and cumulativeenvironmental impact assessments for ensuring that the concerns areidentified and addressed at the planning stage itself.

Projects involving the large-scale diversion of prime agriculturalland would require an environmental clearance. The policy, therefore,calls for identifying the emerging areas for new legislative framework,reviewing the existing legislation to develop synergies among otherrelevant statutes and regulations, and ensuring accountability. Inorder to make the environment and forest clearance processes moreeffective, the policy seeks to encourage the regulatory authorities toinstitutionalize regional and cumulative environmental impactassessments to ensure that the environmental concerns are addressedat the planning stage itself and further seeks to lay down that nofurther regularization of encroachment of forests should be permitted.Impact on the designated heritage sites must be considered at thestage of developing the terms of reference for environmental impactassessment of projects, it says, while calling for legal recognition tothe traditional rights of forest-dwelling tribes.

419



Environmental issues that are salient as of now may evolve over time,and new ones may take their place. The policy visualizes that ascientific understanding of environmental matters would advancerapidly. A prudent course would be to provide for updation every fewyears in light of the new knowledge and developments, and acomprehensive review, perhaps overhaul, in about a decade. Thefollowing provisions are, accordingly made for review, updating, andrenewal of the NEP, 2004.P Undertake consultations every three years with groups of diverse

stakeholders.P In the final year of the three-year review, undertake a more

comprehensive examination of the scientific and policyunderstanding of environmental issues, redefine the objectives andprinciples, and recast the strategic themes for action. Theoutcome should be a new NEP.

Review of the

policy

Implementation

plan of National

Environment

Policy, 2004

As the NEP, 2004, outlined a significant number of new andcontinuing initiatives for enhancing environmental conservation, itrequires coordinated action on the part of diverse actors across thecountry. A formal, periodic, and high-level review of implementationof the different elements of the NEP, 2004, is also essential. Thiswould enhance accountability of different public agencies responsiblefor implementation. It would also reveal practical issues inimplementation. The CCEA (Cabinet Committee on EconomicAffairs) might be requested to review the implementation of NEP,2004, once a year. Findings of the CCEA in the review should bepublicly disclosed so that stakeholders are assured of the seriousnessof the government in ensuring the implementation of the policy.

Sources National Environment Policy 2004, Ministry of Environment and Forests,

Government of India [Full report is available at <http://envfor.nic.in/nep/nep.pdf>]

The Financial Express, 29 August 2004

The Hindu, 30 August 2004

The Times of India, 26 October 2004

420



Media review

Indian Journal ofEnvironmental Protection

23(10): 1175 (2003)

The Times of India15 June 2004

The Hindu Business Line14 July 2004

Motorbike pollution rules begin in 2006The USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) hasfinalized rules intended to reduce pollution from motorcycles, mopeds,and scooters, starting 2006. With the first major rule to affect motorcycleexhaust in about 25 years, the EPA will require reductions inhydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides: the two components that add toozone pollution. The EPA estimates that the rule change will reduceemissions of the two pollutants by about 54 000 tonnes per year. Ozoneforms when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds come incontact in presence of heat and sunlight on days with little wind.Sanctions for violating the law are expected to include requiring themotorists to start using more expensive, cleaner burning gasoline. Thefirst phase of the exhaust limits will take place in 2006 for smallerengines, and new rules for larger engines of 280 cc and above will takeplace in 2010. People with motorcycles built before 2006 will not beaffected by the new rule. Although the rule does not outline the specificmethods to meet the reduced pollution standards, the EPA has releasedinformation saying that it expects motorcycle manufacturers to usesecondary air injection, electronic fuel injection, and some catalyticconverters. The new standards from the EPA also add scooters andmopeds to the list of vehicles that need to meet the new emissionstandards. In addition, the rules include new standards to limit theamount of fuel that is allowed to seep through the walls of fuel hoses andtanks. As per the information on the EPA website, the standards willreduce motorcycle emissions by 50% of the current levels.

Stricter pollution control norms to be enforcedConcerned over the growing impact of air pollution on the health of theresidents, the Central Pollution Control Board is reviewing the ambientair quality standards in the country. This would mean stricter pollutioncontrol measures for the industrial areas. Delhi has 28 approvedindustrial areas. But according to a Delhi government survey (1996),only 22% of the industries are located in the approved areas. At present,there are different ambient air quality standards for different areas:industrial, residential/mixed use, and sensitive areas. The board isplanning to merge the standards of the industrial areas with those of theresidential/mixed areas. The rationale: there is a mixed usage in manyparts. Easier pollution norms for industrial zones affect the overallpollution levels, endangering the health of residents.

Paving the way for a dust-free AhmedabadA unique project being envisaged by the AMC (AhmedabadMunicipal Corporation), in association with an NGO, has set its eyes

421



Business Standard18 August 2004

The Financial Express10 September 2004

on turning the most polluted city in the country into a ‘minimum dustzone.’ The AMC has roped in the services of the NCCL (NationalCouncil for Civil Liberties) to pave some 4.0 million m2 of roadshoulders of Ahmedabad with pre-cast cement concrete blocks at anestimated cost of 1050 million rupees (23.33 million dollars). Thetwo entities have signed a memorandum of understanding toimplement ENDURE (ENsuring DUst REduction), the first suchinstance of an NGO participation in a project of this scale. The workincludes digging of six-inch-deep soil, watering, laying of two-inchlayer of sand, and fixing 65-mm-thick pre-cast cement concreteblocks in an interlocked manner. Since no cement will be used infixing the pre-cast blocks, this ecofriendly scheme will allow rainwaterto seep through the blocks and recharge the aquifer. The NCCL hasalready approached 50-odd private and public sector organizations,banks, educational institutes, and corporate houses, as also small andmedium industries to sponsor large areas to mitigate the dust hazard.

Ministry seeks green reliefThe shipping ministry plans to approach the environment and forestministry for relaxations on the number of prohibited activities andclearances required in the coastal regulation zones under theEnvironment (Protection) Rules, 1986. All major ports, in a jointrepresentation to the environment ministry, plan to ask foramendments in the CRZ (coastal regulation zone) notifications. Apartfrom granting environmental clearance to the shipping ministry, thedemand has also been to exempt ports that have already obtainedclearance from the environment ministry from getting furtherapprovals for modernization and expansion within port limits,irrespective of the project value. The major ports have alsorecommended that the new projects, up to 1000 million rupees(22.22 million dollars) and the modernization projects costingless than 500 million rupees (11.11 million dollars), should beexempted from the CRZ clearance even if they fall under the CRZ.At present, infrastructure projects of the said value were not requiredto get environmental approval provided they do not fall in therestricted zone.

Accreditation for eco-management planners likelyThe Minister for Environment and Forests, Mr A Raja, has mooted aproposal for introduction of a system of accreditation for consultantsand experts to prepare environmental management plans and carryout public hearings. He underlined the need for changing the outlookand approach of the officers dealing with the clearance process.‘Environment clearances are generally subject to implementation of a

422



number of measures for environmental protection contained in anEnvironment Management Plan. The entire regime of clearance of theprojects hinges critically on ensuring that the plan is fullyimplemented,’ he stressed.

Government wants private companies in conservationprogrammeThe union environment ministry proposes to invite private sectorparticipation in the implementation of the National River and LakeConservation Programme. An independent monitoring mechanismwill be set up for this purpose. The proposal forms a part of theNational Environment Policy, to be announced later this year, thesources in the ministry divulged. The draft proposal has beencirculated to elicit views from various stakeholders, including stateenvironment ministries, community-based organizations, researchagencies, and experts working in the field, environment and forestsecretary, Dr Prodipto Ghosh, said. Once the suggestions arereceived, a ministerial group will be constituted to focus on the issues.Jawaharlal Nehru University has already identified 50 lakes for theconservation programme. The lists of these will be sent to all states,asking for their priorities. The government is also contemplatingsetting up of a ‘technology mission’ to sort out environment-relatedproblems.

Government to firm up national environ policy by DecemberThe union government is likely to finalize the National EnvironmentPolicy in this calendar year. The new policy will do away with themandatory central clearance for industrial investment proposals worthover 500 million rupees (11.11 million dollars). After already draftingthe policy, the ministry is currently seeking suggestions of allstakeholders, including state governments, educational and researchinstitutes, industry, NGOs, and others. The union ministry hasalready convened a meeting of the state environment ministers inDelhi in September this year, to be followed up by another meeting inend October or early November. The ministry had already constituteda committee to study the possibility of using compressed natural gasor liquefied natural gas as an effective means to check vehicularpollution in major cities, based on the experiences in Delhi. Thestudy was expected to be over in six months.

The Financial Express 11 September 2004

The Hindu Business Line7 October 2004

423


Media review

Media on energy and environmental issues

The Asian Age10 July 2004

The Financial Express14 July 2004

The Hindustan Times4 August 2004

Sanitation to be privatized soonSanitation and cleanliness jobs in unauthorized colonies in Delhiwill soon be handed over to private agencies. But it will notcome free of cost to the residents as they will have to pay moneyfor it. The MCD (Municipal Corporation of Delhi) will partlysubsidize the charges for some localities. A need for privatizationof the sanitation services was felt following the MCD’s inabilityto do so directly. A High Court order has directed the MCDthat no garbage collection services should be provided inunauthorized colonies.

Green companies ready to go global: FICCI surveyEnvironmental companies have a significant interest inpromoting their products, technologies, and services abroad, asper a survey conducted by FICCI (Federation of IndianChambers of Commerce and Industry). The survey wasconducted among 187 environment companies across theenvironment spectrum, with focus on water and waste watertreatment, air-pollution control, waste management, renewableenergy, recycling and recovery, climate change, forestry, andenvironmental management systems. The survey refutes thepopular notion that India needs to import all environmentaltechnologies and products from abroad. However, there arestrengths in the Indian environmental sector that can bemarketed abroad. The Indian environmental companies haveexpertise in a wide cross-section of subsectors. The prime areasof interest for export, as expressed in the survey, are water andwaste water treatment (28%), air-pollution control andmonitoring (23%), waste management (16%), andenvironmental management systems (13%). The other areas ofinterest include renewable sources of energy (7%), recovery andrecycling (6% ), climate change (4%), forestry, and others (3%).

Pollution checks to go high-techThe Delhi government has decided to purchase remote-sensingdevices capable of noting the pollution level of a moving vehicle,and a challan (fine) will be issued to the polluting vehicles. Theunion road ministry has given its approval for the project.According to the transport commissioner, Mr Rajiv Talwar, thedepartment will operate the machines on roads to check whetherthe vehicles are meeting the prescribed emission levels. Thedecision was made following a pilot project in Delhi where aUS-based company checked the emission levels of vehicles. About8000 vehicles were checked during the fortnight-long project.


424

China boosts research on impact of climate changeScientists and humanities researchers in China have launched anew coordinating body intended to increase the Chineseinvolvement in international discussions on the impact of globalclimate change. The body, to be known as the CNC-IHDP(China National Council of International Human DimensionsProgramme on Global Environmental Change), will be run bythe Chinese Academy of Sciences. ‘Our aim is to coordinate theefforts of natural scientists with researchers in the humanitiesand social sciences to promote China’s research on globalclimate and environmental changes,’ says the academy officialZhang Xueqin, who will administer the council. In addition toits coordination efforts, CNC-IHDP will produce regular reportson the relationship between global environmental change andsustainable development, globalization and human safety, andglobal land change and urbanization.

Asian nations switching to green powerRising oil prices and pollution are fuelling interest in greenpower in Asia, but experts see no prospect of a rapid switchfrom the region’s growing dependence on oil, coal, and gas. Theproblem is the high cost of renewable energy projects such assolar, wind, geothermal, and biofuels; lack of governmentincentives; and vested interests of those who believe that greenpower is nonviable or a threat to their wallets. Environmentalgroups such as Greenpeace, and lending agencies such as theAsian Development Bank, say that renewable energy is crucialfor Asia’s economic future. Renewables would help trimdependency on oil, minimize exposure to oil price spikes, andcut pollution in a region that is home to more than half theworld’s population. International Energy Agency, the world’senergy watchdog, predicts that Asia, particularly China andIndia, will need to make trillions of dollars of energy investmentby 2030, much of it to build power stations to connect morepeople to the national grids. Analysts say that renewable energycan help meet some of these energy demands, but mostgovernments need to change the way they think and pass lawsthat level the playing field for green power.

Biofuels can fuel India’s carbon trading potentialIndia can tap the 52-billion-dollar global market for carbontrading by encouraging production and use of biofuels, andplantation of trees having oil-bearing seeds and materials, likethe jatropha and pongamia species. Other plantations having oil-bearing seeds or materials are sal, mahua, kokum, pilu,phulwara, dhupa, neem, mango, kusum, karanja, ratanjyot,tumba, jojoba, and simarouba. Biofuels, apart from enhancingenergy security, ensuring employment and development, andmitigating environmental pollution, can be instrumental incarbon trading if certain criteria of the CDM (cleandevelopment mechanism) of the Kyoto Protocol of the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change arefulfilled, said experts. According to a recent study by PointCarbon, the potential of the global carbon market over the nextseveral years is about 52 billion dollars per annum. Growing at a

SciDev.Net3 September 2004

www.scidev.net

The Hindu Business Line 17 September 2004


425


rate of 4% per year, India, the sixth-largest producer of theGHGs (greenhouse gases), contributing almost 3% of theworld’s total emissions (including CH4 from waste generated bycattle), is seen as one of the most attractive destinations for theCDM-linked investments. Estimates put the cumulative foreigndirect investment on account of such projects at about 2 billiondollars, growing at the rate of 200 dollars per year. In light ofincreased evidence of climate change effects and their mitigationmethodologies, several carbon market and investmentmechanisms are slowly evolving. Though the carbon marketdynamics are not transparent, the scenario indicates a hugepotential. Till January 2004, the total volume traded in project-based transactions is 78 million tonnes of CO2 (carbon dioxide)emissions. The buyer side included Japan with 41%, and theNetherlands and CFB with 23% each. According to estimates,if the CDM captures at least 35% of the global market, theestimated value to the concerned countries would be 18 billiondollars.

WHO updates water safety guidelinesThe WHO (World Health Organization) has issued new safetyguidelines for drinking water that put emphasis on prevention ofwaterborne diseases, rather than responses to outbreaks.Currently, water sanitation relies largely on testing watersamples for chemical and biological contaminants, but this oftenmeans that pollutants are identified long after the water hasbeen consumed. Instead, says the WHO, regulators shouldensure the water quality by protecting water sources andcontrolling treatment processes ‘from source to tap’. Thisapproach can be applied to any setting, whether isolated ruralsituations such as settlement camps or urban centres withrunning water. The WHO guidelines will help reinforce one ofthe UN Millennium Development Goals, which is to halve thenumber of people – currently 2.6 billion, mostly in thedeveloping countries – without access to safe water and basicsanitation by 2015.

Research into South African environment launchedSouth Africa’s National Research Foundation has launched amajor study on long-term environmental changes, includingclimate patterns, and how they affect natural resources and thecommunities that rely on them. The main task of the SAEON(South African Environmental Observation Network) will be toproduce reliable and accessible information on environment. Itsresults will be used to draw up guidelines for sustainabledevelopment. One of its focuses will be addressingenvironmental degradation seen on community land but absentin the protected areas. The researchers will also study theOlifants River, which has been heavily affected by the localindustries and settlements, with downstream effects in the KrugerNational Park and Mozambique. The Department of Science andTechnology will fund SAEON with an annual budget of fivemillion rand (780 000 dollars). As well as undertaking research,SAEON will train postgraduate researchers and conductenvironmental science education in schools.

SciDev.Net22 September 2004

http://www.scidev.net

Independent Online24 September 2004

http://www.scidev.net


426

Hotels to dispose off own garbageDelhi’s five-star hotels will evolve a system to dispose off its owngarbage. In a meeting, the Delhi chief minister Mrs SheilaDikshit instructed the MCD to evolve a system in collaborationwith the Confederation of Indian Industry to segregate,transport, and recycle their own garbage. Restaurants will be thenext in line. The chief minister has also asked the corporationand the environment department to put together regulationsregarding the disposal of electronic waste.

SAIL, BHP Billiton sign MoU to develop coal, ore minesThe SAIL (Steel Authority of India Ltd) has signed an MoU(memorandum of understanding) with the world’s largestresources company – BHPB (BHP Billiton) – to jointly developcoking coal and iron ore mines, both in India and in othercountries. The signing of the MoU by SAIL is a step towardsforming a strategic alliance with the BHPB. The proposedstrategic alliance envisages SAIL investing in BHPB’s coalmines, as well as sourcing coal from BHPB under long-termsupply arrangements. On the other hand, the BHPB would shareits expertise in iron ore mining, including advanced technologyfor exploration, mining, and ore beneficiation, while developingiron ore mines in India jointly with SAIL.

Scientists warn of shrinking Tibetan glaciersScientists in China have warned that shrinking glaciers in theTibetan plateau will lead to an ecological catastrophe. A team of20 scientists from China and the United States have beenstudying glaciers in western China’s Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Andthey have discovered that the glaciers are shrinking at anunprecedented pace. The China Daily reports that in the past40 years, the glaciers have been melting by an average of 7%annually, but that the shrinkage has worsened since the early1990s. China’s chief glaciologist blames it on global warming,and warns that, if global warming, continues, most glaciers inthe region could melt by 2010.

Green is the colour of peace prizeKenyan environmentalist Ms Wangari Maathai became the firstAfrican woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize for aiding thecontinent’s poor with a campaign to plant millions of trees toslow down deforestation. ‘Peace on earth depends on our abilityto secure our living environment’, said Dr Ole Danbolt Mjoes,head of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, while announcing thewinner. He praised Ms Maathai’s contribution to sustainabledevelopment, democracy, and peace. ‘Ms Maathai stands at theforefront of the first to promote ecologically viable social,economic, and cultural development in Kenya and in Africa.She thinks globally and acts locally,’ he said. Ms Maathai wonthe prize, worth 10 million Swedish crowns (1.36 milliondollars), from a record field of 194 candidates. The ecologist,who has served as the Kenyan Assistant Minister for theEnvironment since 2003, founded the Green Belt Movement in1977, the largest tree-planting project in Africa, aimed atpromoting biodiversity and at the same time creating jobs andgiving women a stronger identity in society.

The Times of India24 September 2004


ABC News Online5 October 2004

http://www.abc.net.au

The Hindu Business Line9 October 2004

427


Greenhouse gas jump shows Kyoto vitalA worrying rise in the levels of the so-called GHGs linked toclimate change highlights the importance of the Kyoto Protocol,said the British environment minister, Mr Elliot Morley. Levelsof CO2, the main gas blamed for blanketing the planet andpushing up temperatures since the Industrial Revolution, haverisen by more than 2 PPM (parts per million) in the past twoyears, against a recent rate of about 1.5 PPM. Scientists saidthat the figures were confirmed at sites including Mauna Loa,Hawaii, west Ireland, and the Norwegian Arctic island ofSvalbard, about 800 miles from the North Pole. The rise wasless in the Southern Hemisphere. United Nations scientistsproject that the average temperatures will rise 1.4–5.8 ºC(3–11 F) by 2100 because of the human impact on climate.Temperatures have already risen by 0.8 ºC since the IndustrialRevolution in tandem with a 30% rise in the CO2 levels. TheUN’s Kyoto Protocol, likely to come in to force in the comingmonths with Russian help (after a US pullout in 2001), obligesthe developed nations to cut their CO2 emissions by 5.2% belowthe 1990 levels by 2008–12.

IOC to roll out buses run on hydrogen–CNG mixIndia will take a giant step by using H (hydrogen) as anautomobile fuel when the first batch of buses running on a mixof H and CNG (compressed natural gas) rolls out in a year’stime. Indian Oil Corporation, which is preparing a ‘Hydrogenblueprint’, will begin manufacturing H at either its Mathura orPanipat refineries and use the mixture of CNG and H initially incompany-run buses. No engine modification is needed if 8%–10% H is mixed with the CNG. The 1000 million rupees H-fuelinitiative is to reverse India’s growing dependence on foreign oilby developing the technology for commercially viableH-powered fuel cells to run cars, trucks, homes, and businesseswith no pollution or GHGs.

Power on demand by 2012With the year 2012 target to make power available on demand,the government aims at a capacity addition of 41 110 MW(megawatt) during the Tenth Plan—more than half the additionslated in the central sector alone, according to the powerminister, Mr P M Sayeed. The Tenth Plan targets envisage22 832 MW-worth capacity addition in the central sector whilein the state sector, it is half as much at 11 157 MW. Theplanned capacity addition in the private sector was pegged at7121 MW, the minister said. The installed generation capacityin the country in July 2004 was 112 706 MW, with energy andpeaking shortages during the current year (April–July 2004)being 6.1% and 11.3%, respectively.

CEA clears 600-MW HE power project in UttaranchalThe CEA (Central Electricity Authority) has accorded techno-economic clearance to the 600-MW Loharinag PalaHydroelectric Project on the river Bhagirathi, a tributary of theriver Ganga in Uttarkashi district of Uttaranchal state, at anestimated cost of 24177.8 million rupees for implementation inthe central sector by National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.

Reuters13 October 2004

http://www.planetark.com

Active Conservation Techniques(July–September): (6) 2004

The Energy Times27(1): 2 (2004)

Electrical India44 (9): 14 (2004)


428

Power generated from the project would be absorbed in thenorthern region/Uttarachal state. The project envisages theconstruction of an underground powerhouse having aninstallation of four vertical generating units, each with a capacityof 150-MW. The project would afford an annual energygeneration of 2508 million units in a 90% dependable year, with95% machine availability. Power from the project would beharnessed to provide pollution-free, clean, and green energy tothe northern region/Uttaranchal state and would give an impetusto the development of the area.

Technoscan

From newspapers, magazines, and trade journals

Solar dish-engine systemThis solar thermal power plant located in the Mojave Desert inKramer Junction, California, is one of nine special solar plantsbuilt in the 1980s. During operation, oil in the receiver tubescollects the concentrated solar energy as heat and is pumped toa power block (in background) for generating electricity. Thissolar dish-engine system is an electric generator that ‘burns’sunlight instead of gas or coal to produce electricity. The dish, aconcentrator, is the primary solar component of the system,collecting the energy coming directly from the sun andconcentrating it on a small area. A thermal receiver absorbs theconcentrated beam of solar energy, converts it to heat, andtransfers the heat to the engine/generator.

Solar PV/ thermal hybridA hybrid solar system, combining solar electricity (PV) and solarwater heating in one integrated roof module was launched atResource 04 Low carbon technology show held in the UK. TheSolarSynergyTM system has been developed by project partners:Imagination Solar Ltd of Bristol, experts in solar water heatingsystems development; and PV Systems Ltd of Cardiff, one ofEurope’s leading PV systems design and installation companies.The system generates clean and renewable electricity and hotwater all year round and provides a significant contribution toreducing energy bills and environmentally damaging carbonemissions. It can save 50%–70% on annual domestic waterheating bills and 30%–50% savings on electricity costs. A typicalsystem can provide 1–5 kW PV electricity and can be integratedwith any variable of water heating units. The SolarSynergyTM

system is totally modular for either domestic or commercialapplication and can be configured in a variety of shapes andsizes. It is a fully roof integrated and specially engineered water-proof frame that can replace a section of the existing roofcovering.

Production of hydrogen from water via wind farmA laboratory has been installed at the Unviersidad Publica deNavarra in Spain to research how a wind farm can use water toproduce H (hydrogen). The research project is the first in theworld and represents the first step towards clean andcompetitive production of a fuel that is destined to play a keyrole in the future sustainable energy model. An agreement wassigned between the EHN (Corporacion Energia Hidroelectricade Navarra), Stuart Energy Systems of Canada, and Statkraft of

http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/csp.html

Refocus(July/August): 12 (2004 )

Energy Times27(1): 8 (2004)

430


Norway to evaluate, demonstrate, and implement energysolutions based on H generated from renewable energy sources.The EHN has commissioned the project at the university wherea 5-kW electrolyser from Stuart Energy was installed to produce1 m3 of H per hour. A 10-kW electronic convertor wasdeveloped by the university to mimic the voltage and currentfrom a windfarm under different operating conditions. Theproject will simulate power generation conditions of a wind farmin a laboratory and analyse the effects of an electrolyser, whichproduces H and O2 from water by applying electricity. The datawill allow the design of turbines and electrolysers that arespecifically destined to produce H.

New solar car developedIn what seems to be an amazing invention, an electronic vendorin India has come up with a battery-operated, electro-solar car.When the world is increasingly concerned over the recklesspollution and depleting conventional energy sources, the solarcar has the potential to become an invaluable boon for futuregenerations. The car can attain a maximum speed of 60 km perhour. It can be charged with electricity initially at home afterwhich it gets charged by solar energy automatically. Its roof isconstructed using three solar panels and the bonnet using one.The user has to spend only 10–20 paise per km for running thecar, which includes the initial electric charging. The car is bothecofriendly and economical. In its experimental stage, the carhas the capacity to carry four persons including the driver.

New link to arsenic contaminationMillions affected by arsenic contamination can now have aproactive approach, thanks to a new research published in thejournal Nature. The research claims to have made abreakthrough in understanding how drinking water becomescontaminated by arsenic. Scientists at the ManchesterUniversity, UK, opined that many lives could be saved bykeeping a close watch on the bacterial activity. Their researchhas shown that a certain kind of bacteria strip arsenic – a semi-metallic, naturally occurring element – from the earth anddeposit it into water, which is then drawn up in wells. Besides,these bacteria are most effective ‘when there is little oxygen andlots of carbon present in water’ and, together this deadlycombination is estimated to poison millions of people who drinkthe contaminated water from wells. An alternative to combatthis contamination is to pump air into the groundwater or purifythe water. The level of O2 increases, making the bacteria lessactive. Whether or not these ideas can be implemented at thefield level is yet to be seen. But this understanding has offeredhope for new alternatives, especially when there is a growingconcern about arsenic levels in the environment as a result ofboth natural occurrence and pollution.

German company launches ecofriendly bio cleaner forfactory machinesAn environment and user-friendly way to clean factorymachines, using a water-based cleaner, has been launched by aGerman-based manufacturer, which also may look at the

The Asian Age5 June 2004

TerraGreen64, 15 July 2004

The Hindu Business Line4 September 2004

431


possibility of manufacturing it in India itself once the demandpicks up. Apart from the fact that it is non-polluting, theproduct is also cost-effective as the cleaner renews itself on thebasis of a natural biological process and the same liquid can beused over and over again, thus saving on the replacement cost.The German company, Chemie und Biotechnologie GmbH, hastied up with the Coimbatore-based Regent Ecotech Pvt. Ltd tolaunch the cleaning machine and the liquid in India. Bio-Circleused a special water-based cleaning medium that containsnatural microorganisms that bio-cultures and breaks down oil.Hence, the same cleaning medium could be reused for up to twoyears, depending on usage. Because of the constant breakdownof oil, the liquid stays clean. As the oil serves as a nutrient forbacterial growth, they multiply in the cultures and give evenmore oil as the machine is working. The machine is a zero-discharge one and is totally environment-friendly, unlike theconventional cleaning process where the effluent has to be letout after chemical treatment.

Abstracts of current research• Abstracts grouped under 38 headings• Every abstract is verified against the original source• Photocopies of original documents available• All published abstracts available for search• List of source documents consulted for this issue appears below

Source documents

Journal Year, volume,and issue

Subject

Coal and coal productsPetroleumNatural gasHydrogenOther synthetic and natural fuelsOil shales and tar sands*BiomassHydroenergySolar energyWood energy*Geothermal energyTidal and wave powerWind energy*Electric power engineeringEnergy storage*Energy planning and policyDirect energy conversionEnergy conservation, consumption,

and utilizationAdvanced automotive propulsion

systems*Transport and energyEngineering*Transport and environmentTransport and climate change*Fossil fuels and environmentEnvironmental protection information*Industrial pollutionPower sector and environmentHazardous waste and its managementHealth effectsControl technologiesEnvironment planning, management,

and policy issuesEnvironmental economics*Sustainable developmentClimate change: issues and policiesClimate change: impacts, adaptation,

and vulnerabilityGHG emissions and mitigationTrade and environment*Biodiversity and natural resources*

* No abstracts on the topic appear in this issue

Agriculture, Ecosystems and 2004: 103(1)Environment

Agroforestry Systems 2004: 60(3)Applied Energy 2004: 79(1)Asian Journal of Water, 2004: 1(1&2)Environment and Pollution

Atmospheric Environment 2004: 38(27)Biodiversity and Conservation 2004: 13(4), 13(5)Biomass and Bioenergy 2004: 26(6), 27(4),

27(5), 27(6)Bioresource Technology 2004: 95(3)Energy 2004: 13(5), 29(2),

29(3), 29(7),29(9–10), 29(11)

Energy and Buildings 2004: 36(10), 36(11)Energy Policy 2004: 32(17)Energy Sources 2004: 26(10), 26(12)Environment, Development and 2004: 6(1–2)Sustainability

Environmental and Resource Economics 2004: 27(1), 27(3),28(2), 28(3)

Environmental Management 2004: 34(1)Environmental Pollution Control Journal 2003: 6(6),

2004: 7(5)Global Environmental Change 2004: 14(2)Indian Chemical Engineer: Section A & B 2004: 46(2)Indian Journal Environmental Protection 2003: 23(10)Indian Journal of Chemical Technology 2004: 2(5), 11(5)Indian Journal of Environmental Protection 2003: 23(10)Indian Journal of Transport Management 2004: 28(2)International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2004: 29(14), 29(13)International Journal of Power and 2004: 24(3)Energy Systems

IREDA News 2004: 1(2)Journal of Climate 2004: 17(7), 17(8)Journal of Indian Association for 2004: 31(2)Environmental Management

Journal of Mines, Metals & Fuels 2003: 51(1&2),52(5&6)

Journal of Power Sources 2004: 135(1–2)


434

Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 2004: 63(3), 63(9)Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 2004: 126(3)Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India) 2004: 85Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2004: 8(3), 8(5)Renewable Energy 2004: 29(9), 29(13),

29(14), 29(15)Science of the Total Environment 2004: 326(1–3)Solar Energy 2004: 77(2)The Indian Mining and Engineering Journal 2004: 43(6)Water Research 2004: 38(17)Water Science and Technology 2003: 47(10)Wind Engineering 2004: 28(3)


435

Characterization of products from two lignite samples bysupercritical fluid extractionThere has been a considerable interest in the supercritical fluidextraction of fossil fuels for production of liquid fuels andchemicals. In this paper, the SFEs (supercritical fluidextractions) of Ilgin and Tuncbilek lignites from Turkishresources, using toluene as solvent, were investigated.Experiments were performed in a batch autoclave at 633 K. Theyields of extracts from supercritical toluene extractions of Ilginand Tuncbilek lignites were 14.8%, 22.9%, 24.6%, 26.8%, and17.3%, 26.8%, 29.4%, 31.3% at 11.8, 15.1, 20.0, 27.5 MParuns, respectively. Extracts recovered from the SFEs werefractionated into petroleum ether solubles and benzene solublesby solvent extraction. Petroleum ether solubles werefractionated into hexane, benzene, methanol, andtetrahydrofuran eluats. Benzene solubles were separatedinto phenols + acids, bases, and neutral fractions. (1 figure,10 tables, 11 references)

Relations of true relative density, micro-strength of andmicro-crystal structure of chars produced by differentrank coalsAlthough the coke-making industry has a very long history, thecooking mechanism is not very clear at present. To improve theunderstanding of the coking process and the relation betweencoke strength and structure, it is important to study the cokingprocess in detail. In this paper, from gas coals to anthracites,16 different rank coals were carbonized at 3 °C/min in crucible.Chars and cokes produced at different temperatures wereanalysed by X-ray diffraction; their true relative density andmicro-strength were also measured. The true relative density ofall chars produced by different rank coals increases as thetemperature increases. As the coal volatility increases, cokes’true relative density goes down linearly. Cokes produced byweakly caking coals have the lowest true relative density, buthave almost the highest micro-strength with anthracites. Cokestructure approaching the graphic carbon has high true relativedensity and low micro-strength, while coke structureapproaching non-graphic carbon has low true relative densityand high micro-strength. (8 figures, 2 tables, 4 references)

Utilization of fine coal tailings by flotation using ionicreagentsIt is a common perception that coal combustion is a source ofenvironmentally harmful emission of trace elements andprecursors of acid rain. The cleaning of coal has gained muchmore importance recently as a result of the increasingenvironmental concerns. Coal research has been largely devotedto the development of viable coal-cleaning technologies forproducing super-clean coals. In this paper, ionic reagents wereused as alternatives to conventional collectors in order to obtainclean concentrates from coal tailings of Zonguldak (Turkey)main coal washery. Fatty-acid-type ionic collectors were used asan alternative to conventional oily collectors, kerosene, and pineoil mixture in the flotation of coal tailing with 46.1% ash.Conventional collectors could not reduce the ash content of the

Coal and coal products

[2426]

Demirba� A. 2004Energy Sources 26(10): 933–939

P K 216, TR-61 035 Trabzon, Turkey<[email protected]>

[2427]

Shen J, Zou G, and Wang Z. 2004Energy Sources 26(10): 951–959

College of Chemical Engineering andTechnology, Taiyuan University of Technology

Taiyuan, Shanxi 030 024People’s Republic of China<[email protected]>

[2428]


436

Sis H, Ozbayoglu G, and Sarikaya M. 2004Energy Sources 26(10): 941–949

Mining Engineering Department, InonuUniversity, Malatya 44 069, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2429]

Kumar M, Ghosh P K, Singh A K,Banerjee G. 2004

Journal of Mines, Metals & Fuels52(5&6): 84–89

Longwall Group, Central Mining ResearchInstitute, Dhanbad – 826 001, India

[2430]

Mandal P K, Singh A K, Ram S,Singh A K, Singh R. 2004

The Indian Mining and Engineering Journal43(7): 11–18

Thick Seam Mining and Strata MechanicsDepartment, Central Mining Research

Institute, Barwa RoadDhanbad – 826 001, India

[2431]

concentrate below 22%. On the other hand, ionic collectorswere found to be significantly better at reducing the ash contentdown to 13%. It was concluded that despite their lower flotationyield and higher consumptions, certain ionic collectors could beused successfully in coal flotation where cleaner concentratesare required from coal fines with a high ash content. (6 figures,1 table, 15 references)

Routine condition monitoring of equipment deployed atcoal mines in India: a case studyThe RCM (routine condition monitoring) is an essential processto check the condition and performance of machines andequipment deployed at coal mines. Potential faults can bedetected at an early stage and the remedial action taken, therebyminimizing the risks of breakdown and safety hazards. TheRCM measurements can be used for commissioning tests,routine monitoring record, maintenance, and fault diagnosis andcan prove to be very effective for the equipment being used inhazardous conditions. In this paper, the objective andmethodology of the RCM is described. The technique of theRCM described in this paper has been utilized by the CentralMining Research Institute, Dhanbad. (8 figures, 5 references)

Depillaring of a thick coal seam using cable bolts undershallow depth cover: a case studyCoal resources occurring in thick seams in India account for70% of the total workable coal reserves. Evaluation of suitabletechniques to extract thick seams has been the main concern ofthe mining engineers in India since the past 200 years ago andmore seriously since the 1930s. Thick coal seams with a higherconcentration of coal reserves, an economical boon, have poseda serious problem of exploitation due to their low level ofrecovery, difficult strata control, problem of heating and fire,gradient and nature of strata and coal seams. The convenientworking height by the conventional method was 3 m to 3.5 mdue to restricted manoeuvrability in loosening of coal. Theresistance of the conventional props/chocks also decreases withheight due to high slenderness ratio. The problem is more acutein Raniganj and Jharia coalfields where a number of good-quality coal seams were developed on pillars, leaving a coal bandmainly along the roof horizon. A cable bolting-based semi-mechanized depillaring method has been developed at theCMRI (Central Mining Research Institute) to tackle theproblem of thick seam mining. This method was successfullyexperimented at the NCPH mine of SECL (South EasternCoalfields Ltd). Upper Kajora seam of 6.5–7.5 m thicknessdeveloped on pillars in Madhusudanpur seven pit, and inclinecolliery of the ECL (Eastern Coalfields Ltd) was selected forfurther trial of this method. This paper presents the field trial ofthis method at Madhusudanpur colliery along with results ofstrata behaviour study done in a panel under shallow depth ofcover. (8 figures, 1 table, 4 references)

Determination of air permeability of coal pillars inunderground coal minesOccurrence of spontaneous heating in coal pillars is one of themost feared hazards in underground coal mines. It may turn into


437

Sahay N, Varma N K, Narayan A,Mondal S. 2004


Central Mining Research InstituteDhanbad – 826 001, India

[2432]

Samanta D and Tripathy D P. 2004Journal of Mines, Metals & Fuels

52(5&6): 73–77

Department of Mining EngineeringNational Institute of Technology

Rourkela – 769 008, India

[2433]

Singh R V K, Sural G, Pandey J, Mohalik N K,Barnwal R P, Singh V K. 2004


Mine Fire Section, Central Mining ResearchInstitute, Dhanbad – 826 001, India

serious conflagration and pollute the entire atmosphere in themine in a very short time. To prevent/control such fire,knowledge of air permeability of a particular pillar will be useful.After realizing the need, the authors have developed amethodology for measurement of air permeability of coal pillars.In this paper, definition of air permeability, its unit, andmethodology for measurement have been briefly discussed.Results of investigation in one mine for determination of airpermeability of a coal pillar using the methodology already showthat the air permeability is fairly constant in both intake andreturn sides of a pillar. Further, air leakage is linearlyproportional to pressure differential, which proves the validity ofequation. (7 figures, 4 references)

Project planning and scheduling using pronetProject network analysis techniques – CPM (critical pathmethod) and PERT (programme evaluation review technique) –help in designing, planning, coordination, controlling, anddecision-making in order to accomplish the project economicallyin the minimum available time with limited available resources.The paper deals with basic concepts of CPM and PERTtechniques and their differences and applications succinctly.Further, an attempt has been made to develop a comprehensive,menu-driven, graphics software package (Pronet) in Turbo ‘C’to solve network problems. For planning and scheduling of anopencast mining project under the ECL (Eastern CoalfieldsLtd), the utility of the software was verified. (3 figures,11 references)

Early detection of occurrences of spontaneous heating inblasting gallery method: a case studyExploitation of coal seams from underground mines has becomea major challenge to the Indian coal mining industries. Theproblem of spontaneous heating in the BG (blasting gallery)panels during extraction is a major threat to safety andproductivity in the SCCL (Singreni Colleries Company Ltd)mines. Most of the BG panels have been sealed due to theoccurrences of spontaneous heating during extraction of thepanel. After sealing of the panel, it is more difficult to re-openthe panel. In this context, the CMRI (Central Mining ResearchInstitute) in consultation with the SCCL, carried out a scienceand technology project entitled ‘Study for early detection of theoccurrences of spontaneous heating in blasting gallery methodand to evaluate suitable measures to prevent and controlspontaneous heating in thick coal seams’ under funding from theMinistry of Coal, Government of India. The purpose of thispaper is to describe the detailed study carried out at VK No. 7incline mine, Kothagudem, for early detection of spontaneousheating in blasting gallery method and implementation ofsuitable techniques after detection of spontaneous heating tocontrol. It is concluded that the regular thermo-compositionalmonitoring of the panel plays a very important role for earlydetection of spontaneous heating. Regular ventilation study isalso required to understand the status of air quantity fordifferent rooms of the panels. (10 figures, 1 table, 9 references)


438

[2434]

Tercan A E. 2004Energy Sources 26(12): 1177–1185

Department of Mining Engineering, HacettepeUniversity, Ankara, 06 532 Beytepe, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2435]

Thote N R and Heath M J. 2004The Indian Mining and Engineering Journal

43(7): 31–35

Department of Mining EngineeringVisvesvaraya National Institute of Technology

Nagpur – 440 011, India

[2436]

Singh R V K and Singh V K. 2004The Indian Mining and Engineering Journal

43(6): 36–37

Mine Fire Section, Central MiningResearch Institute, Barwa Road

Dhanbad – 826 601, India

Global recoverable reserve estimation by covariancematching constrained krigingA central problem in the mining practice is the estimation ofglobal recoverable reserves, that is, recovered tonnage and meanquality varying with cut-off value over the whole deposit. Thisarticle describes the application of covariance matchingconstrained kriging to the estimation of the global recoverablereserves in a lignite deposit in Turkey. Thickness and calorificvalue are the variables used in this study. The deposit is dividedinto 180 panels with 200 m × 200 m size and the mean calorificvalue of the panels is estimated by covariance matchingconstrained kriging. Quality tonnage curve is constructed basedon the estimated mean values. For comparison, quality tonnagecurve from ordinary kriging is also provided in this paper.(6 figures, 11 references)

Air-quality management in opencast mines: need of the hourIncrease in degree of mechanization in opencast mines addsenormous pollutants to the environment. Due to degradation inair quality, human health comes under the fear of rapid increasein occupational diseases to the workers involved in this industry.Besides toxic gases, a major contribution to air pollution is fromthe SPM (suspended particulate matter). Airborne dust is partof the SPM. In opencast mines, majority of the operationsproduce dust. Dust particle of less than 5 mm is known asrespirable dust. Respirable dust is physiologically very harmfuland its toxicity depends upon the toxic components of theaerosol cloud, its chemical, physical, and biological compositionin addition to its size. Diseases caused by dust come under thepurview of occupational diseases as defined by the InternationalLabour Organization. Reviews of the physiological effect ofdust, its concentration measurement techniques, and theinternational standards adopted by various countries, includingIndian Standards, have been critically examined in this paper.The mechanism of toxicity due to dust is explained in thispaper. The investigations were supported by incorporating fieldstudy carried out at ‘A’ opencast coal mine. A special emphasisis given on the sampling strategies complying with statutoryrequirements. (3 figures, 4 tables, 9 references)

Prevention and control of spontaneous combustion of coalby flushing nitrogenSpontaneous combustion/fire is one of the serious problems ofthe coal mining industry. Most coal-producing countries of theworld are facing the problem of spontaneous combustion due tointrinsic as well as extrinsic characteristics of coal. Due to thefire in coal mines, a huge quantity of the national resource isbeing lost and the environment is badly affected due to therelease of noxious gases. N (nitrogen) is being used forprevention and control of coal mine fires, and is found to bevery effective. This paper presents different comprehensive casestudies on the use of N for prevention and control ofspontaneous combustion in coal mines of India and abroad. Itcould be observed from the case studies that the N infusion willbe more useful for fires of recent origin. In long-standing firesalso, the N can be used but the quantity required may be toohigh to be economically viable in many cases. (13 references)


439

[2437]

Eti M C, Ogaji S O T, and Probert S D. 2004Applied Energy 79(1): 97–107

School of Engineering, Cranfield UniversityBedfordshire MK43 OAL, UK

[2438]

Karaman T and Demiral B M R. 2004Energy Sources 26(10): 903–914

Department of Petroleum and Natural GasEngineering, 06 531 METU, Ankara, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2439]

Ozturk H K, Ceylan H, Hepbasli A, Utlu Z. 2004Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

8(3): 289–302

Mechanical Engineering DepartmentFaculty of Engineering, Ege University

35 100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey<[email protected]>

Petrochemical industry in Nigeria: a performance appraisalFor any country, having a large indigenous petrochemical-producing industry generally leads to raised prosperity,improved average standard-of-living for the population, and theintroduction of associated modern-technology locally. However,such benefits in Nigeria have as yet not been forthcoming to asignificant extent. This paper reviews what needs to be done inthe industry to achieve these desired improvements. (3 figures,7 tables, 12 references)

Determination of three-phase relative permeability valuesby using an artificial neural network modelPore network models are mainly concerned with solving one ofthe major problems in performing realistic field reservoirsimulation studies. Their simple construction philosophy givesthe opportunity of modelling the three-phase flow to the users inan easy way. The obtained results from pore network models(that is, three-phase relative permeabilities) are similar to thosefound from laboratory experiments by using the real coresamples, but the data from pore network models in micro-scalebase does not mimic every portion of the reservoir because ofthe heterogeneity. Because of this reason, the model must beenlarged or formed as a complex one. In this study, an ANN(artificial neural network) tool, which uses the data obtainedfrom a PN (pore network) model, was developed in order toobtain three-phase relative permeability values. Duringdevelopment of this ANN tool, four different stages wereimplemented in which the ANN structures were changed inorder to find the best architecture that would predict the oilisoperms correctly. By using the data obtained from the PNmodel, training was implemented and the prediction power ofthat tool was tested. When the data obtained from PN and ANNtools were compared, it was found that irrelevant variablesaffected the ANN model negatively, decreasing its ability tolearn perfectly. Finally, it has been observed that trends of theisoperms were effectively predicted and the overall quality ofpredictions was improved by changing the ANN structure.(9 figures, 9 references)

Estimating petroleum exergy production and consumptionusing vehicle ownership and GDP based on geneticalgorithm approachThis paper deals with exergy estimation of petroleum using theGA (genetic algorithm) approach. The exergy estimation iscarried out based on the GDP (gross domestic product) and thepercentage of vehicle ownership figures in Turkey. The GAPEX(Genetic Algorithm Exergy Production and Consumption) isdeveloped. During the estimation of petroleum exergy, the GAis combined with time-series approach. For exergy consumption,three forms of the GAPEX are developed, of which one is linear,the second is exponential, and the third is the quadratic form ofequations. Among them, the best fit models, in terms of averagerelative errors for the testing period, are selected for futureestimation. It may be concluded that the models proposed herecan be used as an alternative solution and estimation techniquesfor the available estimation techniques. (5 figures, 3 tables,30 references)

Petroleum


440

[2440]

de Almeida A T, Lopes A C, Carvalho A,Mariano J, Jahn A, Broege M. 2004

Energy 29(7): 979–1000

Department of Electrical and ComputerEngineering, Institute of Systems and

Robotics, University of Coimbra, PoloII3030-290, Coimbra, Portugal

<[email protected]>

[2441]

Afgan N H and Carvalho M G. 2004International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

29(13): 1327–1342

Instituto Superior TecnicoMechanical Engineering, Av. Rovisco Pais

Lisbon, Portugal<[email protected]>

Examining the potential of natural gas demand-sidemeasures to benefit customers, the distribution utility,and the environment: two case studies from EuropeThis paper demonstrates how the IRP (integrated resourceplanning) oriented to the gas sector can be applied both in thenew networks and in mature networks, and presents theadvantages of its application. One case study is described in thewestern central region of Portugal to illustrate the results of apilot project on natural gas IRP implementation in a newnetwork in the EU (European Union). The city of Burg,Germany, with a mature gas network with district heating wasalso analysed, in terms of the IRP potential. The most importantphases of the integrated resource plan definition andimplementation (especially those oriented to the demand-side)are presented, namely, definition of the most efficienttechnologies (including solar energy); fuel-switchingpossibilities; a detailed study of the impacts in the economy,environment, and society; and the policy incentives necessary tomotivate the gas utility companies to perform IRP. In the maincase study, the suggested implementation plan would lead to areduction of about 4.7% in natural gas consumption.Additionally, 13.3% of the cost-effective fuel switching fromother competing forms of energy to natural gas can be achieved.A proposed EU energy services directive on mandatory energy-efficiency activities for gas and electricity distribution utilities inthe EU will promote the large-scale implementation of theproposed approach in Europe. (19 tables, 15 references)

Sustainability assessment of hydrogen energy systemsThis paper gives an overview of the potential on multi-criteriaassessment of hydrogen systems. With respective selection of thecriteria comprising performance, environment, market, and socialindicators, the assessment procedure is adapted for the assessmentof selected options of hydrogen energy systems and theircomparison with new and renewable energy systems. The singleparameter assessment for each indicator is demonstrated as thetraditional approach in the evaluation of the option underconsideration, which reflects a biased result, depending on theselected indicator. In order to apply the multi-criteria approach tohydrogen systems, it was necessary to use the multi-criteriaprocedure based on the sustainability index rating composed oflinear aggregative functions of all indicators with respectiveweighting function. The examples under consideration arehydrogen fuel cell systems with three options, including natural gasturbine, photovoltaic, and wind energy systems, representingdifferent renewable power plant options. These options areevaluated with the multi-criteria method comprising the followingindicators: performance indicator, market indicator, environmentindicator, and social indicator. The indicators are composed of anumber of sub-indicators agglomerated in the respective indicators.The evaluation of options under consideration was performedunder constraint, expressing non-numeric relation among theindicators. The group comprises cases when priority is given to asingle indicator and other indicators have the same value.(30 figures, 6 tables, 17 references)

Natural gas

Hydrogen


441

Internal combustion engines fuelled by natural gas–hydrogenmixturesThe feasibility of using natural gas–hydrogen mixtures ininternal combustion engines is carried out in this paper. Ingeneral HC, CO, and CO2 emissions decrease with increasingH2, but NOx emissions generally increase. The results in thisstudy show that if a catalytic converter, an EGR system, or leanburn technique are used, the NOx emission values can bedecreased to extremely low levels. Consequently, the EZEV(equivalence zero emission vehicles) standards may be reached.(9 figures, 1 table, 59 references)

Effect of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and enginespeed on the performance and emission characteristics ofa spark ignition engine using hydrogen as fuelThe present energy situation has stimulated active research interest innon-petroleum and non-polluting fuels, particularly for transportation,power generation, and agricultural sectors. Researchers have foundthat hydrogen presents the best and an unprecedented solution to theenergy crises and pollution problems due to its superior combustionqualities and availability. This paper discusses analytically andprovides data on the effect of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, andengine speed on the engine performance, emissions, and pre-ignitionlimits of a spark ignition engine operating on hydrogen fuel. Thesedata are important in order to understand the interaction betweenengine performance and emission parameters, which will help enginedesigners when designing for hydrogen. (12 figures, 19 references)

Hydrogen production by direct solar thermal decompositionof water, possibilities for improvement of process efficiencyPhotovoltaic water electrolysis is presently the leading technologyfor H (hydrogen) production from water. However, the high levelof efficiency reached owing to the recent advances in electrolysertechnology is dampened mostly by the prevailing limitations in thephotovoltaic conversion efficiency. In this paper, an evaluation ofthe various process plant designs for H production by directthermal decomposition of water using solar energy has been carriedout with the aim of improving the process efficiency and possiblyreducing the production cost. It concludes that H production bythe process of direct solar–thermal dissociation of water and gasseparation at reaction conditions hybridized with high-temperatureelectrolysis appears to be the ultimate option, in terms ofproduction cost (which can be lower than that of H produced byphotovoltaic electrolysis) and thermodynamic efficiency. Thesecond best is the same thermolysis process where the high-temperature reject stream from the reactor is utilized assuperheated process steam in a neighbouring process (that is,chemical heat pipe) and where extra steam at mediumtemperature is raised in the solar receiver for thermal electricityproduction to obtain additional hydrogen by regular waterelectrolysis. Since plant capacity can be expanded simply byincreasing the number of plant modules, it would be possible toproduce H from water at a much larger scale in the near futureby setting up fields of such solar plant modules in convenientareas with regard to solar energy and water supply, and todeliver H by pipeline. (3 figures, 3 tables, 23 references)

[2442]

Akansu S O, Dulger Z, Kahraman N,Veziro�lu T N. 2004

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy29(14): 1527–1539

Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University38 039 Kayseri, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2443]

Al-Baghdadi M A R S. 2004Renewable Energy 29(15): 2245–2260

Department of Mechanical Engineering Collegeof Engineering, University of Babylon, Babylon

Iraq <[email protected]>

[2444]

Baykara S Z. 2004International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

29(14): 1451–1458

Chemical Engineering DepartmentYildiz Technical University

Topkapi 34 210, Istanbul, Turkey<[email protected]>


442

Biohydrogen production as a potential energy resource:present state-of-artBiological H production is one of the most challenging areas oftechnological development for sustainable gaseous energygeneration. The future of biological H production depends notonly on the research advances, that is, improvement in efficiencythrough genetically engineered microorganisms and/or thedevelopment of bioreactors, but also on economicconsiderations, as compared to fossil fuels, social acceptance,and the development of H energy systems. The present studycritically updates various biohydrogeneration processes withspecial references to their merits and demerits. Differentapproaches towards improvement of the bioprocesses are alsooutlined in this paper. (4 figures, 3 tables, 44 references)

Catalytic exhaust gas fuel reforming for diesel engines—effects of water addition on hydrogen production and fuelconversion efficiencyRecent work on diesel engines has shown that the addition ofrelatively small quantities of H to the engine intake can result ina simultaneous reduction of both NOx and smoke emissions.This was achieved by combining the EGR (exhaust gasrecirculation) technique with addition of H. A way of producingH ‘on-board’ for IC engine applications is the exhaust gas fuelreforming process. In this paper, optimization of the reformingprocess by water addition in the reactor is presented. Using aprototype catalyst at 290 °C reactor inlet temperature, up to15% more H in the reformer product was obtained compared tooperation without water. The process has been found to bemainly a combination of the fuel oxidation, steam reforming,and water gas shift reactions. The reforming process efficiencyhas been shown to improve considerably with water addition upto a certain level after which adverse effects of the exothermicwater gas shift reaction become significant. (11 figures, 2 tables,20 references)

Life cycle assessment of hydrogen fuel productionprocessesThe use of H as an alternative fuel is gaining more and moreacceptance as the environmental impact of hydrocarbons isbecoming more evident. A life cycle assessment study has beencarried out to investigate the environmental aspects of Hproduction. Production by natural gas steam reforming andproduction upon renewable energy sources are examined. H hasbeen selected as a future alternative fuel because of the absenceof CO2 emissions, its high-energy content, and its combustionkinetics. A large number of environmental burdens result fromthe operation of the different H production routes. A completeand accurate identification and quantification of theenvironmental emissions has been attempted. The use of wind,hydropower, and solar thermal energy for the production of Hare the most environmentally benign methods. The benefits anddrawbacks of the competing H production systems arepresented. (11 figures, 2 tables, 13 references)

[2445]

Nath K and Das D. 2004Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research

63(9): 729–738

Department of Biotechnology, Indian Instituteof Technology, Kharagpur – 721 302, India

<[email protected]>

[2446]

Tsolakis A and Megaritis A. 2004International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

29(13): 1409–1419

School of Engineering, Mechanical andManufacturing Engineering, The University of

Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK<[email protected]>

[2447]

Koroneos C, Dompros A, Roumbas G,Moussiopoulos N. 2004

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy29(14): 1443–1450

Laboratory of Heat Transfer and EnvironmentalEngineering, Aristotle University of

Thessaloniki, P O Box 483Thessaloniki 54 124, Greece

<[email protected]>


443

Utilization of domestic fuels for hydrogen productionH is expected to play a major role in the global energy sector inthe mid- to long-term future. In order for that to happen, it isnecessary to produce H in an environmentally responsible andcost-effective way. The co-utilization of H and resources likecoal and biomass for H production may provide a short-termtransition to the long-term prospects of solar and biomass forcleaner and more efficient fuel mixtures to meet the futureenergy needs. This paper describes the present status of theconventional H production technologies and some recentdevelopments in the production of H using solar energyresources. The authors outline the technological status forcommercial and near-commercial technologies using both fossil-based and renewable energy sources such as electrolysis usingPV and solar thermal power. It was found that conversion offossil fuels and electrolysis of water using solar conversiontechnologies are some of the most important methods of H2production. An economic analysis for the H production costs ispresented comparing steam reformation, partial oxidation, coalgasification, and electrolysis via photovoltaics and solar thermalpower. Although fossil fuels are currently the cheapest and mostwidely used sources of H production, the author argues from aneconomic standpoint that renewable sources of H, such as biomassand solar, are the most promising options for future. Further, Hproduction using solar energy resources represents a storable fuelthat is produced from this nonstorable and intermittent source ofenergy. (6 figures, 3 tables, 17 references)

A review of hydrogen storage systems based on boron andits compoundsBoron is a promising element for H storage with its chemicalhydrides and nanostructural forms. It is also used as an additivein nickel metal hydride battery systems to enhance Hcompatibility and performance. This paper presents a briefsummary of H storage technology in general and focuses on thepossible uses of boron and its compounds. This paper concludesthat boron and its compounds are very important for the Heconomy concept and further research should be carried out inthe following fields: cost reduction and utilization of chemicalboron hydrides for H storage and improvement of H capacitiesof boron nanostructures and ammonia–borone complex. Also,using metal hydride batteries, with small amounts of boronaddition to the electrodes, is a promising field to be furtherresearched. (5 tables, 48 references)

A quantitative method for characterization of carbonnanotubes for hydrogen storageThe CNT (carbon nanotubes) are considered to be a promisingoption for the H storage. However, there is a wide variation inthe H storage capacity of the CNT reported by differentresearchers. The H storage depends on many factors, diameterbeing one of them. Also for repeatability and development of aviable storage system, control of diameter is necessary duringthe formation process. A technique involving digital image

[2448]

Mirabal S T, Ingley H A, Goel N,Goswami D Y. 2004

International Journal of Power andEnergy Systems 24(3): 239–245

Mechanical and Aerospace DepartmentUniversity of Florida, Box 116 300 Gainesville

Florida 32 611-6300, USA<[email protected]>

[2449]

Fakio�lu E, Y�r�m Y, and Veziro�lu T N. 2004International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

29(13): 1371–1376

Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesSabanci University, Tuzla

Istanbul 34 956, Turkey<[email protected]>

[2450]


444

processing has been developed that can be used to determinethe distribution of the diameter of carbon nanotubes. Thenature shows a distribution similar to a random distribution thatmay help in characterizing nanotube samples. The use of imageprocessing and statistical analysis can help in developing betterCNTs. (9 figures, 12 references)

Use of mahua oil (Madhuca indica) as a diesel fuel extenderVegetable oils offer an advantage of comparable fuel propertieswith diesel. Due to considerable pressure on edible oils in India,short-term performance of diesel engine was evaluated usingmahua oil as a fuel and its blends with diesel. The calorific valueof the oil was found as 96.30% on volume basis of diesel. It wasfound that mahua could be easily substituted up to 20% indiesel without any significant difference in power output, brake-specific fuel consumption, and break thermal efficiency. Theperformance of engine with mahua oil blends improved withincrease in compression ratio from 16:1 to 20:1. (5 figures,4 tables, 5 references)

The engine tests of biodiesel from used frying oilBiodiesel is an environmentally friendly and renewablealternative diesel fuel that can be used in diesel engines withlittle or no modification. Used frying oil is one of the rawmaterials, which can be used for biodiesel production. Theobjective of this study was to investigate the effects of usedfrying oil originated from biodiesel on engine performance andemissions in a Fiat Doblo 1.9 DS, four-cylinder, four-stroke,46-kW-power-capacity diesel engine. Comparativemeasurements with no. 2 diesel fuel were conducted on bothengine power and emission characteristics of each of the fuelused. Biodiesel, when compared to no. 2 diesel fuel, showed areduction in wheel force over 3.35% and it also reduced thewheel power by over 2.03%. In the acceleration tests, 40–100km/hour and 60–100 km/hour acceleration periods weremeasured and a reduction of 7.32% and 8.78% were observed,respectively. According to emission tests, as a result of biodieselconsumption, a reduction of 8.59% in CO emission and anincrease of 2.62% were observed in CO2 emission. Also, NOxemissions increased by 5.03% as a result of biodiesel consumption.The HC (hydrocarbon) emissions and particulate emissions have asignificant effect on air pollution. As a result of biodiesel use, theHC and particulate emissions decreased by 30.66% and 63.33%,respectively. When fuel consumption amounts were compared, itwas observed that biodiesel consumption was 2.43% less than thatof no. 2 diesel fuel. These emission engine test results show thatbiodiesel is a more environment-friendly fuel than no. 2 diesel fuel.(1 figure, 3 tables, 5 references)

Jute caddis: a new substrate for biogas productionBiogas containing 55%–65% methane can be produced fromjute caddis—a lignocellulosic waste of jute mills produced byanaerobic fermentation, using cattle dung as sole source ofinoculum. Biogas production from a lignocellulosic material like

Sarkar A and Banerjee R. 2004International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

29(14): 1487–1491

Energy Systems Engineering, Indian Instituteof Technology, Mumbai – 400 076, India

<[email protected]>

[2451]

Bhatt Y C, Murthy N S, and Datta R K. 2004Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India)

85: 10–14

Department of Farm Machinery andPower Engineering

College of Technology and EngineeringUdaipur – 313 001, India

[2452]

Ulusoy Y, Tekin Y, Cetinkaya M,Karaosmanoglu F. 2004

Energy Sources 26(10): 927–932

Department of Chemical Engineering, IstanbulTechnical University, 34 469

Maslak Istanbul, Turkey<[email protected]>

[2453]

Other synthetic and naturalfuels

Biomass


445

jute caddis is a slow but steady process where methane-richbiogas comes mostly from hemicellulose and cellulose but notfrom lignin. Batch fermentation has been adopted for utilizationof jute caddis in a modified KVCI model (floating dome type)biogas plant although the problem of hard scum formation couldnot be completely eliminated. However, results indicate that jutewaste is a promising substrate for biomethanation because of itsslow and steady nature of decomposition. Thus, jute mills canadopt this ecofriendly technology for their commercialexploration. (6 tables, 8 references)

Influence of pretreatment for deashing of sugar canebagasse on pyrolysis productsThis paper reports the studies on vacuum pyrolysis of deashedsugar cane bagasse on the pyrolysis products. The present workaims to understand the change in the quantity and quality of theoil fraction obtained from pyrolysis upon pretreatment fordeashing of original biomass. Ash, in the entrained char isbelieved to be catalysing the polymerization reaction in the oilsand thereby increasing viscosity. Three different pretreatmentprocesses used for deashing are water leaching, mild acidtreatment with HCL, and mild acid treatment with HF. Thestudy indicates the remarkable influence of pretreatment processfor deashing by enhancing the total energy distribution in oilfraction of the pyrolysis products. This is attributed to selectiveremoval of ash elements along with removal of extractives andhemicellulose in different proportions. However, it was found thatthe pretreatments do not improve the stability of oil. The waterleachate, as expected, showed potential for making ethanol viafermentation. (3 figures, 12 tables, 24 references)

Mathematical modelling on thermal degradation of woodchips using glycerol and alkaline glycerolIt has been reported that delignification with mixtures ofaqueous-organic solvents is effective in the thermal degradationof wood chips. In this paper wood chips from poplar, beech, andspruce wood samples were delignified by using glycerol as asolvent and alkaline glycerol with and without Na2CO3 andNaOH catalysts at different temperatures of 440, 450, 460, 470,480, 490, and 500 K. Major by-products from delignificationprocesses of lignocellulosic biomass include lignin-degradationproducts. Lignin and its degradation products have fuel values.Since glycerol is significant from ecological, economic, andtechnical points of view, these properties are important for themanufacture technology, but the treatment time of the process isslightly long. There was a good linear relation between the yieldof delignification (YD, wt%) and the degradation temperature.(10 figures, 4 tables, 17 references)

Conversion of agricultural residues to fuel products viasupercritical fluid extractionThe need for new energy resources has been increasing sharplydue to the rapid increase in the world population and developingtechnology. In this study, various agricultural residues such aswheat straw, corncob, corn stover, tobacco stalk, tobacco leaf,olive waste, walnut shell, and almond shell were subjected to the

Banik S. 2004Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research

63(9): 747–751

National Institute of Research on Jute &Allied Fibre Technology

12 Regent Park, Kolkata – 700 040, India

[2454]

Das P, Ganesh A, and Wangikar P. 2004Biomass and Bioenergy 27(5): 445–475

Energy Systems EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Bombay

Powai, Mumbai – 400 076, India<[email protected]>

[2455]


Department of Chemical Engineering, SelcukUniversity, Campus, Konya, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2456]


446


Department of Chemical Engineering, SelcukUniversity Campus, Konya, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2457]

Fiedler F. 2004Renewable and Sustainable

Energy Reviews 8(3): 201–221

Department of Mathematics, Solar EnergyResearch Center, Natural Sciences andTechnology, Dalarna University College

S-7188 Borlänge, Sweden<[email protected]>

[2458]

Kandiyoti R. 2004International Journal of Power and

Energy Systems 24(3): 205–214

Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College London, SW7 2BY, UK

<[email protected]>

[2459]

SFE (supercritical fluid extraction) using acetone, methanol,and water as solvent. The highest yield (59.3%) of SFE wasobtained from OW (olive waste), with water solvent at 678 K.While the C content of the selected samples varied from about41.2% to 53.6%, the C content of extracts from the SFEs variedfrom 52.8% to 67.8%. The H content of the extracts variedfrom 6.8% to 8.8%. The O2 (oxygen) content of extracts rangedfrom 21.7% to 38.1%, and nitrogen content from 0.4% to 2.3%.Decreases of O2 content in the supercritical fluid extracts rangedfrom 38.9% to 13.8%. The supercritical fluid extracts werefractionated into water-soluble, acetone-soluble, phenolic, fattyacid, polar, nonpolar, and basic fractions. (8 tables, 28 references)

The state of the art of small-scale pellet-based heatingsystems and relevant regulations in Sweden, Austria, andGermanyThe existing technologies used for small-scale pellet combustion inSweden, Austria, and Germany are discussed in this paper. It isseen that the Austrian boilers are more sophisticated, including ahigh level of comfort for the user. On the other hand, simplerSwedish boilers are significantly less expensive and it isquestionable if Swedish customers are willing to pay for the highercomfort. Relevant regulations concerning emissions and fuelquality are also reported and compared between Sweden,Germany, and Austria. (10 figures, 4 tables, 46 references)

Bench-scale experiment design for developing co-pyrolysisand co-gasification technologiesImportant technical issues must be resolved before co-pyrolysis andco-gasification technologies can be offered as commercially viableprocesses. Clearly, issues such as solids handling and solidsinjection require solutions developed at actual plant or pilot scale.However, research on numerous other residual problems can becarried out effectively, rapidly, and inexpensively at the bench-scalelevel. This article describes several cases where problemsencountered during pilot- or plant-scale operation can be studiedby experiments at bench-top level; the designs of the bench-scalereactors used in these studies are presented and discussed.(6 figures, 2 tables, 34 references)

High-temperature air and steam gasification of densifiedbiofuelsAn experimental study was carried out to investigate gasificationof densified biofuels using highly preheated air and steam as agasifying agent. Preheating of air and steam is realized by meansof the newly developed high-cycle regenerative air/steampreheater. The use of highly preheated feed gas providesadditional energy into the gasification process, which enhancesthe thermal decomposition of the gasified solids. For the sametype of feedstock, the operating parameters, temperature,composition, and amount of gasifying agent were varied over awide range. Results of experiments conducted in a high-temperature air/steam fixed-bed updraft gasifier showed thecapability of this technology for maximizing the gaseous product


447

yield as a result of the high heating rates involved, and theefficient tar reduction. Increase of the feed gas temperaturereduced production of tars, soot, and char residue as well asincreased heating value of the dry fuel gas produced. Overall,it has been seen that yield and lower heating value of the dryfuel gas increase with increasing temperature. (8 figures,2 tables, 32 references)

The energy structure and the technology of co-firingbiomass and coal in ChinaTotal reserves of coal in China are 1022.9 billion tonnes,ranking second in the world. China’s total energy consumptionin 2000 was 1075.3 MTCE (million tonnes of coal equivalent),in which coal accounted for 63.8%. Coal is thus the dominantenergy source in China, which has led to a serious air pollutionproblem. It is estimated that the total biomass energy resourcesin China are some 437 MTCE, in which 240 MTCE of biomassenergy resources were coming from agriculture crop residues in2000. Biomass is a kind of clean energy and there is greatpotential for China to convert biomass resources into energy tomitigate the use of coal, which will help that the country topartially solve its energy and environmental problems. Thispaper describes in detail China’s energy structure; the status ofcoal in that structure; and the resources of agriculture, forestry,and other biomass. It then introduces a project for co-firing ofbiomass and coal, which is a specially designed ICFB (internalcirculating fluidized bed) boiler with steam capacity of35 tonnes/hectare (6 MWe), based on the operation performanceof the ICFB. The potential and dissemination prospects of thistechnology for industrial and power applications are alsodiscussed. (1 figure, 8 tables, 7 references)

Biodegradation of diesel oil by an Arabian Sea sedimentculture isolated from the vicinity of an oil fieldThis paper discusses the biodegradation of diesel oil of anArabian Sea sediment culture isolated from the vicinity on an oilfield in the Bombay high region. The microorganisms of thisculture exhibit capabilities for oil degradation under adverseconditions. This work was undertaken to determine thepotential of isolated microorganisms to degrade diesel oilhydrocarbons under varying environmental conditions. Thisculture could utilize diesel as the sole source of carbon andenergy. Under aerobic conditions, 39% loss of diesel oil wasobserved over eight days where 80% of the loss was due toaliphatic constituents. Under anoxic nitrate reducing conditions,the rate and extent of degradation was significantly lower, thatis, 18% over 50 days. Salt-acclimatized cultures could toleratesalinities up to 3.5% and demonstrated optimal performance ata salinity of 0.5%. The optimum N/P ratio for these cultures wasfound to be in the range of 2:1 to 5:1. An addition of two traceelemental substance formulations exhibited a significantinhibitory effect on culture growth. This culture has goodpotential for decontamination of oil-contaminated marine andsubsurface environments. (5 figures, 16 references)

Lucas C, Szewczyk D, Blasiak W,Mochida S. 2004

Biomass and Bioenergy 27(6): 563–575

Division of Energy and Furnace TechnologyRoyal Institute of Technology

(KTH), Brinellvägen 23, S-100 44 StockholmSweden <[email protected]>

[2460]

Mao J X. 2004International Journal of Power and

Energy Systems 24(3): 179–185

Department of Thermal EngineeringTsinghua University, Beijing 100 084, China

<[email protected]>

[2461]

Mukherji S, Jagadevan S,Mohapatra G, Vijay A. 2004

Bioresource Technology 95(3): 281–286

Centre for Environmental Science andEngineering, Indian Institute of TechnologyBombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400 076, India

<[email protected]>


448

Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends ofkaranja methyl ester and dieselMany researchers have reported that with the use of vegetableoil ester as a fuel in diesel engines, a reduction in harmfulexhaust emissions, as well as a comparable engine performancewith diesel were achieved. Karanja (Pongamia glabra) is one suchforest-based, tree-borne non-edible oil with a productionpotential of 135 000 million tonnes. This paper presents theresults of investigations carried out in studying the fuelproperties of KME (karanja methyl ester) and its blend withdiesel from 20% to 80% by volume and in running a dieselengine with these fuels. Engine tests have been carried out withthe aim of obtaining comparative measures of torque; powerspecific fuel consumption; and emissions such as CO, smokedensity, and NOx to evaluate and compute the behaviour of thediesel engine running on the above-mentioned fuels. Reductionin exhaust emissions together with increase in torque, brakepower, brake thermal efficiency, and reduction in brake-specificfuel consumption made the blends of karanja esterified oil (B20and B40) a suitable alternative fuel for diesel and could help incontrolling air pollution. (7 figures, 2 tables, 11 references)

Fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate of sunflower hullsfor ethanol production and its scale-upAll over the world, various crop residues like wheat straw, ricestraw, cotton stalks, corn stalks and cobs, groundnut shell, etc.have been used for ethanol production. However, little effortshave been made to utilize sunflower residue as a substrate forethanol production. The present study was carried out to utilizesunflower hulls as substrate for ethanol production. Pretreatedsunflower hulls were hydrolysed with Trichoderma reesei Rut C30 cellulase and showed 59.8% saccharification. Enzymatichydrolysate concentrated to 40 g/litre reducing sugars wasfermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus underoptimum conditions of time (24 h), pH (5.0), temperature(30 °C), and inoculum size, and it showed a maximum ethanolyield of 0.454 g/g (gram per gram). Ethanol production scaledup in 1 and 15 litres fermentors under optimum conditionsrevealed maximum ethanol yields of 0.449 and 0.446 g/g,respectively. (2 tables, 15 references)

Nature of fireside deposits in a bagasse and groundnutshell-fired 20-MW thermal boilerRecent concerns on global warming and the decreasingresources of fossil fuels have resulted in the commissioning of afew biomass-fired boilers in India. Deposit formation frombiomass combustion, however, is a serious problem and can be alimiting factor in the increased use of biomass in thermal boilers.Deposits that are formed on the heat transfer surface of boilertubes can lead to a reduction of heat transfer rates (fouling) andalso accelerate the rate of fireside corrosion in biomass-firedboilers. Therefore, a detailed study of the nature of the depositformation in various portions of the boiler is essential for thecombustion of each type of biomass fuel used. The nature ofdeposit formation on the fireside surfaces of the boiler tubes inthe various parts (water walls, platen superheater, final

[2462]

Raheman H and Phadatare A G. 2004Biomass and Bioenergy 27(4): 393–397

Agricultural and Food Engineering DepartmentIndian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur – 721 302, India<[email protected]>

[2463]

Sharma S K, Kalra K L, and Kocher G S. 2004Biomass and Bioenergy 27(4): 399–402

Reliance Life Sciences Pvt. LtdReliance Industries Ltd

SSO, Annexe-IV, Moti KhavdiJamnagar – 361 140, India

<[email protected]>

[2464]


449

superheater, economizer, electrostatic precipitator, etc.) of acommercial 20-MW stoker-fired boiler being fired with amixture of 80% bagasse and 20% groundnut shell has beenanalysed in this paper. Deposits in various portions of the boilerwere characterized by particle-size analysis, chemical analysis,X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Depositswere found to be mainly quartz, alkali and alkaline earthsilicates, and sulfates. From the phase constitution and othermicroscopic characteristics of the deposit, it can be inferred thatsilicates in the deposit formed through inertial impaction andsulfates formed by vapour phase deposition. (6 figures, 4 tables,8 references)

Economics of a coordinated biorefinery feedstock harvestsystem: lignocellulosic biomass harvest costA potential advantage of lignocellulosic biomass gasification–fermentation technology is that a variety of feedstocks, includingagricultural residues, native grasses, introduced perennials, anddedicated energy crops may be gasified by the same facility.Since harvest windows differ across species, gasification–fermentation technology would enable the use of specializedharvest and collection machinery throughout many months andreduce the fixed cost of harvest machinery per unit of feedstock.This study was conducted to determine the cost to harvestlignocellulosic biomass for use as biorefinery feedstock, and todetermine the potential economies of size that might result froma coordinated structure. An agricultural machinery costcomputer programme was used to determine, which specifictype of machines would result in lowest costs at intensive levelsof use. A machinery complement estimator was used to design acoordinated set of machines and estimate costs for owning andoperating the machines. The designed coordinated harvest unitincludes ten labourers, nine tractors, three mowers, three rakes,three balers, and one bale transporter. The cost for mowing,raking, baling, gathering, and stacking in-field was estimated tobe 11.26–14.01 dollars/Mg depending upon the biomass yield.A biorefinery with an annual feedstock requirement of 910 Gg/year would require approximately 18 harvest units and anaverage machinery investment of 11 million dollars. Additionalresearch is necessary to determine the cost to procure materialfrom the landowner, the cost to store, storage losses, and thecost to transport feedstock from in-field stacks to a biorefinery.(8 tables, 31 references)

Sustainable development of SHPs (small hydropower plants)This paper investigates sustainable development of the SHPs(small hydropower plants) in Turkey. Total hydropowerpotential of Turkey is annually 433 000 GWh (gigawatt hours).Almost 50% of the total potential is technically exploitable and29% (122 322 GWh/year) is economically exploitable. Thecountry is planning to make use of the exploitable HPPs(hydropower potentials) of 122 322 GWh/year by 2023. Sincethe 1960s, more than 700 dams in various sizes have beenconstructed and 519 dams have already been in operation by2002. Of these 519 dams, 202 facilities have been constructed as

Srikanth S, Das S K, Ravikumar B, Rao D S,Nandakumar K, Vijayan P. 2004


National Metallurgical Laboratory MadrasCentre, CSIR Madras Complex Post TTTI

Taramani, Chennai – 600 113, India<[email protected]>

[2465]

Thorsell S, Epplin F M, Huhnke R L,Taliaferro C M. 2004


Department of Agricultural EconomicsOklahoma State University, Stillwater

OK 74 078, USA<[email protected]>

[2466]

Hydroenergy


450

large dams and 317 as small dams. There are now a the total of134 HEPPs (hydroelectric power plants), total installedhydropower capacity of Turkey has reached 12 177 MW, andproduction has reached 44 034 GWh/year in 2002. About 38%of the total electricity is produced by the HEPPs, approximately98.5% of total hydropower potential is exploited from dams andHEPPs, whose installed capacity is more than 10 MW, and the rest(1.5%) is from run off river and channel HPPs. At the end of 2002,of these 317 small dams, 70 SHP projects (installed capacity lessthan 10 MW) have been put in operation and 203 SHP projects(installed capacity less than 10 MW) have been developed atvarious stages in Turkey. (7 tables, 19 references)

Dynamic performance enhancement of hydropowersystems with asynchronous tie-linesIn this paper, at the outset, a future prospect of hydropowergeneration in the country has been presented. Subsequently, acomprehensive study on dynamic system performance of twoarea-interconnected power systems when subjected to model-1consists of two power system areas with hydropower plantswhereas power system model-2 has one power system area withhydropower plants and the other area with reheat thermal powerplants. The DC (direct current) link used as systeminterconnection is parallel with AC (alternate current) tie-line.The DC link is considered to be operating in constant currentcontrol mode and the power flow deviation through DC link ismodelled based on frequency deviation at rectifier end. Toinvestigate the system dynamic performance, optimal AGC(automatic gain control) regulators using proportional-plus-integral control strategy, are designed and implemented in thewake of 1% step load disturbance. It has been shown that thedynamic response of interconnected hydropower system areas issluggish and degraded in all aspects of response qualities. Thedegradation in system dynamic performance can becompensated effectively using DC link in parallel with AC tie-line as system interconnection between two power system areas.An appreciable improvement in the system dynamicperformance can further be achieved by operating a powersystem area consisting of hydropower plants with the other areaconsisting of reheat thermal power plants in interconnectedmanner. (15 figures, 2 tables, 35 references)

Potential of hydroelectric energyThis paper investigates the status of HPPs (hydraulic powerplants) in Turkey till the end of 2000. Hydro resources meetapproximately 41% of Turkey’s total installed capacity forelectric power generation, while 25% of the total electricity isgenerated from the HPPs. HPPs 128 in numbers belonging tothe Turkish Electricity Generation and TransmissionCooperation and its affiliated partnership produce 74.6% of thetotal electricity. Turkey’s average load factor is 31.6% while thenet unit generation cost is 0.20 cents/kWh. The use of hydro,especially for power generation, is essential to the continuedeconomic growth of Turkey. Hydraulic electric potential hasbeen estimated to be about 123 TWh for a year with normalhydrological conditions. This hydraulic potential has been

Bakis R and Demirba� A. 2004Energy Sources 26(12): 1105–1118

Civil Engineering DepartmentAnadolu University, Iki Eylhl Campus

26 555 Eskisehir, Turkey<[email protected]>

[2467]

Ibraheem, Kumar P, and Ahmad S. 2004Journal of the Institution of

Engineers (India) 85: 23–34

Department of Electrical EngineeringJamia Millia Islamia University

New Delhi – 110 025, India

[2468]


451

concentrated in mainly 26 basins. Twenty-five per cent of thetotal potential has been utilized via the HPPs already inoperation, and construction is in the works for an additional10% potential. In addition, hydroelectric energy potentials,which have not been utilized, have also been investigated in thisstudy. (2 figures, 4 tables, 11 references)

A fuzzy global efficiency optimization of a photovoltaicwater-pumping systemOne of the most popular applications of the PV (photovoltaic)energy utilization is the water-pumping system driven byelectrical motors. The two main restrictions for using solarenergy are the high initial installation cost and the very low PVcell conversion efficiency. This paper presents an online fuzzyoptimization of the global efficiency of a PV water-pumpingsystem driven by a separately excited DCM (DC motor), aPMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), or an IM(induction motor) coupled to a centrifugal pump. The fuzzyoptimization procedure stated above, which aims atmaximization of the global efficiency, will lead consequently tomaximize the drive speed and water discharge rate of thecoupled centrifugal pump. The proposed solution is based on ajudicious fuzzy adjustment of a chopper ratio, which adaptsonline the load impedance to the PVG (photovoltaic generator).Simulation results show the effectiveness of the drive system forboth transient and steady state operations. Hence, it is suitableto use this fuzzy logic procedure as a standard optimizationalgorithm for such PV water-pumping drives. (20 figures, 5 tables,33 references)

Performance optimization of a photovoltaic inductionmotor-pumping systemThe performances of a PV pumping system based on aninduction motor are degraded once the insolation varies far fromthe value called nominal, where the system was sized. Tosurmount this handicap, an improvement of these performancesby optimization of the motor efficiency is described in thispaper. The results obtained are compared with those of similarwork pieces presented in the literature where the motorefficiency and air gap flux where optimized separatly. Simulationresults show that the proposed system allows at the same time tocombine the performances of the system with constant efficiencyand the simplicity of implementation provided by the systemwith constant air gap flux. (10 figures, 22 references)

Solar photocatalytic degradation of gaseous formaldehyde bysol-gel TiO2 thin film for enhancement of indoor air qualityThis paper presents an experimental study of solarphotocatalytic degradation of gaseous formaldehyde by a sol-gelTiO2 thin film coated on a borosilicate glass substrate. Resultshave demonstrated the promising application of solarphotocatalysis to air purification. Potential uses include TiO2-coated windows for indoor air purification and glass honeycombphotoreactor for treatment of industrial emission. Moreover, aneffective empirical-correlation equation has been developed to

Ozturk R and Kincay O. 2004Energy Sources 26(12): 1141–1156

Department of Mechanical Engineering, YildizTechnical University, Besiktas

Istanbul 34 349, Turkey<[email protected]>

[2469]

Benlarbi K, Mokrani L, andNait-Said M S. 2004

Solar Energy 77(2): 203–216

LSPIE Laboratory, Electrical EngineeringDepartment, Engineering Science Faculty

Batna University, Chahid M E H BoukhloufStreet, Batna 5000, Algeria

<[email protected]>

[2470]

Betka A and Moussi A. 2004Renewable Energy 29(14): 2167–2181

Electrical Engineering InstituteUniversity of Oum El Bouaghi

04 000, Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria<[email protected]>

[2471]

Solar energy


452

Ching W H, Leung M, and Leung D Y C. 2004Solar Energy 77(2): 129–135

Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Hong KongPokfulam Road, Hong Kong<[email protected]>

[2472]

Fisher U, Sugarmen C, Ring A,Sinai J. 2004

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering126(3): 872–878

ORMAT Industries Ltd, P O Box 68Yavne 81 100, Israel

[2473]

Madhavi Latha K and Badarinath K V S. 2004Solar Energy 77(2): 225–229

Forestry & Ecology Division, National RemoteSensing Agency, Department of Space

Government of IndiaBalanagar, Hyderabad – 500 037, India

<[email protected]>

[2474]

express the reactant residue in terms of irradiance and exposuretime. In conjunction with the UV absorption characteristic, thisequation can be used to perform design optimization of ahoneycomb photoreactor made of borosilicate glass tubes orpolygonal cells coated with sol-gel TiO2 thin films. Furtherdevelopment of solar photocatalysis in gaseous phase for airpurification will be fruitful. (6 figures, 1 table, 16 references)

Gas turbine ‘solarization’: modifications for solar/fuelhybrid operationAchieving solar-produced electricity at a reasonable price with largeutility-size units is a worldwide goal. This can be achieved by highefficiency systems and hardware cost reduction. The ORMATBrayton cycle solar hybrid gas turbine is a step in this direction.ORMAT took part in several solar projects in which it contributedto the ‘solarization’ of the complete power block. This paperdescribes the main tasks involved in solarization, and includesexperimental test results where helicopter turboshaft gas turbineswere used. The paper reviews several solar projects and mainly theSOLGATE project during the years 2001–03. During 2002/03, theturbine was operated in Spain, combined with three volumetricreceivers. The initial goal of achieving 800 °C at the receiver outletwas achieved. Successful tests have encouraged the continuation ofwork using gas turbines of 10 MW and above, which has alreadycommenced. (12 figures, 19 references)

Direct radiative forcing of aerosols over a typical tropicalurban environmentAerosols reduce the surface reaching solar flux by scattering theincoming solar radiation out to space. Various model studies onclimate change suggest that surface cooling induced by aerosolscattering is the largest source of uncertainty in predicting thefuture climate. In the present study, measurements of the AOD(aerosol optical depth) and its direct radiative forcing efficiencyhave been presented over a typical tropical urban environment,namely Hyderabad, during 2001 and 2002. Diurnal variation ofthe AOD suggests that AOD is high during afternoon hours. TheAOD decreases with increase in wavelength, that is, maximumAOD is observed at 380 nm. Average monthly variation of AOD atdifferent wavelengths is observed to be minimum in January,moderately high in February to March, maximum in April, anddecreasing in May. AOD has been observed to be high during 2002compared to 2001. The AOD showed positive correlation with airtemperature and negative correlation with rainfall. A statistical fitbetween the AOD (500 nm) and PAR (photosynthetic activeradiation), which is 400–700 nm solar spectrum, shows negativecorrelation. This study suggests −23 W m−2 reduction in theground reaching solar flux for every 0.1 increase in aerosol opticaldepth over the study area. (6 figures, 13 references)

Multi-criteria evaluation of cooking energy alternativesfor promoting parabolic solar cooker in IndiaPolicy formulation for cooking-energy substitution byrenewables is addressed in a multi-criteria context in this paper.A survey is conducted to know the perceptions of differentdecision-making groups on present dissemination of various


453

Pohekar S D and Ramachandran M. 2004Renewable Energy 29(9): 1449–1460

Centre for Renewable Energy and EnvironmentDevelopment, Birla Institute of Technology and

Science, Pilani – 333 031, India<[email protected]>

[2475]

Quaschning V. 2004Solar Energy 77(2): 171–178

FHTW Berlin, Berlin University ofApplied Sciences

Marktstr. 9, D–10 317, Berlin, Germany<[email protected]>

[2476]

cooking-energy alternatives in India. Nine cooking-energyalternatives are evaluated on 30 different criteria, comprisingtechnical, economic, environmental/social, behavioural, andcommercial issues. PROMETHEE (Preference RankingOrganization METHod for Enrichment Evaluation), a multi-criteria decision-making method of outranking nature, is used torank the alternatives. It is found that the LPG (liquefiedpetroleum gas) stove is the most preferred device, followed bykerosene stove, solar box cooker, and PSC (parabolic solarcooker) in that order. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out foridentifying the potential areas for improvement for the PSC. Onthe basis of results, strategies for promoting widespread use ofthe PSC are formulated. (1 figure, 3 tables, 26 references)

Technical and economical system comparison ofphotovoltaic and concentrating solar thermal powersystems depending on annual global irradiationConcentrating solar thermal power and photovoltaics are thetwo major technologies for converting sunlight to electricity.Variations of the annual solar irradiation depend on the siteinfluence, their annual efficiency, specific output, and electricitygeneration cost. A detailed technical and economical analysesperformed with computer simulations points out differences ofsolar thermal parabolic trough power plants, non-tracked, andtwo-axis-tracked PV systems. Therefore, 61 sites in Europeand North Africa, covering a global annual irradiation range of923–2438 kWh/m2, have been examined. Simulation results areusable irradiation by systems, specific annual system output, andlevelled electricity cost. Cost assumptions are made for today’scost and expected cost in 10 years, considering differentprogress ratios. This will lead to a cost reduction by 50% for thePV systems and by 40% for solar thermal power plants.Simulation results show where are optimal regions for installingsolar thermal trough and tracked PV systems in comparison tonon-tracked PV. For low irradiation values, the annual output ofsolar thermal systems is much lower than of PV systems. On theother hand, for high irradiations, solar thermal systems provide thebest-cost solution even when considering higher cost reductionfactors for PV in the next decade. Electricity generation costs muchbelow 10 euro cents per kWh for solar thermal systems and about12 euro cents/kWh for the PV can be expected in 10 years in NorthAfrica. (6 figures, 14 references)

Modification of gas turbines and operation withsolar-produced syngasSolar energy can be utilized to drive chemical processes toproduce syngas, a hydrogen-rich fuel that can be used for powergeneration. In this paper, modification of gas turbines andoperation with solar-produced syngas was done by ORMATindustries. ORMAT took part in the Solasys project in whichsyngas was produced by a reforming process driven by solarenergy. Solar energy was concentrated in a volumetric receiver.ORMAT industries presented two modes of operation forintroducing syngas to a gas turbine. One mode of ‘syngas only’and the second for utilization of mixtures of the LPG andsyngas. Modification of a gas turbine to be fuelled only with


454

syngas, incorporated modifications in the combustion chamber,fuel system; and control system. The gas turbine, whichoperated on mixtures of LPG and syngas was not modified butan external fuel-mixing system was added ahead of its gas line.It operated smoothly with the mixed fuel, with minimum drop inperformance up to about 40% syngas in the mixture,contributing approximately 20% of solar energy to the electricpower production with up to 80% syngas mass fraction in thefuel. (8 figures, 1 table, 6 references)

Epi-n-IZO thin films/<1 0 0> Si, GaAs, and InP byL-MBE: a novel feasibility study for SIS-type solar cellsAt present, coatings of intrinsic and extrinsic varieties of zincoxide thin films have been actively studied on a massive scale forsolar cell, display, and other optoelectronic devices. Theoptimum electrical conductivity and also superior opticaltransparency window is needed for the current envisagedapplications. The IZO (indium zinc oxide) is another promisingTCO (transparent conducting oxide) candidate. In this paper,high quality epitaxial indium zinc oxide (heavily indium-oxidedoped) (epi-n-IZO) thin films were optimized by L-MBE (laser-molecular beam epitaxy), that is, PLD (pulsed laser deposition)technique for fabricating novel iso- and hetero-SIS(semiconductor–insulator–semiconductor) type solar cells usingJohnson Matthey ‘specpure’- grade 90% In2O3 mixed 10% ZnO(as commercial ITO [indium tin oxide] composition) pellets.The effects of substrate temperatures, substrates, and heavyindium oxide incorporation on IZO thin-film growth, opto-electronic properties with <1 0 0> Si (silicon), GaAs (galliumarsenide), and InP (indium phosphide) wafers were studied. Aswell as the feasibility of developing some novel models of iso-and hetero-SIS type solar cells using epi-IZO thin films as TCOsand <1 0 0> oriented Si, GaAs, and InP wafers as basesubstrates was also studied simultaneously. The optimized filmswere highly oriented, uniform, single crystalline approachment,nano-crystalline, AR (anti-reflective), and epitaxially latticematched with <1 0 0> Si, GaAs, and InP wafers without anybuffer layers. The optical transmission T (max) ³ 95% is broaderand absolutely rivals that of other the TCOs, such as ITO. Thehighest conductivity observed is s = 0.47×103 W cm (n-type),carrier density n = 0.168×1020/cm3, and mobility m = 123 cm2/V s.From opto-electronic characterizations, the solar cell characteristicsand feasibilities of fabricating respective epi-n-TCO/<1 0 0> waferSIS-type solar cells were confirmed. Also, the essential parametersof these cells were calculated and tabulated. These data will behelpful either as a scientific or technical basis in semiconductorprocessing. (9 figures, 19 references)

Modelling anti-islanding protection devices forphotovoltaic systemsApplications of grid-connected PV systems are rapidlyexpanding, providing a viable technology for renewable energyresources. Such systems are utility interactive and one majordifficulty in their efficient use is related to the islandingphenomena connected with a possibility of supplying surpluspower back to the utility grid. In detecting and preventing such

Sugarmen C, Rotstein A,Fisher U, Sinai J. 2004

Journal of Solar Energy Engineering126(3): 867–871

ORMAT Industries Ltd, P O Box 68Yavne 81 100, Israel

[2477]

Ramamoorthy K, Jayachandran M,Sankaranarayanan K, Misra P, Kukreja L M,

Sanjeeviraja C. 2004Solar Energy 77(2): 193–201

Department of Physics, Alagappa UniversityKaraikudi – 630 003, India

<[email protected]>

[2478]


455

situations, anti-islanding protection devices play a paramountrole. In this paper, the author analyses the existing techniques inorder to identify a methodology with an optimum combinationof characteristics. Chosen methodologies in SIMULINK areimplemented. Major attention is given to the PJD (phase jumpdetection) method, and to the SMS (slip mode frequency shift)method for which a detailed description of SIMULINKimplementations and their evaluations performed on the basis oftheir non-detection zones is provided. An experimental iterativescheme is developed to validate the results. (20 figures, 1 table,19 references)

Solar gasification of biomass: a molten salt pyrolysis studyA novel solar process and reactor for thermochemical conversionof biomass to synthesis gas is described in this paper. Theconcept is based on dispersion of biomass particles in a molteninorganic salt medium and, simultaneously, absorbing, storing,and transferring solar energy needed to perform pyrolysisreactions in the high-temperature liquid phase. A lab-scalereactor filled with carbonates of potassium and sodium was setup to study the kinetics of fast pyrolysis and the characteristicsof transient heat transfer for cellulose particles’ (few millimetressize) introduced into the molten salt medium. The operatingconditions were reaction temperatures of 1073–1188 K and aparticle peak-heating rate of 100 K/sec. Assessments performedfor a commercial-scale solar reactor demonstrate that pyrolysisof biomass particles dispersed in a molten salt phase could be afeasible option for continuous, round-the-clock production ofsyngas, using solar energy only. (6 figures, 35 references)

Multiple-use communal solar cookersSolar cooking in boarding schools and communal centres inisolated areas demands the heating of large quantities of food.This paper introduces some changes, which improve theworking capacity of communal solar cookers. Three differentkinds of absorbers have been optimized to fulfil differentfunctions in a concentrator of an area of 2 m2. Thesealternatives allow the possibility of satisfying the needs of acommunal dining centre, cooking for up to 30 children whereeach concentrator has been installed. (6 figures, 6 references)

Thin-layer convective solar drying and mathematicalmodelling of prickly pear peel (Opuntia ficus indica)The cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica; Opuntia spp.,Cactaceae) isa fleshy bush or small tree, native in the desert zones of north-western Mexico and the south-western United States. Thispaper presents the thin-layer convective solar drying andmathematical modelling of prickly pear peel. For these purposes,an indirect forced convection solar dryer consisting of a solar aircollector, an auxiliary heater, a circulation fan, and a dryingcabinet is used for drying experiments. Moreover, the pricklypear peel is sufficiently dried in 32–36 °C of ambient airtemperature, 50–60 °C of drying air temperature, 23%–34% ofrelative humidity, 0.0277–0.0833 m3/s of drying air flow rate,and 200–950 W/m2 of daily solar radiation. The experimentaldrying curves show only a falling drying rate period. The main

Xu M, Melnik R V N, and Borup U. 2004Renewable Energy 29(15): 2195–2216

Faculty of Science and EngineeringMads Clausen Institute

University of Southern DenmarkGrundvigs Alle 150

DK-6400, Soenderborg, Denmark<[email protected]>

[2479]

Adinberg R, Epstein M, and Karni J. 2004Journal of Solar Energy Engineering

126(3): 850–857

Solar Research Facilities UnitWeizmann Institute of Science

P O Box 26, Rehovot 76 100, Israel<[email protected]>

[2480]

Franco J, Cadena C, and Saravia L. 2004Solar Energy 77(2): 217–223

INENCO (Instituto de Investigación enEnergía No Convencional), Universidad

Nacional de Salta, Calle Buenos Aires 1774400 Salta, Argentina

<[email protected]>

[2481]


456

factor in controlling the drying rate was found to be the dryingair temperature. The drying rate equation is determinedempirically from the characteristic drying curve. Also, theexperimental drying curves obtained were fitted to a number ofmathematical models. The Midilli–Kucuk drying model was foundto satisfactorily describe the solar drying curves of prickly pear peelwith a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9998 and chi-square (X2)of4.6572 ×10−5. (10 figures, 3 tables, 22 references)

Experimental study on adsorbent of activated carbon withrefrigerant of methanol and ethanol for solar ice-makerThe intermittent solid adsorption cycle provides a promisingalternative for solar refrigeration due to its simple operation. In thispaper, two different working pairs, one of them activated carbon–methanol and the other activated carbon–ethanol, are used in asolar ice-maker to determine ice production and refrigerant criteriain desorption and adsorption processes under similar radiationenergy and environmental conditions. Experimental results showthat ice can be produced with activated carbon–methanol,however, ice could not be obtained with the use of activatedcarbon–ethanol using the same solar ice-maker with similarenvironments and radiation intensities. Further, experiments haveshown that the adsorbing and desorbing refrigerant amounts of thetwo working pairs gave quite different results, the activated carbon–methanol has proven to be the superior one of the two workingpairs in ice production of solar adsorption refrigeration. (7 figures,14 references)

Techno-economic appraisal of an integrated collector/storage solar water heaterIntegrated collector/storage solar water heaters, due to their simplecompact structure and inherent freeze protection, offer a promisingapproach for solar water heating in colder climates. Such a system,designed specifically for application at a northern latitude, has beendeveloped incorporating a heat-retaining storage vessel mountedwithin a concentrating cusp reflector supported by a novel exo-skeleton framework. The performance was determinedexperimentally under real operational conditions in the northernIrish climate. A detailed cost analysis is presented and paybackperiods, substituting different local fuel/power sources, isdetermined. The heat-retaining ICSSWH (integrated collector/storage solar water heater) presented exhibits a good solar-collection performance for a comparatively low overall cost. Theexo-skeleton design of the collector, using a plastic substrateaccurately reproduced the CPC (compound parabolic collector)profile, permitting the system to attain an optical efficiency ofapproximately 65%. The unit had an operating efficiency ofbetween 55% and 35%, depending on the conditions, with thepotential to displace 1534 MJ of energy used for water heating in adomestic UK dwelling. It has been demonstrated that it is possibleto reduce the manufacturing costs and hence the retail price of theICSSWH unit. Taking advantage of tax incentives for installationof solar water heating systems on domestic dwellings in the UK,the total cost is sufficiently low to give payback periods that can, forsome fuels under current conditions, compete with the traditionalforms of water heating. (4 figures, 3 tables, 12 references)

Lahsasni S, Kouhila M, Mahrouz M,Idlimam A, Jamali A. 2004

Energy 29(2): 211–224

Laboratoire d’Energie Solaire et PlantesAromatiques et Médicinales, Ecole NormaleSupérieure, BP 2400, Marrakech, Morocco

<[email protected]>

[2482]

Li M, Huang H B, Wang R Z, Wang L L,Cai W D, Yang W M. 2004

Renewable Energy 29(15): 2235–2244

School of Physics and Electronic InformationYunnan Normal University, Kunming 650 092

People’s Republic of China<[email protected]>

[2483]

Smyth M, Eames P C, and Norton B. 2004Renewable Energy 29(9): 1503–1514

Centre for Sustainable Technologies, School ofthe Built Environment, University of Ulster

Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, North Ireland, UK<[email protected]>


457

Performance of a non-metallic unglazed solar waterheater with integrated storage systemThe performance of a new design of non-metallic unglazed solarwater heater integrated with a storage system has been studied.In this system, the collector and storage were installed in oneunit. All parts of the system have been fabricated fromfibreglass-reinforced polyester using a special resin compositionthat provides good thermal conductivity and absorptivity. Asystem efficiency of 45% is attained at an average solar radiationlevel of 635 W/m2 and ambient temperature of 31 °C. Toprevent heat loss at night, the system should be equipped with athermal diode. Decrease of water temperature (Tw2) in thestorage tank at night can be reduced by about 50% with thethermal diode. It has a significant effect on reducing the rate ofheat loss. In addition, the results indicated that GFRP materialas absorber tubes can be used as an alternative to others. Theuse of a solar water heater with an integrated storage system isan attractive option for domestic use. Therefore, this willenhance the commercial use as a domestic thermosyphon solarwater-heating system. (10 figures, 1 table, 11 references)

Energy analysis of a solar air collector with rows of finsThe technology used to improve the thermal performance ofsolar air collector has been discussed in this paper. To improvethe efficiency factor of these solar collectors, an increasinglyturbulent flow between the absorber and the back wooden plateis created. For that, rectangular plate-fins were insertedperpendicular to the flow. The fluid flows out through theinterstices between fins in the same row, which allows gooddistribution of the fluid and reduces the dead zones.Temperature profiles of the air and absorber plates in thepresence of rectangular fins were determined. Results suggestthat the addition of fins makes it possible to increase heattransfer. (8 figures, 3 tables, 10 references)

A novel hybrid heat pipe solar collector/CHP system—Part1: system design and constructionThe process of selecting and designing major components for ahybrid solar collector/CHP (combined heat and power) systemis described. Particular attention was given to the design of thesolar collector and a number of options, including thinmembrane heat pipe solar collectors (both ‘normal’ and ‘artery’types) and hybrid heat pipe solar collectors (both wicked andwickless types). Performance comparisons were made usingtheoretical and experimental data and a hybrid solar collectorwas selected as the best option for the system. Micro impulse-reaction turbine using n-pentane as its working fluid wasselected for the system although further work is being carriedout on a compressed-gas-driven turbo alternator. A prototypehybrid solar collector/CHP system has been constructed andresults of its theoretical and experimental testing are presented.(13 figures, 2 tables, 14 references)

[2484]

Sopian K, Syahri M, Abdullah S,Othman M Y, Yatim B. 2004


Department of Mechanical and MaterialEngineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti

Kebangsaan, 43 600, Bangi SelangorMalaysia <[email protected]>

[2485]

Moummi N, Youcef-Ali S, Moummi A,Desmons J Y. 2004


Laboratoire de Mécanique et d’ ÉnergetiqueUniversité de Valenciennes et du

Hainaut Cambrésis, Le Mont Houy59 313 Valenciennes Cedex 9, France

<[email protected]>

[2486]

Riffat S B and Zhao X. 2004Renewable Energy 29(15): 2217–2233

School of the Built EnvironmentInstitute of Building Technology

The University of NottinghamUniversity Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK

<[email protected]>


458

Development of geothermal energy utilization in Turkey: areviewThis paper reviews the development of GE (geothermal energy)utilization in Turkey, giving its historical development andopportunities. The GE is used for electric power generation anddirect utilization in Turkey, which is amongst the first fivecountries with geothermal direct use applications. Direct use ofgeothermal resources has expanded rapidly in the last 36 yearsfrom space heating of single buildings to district heating,greenhouse heating, industrial usage, modern balneology, andphysical treatment facilities. Turkey presently has one operatinggeothermal power plant located near Denizli city in westernAnatolia, with an installed capacity of 20.4 MWe and an electricalenergy production capacity of 89 597 MW h in 2001. Recently, thetotal installed capacity has reached 820 MWt for direct use. Thetotal area of geothermal heated greenhouses exceeded over35 hectares with a total heating capacity of 81 MWt. The GSHPs(ground-source [or geothermal] heat pumps) have also been put onthe Turkish market since 1998. Though there are no TurkishGSHP manufactures as yet, 207 units have been installed in thecountry to date, representing a total capacity of 3 MW. The GEdevelopment will significantly speed up in the country if thegeothermal law becomes effective. (10 tables, 73 references)

Contribution of fractures to formation and production ofgeothermal resourcesHeat, fractures, and fluids are the fundamental elements ofgeothermal resources. From a different viewpoint, existence ofnatural hydrothermal convection to form convective geothermalresources, and fluid production from wells, are important factorsfor geothermal development. Under this circumstance, fracturesplay two different roles. One is contribution for the onset of thenatural convection in geothermal systems, and the other iscontribution as flow paths to connect wells to the reservoir for fluidproduction. Since the inter-fracture ascending velocity of naturalconvection in geothermal reservoirs is of the order of 10−8 m/s,fractures from very small to very large permeabilities contribute tothe first role. However, in-flow velocity of single-phase liquidwithin fractures in the vicinity of the well face ranges from10−1 to 101 m/s. Thus, only fractures of very high permeability cancontribute to the second role. The study suggests that one shouldalways note the roles of fractures when discussing permeability ingeothermal reservoirs. (7 figures, 17 references)

Wave-powered desalination systemWave energy is believed by many to be one of the promisingforms of renewable sources of energy from the ocean and severalwave-energy conversion devices have been studied. A scheme forrunning the RO (reverse osmosis)-based desalination plant usingwave power is discussed in this paper. Impulse turbine existingon the caisson is connected to a variable speed alternator to runa desalination plant as load. A methodology has been establishedto forecast the performance of the turbine, alternator, battery,and inverter by means of a simulated wave profile anddifferential pressure. (22 figures, 2 tables, 7 references)

[2487]

Hepbasli A and Ozgener L. 2004Renewable and Sustainable


Mechanical Engineering Department,Faculty of Engineering, Ege University,


[2488]

Hanano M. 2004Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

8(3): 223–236

Japan Metals and Chemicals Co. Ltd,8-4 Koami-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku,

Tokyo 103-8531, Japan<[email protected]>

[2489]

Sharmila N, Jalihal P, Swamy A K,Ravindran M. 2004

Energy 29(11): 1659–1672

National Institute of Ocean TechnologyVelachery-Tambaram Main Road

Pallikaranai, Chennai – 601 302, India<[email protected]>

Geothermal energy

Tidal and wave energy


459

[2490]

Thakker A, Usmani Z, andDhanasekaran T S. 2004


Wave Energy Research Team, Department ofMechanical and Aeronautical Engineering

University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland<[email protected]>

[2491]

Abderrazzaq M H. 2004Renewable Energy 29(15): 2261–2272

Power Engineering DivisionHijjawi Faculty for Engineering Technology

Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan<[email protected]>

[2492]

Aksoy H, Toprak Z F, Aytek A, Ünal N E. 2004Renewable Energy 29(14): 2111–2131

Department of Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering Faculty, Istanbul Technical

University, Hydraulics DivisionMaslak, 34 469, Istanbul, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2493]

Effects of turbine damping on performance of an impulseturbine for wave energy conversion under different seaconditions using numerical simulation techniquesThe effects of turbine damping on the performance of animpulse turbine for wave energy conversion under different seaconditions have been discussed in this paper. Real wave data fordifferent wave sites were used as input data and a typical OWC(oscillating water column) geometry has been used for thissimulation. Results show that the damping applied by theturbine is a major factor that effects the energy conversion fromraw sea waves. In order to exploit maximum power from thewaves, the turbine should be matched so as to give anappropriate level of damping for the prevailing wave conditions.(17 figures, 3 tables, 10 references)

Energy production assessment of small wind farmsThe rapidly increasing demand for electrical energy and the highrestrictions on pollution levels have led to an increasing interestin large-scale utilization of wind energy. This paper investigatesthe performance and energy production of a grid-connectedwind farm during six years of operation. The layout and single-line diagram of this wind farm are shown in this paper. Acomplete record of operational data for five turbines is analysedto study the performance of the wind farm. The study illustratesthe variation in energy and wind speed on an annual andmonthly basis for the whole examined period. On the otherhand, annual growth in local consumption of the wind farm isshown. As an important indicator, the capacity factor is analysedfor single turbines and for the whole wind farm. Finally, thestudy attempts to correlate the results to the external andinternal factors affecting the performance of these turbines usingthe available database. (12 figures, 8 references)

Stochastic generation of hourly mean wind speed dataUse of wind speed data is of great importance in civilengineering, especially in structural and coastal engineeringapplications. Synthetic data generation techniques are used inpractice for cases where long wind speed data are required. Inthis study, a new wind speed data generation scheme basedupon wavelet transformation is introduced and compared to theexisting wind speed generation methods, namely normal andWeibull distributed independent random numbers, the first- andsecond-order autoregressive models, and the first-order Markovchain. Results propose the wavelet-based approach as a windspeed data generation scheme to alternate the existing methods.(8 figures, 5 tables, 26 references)

A review on the development of wind energy in TurkeyWind power as a potential energy has grown at an impressiverate in Turkey. This paper reviews the development of windenergy in the country as of the end of October 2003, includingits history, studies conducted on wind energy, restructuring ofthe Turkish electricity market, and wind energy applications.Turkey’s total theoretically available potential for wind powermay be about 88 000 MW annually, with particularly attractive

Wind energy


460

areas for wind located along Turkey’s west coast and in south-eastern Anatolia. Electricity generation through wind energy forgeneral use was first realized in Izmir, Turkey, in 1986 with a55-kW nominal wind energy capacity. However, utilization ofwind energy in Turkey has increased since 1998 when the firstwind power plant with a total capacity of 1.5 MW was installed.Till date, three wind power plants were installed with a totalcapacity of 18.9 MW, and a wind power plant with a totalcapacity of 1.2 MW was commissioned in November 2003.Present applications have shown that wind energy in Turkey is apromising alternative and the strong development of windenergy is expected to continue in the coming years followingrestructuring of the Turkish electricity market. (4 figures,5 tables, 67 references)

The analysis of wind data and wind energy potential inKutahya, TurkeyThe geography of Turkey provides appropriate meteorologicalconditions for wind energy generation. It is therefore necessaryto make use of this resource to the maximum. This paperdiscusses the wind energy potential of Kutahya province inTurkey. A wind observation station was established atDumlupinar University, main campus, in order to figure out thewind energy potential in the province. The wind energypotential has been studied based on the Weibull and Rayleighmodels. The mean wind speed and energy density measured atKutahya for 20 months reveals that the current technology doesnot provide economical electricity production from wind energyand that measurements should be evaluated in the long term inaccordance with technological developments and reduction inthe cost of turbines. (6 figures, 3 tables, 22 references)

Modelling of gusts for determination of extreme loads ofpitch regulated wind turbinesA probabilistic method has been applied to determine theextreme response of pitch-regulated wind turbines caused bywind speed gusts. It is assumed that the extreme loading forpitch-regulated turbines is caused by gusts with an extreme risetime rather than an extreme gust amplitude. A special kind ofwind field simulation, so-called constrained stochasticsimulation, is dealt with in order to generate the desired gusts. Itcan be stated that the stochastic gusts produced in this way are,in a statistical sense, not distinguishable from gusts selectedfrom a (very long) time series. The theoretical mean gust shape,as well as the probability of occurrence of gusts, has beenverified by measurements for modest gusts, but not, as yet,severe gusts. For the reference turbine, the 50-year blade rootflapping moment turned out to be much higher than theresponse on the IEC (International ElectrotechnicalCommission) operating gust; this should be verified forcommercial turbines. The method is formulated in such a waythat it can easily be implemented in state-of-art design packagesfor wind turbine design as used by the industry. It should bepossible to extend the method to a spatial gust. The proposedmore accurate description of extreme loading will enable windturbine manufacturers to build more reliable and optimizedwind turbines. (7 figures, 10 references)

Hepbasli A and Ozgener O. 2004Renewable and Sustainable


Mechanical Engineering DepartmentFaculty of Engineering, Ege University

Bornova, 35 100, Izmir, Turkey<[email protected]>

[2494]

Kose R, Ozgur M A, Erbas O, Tugcu A. 2004Renewable and Sustainable


Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Dumlupinar43 100, Kutahya, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2495]

Bierbooms W. 2004Wind Engineering 28(3): 291–303

Section Wind Energy, Delft Universityof Technology, Stevinweg 1

2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands<[email protected]>


461

Review of contemporary wind turbine concepts and theirmarket penetrationThis paper investigates the market penetration and share ofdifferent wind turbine concepts in 1998–2002, a period whenincrease in the wind power capacity is starting to mark an abruptevolution (more than 2 GW per year). A detailed overview isperformed based on suppliers’ market data and conceptevaluation for each individual wind turbine type sold by the topten suppliers over the selected five years. The investigation isprocessing information on a total number of approximately 90wind turbine types from 13 different manufacturers, which havebeen on the top ten list of wind turbine suppliers during 1998 to2002. The analysis is based on very comprehensive data, whichcover approximately 76% of the accumulated world wind powerinstalled at the end of 2002. The paper also provides an overallperspective on the contemporary wind turbine concepts,classified with respect to both, their speed control ability andtheir power control type. (7 figures, 4 tables, 14 references)

Cost analysis case study of grid integration of larger windfarmsWind farms are becoming a significant part of power systems soa new approach is necessary to ensure cost-effective gridintegration of wind farms. This paper assesses the connection ofa large wind farm to a regional power system with a weak link tothe main transmission grid. The study demonstrates thatutilization of modern wind-turbine technology and automaticgeneration control schemes allow operation of large wind farmsin weak grids. In the case study considered of regional powersystem, the viable wind farm capacity may be increased from50–200 MW. (15 figures, 1 table, 3 references)

An efficient algorithm to find optimal economic loaddispatch for plants having discontinuous fuel cost functionsIn real situations, the fuel cost equations can be discontinuous.In this paper, a new and efficient algorithm is presented to solvethe problem of economic load dispatch for plants havingdiscontinuous fuel cost equations. It uses the transformation ofvariables technique and directional search quadraticprogramming. It is applied to the system having multiple fueloptions and combined-cycle cogeneration plant. Results clearlydemonstrate the efficiency of this algorithm. The advantage ofthis method is that it is straight-forward, faster, and has theability to find multiple solutions, if such solutions exist. Since itis robust and faster it can be considered for real, timeimplementation. (1 table, 4 references)

ANN-based power transformer fault diagnosisThe reliability of a power system depends on trouble-freefunctioning of power transformers. Consequently, theirmaintenance and particularly their preventive maintenance canlead to huge savings, besides achieving uninterrputed powersupply. This paper presents an ANN (artificial neural network)technique to recognize the incipient faults of powertransformers. The technique presented in this paper improvesthe diagnosis accuracy of the conventional DGA (dissolved gas

[2496]

Hansen A D, Iov F, Blaabjerg F,Hansen L H. 2004

Wind Engineering 28(3): 247–263

Riso National LaboratoryWind Energy Department, P O Box 49

DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark<[email protected]>

[2497]

Tande J O G and Uhlen K. 2004Wind Engineering 28(3): 265–273

SINTEF Energy Research7465 Trondheim, Norway

<[email protected]>

[2498]

Danraj R M S and Gajendran F. 2004Journal of the Institution of


Research and Development, Sri KrishnaCollege of Engineering and Technology

Coimbatore – 641 008, India

[2499]

Electric power engineering


462

analysis) approaches. The ANN is trained by using adaptiveback-propagation learning alogrithm that converges much fasterthan the conventional back-propagation alogrithm. The developedANN system for the power transformer fault diagnosis has superiorperformance in fault diagnosis as compared to conventionalmethods. (2 figures, 3 tables, 5 references)

Genetic algorithm applications to stochastic thermalpower dispatchThis paper presents a GA (genetic algorithm)-based effectivemethod for optimal scheduling of thermal generation,incorporating the uncertainties in the systems production costdata. A stochastic model of system production cost equation isformulated, with production cost coefficients and generatoroutputs as random variables. Minimization of the total operatingcost for thermal units in the system subjected to recognizedconstraints is solved using the SGA (simple genetic algorithm).The advantage of this method lies in its faster convergencetowards the global solution. The algorithm gives fairly accurateresults. The effectiveness of the method has been demonstratedby analysing sample systems and the results are presented.(2 tables, 11 references)

A novel power converter for photovoltaic applicationsA simple and economical power conditioner to convert thepower available from solar panels into 60 Hz AC voltage isdescribed. The raw DC voltage from solar panels is converted toa regulated DC voltage using a boost converter and a largecapacitor, and the DC output is then converted to 60 Hz ACusing a bridge inverter. The ratio between the load current andthe short-circuit current of a PV panel at maximum power pointis nearly constant for different insolation (light) levels and thisproperty is utilized in designing a simple MPPT (maximumpower point tracking) controller. The controller includes a novelarrangement for sensing the short-circuit current withoutdisturbing the operation of the PV panel and implementing theMPPT. The switching losses in the inverter are reduced byusing snubbers. Results obtained on an experimental converterare presented. (8 figures, 1 table, 8 references)

Sustainable small-scale CHP technologies for buildings:the basis for multi-perspective decision-makingThe breakthrough of new sustainable small-scale CHP(combined heat and power) technologies is often regardedsimply as a matter of decision-making. This paper gives ageneral review of issues that can be supposed to influencedecisions when considering small-scale CHP as an alternativeenergy source for buildings. Firstly, a brief review is presentedconcerning the political, economic, social, and technologicalenvironment of small-scale energy production. Obstacleslimiting the market potential of the new technologies are thenlisted, and solutions are suggested to improve their potential inEurope’s liberalizing energy market. The relevant interestgroups influencing decisions both for and against the

Patel N K and Khubchandani R K. 2004Journal of the Institution of


Electrical Engineering DepartmentFaculty of Engineering, J N V University

Jodhpur – 342 001, India

[2500]

Selvi K, Ramaraj N, and Umayal S P. 2004Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India)

85: 43–48

Thiagarajar College of EngineeringMadurai – 625 015, India

[2501]

Yuvarajan S, Yu D, and Xu S. 2004Journal of Power Sources 135(1–2): 327–331

Electrical and ComputerEngineering Department

North Dakota State University, FargoNorth Dakhola 58 105, USA

<[email protected]>

[2502]

Alanne K and Saari A. 2004Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

8(5): 401–431

Energy planning and policy


463

introduction of the new technologies, as well as their status arerecognized. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of relevantsmall-scale CHP technologies are briefly discussed, with respectto building energy generation. Finland’s role in this study isemphasized, but the international perspective is also dealt with.(3 figures, 15 tables, 60 references)

A demand-side planning approach for the commercialsector of developing countriesTransfer of the DSM (demand-side management) technologiesto the developing world requires utmost care since thetechnologies available are not applicable to all circumstances.Lack of information on electricity demand by different sectorsand end-uses is one of the major problems encountered in thedecision-making about DSM options. In this paper, amethodology is proposed for collecting end-use demand data fordevising demand-side management programmes in thecommercial sector of the developing countries. Thecharacteristics of electricity end-uses in this sector are diverse.The end-use data have been collected in one or two segments ofthe commercial sector for simplicity and to save time andmoney. In the case of northern Cyprus, hotels, a segment of thissector, have a high potential for utility load reduction. A surveywas conducted in which questions were asked about theinstalled capacities of water and space heating, cooling, lighting,and refrigeration and their time of use. Typical end-use loadcurves were obtained for the winter and summer seasons. It isestimated that summer peak could be reduced by approximately11% if the DSM programmes, costing just over half-a-milliondollars, are adopted. (6 figures, 1 table, 7 references)

Renewable energy for a clean and sustainable futureThe growing interest in renewable energy sources has beenprompted, in part, by an increasing concern over pollution,resource depletion, and possible climate change implications ofour continuing use of conventional fossil and nuclear fuels.Recent technological developments have also improved the cost-effectiveness of many of the renewables, making their economicprospects look increasingly attractive. It describes theachievement and progress made in hydropower, biomassconversion, geothermal, solar thermal technology, wind energyconversion, and the increasing use of photovoltaics. It is evidentthat global warming is setting in and is going to change theclimate, as well as the terrain of many countries, unless drasticmeasures are taken. The Kyoto meeting emphasized theimportance of limiting the CO2 emissions and abiding by someform of agreement to reduce them. The present study concludesthat renewable energy penetration into the energy market ismuch faster than was expected in the recent years and by 2030,15%–20% of our prime energy will be met by renewable energy.(6 tables, 15 references)

Small-scale village electrification: an NGO perspectiveThe paper examines traditional mechanisms for the ODA(overseas development assistance) in the sector of rural village

Laboratory of Construction Economicsand Management

HUT (Helsinki University of Technology)P O Box 2100, 02 015 HUT, Finland

<[email protected]>

[2503]

Atikol U. 2004Energy 29(2): 257–266

Department of Mechanical EngineeringEastern Mediterranean University

Magusa, Mersin 10, Turkey<[email protected]>

[2504]

Bilgen S, Kaygusuz K, and Sari A. 2004Energy Sources 26(12): 1119–1129

Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz TechnicalUniversity, 61 080 Trabzon, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2505]


464

electrification, and the preconceptions that underlay thesemechanisms. Electricity is not available for the vast majority ofrural communities, and access is not improving at any significantrate. More people are without electricity with each passing year.Its highly uneven distribution represents a significant dividewithin and between nations. Planned redirections towards newand renewable technologies and local capacity building havegeneral merit, but some of the disappointing results of pastefforts will remain unless a change in underlying presumptions isalso included in the new strategies. A newly field-tested contextthat addresses past failures is presented this paper.

Promotion of SPV programme in IndiaPromotion of SPV (solar photovoltaic) technologies hastraversed through decades in India. Technologies need to befocused towards improving the achievement of higher efficienciesof solar cells; reduction in cost in solar cells, modules, system; andoverall improvement in the technology of performance and use.Though the technology may have a long-term impact on the enduser’s viewpoint, however, dissemination of the SPV systemsrequires strategies for development with respect to need,requirement, geographic location, and type of end users for variousapplications. This paper discusses the institutional strategies ofSPV dissemination and recommendations for future disseminationstrategies. (1 table, 4 references)

Turkey’s renewable energy sources: Part 1—HistoricaldevelopmentRenewable energy is accepted as a key source for the future, notonly for Turkey, but also for the world. Turkey has considerablyhigh levels of RES (renewable energy sources) that can be a part ofthe total energy network in the country. The main objective indoing the present study is to investigate the historical developmentof Turkey’s RES, given Turkey’s energy-related studies in 1853–2002. The following resources were taken into consideration: hydroenergy, solar energy, geothermal energy, wind energy, and biomass.The first SHPP (small hydroelectric power plant) with a capacity of88 kW was installed in Tarsus-Adana, Turkey, in 1902. In theperiod of the Republic of Turkey, the utilization of hydroelectricpower was first initiated in 1929 with the establishment of theVisera power plant with a capacity of 1 MW in the city of Trabzon.In the early 1960s, solar energy was realized as an alternativeenergy in Turkey. The inventorial works and chemical analyses ofhot springs and mineral waters started in 1962, while investigationson geothermal energy in the country gained speed in the 1970s.The first residential geothermal heat pump system (or ground-source heat pump system) was installed in a villa in Istanbul in1998. Electricity generation through wind energy for general usewas first realized at Cesme Altinyunus Resort Hotel (The GoldenDolphin Hotel) in Izmir, Turkey, in 1986 with a 55-kW nominalwind energy capacity. In Turkey, much effort has been put intobiogas research and development projects since the 1960s whilestudies on energy forests began scientifically in 1980 with thefourth five-year development plan. It is expected that this study willfill a considerably large gap since it is the first attempt towardsreviewing these resources in terms of the history. (1 table,41 references)

Bryce P. 2004IREDA News 1(2): 31–36

University of Technology, SydneyP O Box 123, Bradway, New South

Wales 2007, Australia

[2506]

Chandrasekar B. 2004IREDA News 1(2): 43–46

Educational Consultants India LtdPlot no. 18 A, Sector 16-A

Noida – 201 301, India<[email protected]>

[2507]

Hepbasli A and Ozgener O. 2004Energy Sources 26(10): 961–969

Department of Mechanical EngineeringFaculty of Engineering, Ege University



465

Turkey’s renewable energy sources: Part 2—Potential andutilizationIn Turkey, RES (renewable energy source) production is thesecond-biggest production source after the total coal production.About two-thirds of the need of the RES is met by biomass, whilethe remaining is mainly met by hydroelectric energy. This paperaddresses both potential and utilization relating to Turkey’s RESsuch as hydroelectric, solar, geothermal, wind energy and biomass,while these energy sources have been reviewed in Part 1 of thisstudy, in terms of their historical developments. Turkey hasconsiderably high levels of RES. The utilization of these energysources could cover a significant part of the energy demand in thecountry. Moreover, taking into consideration that Turkey is seekingadmission to the EU (European Union) and is trying to meet theEU environmental standards, it could make a substantialcontribution to a wide range of objectives of environmental, social,and economic policies of the EU. (4 figures, 1 table, 42 references)

Block-level energy planning for domestic lighting: a multi-objective fuzzy linear programming approachIn rural energy planning, domestic lighting remains a key sector forallocation of investments. For rational allocation, decision-makersneed alternative strategies for identifying an adequate and properinvestment structure corresponding to appropriate sources andprecise devices. This paper discusses a MOFLP (multi-objectivefuzzy linear programming) model for block-level energy planningfor domestic lighting. Three separate objectives for optimization,namely minimizing the total cost, minimizing the use of non-localsources of energy, and maximizing the overall efficiency of thesystem are considered. The model seems to be a more rationalalternative than single objective linear programming model in therural areas. The solution obtained from the application of FLPmodel is, however, a single-sector regional model without anyconsideration for the possibilities of saving the sources by othercompeting sectors of use. (4 tables, 12 references)

The role of renewables in future energy directions of TurkeyTurkey is an energy-importing country; more than half of theenergy requirement has been supplied by imports. Domestic oiland lignite reserves are limited and lignites are characterized byhigh ash, sulfur, and moisture content. In this regard, RES appearto be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions forsustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey’s geographicallocation has several advantages for extensive use of most of theseRES. Because of this and the fact that it has limited fossil fuelresources, a gradual shift from fossil fuels to renewables seems tobe serious and the sole alternative for Turkey. This paper presentsthe role of renewables in future directions in the Turkish energysector. Hydropower and biomass are especially very important RESfor the country’s energy future. At present, the share ofhydropower and biomass is as high as 30% in the primary energyproduction of Turkey. In the case of solar, geothermal, and windenergy, there is an important potential for domestic heating andelectricity generation. Therefore, governments and private sectorsmust increase and sustain funding for development of these RES inTurkey. (6 tables, 12 references)

[2508]

Hepbasli A and Ozgener O. 2004Energy Sources 26(10): 971–982

Department of Mechanical Engineering,Faculty of Engineering,

Ege University, Izmir, Turkey<[email protected]>

[2509]

Jana C and Chattopadhyay R N. 2004Energy 29(11): 1819–1829

Department of Public Systems Management,Energy Management Stream, Indian Institute

of Social Welfare and Business Management,Management House, College Square West,

Kolkata – 700 073, India<[email protected]>

[2510]

Kaygusuz K. 2004Energy Sources 26(12): 1131–1140

Department of Chemistry, KaradenizTechnical University, Trabzon, Turkey

<[email protected]>


466

Energy security through renewable energy and energyefficiencyIndia’s energy demands are increasing. An energy policypackage that will cover all sources of energy and will address allaspects like energy security, access and availability, affordabilityand pricing, efficiency, and environment is needed. Energysecurity is addressing the total energy demand of a locality andsearch for solutions that provide the required energy based onlocal resources with energy production and distribution to bemanaged by local communities. Biomass is best suited toprovide energy access and security in a sustainable andenvironment-friendly manner. Other fully commercial RES suchas hydro and wind can supplement it wherever possible.

Photovoltaics—risks and opportunitiesThe rate of growth of the PV products has increased by 25%annually over the past five years and is expected to continue at thisrate or greater for the next few decades. This paper analyses theenormous value that PV technology represents, and vast role it canplay in the world economy, and discusses the mechanism how itcan generate critical distributed power and also optimize the valueof the current and future fuel cell technologies. This paper alsodiscusses the political and economic reasons why the solar PVtechnology remains the only option for decentralized power needs.

Solar energy investments in a developing economyAlmost all technical development efforts in both the developedand developing nations depend on electrical energy. However,sources of conventional means of electricity generation are fastdepleting. Consequently, most industrialized nations haveresearched on solar energy as a way to avert the impendingenergy crisis. This paper presents the investments in energygeneration in Nigeria. The efforts made in solar energy researchand utilization are highlighted. Financial investments by theNigerian government to the development of electrical powerindustry between 1990 and 1994 are presented and discussed.This paper concludes that the country’s investment in the powersector is tailored to one direction with minimal investment inrenewable resources of solar and wind. A case is made forsystematic and coordinated financial investments in solar energyresearch and adaptation to complement the generation fromconventional sources. Nigeria has sufficient amount of sunshineand good solar insolation that favours solar-energy investments.Investment in solar energy technology should be encouraged.(7 figures, 1 table, 14 references)

Prospects for renewable energy projects under CDMThe CDM (clean development mechanism) is one of the so-calledflexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. These mechanisms aredesigned to make it easier and cheaper for industrialized countriesto meet the GHG (greenhouse gas) emission reduction targetsagreed to under the protocol. This paper analysis the prospects forrenewable energy projects under the CDM. The CDM will alsoenable the developing countries to attract investments in cleanenergy technology and assist them on a sustainable developmentpath. (4 figures, 7 references)

[2511]

Khatana A A. 2004IREDA News 1(2): 37–42

CGM (PMES), IREDA, India Habitat CentreLodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003, India

[2512]

Lynch P. 2004IREDA News 1(2): 55-58

Peter Lynch Financial and TechnologyConsultant DayStar Technologies

13 Corporate DriveHalfmoonNew York 12 065, USA

<e-mail [email protected]><[email protected]>

[2513]

Okoro O I and Madueme T C. 2004Renewable Energy 29(9): 1599–1610

Department of Electrical EngineeringUniversity of Nigeria

Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria<[email protected]>

[2514]

Parthan B and Kumar S. 2004IREDA News 1(2): 51–54

IT Power India, 6 Rue Romain RollandPondicherry – 605 001, India

<[email protected]>


467

Diffusion of renewable energy technologies: barriers andstakeholders’ perspectivesThe essential characteristic of a sustainable energy system is itsability to deliver the required services without exhausting resources.Shifting from non-renewable to the RETs (renewable energytechnologies) should be top priority in moving to a sustainableenergy system. This paper presents the results of a surveyadministered to households, personnel belonging to industry andcommercial establishments, and policy experts, with the objectiveof eliciting their views on the barriers to diffusion of the RETs.Taking the Maharashtra state, India, as a case study, the paperdevelops a systematic classification of barriers to the adoption ofRETs (economic, technological, market, and institutional) andranking them based on the perceptions of various stakeholders. Theresults provide evidence of how the consumers receive the RETinformation and make decisions using their limited analyticalcapabilities. The analysis is used to enhance the knowledge byintroducing ideas based on behavioural theory. Not only do theseideas help in understanding the consumer perspective, they alsohelp develop policy interventions. (1 figure, 7 tables, 11 references)

Co-provision in sustainable energy systems: the case ofmicro-generationElectricity generation by individual households (known as micro-generation) is attracting an increasing amount of interest within thegovernment, industry, and the research community. This paperfocuses on the potential for micro-generation to contribute to amore active role for household energy consumers in thedevelopment and operation of the energy system. The paperapplies the concept of energy service co-provision to aid anunderstanding of this more active role. It considers a number ofalternative models for micro-generation investment that implydifferent kinds of co-provision by consumers and energycompanies. The analysis focuses, in particular, on the economics ofthese models in the UK, the associated barriers to micro-generationinvestment, and the scope for overcoming these barriers throughchanges in fiscal rules. Having conducted this economic analysis,the paper concludes with a brief discussion of the widerimplications of these models for consumer behaviour. In particular,it considers the impact of IT and control systems that might beemployed to facilitate energy service co-provision that includesmicro-generation. (1 figure, 4 tables, 32 references)

Electric energy demand of Turkey for the year 2050Hydroelectrical energy is the most important renewable energyresource in Turkey. Both environmental suitability and low unitenergy costs are the principal reasons of its frequent use for energyproduction in the world, as well as in Turkey. According to thestatement of DSI (State Hydraulic Works) and EIEI (ElectricalPower Resources Survey and Development Administration) for theyear 2002, Turkey will develop its whole hydroenergy potentialuntil the year 2050. In this study, the energy use projection ofTurkey for the period of 1980–2050 is calculated based on thepopulation increase and energy consumption increase rates percapita. The study also includes the evaluation of energyrequirement in the year 2050 in the case of whole hydroenergypotential usage. (9 figures, 7 references)

[2515]

Reddy S and Painuly J P. 2004Renewable Energy 29(9): 1431–1447

UNEP Centre, RISØ National LaboratoryRoskilde 4000, Denmark

<[email protected]>

[2516]

Watson J. 2004Energy Policy 32(17): 1981–1990

SPRU—Science and Technology PolicyResearch, University of Sussex

Falmer, East Sussex BN1 9RF, UK<[email protected]>

[2517]

Yumurtaci Z and Asmaz E. 2004Energy Sources 26(12): 1157–1164

Department of Mechanical EngineeringYildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey

<[email protected]>


468

Economic buy-back rates for electricity fromcogeneration: case of sugar industry in VietnamCogeneration of heat and power could be an attractive optionfor meeting the electricity demand in Vietnam, which is facingan acute shortage in generation capacity due to high demandgrowth spurred by a rapid economic growth. The sugar industryhas a significant potential for cogeneration. This paper focuses onthe cogeneration potential of the sugar industry and based onavoided cost, estimates the economic rate at which excess powercould be sold to the utility. It was found that cogeneration wouldbe a financially viable option for medium and large-size sugarplants. Time-of-day rates would be the most suitable form of buy-back rate and the IRR (internal rate of return) ranges between 12%and 15% in this case. The sensitivity analysis indicates thatcogeneration plants would be vulnerable to changes in buy-backrates and investment costs. The internal rate of return is moresensitive to changes in buy-back rates than those in investmentcosts. Medium- and large-sized plants would be in a better positionto withstand such changes in the business environment. (4 figures,4 tables, 19 references)

Techno-economic analysis of the Jordanian solar waterheating systemThe demand for the SWHS (solar water heating system) isdecreasing in Jordan in the recent years because of the highinitial investment of the system. Many people prefer to use theGGS (green geyser system) to meet their hot water needsinstead of the SWHS. This paper compares the economicfeasibility of a SWHS that has a built-in electric coil to providefor hot water needs during cold days with economic feasibility ofa GGS. The author used an excel sheet that incorporated thenecessary formulas and parameters governing the economics ofthe two systems. The study suggests that the use of the SWHS ismore economical as long as electricity is used to heat water forless than 120 days. The optimal operation life for a SWHS inJordan is 20 years and for a GGS is seven years. The paper alsopresents some policies that promote increased utilization of theSWHS. The methodology used by the author can be useful foreconomic analysis of other competitive technical systems.(3 figures, 2 tables, 18 references)

The impact of changing energy mix on CO2 emissions: acase from CO2 emissions in the OECD, 1971–2000The impact of the changing energy mix on CO2 emissionsconsists of two aspects: changing the fossil fuel-carbon factor(defined as CO2 emissions/fossil fuel) on CO2 emissions, andchanging the share of fossil fuel in the TPES (total primaryenergy supply) on CO2 emissions. This study develops a methodfor analysing the impact of changing the above two aspects onthe formation of CO2 emissions. The case analysis of CO2emissions in the OECD (Organization of EconomicCo-operation and Development) from 1971 to 2000 is used todemonstrate that the method can realize its designed purpose.The case analysis confirms that there was a huge decrease in theactual CO2 emissions in the OECD from 1971 to 1995 whencompared to the theoretical trend. Furthermore, it shows that

[2518]

Bhattacharyya S C and Thang D N Q. 2004Energy 29(7): 1039–1051

Centre for Energy, Petroleum, Mineral Law andPolicy, University of Dundee

Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK<[email protected]>

[2519]

Kablan M M. 2004Energy 29(7): 1069–1079

Engineering College, Mutah UniversityP O Box 7, Mutah, Al-Karak, Jordan

<[email protected]>

[2520]

Sun J W. 2004Energy Sources 26(10): 915–926


469

this occurred due to decreases in (1) the fossil fuel-carbonfactor, (2) the share of fossil fuels in TPES, and (3) energyintensity. However, this situation changed from 1996 to 2000due to an increase in the share of fossil fuels in TPES.(3 figures, 5 tables, 19 references)

Forecasting the limits to the availability and diversity ofglobal conventional oil supplyDue to the critical importance of oil to modern economic activity,and oil’s nonrenewable nature, it is extremely important to try toestimate possible trajectories of future oil production whileaccounting for uncertainties in resource estimates and demandgrowth, and other factors that might limit production. In thisstudy, the author develops several alternate future scenarios forconventional oil supply, given the current range of estimates ofresource availability and of future demand, and assuming thatproduction will continue to increase unconstrained by political oreconomic factors such as deliberate withholdings or prolongedglobal recession. The results predict that global production ofconventional oil will almost certainly begin an irreversible declinesomewhere between 2004 and 2037, at 22–42 billion barrels peryear, depending upon how much oil is available from the earth’scrust and the growth rate in its use. It was also found that theincreasing domestic use of conventional oil in oil-producingcountries is very likely to eliminate over time, the ability of thesecountries to export oil to net consumer countries so that thenumber of net exporting countries will be reduced from 35 today tobetween 12 and 28 by 2030, and fewer subsequently. Thegeopolitical and economic implications of these trends are likely tobe pronounced if reliance on cheap oil is not reduced prior to thepeak. (10 figures, 3 tables, 45 references)

Power sector reform in Bangladesh: electricitydistribution systemThere have been a number of reforms in the power sector inBangladesh since its independence, but these reforms failed tobring the desired improvements in the power sector. Among thethree main components of the power system, recent reformactivities were centred around generation and transmission. Themost pressing problem in the power sector has been with thedistribution system, which is characterized by heavy system lossand poor collection performance. However, the distribution systemseldom got priority in reform initiatives. Thus, it becomes verydifficult to derive benefits from the reforms while leaving thedistribution system untouched. This implies that priority in reformmust be given to distribution. To make it efficient and effective, itsadministration must be restructured. At the same time, itsperformance should be monitored continually on the basis ofparticular performance indicators. It is found that system loss inany power distribution system in Bangladesh should not exceed10%, that is, CI (collection–import) ratio should be kept above90%. To maintain the system loss and the CI ratio at therecommended level, the malpractice by the utility personnel mustbe stopped fast. This will help to achieve economic sustainability.(1 figure, 8 tables, 15 references)

Turku School of EconomicsRehtorinpellonkatu 3

Turku, 20 500, Finland<[email protected]>

[2521]

Hallock Jr J L, Tharakan P J, Hall C A S,Jefferson M, Wu W. 2004

Energy 29(11): 1673–1696

Department of Environmental andForest Biology, Graduate Program in

Environmental SciencesSUNY ESF (State University of New York

College of Environmental Science andForestry), 320 Illick Hall

1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13 210, USA<[email protected]>

[2522]

Alam M S, Kabir E, Rahman M M,Chowdhury M A K. 2004

Energy 29(11): 1773–1783

Institute of Energy Technology, ChittagongUniversity of Engineering and Technology

Chittagong 4349, Bangladesh<[email protected]>


470

Pricing of electricity in ChinaChina is now the world’s second-largest electricity producer.However, capacity expansion of the power sector is still laggingbehind the GDP (gross domestic product) growth of close to 10%per annum over the same period. Many regions in China still sufferfrom the problem of power shortage. One of the reasons is thepricing of electricity in China. This paper discusses the studiesdone on pricing of electricity in China and its impact on powerproduction. In China, the SPC (State Power Corporation) was thedominant producer and supplier of electric power. The priceestimation results based on published data of the SPC indicate thatshort run cost factors, like fuel costs and investment expenditure,were more important in the price determination process. Althoughthe power purchase prices paid by the SPC to IPPs (independentpower producers) have already covered capital costs, capital costsof generation and transmission assets owned by the SPC wereignored in the process. Studies indicate that electricity prices inChina were highly subsidized and below the average total costs ofgeneration and transmission. (4 figures, 3 tables, 15 references)

China’s rural electricity market: a quantitative analysisOver the past few decades, China has successfully implementedeconomic system reforms in the rural areas, and as a result, therural electricity market is expanding quickly. This paper is toquantify the development of the rural electricity market at thecounty level and below in China. A sectorial energy demandanalysis and forecasting model was developed to analyse sixChinese provinces with different economic backgrounds.Historical data for over 20 years were collected on rural economicdevelopment, households, population, per capita income,community infrastructure development, capital investment,electricity consumption, output values in agriculture sector, andTVEs (township and village enterprises). This paper concludes thatby 2010, annual electricity demand will increase at a rate between−1.40% and 15.60% (depending on the sectors and provinces). Italso recommends a preferred order for future rural electricityinvestment: Jiangsu, Hebei, Henan, Shaanxi, Liaoning, andXinjiang, that is, from the most to the least developed provinces, ifthe investment objectives are to find the best market return and thegreatest impact on rural market development. (3 figures, 3 tables,16 references)

Temperature-dependent grain growth model for AMTECelectrodesElectrode materials for the AMTEC (alkali metal thermalelectric convertor) play a significant role in its power output andefficiency. TiN, RhW, and Rh2W alloys have been studied todetermine the best-performing material over a wide range oftemperature ~1000–2000 K. The power output is related to thegrain growth of the electrode material. By simulation andanalysis, this study examines power degradation of AMTEC dueto the grain size and leads to the performance of RhW materialas best among them. (9 figures, 3 tables, 12 references)

[2523]

Lam P-L. 2004Energy 29(2): 287–300

The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityFaculty of Business, Room M846

Hung Hom, Hong Kong<[email protected]>

[2524]

Yang M and Yu X. 2004Energy 29(7): 971–977

International Consulting GroupLevel 2, 120 Collins Street, Melbourne

Victoria 3000, Australia<[email protected]>

[2525]

Lodhi M A K, Soon S C, andMohibullah M. 2004

Journal of Power Sources 135(1–2): 304–310

Department of Physics, Texas Tech UniversityLubbock, Texas 79 409, USA

<[email protected]>

Direct energy conversion


471

Feasibility study of a simple unitized regenerative fuel cellConventional fuel cells use H and O2 (oxygen) as the fuel andoxidant, respectively. H and O2 can be produced throughelectrolysis of water in an electrochemical cell. A simple URFC(unitized regenerative fuel cell), by combining an electrolyserand a fuel cell, is constructed to check the feasibility of such adevice. In the first cycle, H and O2 gases are generated fromwater containing NaHCO3 when a given DC voltage is appliedacross Ni–Co/stainless steel electrodes. A solar PV cell is alsoused to provide power. The generated gases are trappedbetween their respective electrodes and nylon mesh. In thesecond cycle, the H and O2 gases are used in the sameelectrochemical cell (fuel cell) to produce electricity under aspecific load. The current density and voltage are measured byvarying different parameters, for example, time of electrolysis,magnitude of voltage applied, and electrolyte concentration. AnOCV (open-circuit voltage) of 1.3 V is obtained from tworegenerative fuel cells in series with a total active electrode areaof 300 cm2. Current density of about 0.5 mA/cm2 is generatedusing 0.5 N NaHCO3 when 4.5 V is applied for 25 min. Amaximum power of 36.5 mW is obtained at 0.21 mA cm2

(6 figures, 11 references)

Evaluating the energy utilization efficiency of Turkey’srenewable energy sources during 2001This paper evaluates the energy-utilization efficiency of Turkey’sRESs during 2001 by using energy and exergy analyses, giving abrief outlook on the utilization of RESs. Total energy and exergyinputs are calculated to be 3203.22 PJ and 3139.07 PJ, whilerenewable energy and exergy production values are determinedto be 428.62 PJ and 395.68 PJ, respectively. Renewable energyis used in the Turkish conversion, residential–commercial andindustrial subsectors. The energy and exergy efficiency valuesfor the RESs of Turkey are found to be 49.86% and 24.14% in2001, respectively. Besides this, total energy and exergyutilization efficiency values for those are obtained to be 45.02%and 24.96% in the same year, respectively. The present studyhas clearly indicated the necessity of planned studies towardsincreasing renewable energy utilization efficiency in thesubsectors studied and especially the critical role of policy-makers in establishing effective energy-efficiency deliverymechanisms throughout the country. (7 tables, 53 references)

A new parallel-type hybrid electric-vehicleThe continued sluggish development of pure EVs (electricvehicles) results from a lack of significant developments inbattery technology. However, pure electric vehicles still exhibitsome limitations in battery capacity. Recently, manyinvestigations have examined the construction of hybrid-powersystems. This paper discusses a new parallel-type HEV (hybridelectric vehicle). The internal-combustion engine of the HEValways maintains optimal operating conditions. The systemcomprises two parts: (1) an internal-combustion power-distribution device and (2) an integrated design involving theengine and electronic motor. The internal-combustion power-

[2526]

Verma A and Basu S. 2004Journal of Power Sources 135(1–2): 62–65

Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Delhi

New Delhi – 110 016, India<[email protected]>

[2527]

Hepbasli A and Utlu Z. 2004Renewable and Sustainable


Mechanical Engineering Department, Facultyof Engineering, Ege University,35 100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

<[email protected]>

[2528]

Energy conservation,consumption, and utilization


472

distribution device provides an engine capable of constantlyoperating in an optimal fashion, minimizing emissions, andmaximizing thermal efficiency. The electric motor can generateextra power. Notably, the integrated torque design comprisesthree helical gears. This design can release power of the engine orelectric motor separately, or can integrate these two differentpowers into a hybridized power system. (11 figures, 14 references)

Finite-time heat-transfer analysis and generalized power-optimization of an endoreversible Rankine heat-engineThis paper reports the results of a study carried out for thepower optimization of a Rankine-cycle heat-engine using finite-time thermodynamic theory. This study extends the recent flurryof publications in heat-engine efficiency under the maximumpower condition by incorporating the optima of heatconductance and heat capacitance ratios. While maximizing theinstantaneous power output, it is shown that there is anoptimum balance between the sizes of heat exchangers, betweenthe heat capacity rates of heating and cooling fluid, as well astemperature differences between the engine and thermalreservoirs. The results indicate that power output increasessignificantly with increase in heat capacity rate of the heatingfluid, but the thermal efficiency at maximum power remainsconstant. The effects of thermal conductance of the hot-sideheat-exchanger on the power output and thermal efficiency areinsignificant. The theoretical efficiency formulated in this studyis much closer to that actually observed in well-designed powerplants. (4 figures, 6 tables, 14 references)

Energy consumption estimation for greenhouse gasseparation processes by clathrate hydrate formationThe process energy consumption was estimated in this paper forgas separation processes by the formation of clathrate hydrates.The separation process is based on the equilibrium partition ofthe components between the gaseous phase and the hydratephase. The separation and capturing processes of GHGs(greenhouse gases) were examined in this study. The targetcomponents were HFC (hydrofluorocarbon) −134a from air,SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride) from nitrogen, and CO2 from flue gas.Since these GHGs would form hydrates under much lowerpressure and higher temperature conditions than theaccompanying components, the effective capturing of the GHGscould be achieved by using hydrate formation. A modelseparation process for each gaseous mixture was designed fromthe basis of thermodynamics, and the process energyconsumption was estimated. The obtained results were thencompared with those for conventional separation processes suchas liquefaction separation processes. For the recovery of SF6, thehydrate process is preferable to liquefaction process, in terms ofenergy consumption. On the other hand, the liquefactionprocess consumes less energy than the hydrate process for therecovery of HFC-134a. The capturing of CO2 by the hydrateprocess from a flue gas will consume a considerable amount ofenergy; mainly due to the extremely high pressure conditionsrequired for hydrate formation. The influences of operation

Huang K D and Tzeng S-C. 2004Applied Energy 79(1): 51–64

Department of Mechanical EngineeringChien Kuo Institude of Technology

Changhua 500, Taiwan, ROC<[email protected]>

[2529]

Khaliq A. 2004Applied Energy 79(1): 27–40

Department of Mechanical Engineering Facultyof Engineering and TechnologyJamia Millia Islamia University

New Delhi – 110 025, India<[email protected]>

[2530]

Tajima H, Yamasaki A, and Kiyono F. 2004Energy 29(11): 1713–1729


473

conditions on the heat of hydrate formation were elucidated bysensitivity analysis. The hydrate processes for separating theseGHGs were evaluated in terms of reduction of global warmingpotential. (6 figures, 10 tables, 20 references)

The use of chemical recuperation of heat in a power plantNatural gas is expected to become the dominant energy sourceof the coming century. Therefore, one should expect greater useof gas turbine and combined cycle plants in power engineering.This paper discusses the ways of increasing efficiency of theseplants in connection with chemical recuperation of waste heat.Energy efficiency of a combined cycle plant with chemicalrecuperation has reached 80%–90% and more, and it increaseswith lower reforming pressure. Additionally, chemicalrecuperation has raised the amount of gas fuel used in energyand chemical industries and has decreased the amount of wasteCO2 ejected into the environment by nearly 20%. The energyefficiency of a power plant with chemical recuperation must becalculated with registration of methane, which does not undergoa reaction in the reformer. (1 figure, 5 tables, 11 references)

Daylight and energy performances of a new type of light pipeOver the past decades, there has been a progressive abandoningof daylight use in illumination strategy, relegating its optimal useto a rule of secondary level in the common designing workflow.For the right and optimal use of this resource, it is possible toadopt specific devices able to improve the sunlight captation.Light pipes are devices that usually work by means of a deviceplaced on an external closing element, which collects, redirects,and in some cases, concentrates or collimates the incidentluminous flux, and a device situated inside the environmentsable to transport the daylight inwards of the building anddistribute it into the deep zone of the rooms so as to obtain abetter illuminance distribution. In this paper, the authorspropose a light pipe equipped with a flat captation systemsuitable to be integrated in a building’s facade, without anyprotrusion as to the architectural envelope. This system includesa planar closing element, a sunlight’s collecting and deflectingdevice that optimizes the direction of the incoming solar rays asthe solar position varies, and a rectilinear duct with opticalproperties suitable for the transport of the sunlight and for itsintroduction into the room that has to be illuminated.Daylighting performances are simulated in different conditionsof external illuminance and an assessment of the lighting energysavings in a test room simulating a class room is done. At theend, some considerations and applying indications useful for thedesigner are presented. (21 figures, 5 tables, 18 references)

XENIOS—a methodology for assessing refurbishmentscenarios and the potential of application of RES and RUEin hotelsHotels rank in the highest levels of energy consumption in thetertiary building sector. Improved service quality mandates thathotel building, facilities, and installations are maintained to thehighest standards in order to remain competitive, thusrenovations are becoming common. Renovation is usually

National Institute of Advanced IndustrialScience and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa

Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan <[email protected]>

[2531]

Verkhivker G and Kravchenko V. 2004Energy 29(3): 379–388

Polytechnical National University of OdessaDepartment of NPP, 1 Shevchenko Avenue

Odessa 65 044, Ukraine<[email protected]>

[2532]

Canziani R, Peron F, and Rossi G. 2004Energy and Buildings 36(11): 1163–1176

Dipartimento di Costruzione dell’ArchitetturaUniversity IUAV of Venice, Dorsoduro

2206-I30 135, Venezia, Italy<[email protected]>

[2533]


474

financially attractive when compared to demolition andreconstruction. This offers great opportunities for promotingenergy-efficient measures, exploitation of RES, and RUE(rational use of energy) in the hotel sector. The XENIOSmethodology and software permits the user to perform apreliminary hotel audit and make a first assessment of cost-effective energy-efficient renovation practices, technologies, andsystems. This paper presents a brief overview of themethodology and various features of the XENIOS software, andfocuses on results from four audits and a pilot study carried outin Mediterranean hotels. The paper suggests that XENIOSsoftware and other educational and training material can be usedto build strong environmental and energy-conscious hotelprogrammes. (15 figures, 2 tables, 20 references)

Efficiency of electrically heated windowsThe efficiency of electrically heated window panes, which aredesigned for improving thermal distribution in a room isanalysed in this paper. In a cold climate, a warm glass surface isa unique possibility for thermal conditioning. The effects ofsurface and outdoor temperatures and the U-value of thewindow on the efficiency of a heated window were analysed.The calculated results were compared to the previouslymeasured ones. Efficiency of a common heated window with aU-value of 1.1 W/m2 K was about 78% at an outdoortemperature of −10 °C. The highest efficiency of 89% wascalculated for a highly insulated window. Efficiency wasproportional to the outdoor temperature and practicallyindependent of the inner surface temperature of the window, theeffect of which was less than 1%. The correlation of thecalculated efficiencies shows that efficiency is primarilydependent on the U-value of the unheated window and can beexpressed with very good accuracy for engineering purposes by asimple linear equation of the U-value. Results show that heatedglazing is an efficient method for thermal conditioning whenproperly used. (13 figures, 8 references)

A four-bed mass recovery adsorption refrigeration cycledriven by low temperature waste/renewable heat sourceThis paper discusses an advanced four-bed mass recoveryadsorption refrigeration cycle driven by low temperature heatsource. The proposed cycle consists of two basic adsorptionrefrigeration cycles. The heat source rejected by one cycle isused to power the second cycle. Due to the cascading use ofheat and cooling source, all major components of the systemmaintain different pressure levels. The proposed cycle utilizesthose pressure levels to enhance the refrigeration masscirculation that leads the system to perform better. Performanceof the proposed cycle is evaluated by the mathematical model atequilibrium condition and compared with the performance ofthe basic two-bed adsorption refrigeration cycle. It is seen thatthe cooling effect as well as the COP (coefficient ofperformance) of the proposed cycle is superior to those of thebasic cycle. Performances of the cycle are also compared withthose of the two-stage cycle. Results also show that though the

Dascalaki E and Balaras C A. 2004Energy and Buildings 36(11): 1091–1105

Group Energy ConservationInstitute of Environmental Research and

Sustainable DevelopmentNational Observatory of Athens

I. Metaxa & V. PavlouGR 15 236 Palaia Penteli, Hellas, Greece

<[email protected]>

[2534]

Kurnitski J, Jokisalo J, Palonen J,Jokiranta K, Seppänen O. 2004

Energy and Buildings 36(10): 1003–1010

HVAC-LaboratoryHelsinki University of Technology

P O Box 4400, HUT 2015, Finland<[email protected]>

[2535]

Alam K C A, Akahira A, Hamamoto Y,Akisawa A, Kashiwagi T. 2004



475

cooling effect of the proposed cycle is lower than that of thetwo-stage cycle for heat source temperature less than 70 °C, theCOP of the cycle, however, is superior to that of the two-stagecycle for heat source temperature greater than 60 °C. (10 figures,1 table, 15 references)

Co-combustion of sludge with coal or woodThere are several options for co-combustion of biomass or wastewith coal. In all cases, fuel properties are decisive for the successof the arrangement: contents of volatile matter and of potentialemission precursors, such as S (sulphur), N (nitrogen),Cl (chlorine), and heavy metals. The content of alkali in themineral substance of the fuel is important because of the dangerof fouling and corrosion. Research activities at ChalmersUniversity of Technology include several aspects of the relatedproblem areas. An example is given concerning emissions fromco-combustion in circulating fluidized bed with coal or wood asbase fuels, and with sewage sludge as additional fuel. Twoaspects of the properties of sludge are studied: emission of Nand sulphur oxides as well as of Cl because the contents of theprecursors to these emissions are high. The possibility ofutilizing phosphorous in sludge as a fertilizer is also discussed.Results show that emissions can be kept below the existingemission limits if the fraction of sludge is sufficiently small(<25%), but the concentration of trace elements in the sludgeash prevents the sludge from being used as a fertilizer. (9 figures,2 tables, 15 references)

Valorization of selected biomass and wastes by co-pyrolysiswith coalImplementation of a more sensible energy–environment policyshould include a ‘green alliance of biomass and coal to pursueecofriendly technologies for co-utilizing biomass and otheropportunity fuels with coal or natural gas’. This paper discussestwo parallel cases of co-pyrolysis of coal with biomass or wastes.In the first case, smokeless fuel briquettes are prepared with alow-rank coal and biomass by-products such as olive stones andsawdust. Additives to improve the mechanical properties and Sretention in ash are used. The briquettes showed goodmechanical properties and slow, uniform, smokelesscombustion. In the second case, petroleum residue and wastelubrication oils are used to produce chemicals and energy byco-pyrolysis with coal. It has been shown that co-pyrolysis inpresence of coal char selectively promotes transfer of H from theparent material to the gas and liquid products, concentrating Cin the reminder char. Split-off H from C is enhanced when theprimary co-pyrolysis products are submitted to thermocatalyticdecomposition in a subsequent catalytic step. This processrepresents an attractive route for the production of CO2-freeH from hydrocarbons, whatever their origin. (5 figures, 4 tables,34 references)

Efficient energy systems with CO2 capture and storagefrom renewable biomass in pulp and paper millsThis paper investigates the impact of combining CO2 captureand storage with alternative systems for biomass-based CHP

Graduate School of Bio-Applications andSystems Engineering, Tokyo University of A&T

2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shiTokyo 184-8588, Japan

<[email protected]>

[2536]

Leckner B and Amand L-E. 2004International Journal of Power and Energy

Systems 24(3): 172–177

Department of Energy ConversionChalmers University of Technology

41 296 Göteborg, Sweden<[email protected]>

[2537]

Moliner R, L<zaro M J, Suelves I,Blesa M J. 2004

International Journal of Power and EnergySystems 24(3): 186–191

Instituto de CarboquRmicaCSIC, Miguel Luesma 4

50 018 Zaragoza, Spain<[email protected]>

[2538]


476

(combined heat and power) production in Kraft pulp and papermills. Heat, power, and CO2 balance of systems with alternativeconfigurations of the CHP and CO2-capture systems arecompared. Because the captured CO2 comes from renewablebiomass, the studied systems yield negative CO2 emissions. It isshown that pulp mills and integrated pulp and paper mills havethe potential to become net exporters of biomass-basedelectricity while at the same time removing CO2 from theatmosphere on a net basis. The study shows that the overall bestCO2 abatement is achieved when CO2 capture is carried outwithin a biomass-integrated gasifier with combined cycle wherethe syngas undergoes a CO-shift reaction. This configurationcombines efficient energy conversion with a high CO2 captureefficiency. (4 figures, 8 tables, 25 references)

Optimization of energy usage in different crop productionsystemEnergy and food are major concerns of most developingcountries, including some developed nations. With theintroduction of high-yielding varieties, intensive croppingsystem, increased usage of fertilizers and chemicals, and highlevel of farm mechanization, modern agriculture has becomeenergy intensive. Keeping in view the scarce and expensiveenergy resources, a functional relationship between energy inputfor different farm operations, seed, fertilizer, and chemicals andcrop productivity has been developed for wheat, paddy, maize,and cotton crops to optimize the crop production system.Optimization for each crop has been done by using non-linearprogramming techniques with no constraints. Yield of differentcrops can be increased by using the optimum levels of energyinput. Yield of wheat and cotton can be increased by33% and 30% by increasing energy input by 18% and 21%,respectively. Yield of maize can be doubled, that is, from 1559kg/ha to 3150 kg/ha by using the same amount of total energyinput but in an optimal way. (3 tables, 8 references)

Progress in energy utilization from agrowastes in TaiwanTaiwan is a high energy-importing nation with more than 95%of its energy supplied by imported fuels. Environmentalpollution and GHG emissions are becoming significantenvironmental issues. In this regard, renewable energy likewaste-to-energy are thus becoming attractive due to the energypolicy for sustainable development and environmental pollutionmitigation in Taiwan. This paper presents an updated overviewof energy utilization from mass agrowastes in industries. New/revised promotion legislation/regulations, especially concerningagrowaste-to-energy environmental protection measures andeconomic/financial incentives are discussed. The Statute forRenewable Energy Development is being enacted to furtherenhance and promote the green energy utilization, which is alsoaddressed in the paper. The biomass energy utilization of threemass agrowastes (that is, bagasse and rice husk from mills, andpiggery wastes from swine farms) are also discussed in thispaper. (2 figures, 6 tables, 34 references)

Möllersten K, Gao L, Yan J,Obersteiner M. 2004


International Institute for Applied SystemsAnalysis, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria

<[email protected]>

[2539]

Sidhu H S, Singh S, Singh T, Ahuja S S. 2004Journal of the Institution of


Department of Farm Power and MachineryPunjab Agricultural University

Ludhiana – 141 004, India

[2540]

Tsai W T, Chou Y H, and Chang Y M. 2004Renewable and Sustainable


Department of Environmental Engineering andScience, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and

Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan<[email protected]>


477

Energy modelling of district cooling system for new urbandevelopmentDistrict cooling technology is advantageous in warm and hotclimatic regions, in which chilled water from a centralrefrigeration plant is delivered through a distribution network togroups of buildings. The technology is most suitable for newurban developments where system design and constructionreceive much freedom. With focus on energy use, this paperoutlines an energy-modelling methodology and decisionapproach to derive the most desirable scheme for a givenproject. The process involves a series of building design loadcomputation, dynamic simulation, and plant energyconsumption analyses for different phases of development. Aproposed scheme for the South East Kowloon DevelopmentProject in Hong Kong is quoted as an example to illustrate theapproach. (8 figures, 3 tables, 20 references)

Green heating system: characteristics and illustration withmulti-criteria optimization of an integrated energy systemIn the new millennium, with increased understanding of theimportance of sustainable development, and mitigation impactson the global and local environment, while meeting theincreasing demand of energy supply, is an issue of highestimportance in the development of urban areas. To meet thischallenge, a more rational use of energy is urgently needed. Thecharacteristics of a ‘green heating system’, synonymous with an‘environmentally friendly heating system’, are academicallydefined from the total energy systems’ point of view, using theconcept of ‘reversible mode of heating’ in the context of currentand future technical, economic, and environmental protection.The exergy-based Specific Consumption Analysis approach isused to quantitatively evaluate the influence of subsystems’exergy efficiencies on the overall performance of a heatingsystem. Through a case study in Beijing, it is shown that heatingfuel-specific consumption and the associated emissions can bedramatically reduced as a result of implementation of areversible mode of heating system. A multi-criteria optimizationprocess based on a new evolutionary multi-objective algorithmis undertaken to investigate the trade-off between cost andenvironmental performances associated with such a system.(10 figures, 5 tables, 13 references)

Modernization of local energy systemsThis paper analyses modernization options for a local energysystem, including both demand reduction and supply-relatedmeasures. The high-resolution optimization model DEECO(dynamic energy, emission, and cost optimization) is extended bydeveloping techniques to support conventional insulationmeasures, transparent insulation, and switchable transparentinsulation. Supply-side technologies include gas-fired boilers, heatpumps, solar collectors, and cogeneration of heat and electricity.Compared to common practice, comprising oil-fired boilers andpublic grid electricity, gas-fired cogeneration is a favorable option,although sensitive to electricity tariffs. Given the current prices offossil fuels, extensive retrofitted thermal insulation would reducethe CO2-equivalent emissions by about 20% and increase theoverall costs by 25%. (5 figures, 3 tables, 15 references)

[2541]

Chow T T, Fong K F, Chan A L S, Yau R,Au W H, Cheng V. 2004

Energy and Buildings 36(11): 1153–1162

Division of Building Science and TechnologyCity University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue

Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China<[email protected]>

[2542]

Li H, Burer M, Song Z-P, Favrat D,Marechal F. 2004

Energy 29(2): 225–244

Swiss Federal Institute of TechnologyLaboratory for Industrial Energy Systems

Lausanne 1015, Switzerland<[email protected]>

[2543]

Lindenberger D, Bruckner T, Morrison R,Groscurth H-M, Kümmel R. 2004

Energy 29(2): 245–256

Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an derUniversität zu Köln, Albertus-Magnus-Platz

50 923, Cologne, Germany<[email protected]>


478

Production of FT transportation fuels from biomass:technical options, process analysis and optimization, anddevelopment potentialThe FT (Fischer–Tropsch) diesel derived from biomass viagasification is an attractive clean and carbon-neutral transportationfuel, directly usable in the present transport sector. Systemcomponents necessary for the FT diesel production from biomassare analysed and combined to a limited set of promising conversionconcepts. The main variations are in gasification pressure, theoxygen or air medium, and in optimization towards liquid fuelsonly, or towards the product mix of liquid fuels and electricity. Thetechnical and economic performance is analysed. For this purpose,a dynamic model was built in Aspen Plus, allowing for directevaluation of the influence of each parameter or device oninvestment costs, FT, electricity efficiency, and the resulting FTdiesel costs. The FT diesel produced by conventional systems onthe short term and at moderate scale would probably cost 16 euros/GJ. In the longer term (large scale, technological learning, andselective catalyst), this could decrease to 9 euros/GJ. Biomass-integrated gasification FT plants can only become economicallyviable when crude oil price levels rise substantially or when theenvironmental benefits of green FT diesel are valued. Green FTdiesel also seems 40%–50% more expensive than biomass-derivedmethanol or hydrogen, but has clear advantages with respect toapplicability to the existing infrastructure and car technology.(10 figures, 7 tables, 27 references)

Economics, environment, and energy life cycle assessmentof automobiles fuelled by bio-ethanol blends in ChinaThis paper examines the life-cycle EEE (economics, environmentimpacts, and energy consumption) of Chinese automobiles fuelledby bio-ethanol blends, utilizing LCA (life cycle assessment)techniques. A generic gasoline-fuelled car is used as a baseline case,and the cassava-based E85 fuelled FFV in Guangxi is used as acase study. On the life cycle basis, the cost of cassava-based E85fuelled FFV is about 15% higher than that of gasoline-fuelled car,of which the two key factors are the price of cassava and gasoline,through a cost breakdown analysis. It also has lower life-cycleemissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, andparticular matter pollutants and higher NOX emissions, while about20% combined environment indicator is lower than that ofgasoline-fuelled car. And, it is higher in the total energyconsumption, lower in fossil fuels and petroleum consumptions,and has a better combined energy indicator. Lastly, the EEEindicator of the cassava-based E85 fuelled FFV is about 29%less than that of gasoline-fuelled car. Hence, E85 fuelled FFVis a better vehicle than the gasoline-fuelled car, taking thebalance of the EEE aspects into consideration. (3 figures, 5 tables,13 references)

Artificial neural network: an efficient tool to simulate theprofitability of state transport undertakingsThe STUs (state transport undertakings) are established withthe major objective of providing economic, coordinated,efficient, and adequate bus services to the society. The STUsare also bound to carry on their operations on business

[2544]

Hamelinck C N, Faaij A P C, den Uil H,Boerrigter H. 2004

Energy 29(11): 1743–1771

Department of Science Technology andSociety, Copernicus Institute

Utrecht University, Padualaan 143584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands

<[email protected]>

[2545]

Hu Z, Pu G, Fang F, Wang C. 2004Renewable Energy 29(14): 2183–2192

School of Mechanical and Power Engineering411 Room, Mechanical Building, Shanghai

Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan RoadShanghai 200 030, China<[email protected]>

[2546]

Transport and energy

Transport and environment


479

principles due to the recent government policy of self sustenancein the PSUs (public sector undertakings). Due to this duality ofobjectives, the STUs are swinging on both sides, that is, socialobjectives on one side and the commercial objectives on theother. In this process of conflicting goals, the profitability andthe public services remain unsolved. In this paper, an attempthas been made to simulate the profitability of STUs in terms ofcost and revenue performance parameters using the ANN (artificialneural network). For this study, as many as 11 physicalperformance indicators of 20 Tamil Nadu STUs with 11 years datawere used to train the network. The results and statistical tests arevery encouraging. Therefore, the ANN is a better tool to map anunexplainable relationship between the input and output variables.And this can also be used for future predictions and optimization.(3 figures, 8 tables, 10 references)

Analysis of noise pollution on signalized intersection in DelhiRoad traffic noise is considered as a major source of noisepollution, contributing to about 31% of the environmental noise,and is demanding attention for its understanding, abatement, andcontrol. Its complexity is more pronounced on intersections,particularly in the urban areas. Delhi had 2 847 695 registeredvehicles in 1997, and is largest among all major cities in India. Thestop-and-go traffic noise data for road intersections in Delhi ispresented in this paper. Signalized intersections in northern Delhiwere used as a study area. The analysis data consisting of trafficcharacteristics, speed, and noise level was collected from the studyarea. Traffic noise from different types of vehicles, including non-motorized slow-moving vehicles, was analysed. Efforts were madeto have a relationship between traffic parameters and noise level.Regression analysis was carried out to find the relationship betweennoise level and other parameters. Analysis of data consisting ofgeometric features, traffic characteristics, average speed of vehicles,classified traffic volume, and noise level due to traffic has beendone and mathematical models were developed. For accelerationlane model, the coefficient of determination R2 is 0.723 and fordeceleration lane R2 is 0.9377. These statistical measures indicatethat the predicted values have good correlation with the observedvalue in this experimental study, therefore this could be a basicmodel for any separated acceleration and deceleration lane forforecasting interrupted traffic flow model for other road networksin Delhi and other parts of India. This model can be applied andtested for highly congested conditions in different cities. This willhave the transportation engineers in predicting the noise level sothat they can improve the efficiency of the existing intersection fromthe point of noise pollution. (5 figures, 9 tables, 10 references)

Prospects of dry benefication of Indian high ashnon-coking coal—a reviewThe majority of non-coking coal for power generation has beendiscussed in several forums since the past four decades. In thepresent scenario, the Ministry of Environment and Forests,Government of India, has notified on 19 September 1997 thatany thermal power station 1000 km away from pithead orsituated in the urban or sensitive critically polluted areas cannotuse coal having more than 34% ash. There is an urgent need for

Baskar G and Ramamoorthy N V. 2004Indian Journal of Transport Management

28(2): 243–257

Civil Engineering DepartmentNational Institute of Technology

Warangal, India

[2547]

Kumar M, Singh S K, and Mohan S. 2004Journal of Indian Association for

Environmental Management 31(2): 124–131

Arya Bhat PolytechnicG T Karnal Road, Delhi – 110 033, India

[2548]

Fossil fuels and environment


480

awareness in coal quality in the emerging environment. Thetechnology for beneficiation, either dry or wet methods based onthe characteristics of Indian coal, is highly needed at the presentscenario in the coal industry. In this paper, the prospects of drybenefication of Indian high ash non-coking coal are highlighted.According to the process, feasibility and cost comparison ofdifferent processes, magnetic separation, and air-dense mediumfluidized-bed separator are the most likely processes to beeconomically viable for coal preparation. (9 figures, 2 tables,13 references)

Meeting processing challenges in clean coal utilizationThis paper has identified major challenges facing the processing forclean-coal utilization today. Some of the ongoing research atSouthern Illinois University in the areas of plant optimization, finecoal cleaning and de-watering, fine coal-water slurry combustion,development of multiple products and mine-mouth utilization forlower grade products, and co-management of coal-processingwastes and coal combustion by-products underground, or as acover material suitable for vegetation in surface mine reclamation isapproaching commercialization. Additional research has beeninitiated recently in low-cost desulfurization for SOx reduction,and/or reducing scrubbing costs. An integrated approach toevaluating the processing unit operation for enhancing the overallprofitability of a mining complex is paying dividends. Theapproach is a good tool to assess the role of processing for cleancoal utilization in any setting. The authors have attempted todemonstrate its use for Indian coals here. They plan to develop acomputer programme for making this integrated assessmentapproach more user-friendly. In summary, the authors suggestedthat processing for clean coal utilization is extremely important.The extent of economic pre-combustion processing howeverdepends upon the site-specific factors, including the characteristicsof coal, markets, and their transportation infrastructure,environmental concerns associated with coal use, air-qualityemission constraints, economics of available clean coaltechnologies, life of the plant, and other externalities. These mustbe carefully considered, both from the technical and economicpoints of view, before a final decision on the extent of processing ismade. Research and development in the area of processing mustcontinue to make it a more economic and profitable unit operation.(3 figures, 10 tables, 33 references)

Washability characteristics of some Indian coalsIndian coals generally contain high ash and are of very difficultwashability characteristics. This paper describes the washabilitycharacteristics of some Indian coals from new sources. Results ofconventional float and sink test results are used to determineyield of clean coal at 18% ash content, cut point, content ofNGM (near gravity material), yield reduction factor, washabilityindex, and washability number for comparing the washabilitycharacteristics of the coals studied. The study also includes theeffect of finer crushing on the improvement in washabilitycharacteristics and the effect of benefication on coal properties.(4 figures, 9 tables, 4 references)

Biswal S K, Sahu A K, Reddy P S R,Parida A, Mishra V N. 2003


Regional Research LaboratoryBhubaneswar – 751 013, India

[2549]

Chugh Y P, Patwardhan A, andBarnwal J P. 2003


Department of Mining and Mineral ResourcesEngineering, Southern Illinois University,

Carbondale, Illinois – 62 901, USA

[2550]

Das T K, Das A K, Naolakhe D G,Chati H K, Chauhan G I S. 2003


Research and Development Centrefor Iron & Steel

Steel Authority of India LtdP O Doranda Ranchi – 834 002, India


481

Use of organic flocculants in handling coal fines in washeriesEffective running of the washery while meeting the environmentalnorms needs recovery of coal fines from slurry by thickening andde-watering. The rates of settling and filtration of coal slurry arevery low. These can be enhanced significantly by the addition ofhigh molecular weight polyacryl amide-based flocculants. Thispaper presents the results of the study on settling and filtrationbehaviour of coal slurry and flotation tailings with six industrialflocculants. Main factors affecting settling rates are solid content inthe slurry and its size, distribution, flocculant type, flocculantdosage, and level of mixing. The study revealed that significantfactors that affect the settling rate of coal slurry with addition offlocculants are solid content in the coal slurry, flocculant type,flocculant dosage, and level of mixing. Settling rate of coal slurrydecreased with increase in solid content in slurry, settling rateincrease with increase in the dosage of flocculant, intense mixingbroke the flocks and reduced the settling rate. Significant factorsthat affect filtration rate are solid content in slurry, flocculanttype, and dosage of flocculant. Filtration rate of coal slurrydecreased with increase in solid content in slurry, non-ionic orslightly anionic flocculants improved filtration rate to higherextent; higher dosage of flocculant gave better filtration rate.(6 figures, 7 tables, 3 references)

Washability characteristics of residual coals obtainedfrom solvent extraction: studies towards developingcleaner coal technologyCoal is a major fuel for power generation. However, thewashability characteristics of Indian coals are not good. Effect ofpretreatment, that is, leaching of coal with organic solvents onwashability characteristics of Indian coals was studied. Threecoal samples originating from different geological regions ofIndia were subjected to solvent-extraction (organo-refining)using solvents of different nature. The washabilitycharacteristics of original coals and solvent-extracted residualcoals were studied by the float and sink technique. Changes inthe washability character of residual coals were compared withthose of original coals. It was observed that the washability oforiginal coal was improved by anthracene oil extraction. Thewashability character of original coals and their residual coalsobtained after organo-refining was also studied by using surface-component theory. The following conclusions may be drawn onthe basis of the present study. (1) Anthracene oil-extractedresidual coals have lower percentage of fractions in the specificgravity range of 1.4 to 1.6 than the original coals, whichindicates that the mineral matter is disassociated from theorganic mass, and the anthracene oil-extracted residual coal ismore suitable for washing than the original coal. (2) Thefloatability behaviour of coal increases (calculated by bothmethods) during NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) extraction. Thisindicates that coal changes its washability character during NMPextractions. As during NMP extraction the surface area of coalincreases by creating fissures in the matrix, the chemical leachingtechnique would be more suitable to remove the mineral matter inthe residual coals. (3 figures, 2 tables, 12 references)

[2551]

Das T K, Das A K, Raj B, Chati H K. 2003Journal of Mines, Metals & Fuels

51(1&2): 107–111

Research and Development Centrefor Iron & Steel

Steel Authority of India LtdP O Doranda, Ranchi – 834 002, India

[2552]

Giri C C and Sharma D K. 2004Indian Chemical Engineer: Section A & B

46(2): 90–94

Centre for Energy Studies,Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110 016, India


482

An economic study of clean coal with 34% ash contentvis-à-vis coal (unwashed) and imported coal for powergeneration in IndiaThe pithead price of coal in India compares favourably with theCIF price of imported coal at Indian ports. It is economical interms of energy cost and competitive in terms of per tonne price.This study draws a comparison of clean coal with 34% ashcontent (washery at power plant end) vis-à-vis raw coal(unwashed) and imported coal regarding the cost of generating1 kWh energy, taking into account all factors. The studyconcluded that (1) landed cost of beneficiated coal at 34% ashlevel is minimum as compared to raw coal, imported coal, andbeneficiated coal at 34% ash level and (2) cost of coal forgenerating 1 kWh power is lowest when beneficiated coal at 34%ash level is used. Hence, beneficiation of coal for powergeneration becomes attractive and cost-effective. The need ofthe hour is that the Government of India and public sector coalcompanies should give a serious thought to these issues and theprivate sector should give an opportunity for settling up ofthermal coal washeries. (5 tables, 2 references)

Solar-powered biological fouling prevention techniques ofreverse osmosis membranesSolar detoxification is the latest technology for biological foulingprevention of reverse osmosis membrane. In this technology,chemical consumption and energy consumption is very less ascompared to other conventional systems. In this paper,conventional biological fouling prevention technique as well assolar detoxification technology for biological fouling prevention ofreverse osmosis membranes has been discussed in brief. It alsostipulates the use of solar detoxification as an alternative toconventional pretreatment for prevention of biological fouling inreverse osmosis plants. (3 figures, 1 table, 8 references)

Environmental pollution problems in fertilizer industriesand their managementTo meet the enhanced targets of food grain production and witha view to achieve self-sufficiency in food grain, the productionand consumption of fertilizers has increased manyfold in therecent years. This has been possible due to installation andoperation of nitrogenous, phosphatic, and complex fertilizerplants in various parts of our country. While doing so, thedevelopmental effort has resulted in adverse impacts on theenvironmental quality in the form of air, water, and noisepollution along with impacts on land, biological, and socio-economic environment. Hence, there is a need to assess theadverse impacts for formulating preventive and correctivemeasures to maintain the ecological balance. The present paperdiscusses major areas of pollution such as air, noise, and waterpollution caused due to the fertilizer industry. During operationof a fertilizer factory, pollutants from the manufacturingprocesses are generated resulting in air and water pollution. Thepollutant parameters of significance to water pollution areammonia, urea, and heavy metals. The air pollution parameters

[2553]

Mukhopadhyay S. 2003Journal of Mines, Metals Fuels

51(1&2): 78–80

Department of Mining and GeologyB E College (Deemed University)

Howrah, India

[2554]

Chaubey M. 2003Environmental Pollution Control Journal

6(6): 51–54

Centre for Energy StudiesIndian Institute of Technology

Hauz Khas, New Delhi – 110 016, India<[email protected]>

[2555]

Renewable energy andenvironment

Industrial pollution


483

of concern are sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, ammonia, andurea dust. The levels of these pollutants prior to their releaseinto the environment normally exceed the stipulated dischargestandards of the regional regulatory agencies. Similarly,generation of high noise levels adversely affects the health ofworkers in various forms. It is therefore, necessary to assess thenature and magnitude of the impact due to operation of afertilizer factory since operation are governed by location of theplant, raw material, processes adopted, and the existingenvironmental quality. This will enable proper planning andimplementation of preventive and control measures tocounteract the adverse impacts. Some of the preventivemeasures such as changes in raw materials; switching over tocleaner technologies of production; incorporating greenchemistry principles in processes, recycle, and reuse; and by-product recovery are more relevant in today’s context ofsustainable development. (7 tables, 8 references)

A long-term study of turbidity and suspended solidconcentration for a port and harbour region in IndiaThis study analysed the monthly, seasonal, and long-term trendsof temperature and DO (dissolved oxygen) from six marinewater-quality monitoring stations at Jawaharlal Nehru Port, NewBombay, India, from December 1996 to November 2000. Totalof 360 samples per year were collected for temperature and DO,respectively. Quality assurance and quality control procedure fordesign of monitoring, collection, and analysis of samples wasperformed, the result of which showed high accuracy ofsampling in most cases. A long-term study of turbidity andsuspended solids has been performed in a port and harbourregion in India for four years from December 1996 to November2000. The maximum and minimum recorded values duringDecember 1996 to November 2000 were 383.3 NTU(nephelometric turbidity unit) and, 7.67 NTU for turbidity,920.8 mg/litre and 144.17 mg/litre for suspended solids,respectively. The mean monthly values of turbidity and suspendedsolids were in the range of 28.8 ± 14.7 NTU to 64.2 ± 32.0 NTUand 356.0 ± 159.7 mg/litre to 283.5 ± 81.8 mg/litre, respectively.Results of correlation analysis showed that a high correlation wasfound at different monitoring sites for turbidity and suspendedsolids. (6 figures, 3 tables, 13 references)

Waste water management in rubber industriesAn in-plant survey followed by flow measurement was carriedout in a typical factory producing about 3200 tonnes rubberlatex concentrate and 200 tonnes of skill crepe rubber per year.The characteristics of waste water from different sections as wellas of combined waste water were studied on different occasions.The combined effluent had a BOD (biological oxygen demand)of 5240–6100 mg/litre and ammonia nitrogen content of630–750 mg/litre. Raising the pH to 11 and aerating for onehour reduced the ammonia nitrogen content by 83.1%. TheBOD was reduced to 480 mg/litre by treating the combinedwaste water after aeration for ammonia removal in an aerobiclagoon with a detention time of 30 days and a BOD loading rateof 0.14 kg/m3/day. By aerating the effluent from an aerobic

Deshpande V P. 2003Environmental Pollution Control Journal

6(6): 37–44

National Environmental EngineeringResearch Institute, Nehru Marg


[2556]

Gupta A K, Gupta S K, and Patil R S. 2004Journal of Indian Association for


Department of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur – 721 302, India

[2557]


484

lagoon for 24 hours at a MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids)concentration of 4000 mg/litre and BOD loading rate of0.09 kg/kg MLSS, the BOD and COD (chemical oxygen demand)were reduced to 32 mg/litre and 280 mg/litre, respectively. TheBOD of waste water could be reduced below 40 mg/litre by treatinganaerobic lagoon effluent in an aerated lagoon with seven daysdetention. Based on these studies, a treatment method issuggested. (2 figures, 8 tables, 10 references)

Reuse of iron sludge from a pharmaceutical industryfor improving the CBR value of subgrade soilThe large quantity of iron sludge is produced from majorpharmaceutical industries in an industrial estate near Vadodara.A case study was carried out of this sludge for reusing it forconstruction of base course of water-bound macadam road. Thecharacteristics and changes in the CBR value of subgrade soil witha different proportion of iron sludge was carried out and results arediscussed in this paper. The study reveals that small concentrationsof phenol, oil, and grease were present in the sludge, which mayimpart toxicity to the leachate. However, considering the top layersof soil mostly as impervious or semi-previous (bituminous road),and deep water table in the region, no reverse impacts on nearbygroundwater has been estimated. With the mixing of about 10% ofiron sludge with soil, a significant change in the CBR value hasbeen found, which results in reduction of pavement thickness from520 mm to 380 mm that is, 30% savage. Using the iron sludge in10% in sub-base course for bituminous road construction atNandesari was constructed and since the past two years, no reverseimpacts have been observed on the nearby environment and roadperformance. (1 table, 1 reference)

Ambient air quality impact assessment: a case studyAmbient air quality over the biosphere has undergone severalchanges due to anthropogenic activities. In order to ensure thathuman activities do not degrade air quality, industrial sourcecomplex dispersion modelling is the most important tool forambient air quality management in India. This mathematicalmodelling forecasts fairly accurate air quality for a given emissionscenario, incorporating geographical and meteorologicalconditions. It is used to assess ground-level concentrations of anindustrial complex as a case study. The SPM (suspendedparticulate matter), SO2 (sulphur dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxide),HCL (hydrogen chloride), and HF (hydrogen fluoride) emissionsfrom existing stacks have been monitored and data have been fittedto Gaussian Dispersion Model to assess the concentration ofvarious pollutants in the ambient air in and around the industrialcomplex. Based on the study carried in the 10 km study area, it isfound that even with the industry in operation for a period of overeleven years with all stacks in operation, ambient air quality withrespect to TSPM (total suspended particulate matter), RSPM(respirable suspended particulate matter), SO2, HF, HCl, andNOx, meets with the desired norms as stated by NAAQ (NationalAmibient Air Quality) Standards. Finally, the authors concludethat the unit has an adequate air pollution control system and is areoperating it efficiently to curb the emissions below discharge limitsgiven by Central Pollution Control Board/state pollution controlboard. (5 tables)

Raman N S. 2003Environmental Pollution Control Journal

6(6): 16–23



[2558]

Shah A R, Shah N G, and Patel J. 2003Environmental Pollution Control Journal

6(6): 45–50

M S University, Baroda – 390 001, India<[email protected]>

[2559]

Shaikh M and Gajjar N. 2004Environmental Pollution Control Journal

7(5): 30–32

GITCO (Gujarat Industrial and TechnicalConsultancy Organization Ltd)Ahmedabad – 380 009, India


485

[2560]

Siddiqui A N and Shukla R N. 2004Environmental Pollution Control Journal

7(5): 11–15

A P S University, Rewa – 486 003, India

[2561]

Sheela A M, Shanmugasundaram R, andSundaram M D. 2003

Indian Journal of Environmental Protection23(10): 1107–1111

Department of Microbiology, Faculty ofAgriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai

Nagar – 608 002, India

[2562]

Dispersion modelling for a cement plantCement industry is being considered as a major pollutingindustry. In this paper, results of GLC (gas–liquidchromatography) for a 200 tonnes per day cement plant arecalculated with the help of USEPA (United States EnvironmentProtection Agency) model. Effect of the adjoining cement plantin the ambient air quality within the 10 km radius has also beenstudied. Results of the calculation of GLC clearly show thecontribution of SPM (suspended particulate matter) levels to theambient air quality due to various stacks of cement found as121.22 mg.gm/nm3, which is well within the permissible limit.Another attempt was made to observe the changes in theconcentration of SPM plant stacks within 10 km radius. It wasobserved due to the geographical location of the second plantthat pollution is not contributing in the maximum ground SPMlevel concentration of the first plant. This is the positivesituation in those areas where two or more big plants aresupposed to come within the 10 km radius. They can operatesmoothly without causing synergistic increase in the air pollutionconcentration if they are located after observing the dominantwind direction and accordingly plan their stack locations.(9 figures, 1 table, 5 references)

Reclamation of abandoned ash pond of Neyveli thermalpower plant by enrichment and its effect on growth andyield of gingellyAsh ponds are the common disposal sites of ash generated from thethermal power stations. An attempt was made to enrich the ashpond of Neyveli Lignite Corporation Ltd, Neyveli, using organicamendments and microbial inoculants to promote crop growth.The oil seed crop gengelly (Sesamum indicum L.) was grown in twoseasons and more growth and yield was recorded in the secondcrop, which was enriched in the second time also. The inoculationeffect of the crop with VAM fungus Glomus mosseae and the acid-tolerant Azospirillum isolate, A. lipoferum PAI-1 was studied. Theco-inoculation of Azospirillum with VAM enhanced the rhizospheredehydrogenase enzyme activity, growth, yield, N, and P content ofthe plant in the enriched ash pond. Hence, the nutritionally andbiologically poor medium like ash ponds could be enrichedsuccessively to increase in the nutrient contents and microbialactivity. Prolonged enrichment would be providing favourableconditions for the establishment of vegetation and theenvironmental pollution is greatly reduced by the vegetative coveron barren land. (6 tables, 30 references)

Future of municipal solid waste—incineration in IndiaThe disposal of MSW (municipal solid waste) has become animmense problem particularly in big cities. Therefore, theMSW-disposal by incineration has an encouraging future as it isa volume-reduction process, which considerably reduces theload (up to 90%) on landfills. This will result in increasing, thelife of existing landfills and the further heat energy recovery is anadditional advantage. Incineration of MSW depends upon itsheat contents (calorific values), which is an important parameter

Power sector and environment

Hazardous waste and itsmanagement


486

for the incineration process. In this paper, the heat contents ofMSW in Indian cities has been examined for its suitability forincineration. Measures for improvement in the calorific valuesand MSW-incineration-related important design considerationshave also been studied. The author suggested that MSW-heatcontents can be improved by suitably reducing the moisturecontents and segregating inert material like stone, bricks, sand,glass, etc., which is undesirable and responsible for theunsuitability for incineration. For successful and economicalfunctioning of the MSW-incineration in India, design relationshipsof different parameters need to be developed based on indigenousexperiences. Important design parameters may include retentiontime, turbulence, charging rates, drying, ignition, combustion, etc.These design relationships may be arrived at by the methodology ofexperimentation based on conditions and quality of the IndianMSW. The MSW incineration has an encouraging future in ourcountry. (3 tables, 9 references)

Solid-phase anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wasteSolid-phase anaerobic digestion of the MSW with differentmoisture content under static and recirculation conditions wasstudied in five experimental reactors. Organic fraction of theMSW from Kodungaiyur dumping ground in Chennai wascharacterized for physico-chemical parameters and its anaerobicdigestion was evaluated by fortnightly monitoring of the solidwaste and leachate characteristics, and daily monitoring of thegas generation. The reactor with a moisture content at 25%excess of field capacity under recirculation condition was foundto be effective in the waste stabilization as indicated by areduction in organic carbon, volatile matter, and volume of solidwaste. Leachate characteristics also showed a significantreduction in volatile acids, COD (chemical oxygen demand),and BOD (biological oxygen demand). Gas generation of8.25 litres was also observed in 81 days from this reactorcontaining 6.2 kg waste. This study supports the feasibility ofleachate recirculation to promote waste degradation in solidphase anaerobic reactors. (13 figures, 4 tables, 8 references)

Radium concentration measurements in coal fly ash andcement samples using LR-115 plastic track detectorsThe increased interest in measuring radium (226Ra) concentrationin coal, fly ash, and cement is due to its health hazards andenvironmental pollution. Samples of coal and fly ash from differentthermal power stations in northern India were collected andanalysed for radium concentration. Cement samples were collectedfrom the NCCBM (National Council for Cement and BuildingMaterial), Ballabhgarh, Haryana. The radium concentration isestimated through the track etch technique using LR-115 CNdetectors. The measurements indicate moderate-to-high levels ofradium concentration in coal, fly ash, and cement samples. Thefindings are in agreement with the results of other works. Theauthor conclude that fly ash produced by burning of coal in variousthermal power stations has significant 226Ra content and thus is asevere health hazard. The information calls for necessary steps tobe taken to minimize the emission and consequent adverse effectson the environment from the fly ash and cements. (3 tables,20 references)

Dixit R C. 2004Journal of Indian Association for


NEERI Zonal LabInside Chandrawal Water Works-2

Sham Nath Marg, Delhi – 110 054, India

[2563]

Devi G D and Joseph K. 2004Journal of Indian Association for


Environmental Engineering Centre forEnvironmental Studies, Anna University,

Chennai – 600 025, India<[email protected]>

[2564]

Kant K, Chauhan R P, Sharma G S,Chakravarti S K. 2003


Department of Physics, G G D S D CollegePalwal, Faridabad – 121 102, India


487

Impact of sewage waste water on seed germination andseedling growth of some Rabi and Kharif crops of HaryanaThe effect of different concentrations of sewage waste ongermination of Rabi crops (Triticum aestivum var WH-147,Brassica carnpestris var. RH-30, and Hardeum vulgare var. BH-75) and Kharif crops (Sorghum vulgare var. Ramganj, Pennisetumtyphoides var. Nandi-3, and Zee mays var. KH-101 ) of Haryanawas studied. Germination percentage was found to be maximumin 50% concentration of the sewage waste water whiledifferential response was observed for seedling growth. Wheat,barley, and yellow sarson showed a similar trend of seedlinggrowth on application of 50% sewage waste water, while pearlmillet and maize showed maximum growth under 100%concentration of sewage waste water. In case of sorghum, both50% and 100% concentration of sewage waste water showedadverse effects on radicle as well as plumule length. In anutshell, it was concluded to make proper exploitation of sewagewaste water that either it should be treated or diluted forirrigating some crop plants. (2 figures, 3 tables, 20 references)

Emissions and accumulation of metals in atmosphere dueto crackers and sparkles during Diwali festival in IndiaThe burning of these fireworks during Diwali festival leads tometal pollution in air. In this study, metal concentrations inambient air were observed to be very high as compared to thebackground values on previous days. For some metals,concentrations were observed to be higher than reported atindustrial sites. The order of concentration of metals on the dayof the festival was observed to be in the order of K > Al > Ba >Mg > Fe > Sr > Na > Ca > Cu > Mn > As > V > Ni > Bi.Interestingly, concentrations of Ba, K, Al, and Sr went up to1091- , 25- , 18- , and 15-times higher than the previous day ofDiwali. This study indicated that burning of crackers andsparkles on Diwali is a very strong source of air pollution, whichreleases significantly high amounts of metals in air. (2 figures,3 tables, 10 references)

Microbiological quantification of air microflora in asanitary landfill areaAirborne contaminants in sanitary landfill near Gazipur in trans-yamuna area of Delhi were studied. The solid waste, comprisingmunicipal waste, hospital and industrial waste, domestic waste,etc., was dumped in the landfill area. Air samples were procuredfrom four points in the landfill area and from a reference point2 kilometres away. Air samples were analysed and enumeratedfor the total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. Identification ofbacteria and fungi was done up to species level. Escherichia coli,Streptococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus,Clostridium perfringes, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillussubtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacilluscereus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Serratis marcescens, andStaphylococcus epidermidis were between 6.1% to 2.0% of thetotal count of bacteria, 27.03% were unidentified, and rest werebetween 0.4% to 2.0%. Similarly, predominant fungi wereAspergillus (21.5%), Cladosporium (20.4%), Penicillium (18.3%),Yeast (5.7%), Mucor (4.2%), Alternaria (5. 1%), Fusarium(4.3%), Curvularia (2.7%), Rhizopus (3.3%), Nigrospora (5.7%),

[2565]

Khatri S, Dhankhar R, and Dahiya J S. 2003Indian Journal of Environmental Protection

23(10): 1164–1165

Department of BiosciencesMaharshi Dayanand University

Rohtak – 124 001, India

[2566]

Kulshrestha U C, Rao T N, Azhaguvel S,Kulshrestha M J. 2004

Atmospheric Environment38(27): 4421–4425

Analytical and EnvironmentalChemistry Division

Indian Institute of Chemical TechnologyHyderabad – 500 007, India

<[email protected]>

[2567]


488

Cerospora (1.1%). Helminthosporium, Memnoniella,Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Trichoderma, Stemphyliu, Periconia,Tetraploa, Pleospora, Cystopus, Odium, Torula, and Leptosphaeriawere observed from 0.8% to 0.1%. Unidentified fungi wereestimated to be 6.6% of the total fungal population. As awhole, the total fungal count estimated was 49%, bacterialcount 35%, and actinomycetes 16% during the study.Investigation also revealed that approximately 20% of the totalmicrobial population was estimated at the reference point2 kilometres away from landfill area. The authors suggested thatadequate measurements must be taken to maintain it properly toavoid groundwater contamination and risk of spreading diseaseslike typhoid, dysentery, cholera, plauge, yellow fever, etc. It wasalso observed that the collection methods currently adopted areprimitive and lacking in specific standards or guidelines, whichare required to be laid for designing and site identification ofcollection centres. (5 tables, 21 references)

Biogas production from distillery effluentsBiogas is available in most pollution control treatment plants,such as distilleries sewage treatment plants where the effluent(spent wash) is digested anaerobically. Biogas contains CH4(methane) (60%) and CO2 (carbon dioxide) (40%), and is awell-recognized fuel gas with minimum air pollution potential.Biogas from the biomethanation plant can be used in gasenergies. It is used as boiler fuel. Besides, the post-methanationeffluent can provide large amount of N, P, K annually. Thestudy revealed that cost of effluent treatment in distilleries islikely to be compensated substantially by the availability of CH4gas. The post-methanation effluent still needs to be treated tomeet the pollution control standards. The studies are essentialto determine optimum loading rates in order to avoid thepossibility of reduction in crop yields because of inorganictoxicity. Application of post-methanation effluent suitablydiluted according to crop requirements and soil conditionsseems to be a good alternative. (2 tables, 5 references)

Beneficial and toxic effects of iron on groundnut (Arachishypogaea L.)—An FT–IR studyThe FT–IR (fourier transform-infra red) technique has beenused to study the influence of Fe (iron) content on organicconstituents in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants. Intensityvariations are observed with age of the plant and with appliedFe concentrations in soil. Values of the extinction coefficient ‘k’were calculated for prominent absorption bands. Correlations of‘k’ with organic constituents reveal the beneficial and toxiclevels of Fe on groundnut. (2 figures, 5 tables, 23 references)

Surface and rainwater chemistry in Sri Lanka: a risk ofacidificationChemical constituents of surface and rainwater in Sri Lankawere analysed to examine the susceptibility of aquaticenvironment for episodic acidification. The buffer intensity ofdifferent types of surface water ranged from 8.09 ± 4.61 x 10−4

to 55.05 ± 21.18 x 10−4 moles 1−1 pH−1. The pH values ofrainwater samples collected island-wide once and at Kandy on a

Markanday N, Prakash A, Trivedi R C,Agrawal S, Markanday D K. 2004Journal of Indian Association for


School of Environment ManagementGGS Indraprastha University

Kashmere Gate, Delhi – 110 006, India

[2568]

Pathak P, Singh A P, Verma H,Mohan U, Singh A. 2003


Applied Science Division, Institute ofEngineering and Technology, Sitapur Road

Lucknow – 226 021, India

[2569]

Raman S B K and Karpagavalli K. 2003Indian Journal of Environmental Protection

23(10): 1102–1106

Department of Physics, Annamalai UniversityAnnamalai Nagar – 608 002, India

[2570]


489

regular basis varied from 4.82 to 7.30 and from 4.46 to 6.89,respectively. About 37% of rainwater samples collected island-wide and at Kandy had pH of 5.40–5.80. Rainwater collectedfrom that urban centres with high population densities hadmoderate concentrations of nitrate, sulphate, and chloride ions.Although a majority of rainwater samples were within the pHdefined for non-contaminated rainwater, there is a tendencytowards slight acidification. If acid rain prevails, headwaterstreams and rivers draining the wet zone and reservoirs locatedat the highest elevation are more susceptible for episodicacidification. (3 figures, 3 tables, 28 references)

Trace elements in typical herbs as an indicator orenvironmental pollutionThe INAA (instrumental neutron activation analysis) techniquewas used to study trace elements in the samples of neem, tulsi,and pudina leaves. Leave samples were taken from polluted(Patiala city) and nonpolluted localities (Punjabi University andChandigarh). It was found that the arithmetic mean of some ofthe trace elements in Patiala city, which is relatively polluted, ishigher compared to the arithmetic mean of correspondingelements in the university and Chandigarh. These areas arerelatively clean. The concentrations of potentially toxicelements, namely cadmium, cesium, chromium, mercury,scandium, and selenium are almost two-times higher in Patialain tulsi and pudina leaves compared to nonpolluted areas.However, in case of neem leaves, only cadmium, cesium, andscandium are higher in the respective areas. (3 figures, 2 tables,9 references)

Air pollution and associated health effects in stonecrushing industry: a case study in Bangalore districtStone-crushing industry in India is basically a labour-intensiveoperation, which provides basic material for buildingconstructions and contributes in a major way for otherinfrastructures of modern society. However, the variousactivities involved in stone-crushing industry viz, size reduction,size classification, and transfer operations have a high potentialto emit fine airborne dust, which has adverse health impactpotentials on the operating personnel, besides the generalpublic. Personal air samplers were employed to quantify thetotal dust and respirable particulate matter (PM 2.5) in theworking environment to which workers were exposed. Finerespirable particulate matter levels were found to beconsiderably high when compared with occupational safety andhealth standards. Health surveys, namely general clinicalexamination, pulmonary function test, blood sample test, andX-ray test, were conducted to assess the extent of health effectson workers. The study conclusively showed that many workerswho have had a long-term exposure to various crushing activitieswere affected by respiratory health problems. X-ray testsrevealed that 8% of the worker population showed radiologicalevidence of silicosis and hence appropriate remedial andpreventive measures should be enforced at crushing sites foreffective health and safety operations. (1 table, 5 references)

Silva E I L and Manuweera L. 2004Asian Journal of Water, Environment and

Pollution 1(1&2): 79–86

Institute of Fundamental Studies,Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka

<[email protected]>

[2571]

Singh P and Mittal V K. 2003Indian Journal of Environmental Protection

23(10): 1114–1119

Department of Physics, Punjabi UniversityPatiala – 147 002, India

[2572]

Naik D P, Ushamalini, andSomashekar R K. 2004

Environmental Pollution Control Journal7(5): 33–37

Bangalore UniversityBangalore – 560 056, India

Health effects


490

Decolourization of pulp and paper mill effluent usingpolyvinyl chlorideDecolourization of pulp and paper mill waste water, betterknown as black liquor, using low cost adsorbents is underinvestigation. Colour of black liquor is harmful to theenvironment as it contains certain toxic and xenobioticcompounds. The PVC (polyvinyl chloride) is water insoluble,low crystalline polymer, and cost-friendly. Alkalies and acidspresent in waste water do not affect the basic structure of thislinear macro molecule. Physico-chemical method fordecolourization was adopted for process simplification. Contact-time, effect of dosage, adsorption dynamics, and adsorptionisotherms were few parameters examined for the study.Moderate-to-fair results were obtained, rendering the PVC as asubstitute to some high-cost polymers used as adsorbent. ThePVC has been found to be a good option for decolourizationpurposes. However, it is difficult to state the type of interactionsthat occur between colour and PVC. The residual PVC obtainedcould further be investigated for utilization as a modifiedpolymer. The increased amount of chloride ion in PVC wouldprobably yield a better result. This is on account of the probableinteractions of the charged colouring component and the PVC.(7 figures, 1 table, 14 references)

Colour removal of pulp and paper effluentsThe paper industry requires large volumes of process water ofhigh purity and generate equally large volumes of waste waterfrom digestion process, which is highly coloured. Removal ofcolour from paper mill waste water is one of the majorenvironmental problems because of the difficulty of treatingsuch water by conventional methods. The present study wasundertaken for removal of colour from paper mill effluents usingwaste sludge from the ETP (effluent treatment plant) as anadsorbent with heat treatment. The operating variables studiedwere effluent concentration, adsorbent dosage, and contacttime. The conclusion drawn from the experiment is that lignin isresponsible for colour in pulp and paper industry and the mosteconomical and effective technique of adsorption by wastesludge of the industry has been adopted here. Ninety-five percent removal of colour is observed by increasing the surface areaof waste sludge at 300 °C for one hour. (5 figures, 5 tables,8 references)

Elimination of mercuric sulphate in chemical oxygendemand determinationCOD (chemical oxygen demand) is one of the widely used bulkorganic parameters for waste water characterization. Among thevarious wet oxidative methods available to determine COD, thepotassium dichromate method is widely used. Presence ofchloride can cause positive interference in the oxidationmethods. The addition of HgSO4 is recommended to avoidoxidation of chloride by converting it into unionizable mercuricchloride. The present study deals with replacement of HgSO4 byantimony (V) sulphate (in situ formation) as an effectivemasking agent to overcome the interference of chloride ion inCOD determination. Both synthetic and real waste water

[2573]

Bhardwaj S and Khan M A. 2004Indian Journal of Chemical Technology

11(5): 607–611

Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia IslamiaJamia Nagar, New Delhi – 110 025, India

<[email protected]>

[2574]

Chakradhar B and Shrivastava S. 2004Indian Journal of Chemical Technology

11(5): 617–621

Regional Research LaboratoryBhopal – 462 026, India

<[email protected]>

[2575]

Control technologies


491

samples, with varying chloride concentrations, were evaluatedand compared with the standard method using, HgSO4 asmasking agent. This method overcomes the chloride interferenceup to 2800 mg/litre with an error of ± 5.0% when potassiumhydrogen phthalate was used as standard (COD : 1000 mg/litre). This modification was adopted for determination of CODin real waste water samples and the results compare well withthe standard method, using mercuric sulphate as a chloridemasking agent. (1 figure, 4 tables, 20 references)

Economic treatment of domestic waste water by usingspecial bacterial cultures: a case studyDomestic waste water is being treated worldwide by usingconventional treatment processes like ASP (activated sludgeprocess), trickling filters, rotating biological contractors,oxidation ditches, oxidation ponds, etc. The main disadvantageof the above processes is that they need huge initial investments,which many developing countries like India are unable to install.Therefore an attempt is made to evaluate the effect of twodifferent types of special enzymes for the degradation ofdomestic waste at very less initial and maintenance cost ascompared to conventional treatments. This domestic wastewater treatment is carried out with a facultative pond as reactor.Two laboratory models, one for aerobic and another for anaerobictreatment, for each type of enzyme have been prepared andoperated. Their results are compared to control reactor (withoutany enzyme). Twenty-two-litre-capacity pond with a detentionperiod of nine days for aerobic and five-litre capacity container foranaerobic processes were brought in operation. A loading of 2.20litres waste water and 2.40 litres water for compensatingevaporation losses was used throughout the study period foraerobic process and 555 ml of waste water for anaerobic process asinfluent. After a continuous study of operation of the reactors for60 days in both summer and rainy seasons, the reactors usingenzyme B were found efficient to remove the COD and BOD to88% and 91% in aerobic condition and 79% and 97% in anaerobiccondition. (1 figure, 2 tables, 14 references)

Production of biodegradable plastics from activatedsludge generated from a food processing industrial wastewater treatment plantMost of the excess sludge from a waste water treatment plant(60%) is disposed by landfill. As a resource utilization of excesssludge, production of biodegradable plastics using the sludgehas been proposed. Storage polymers in bacterial cells can beextracted and used as biodegradable plastics. However,widespread applications have been limited by high productioncost. In the present study, activated sludge bacteria in aconventional waste water treatment system were induced bycontrolling the C : N (carbon : nitrogen) ratio to accumulatestorage polymers. Polymer yield increased to a maximum 33% ofbiomass (w/w) when the C : N ratio increased from 24 to 144,whereas specific growth yield decreased with increasing of theC : N ratio. The intercellular polymer fraction could reach ahighest value of 792 mg polymer/g cell mass, indicating that33 wt.% of the activated sludge was composed of the polymer.

Esakku S, Rohatgi R, Balasubramanian N,Palanivelu K. 2004

Indian Chemical Engineer: Section A & B46(2): 122–125

Centre for Environmental StudiesAnna University, Chennai – 600 025, India

<[email protected]>

[2576]

Gaikwad A and Mokadam A. 2004Environmental Pollution Control Journal

7(5): 46–50

Sewerage Board, Maharashtra JeewanPradhikaran, Amravati – 444 602

Maharashtra, India

[2577]


492

Production and recovery of PHB (poly hydroxy butynate) fromactivated sludge could significantly reduce the cost of PHB andat the same time, reduce the quantity of excess sludge producedin waste water treatment system that required further treatment.The conditions required for maximum polymer accumulationwere optimized and are discussed. (3 figures, 1 table,18 references)

Removal of arsenic using hardened paste of Portlandcement: batch adsorption and column studyThe HPPC (hardened paste of portland cement) has been usedas a low-cost adsorbent for removal of arsenic from waterenvironment. Results from batch experiments, conducted at aninitial concentration of 0.2 ppm (parts per million) of arsenate,suggest arsenate removal up to 95%. Kinetic profiles weredeveloped for various conditions. Effects of adsorbent dose,common ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, F2+, Cl-, SO2

4−, NO3

−,PO 3−

4, and pH were studied in detail. Adsorption isothermstudies revealed that the Freundlich isotherm was followed witha better correlation than the Langmuir isotherm. Arsenite couldalso be removed up to −88% using the same material, HPPC.Finally, column studies were undertaken involving the newHPPC to check the suitability of the material removal of totalarsenic content from water body. Kinetic experiments for theremoval of arsenic by column studies revealed a film diffusionmechanism. (7 figures, 3 tables, 51 references)

Modelling of biological treatment of waste water in bubblecolumn reactor using artificial neural networksModelling of WWTP (waste water treatment plants) can bedone using various techniques that include white box/gray boxblack box modelling. The ANN (artificial neural networks) arepart of black box modelling technique and have been used forestimation of COD (chemical oxygen demand) load as reportedin the literature. In the present work, modelling of aeratedcolumn (bubble column reactor) for estimation of per cent CODreduction as a function of COD loading, biomass concentration,and retention time has been carried out. From the results it canbe concluded that output of the ANN model is within a range of5% accuracy and can be used for prediction of parameters ofresidence time and dry mass concentration for the desired CODreduction of the given organic loading. In conventional process,the kinetics of the bioreaction is to be investigated, which isunlikely in ANN modelling, to predict the reduction of organicloading with respect to time. Results are encouraging andhighlight the accuracy and adaptability of the ANN formodelling of the WWTP. (9 figures, 3 tables, 22 references)

Effect of salt additives on decolouration of Acid Black Idye effluent by ozonationAn attempt was made to study the effect of presence ofinorganic salts namely, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, andsodium sulphate, and their concentrations on decolouration ofacid-dye effluent by ozonation. Studies have been conducted atdifferent salt concentrations and at alkaline pH on Acid Black Idye effluent, having a concentration of 500 mm. It has been

Kumar M S, Mudaliar S N,Reddy K M K, Chakrabarti T. 2004

Bioresource Technology 95(3): 327–330

Environmental Biotechnology DivisionNational Environmental Engineering

Research Institute, Nehru MargNagpur – 440 020, India

[2578]

Kundu S, Kavalakatt S S, Pal A, Ghosh S K,Mandal M, Pal T. 2004

Water Research 38(17): 3780–3790

Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur – 721 302, India

[2579]

Mandavgane S A, Garge S, Telang A,Gajghate M, Kanhekar S,

Pandharipande S L. 2004Journal of Indian Association for


Department of Chemical EngineeringLaxminarayan Institute of Technology

Nagpur – 440 010, India<[email protected]>

[2580]


493

found that salt content in the effluent increases thedecolouration time of the acid dye effluent. Higher the saltcontent, more is the decolouration time, and among the salts,sodium carbonate requires more time for completedecolouration than the sodium chloride and sodium sulphate.The COD reduces by 52%, 58%, and 62% whereas TOC (totalorganic carbon) reduces by 28%, 32%, and 33% for the saltpresent in the effluent, namely sodium carbonate, sodiumchloride, and sodium sulphate, respectively. Infrared spectrastudy confirms the formation of acidic by-products duringozonation. (7 figures, 1 table, 28 references)

Efficacy of soil aquifer treatment system in removal oforganic pollutants and nutrients from waste waterSAT (soil aquifer treatment), essentially a land treatmentsystem, relies on natural purification processes for treatment ofwaste water. To assess the potential of SAT technology underIndian conditions, a pilot study was conducted in the dry bed ofthe river Sabarmati at Ahmedabad using primary treatedmunicipal waste water for renovation. This paper focuses on theefficacy of SAT with respect to organic pollutants viz., COD,BOD, suspended solids, and nutrients viz. nitrogen andphosphorous. Removal efficiencies for the parametersconsidered were observed from 80% to over 90%, except in caseof ammonia (70%), and the quality of renovated waste waterwas found much superior than that obtainable from aconventional waste water treatment plant. The study, which wascarried out for about six months, demonstrated SAT as apromising alternate technology for waste water treatment, bothin terms of pollutants removal and cost-effectiveness and thuswas recommended as a viable technology for adoption in thedeveloping countries like India. (6 figures, 2 tables, 8 references)

Application of anaerobic technology for biomethanation ofpaper and pulp mill effluent: an insightEnergy and environment are two major concerns of any paperindustry today. Energy accounts for 30% of the total cost ofpaper production. The industry generates large amounts ofliquid effluents, gaseous emissions, and solid wastes such asdischarge of black liquor with or without partial treatment,which is about 80% of the total pollution load. This results inloss of valuable chemicals and huge amounts of organic biomass,which has a good potential for bioenergy recovery. In India,efforts have been going on for years to improve housekeeping,optimize process parameters, increase recycles, and adoptimproved technology and equipment. Enzyme-enhancedbleaching of chemical pulp has been introduced and is nowemerging as a commercial process in Japan. In converting woodinto pulp, it is important to remove lignin that might beaccomplished by enzymatic hydrolysis and extractive process.Biomethanation process has now emerged as a proventechnology for treatment of pulp and paper mill waste. Thispaper highlights a few processes that may be employed fortreatment of such industrial waste and the fact thatbiomethanation process could be a potential alternate for smallagro-based mills to treat black liquor rich effluents. It offers

Muthukumar M, Sargunamani D,Selvakumar N, Nedumaran D. 2004

Indian Journal of Chemical Technology11(5): 612–616

Department of Textile TechnologyAnna University, Chennai, India

<[email protected]>

[2581]

Nema P and Manuel J. 2004Journal of Indian Association for




[2582]


494

much advantages from the environmental and economic pointof view. A number of paper mills have shown a keen interest forinstallation of biomethanation plants. The ability to treat wasteliquor on a commercial scale to generate methane gas, a non-conventional source of energy to replace natural resourceslike light, diesel, oil, coal, thus helps to not only conserveresources but also reduce the effluent load. (1 figure, 3 tables,11 references)

New simultaneous method for the determination of cobalt(II) and copper (II) by atomic absorption spectrometry inindustrial effluents and some fruitsIn the present investigation, the authors have introduced a newreagent, KBX (potassium benzyl xanthate) for preconcentrationand simultaneous determination of cobalt (II) and copper (II)by atomic absorption spectrometry. The selectivity of thereagent is also improved by using suitable masking agents tosuppress the interference of some metal ions, like iron (III) andlead (II). Aliquots containing 5 µg/ml of cobalt (II) and copper(II) gave a standard deviation of 0.1549 x 10−3, 0.0238 x 10−3,respectively, and coefficient of variance is 0.3450% and0.2549%, respectively. The sensitivity was found to be 6.1775ng/ml for cobalt (II) and 3.1629 ng/ml for copper (II). Authorsrecommend the new method for preconcentration andsimultaneous determination of cobalt (II) and copper (II) AASat minor and trace levels, besides its use to analyse real samples,such as industrial effluents and some fruit (1 figure, 5 tables,14 references).

Ammonium removal by anammox processAnoxic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a novel microbialprocess in which ammonium is oxidized to nitrogen gas inpresence of nitrite under anoxic condition. In the present study,anammox activity in a sediment sample collected from a fieldpond was investigated. The pond was receiving ammoniumnitrate-laden waste water. Results indicated that ammonium wasconverted to nitrogen gas in presence of nitrite. This is thecharacteristic of anammox activity. Around 9% and 78% of total(ammonium + nitrite) nitrogen feed was converted into nitrateand nitrogen gas, respectively. The studies further indicated thatanoxic condition is necessary for anammox organisms to oxidizeammonium in presence of nitrite. Further, the study has givenscope for developing a cost-effective bio-treatment process forammonium removal in ammonium-laden waste water, employingthis anammox organism. (1 figure, 2 tables, 13 references)

Bleaching of bagasse pulp with enzyme pretreatmentThe effluent from pulp-bleaching processes containingchlorinated lignin and degraded polyphenolic intermediatesremains a major source of water pollution from the pulp andpaper industries. Alternative elemental chlorine-free bleachingmethods based on the use of chlorine dioxide, ozone, andhydrogen peroxide are potential substitutes. Bio-bleachingmethods, which involve pretreatment of pulp with microbialenzymes such as xylanases, have emerged as viable options.Investigations reported in this paper aim at exploring the

Nemade P D, Kumar S, Louis D,Chaudhari N. 2003

Environmental Pollution Control Journal6(6): 6–15

J T M College of EngineeringFaizpur – 425 524, India

[2583]

Rao B S, Ramakrishna K, andVenkateswaralu P. 2003


Department of ChemistryCollege of Engineering, Gandhi Institute of

Technology and Management

Visakhapatnam – 530 045, India

[2584]

Shivaraman G, Tarar J L, Shivaraman N,Wath P, Takarkhede A. 2004

Journal of Indian Association forEnvironmental Management 31(2): 113–117

Department of ChemistryL A D College for Women, Shankar Nagar

Nagpur – 440 010, India<[email protected]>

[2585]


495

suitability of commercial bacterial xylanase enzyme preparationsfor bio-bleaching of bagasse pulps in conjunction with specificchemical bleach sequences employing hydrogen peroxide (P),alkali extraction (E), ozonation (Z), hypochlorite (H), andchelation (Q) stages. The effluent profiles and pulp qualitiesobtained for each of the bleach combinations (involving bio-bleaching and chemical bleaching sequences) were monitored.Analysis of the results clearly indicates that the inclusion ofenzyme pretreatment with the TCF (total chlorine free) andECF (elemental chlorine free) sequences has a significant effecton the effluent (COD, lignin, and colour) and pulp quality(kappa number, brightness) parameters. In conclusion, findingsof this investigation indicate the potential promise of enzymepretreatment, in combination with chemical bleaching, toenhance the quality of pulps and combined effluents. (2 figures,3 tables, 6 references)

Assessment of air quality around a coal mine usingORAQI indicesAir-quality deterioration due to large-scale coal mining,transportation, and small-scale utilization activities in theManuguru coal belt area of Andhra Pradesh has become amatter of concern. Hence, it is necessary to assess the air qualityof the study area using air quality data. Coal is extracted fromtwo opencast mines and three underground mines. Theopencast mines and coal-handling plant impact the airenvironment to a greater extent as all activities occur in theambient atmosphere. Air quality study undertaken in the areacovering important locations has evidenced that pollution hasbeen increasing over the year and its impact will certainly beadverse in the coming years. Overall, air quality is obtained fromthe ORAQI (oak ridge air quality index). Seasonal and diurnalvariation of air pollutants, namely suspended particulate matter,sulphur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen, is carried out during thework. Results of the study indicate that the overall air qualityrepresented by the indices is relatively inferior in summer andsuperior in the post-monsoon season. (1 table, 7 references)

Highland lake water management in Great Asianmountains: significance, challenges, and knowledge gapsHighland lake water management in the Great Asian mountainsis an emerging issue that needs immediate attention. First thispaper firstly elaborates the significant environmental services ofhighland lakes, in particular, the significance of water resourcesin those lakes. Secondly, the author analyses the challenges ofwater resource management in highland lakes, attributing toboth global climate change and anthropogenic causes. Throughan analysis of all the challenges, knowledge gaps are identifiedand future research activities suggested. The author highlightsthat the current water crisis in highland as well as lowland areaputs water resource management and wise use in highland lakeson top of the agenda of mountain development. Innovativesolutions, and holistic and regional approach are thereforeurgently needed to address the issues of conservation,improvement, and wise use of highland lakes. This paper

Sudha B, Veeramani H, and Sumathi S. 2004Water Science and Technology

47(10): 163–168

Centre for Environmental Science andEngineering, Indian Institute of TechnologyBombay, Powai, Mumbai – 400 076, India

<[email protected]>

[2586]

Chandra S M and Rao G A. 2004Journal of Indian Association for


Department of Civil EngineeringRegional Engineering College

Warangal – 506 004, India<[email protected]>

[2587]

Environmental planning,management, and policy issues


496

outlines knowledge gaps in technical knowhow information.Also highlighted are issues of lack of adequate policy, advocacy,and government support. The author therefore suggests aregional survey of highland lakes to be carried out andbenchmarking of lakes be prepared based on the biodiversity,livelihoods, etc. Besides, government policies and capacity-building initiatives should be taken urgently.

Ecofriendly management of dairy industry effluent withrespect to irrigationDairy water is usually strong and due to its excellent nutritionalproperties, is readily oxidized by various microbes. Due to thelow COD (chemical oxygen demand), BOD (biological oxygendemand) ratio, dairy water can be treated efficiently bybiological processes. Moreover, these wastes contain sufficientnutrients for plant growth. In this study, an attempt was madeto irrigate two selected green leaf vegetables, Amaranthus sp. andFenugreek sp. However, when a diluted effluent was used, therate of seed germination was increased. There was no adverseeffect on nitrogen, carbohydrate, and fat contents of seeds. Thepresent study indicated that the dairy effluent may bebeneficially utilized after proper dilution for agriculturalpurposes with respect to the ecofriendly management of industryeffluent. (3 tables, 3 references)

Biosolubilization of lignite by marine soil microbesMangrove forest soil samples were collected from differentlocations. Before starting the experiment, soil pH and EC(electrical conductivity) are analysed. The medium used forcultivation of fungi is Czapek Dox broth. Two different methodsare used for extraction of humic acid from fungi culturemedium, such as shakeflask method and respirometer method.Results from the microbial status production of biosolubilized-product humic-acid fungi gives a high amount compared tobacteria and actinomycetes. Hence fungi gave best result forbiosolubilization of lignite to humic acid. In addition tomicrobial status, physico-chemical parameters, such as nitrogen,phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and organic carbon of soil werealso analysed. (1 figure, 11 tables, 12 references)

Predicting effluent O&G (oil and grease) for a primarysewage treatment plant using ANN (artificial neuralnetwork)Effluent O&G (oil and grease) concentration is the mostcommon environmental and process performance indicator forprimary STPs (sewage treatment plants) across the globe. In thispaper, a three-layered feed-forward ANN (artificial neuralnetwork), which uses a back propagation learning algorithm, hasbeen applied for forecasting the effluent O&G in one, two, andthree days in advance, for a large coastal STP using PS (primarysedimentation) process. Effluent O&G are covered byenvironmental protection licence limits set by the EPA(environmental protection authorities). Any breach of theselimits is subject to serious regulatory, financial, media,environmental, and public health impacts. Prediction of higherO&G beyond licence concentration limits by the ANN model

Liu J. 2004Asian Journal of Water, Environment,

and Pollution 1(1&2): 13–16

International Centre for Integrated MountainDevelopment, Kathmandu, Nepal

<[email protected]>

[2588]

Maruthi Y A, Rao S R, and Srivalli B. 2003Indian Journal of Environmental Protection

23(10): 1137–1140

Department of Environmental StudiesCollege of Engineering, GITAM

Visakhapatnam – 530 045, India

[2589]

Murugesh S, Manivannan S, Mahesh N,Mohanasrinivasan V, Devi C S. 2003


School of Chemical and BiotechnologySASTRA (Shanmugha Arts, Science Technology

and Research Academy), Deemed UniversityThanjavur – 613 402, India

[2590]


497

one to three days in advance, can serve as an early warning forimpending process problems that will enable the STP operatorsto take proactive and preventive action so as to keep the processwithin limits. The proposed automation in process control usingANN models will enable the STP operators to produce effluent,which is in-keeping with the regulatory requirements andminimizes the impact on the environment. Forecastingperformance of the developed ANN models for effluent O&Gone, two, or three days in advance, has an AAE (averageabsolute error) of 2.8, 2.7, and 3.2; an AAPE (average absolutepercentage error) of 10, 9.9, and 11.6; and RMSE (root meansquare error) of 13.1, 3.6, and 4.1, respectively. (8 figures,2 tables, 6 figures)

Quality of irrigation water in Sri Lanka: status and trendsAlready available and newly collected data sets on waterchemistry of 20 reservoirs located in seven river basins inSri Lanka were analysed to determine the status and trends inirrigation-related water quality characteristics. The pH ofirrigation water varied within a wide range but the upper limitdid not exceed the proposed level suitable for irrigation water.Salinity was found beyond the threshold level (1.250 g/litre)only in two reservoirs located downstream of the Malwathu Oya,basin and the electrical conductivity had never reached above1 millisecond/cm. The SAR (sodium absorption ration) was wellbelow the threshold value of 6 meq/litre in the study reservoirs.Least square regression model showed that electrical conductivitywas a good predictor of salinity and SAR. Time series data showedno marked changes in irrigation water quality of reservoirs locatedin the Mahaweli river basin over the past forty-three years, withrespect to the EC levels, but the EC of those proximate reservoirsreceiving additional transfer water from the truck stream of theMahaweli river showed a progressive decrease following thetransbasin diversion. (4 figures, 2 tables, 32 references)

Analysis of skewness and kurtosis for ambient air qualitymonitoring data: Neyveli thermal plantsAir pollution adversely affects biological, physical, and humanrespiratory systems. Monitoring variations of ambient air qualityis therefore essential. Like application of probability analysis inthe design of mechanical dust collectors, this type of analysiscan be applied in other ways in the air pollution work. Positivelyskewed distributions are a characteristic of naturally occurringphenomena such as, rainfall intensity, wind force, and streamflow. Knowledge of pollution distribution and direction isimportant when choosing an air-sampling station. Keeping thisin view, air quality study made in September 1988 is analysed inrespect of SO2 (sulphur dioxide) and SPMC (suspendedparticulate matter) in the ambient air in the neighbourhood ofNeyveli Thermal Power Corporation for finding an ideal location ofsampling stations. The kurtosis and skewness coefficientcorresponding to the different directions of wind shows importantfluctuations. It can be observed that most of the skewnesscoefficients are positive therefore wind speed values are groupedaround values below the mean. The effect of wind direction is todetermine the direction of released pollutants. On the basis of the

Raha D and Dharmappa D. 2004Indian Chemical Engineer: Section A & B

46(2): 115–119

Chartered Professional Engineer(Chemical & Environment), Lead Auditor

(Quality and Environment), Australia<[email protected]>

[2591]

Silva E I L. 2004Asian Journal of Water, Environment and

Pollution 1(1&2): 5–12

Institute of Fundamental StudiesHantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka

<[email protected]>

[2592]


498

above facts, this analysis on concentration of pollutants (SO2and SPM) recorded at ten stations located in the wind directionrevealed that skewness values of zero indicate symmetricaldistribution. Kurtosis value of SO2 is about three and skewnessvalue is about two, and it is known as positive skeweddistribution. In the predominant wind direction, skewness valuesare slightly skewed positively in the case of SPM. For aperiodical impact analysis study on air pollution thermal powerplant in addition to predicting concentration on the basis ofwind direction and velocity, it is possible to find the winddirection by finding kurtosis and skewness of each pollutant.The record of air-sampling station, which gives a lesser kurtosisand skewness of pollutant is the direction of prevailing wind.Thus, it is possible to optimize the sampling station for regularpollution watch scientifically and thereby saving time andmoney. (2 figures, 5 tables, 7 references)

Water quality in South AsiaThere are significant differences in the water chemistry of theHimalayan and southern peninsular rivers. Large and smallrivers also show different types of water quality. Liquid and solidwaste definitely contribute to water quality in the urban centressuch as Delhi and even coastal regions, as near Mumbai. Thesubcontinent also suffers from problems associated with fluorideand arsenic in different parts. Even drinking water showscontamination with metals and POP (persistant organicchemicals). Thus over one billion people, both qualitatively andquantitatively, are at water risk. Water quality studies in suchaspects as POP, heavy metals, and microbiology are urgentlyneeded—particularly in regions such as Nepal and Bhutan wheredatabase is scanty. Intensive agricultural activity in thesubcontinent is reflected in enhanced levels of nutrients invarious water bodies in many parts of the region. Thus, water inSouth Asia may be thought no longer to represent natural waterquality but shows an impact of different types of humanactivities practically in every part of the subcontinent. (9 figures,8 tables, 33 references)

Public water sources in rural watersheds of Nepal’smiddle mountains: issues and constraintsInadequacy and poor quality of water supply for domesticpurposes is increasingly becoming a concern in the ruralcatchments of the middle mountains of Nepal. Water quantity isan issue in the pocket areas of these catchments, while waterquality is subject to concern in most water sources.Microbiological contamination, in particular, poses a risk to thehuman health. In addition, sediment pollution during themonsoon season is perceived as an issue by local residents.Elevated phosphate and nitrate levels in many water sourcesindicate intensive interaction with surface water hailing fromagricultural areas and human settlements. These water quantityand quality concerns in two watersheds of Nepal, the JhikhuKhola and the Yarsha Khola watersheds, are not isolated cases.Similar problems are reported from other watersheds monitoredunder the PARDYP People and Resource Dynamics in

Sriram G, Krishnamohan, andGopalasamy V. 2004

Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research63(3): 769–775

Department of Mechanical EngineeringSCSVMV (Deemed University) Enathur

Kanchipuram – 631 561, India

[2593]

Subramanian V. 2004Asian Journal of Water, Environment, and

Pollution 1(1&2): 41–54

School of Environmental SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi – 110 067, India

<[email protected]>

[2594]

Sustainable development


499

Mountain Watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas project inChina, India, and Pakistan and the literature of this region.Authors suggest that in order to ensure adequate water supply ofgood quality, integrated but simple solutions based on localcapacity are necessary. Main focus should be on improvement ofwater resources management. In addition, to ensure adequate flowsfor downstream as well as upstream users, an effective catchment-based water management plan involving all stakeholders must bedeveloped and implemented. (7 figures, 5 tables, 17 references)

On impatience, economic growth, and the environmentalKuznets curve: a dynamic analysis of resource managementThe paper presents a dynamic analysis of natural resourcemanagement and investigates some key factors that affectoptimal management and resource conservation. Using arecursive specification of time preferences, the author showshow endogenous discounting and impatience can affectmotivation for both capital investments and environmentalpreservation. The author examines the relationships betweeneconomic growth and environmental quality. Endogenousdiscounting provides new insights to the economic dynamicsunderlying the environmental Kuznets curve. By treating growthas endogenous, the author examines how externalities andeconomic growth interact with each other and investigates howeconomic development can contribute to an increased demandfor environmental preservation. As an important new result, thepaper also shows how poverty can contribute to environmentaldegradation. (1 figure, 47 references)

Down-scaling and geo-spatial gridding of socio-economicprojections from the IPCC special report on emissionsscenariosA database has been developed containing down-scaled socio-economic scenarios of the future population and GDP (grossdomestic product) at the country level and on a geo-referencedgridscale. It builds on the recent IPCC (Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change) SRES (Special Report on EmissionsScenarios), but has been created independently of that report. TheSRES scenarios are derived from projected data on economic,demographic, technological, and land-use changes for the 21stcentury in a highly aggregated form, consisting of four worldregions. Since analysts often need socio-economic data at higherspatial resolutions that are consistent with the GCM (generalcirculation model) climate scenarios, the authors undertook lineardown-scaling up to 2100 of population and GDP to the countrylevel of the aggregated SRES socio-economic data for four scenariofamilies: A1, A2, B1, and B2. Using these country-level data, theauthors also generated geo-spatial grids at 1/4° resolution (~30 kmat the equator) for the population ‘density’ (people/unit land area)and for the GDP density (GDP/unit land area) for two time slices:1990 and 2025. This paper provides background information forthe databases, including discussion of the data sources, down-scaling methodology, data omissions, discrepancies with the SRESreport, problems encountered, and areas needing further work.(3 figures, 5 tables, 48 references)

Merz J, Nakarmi G, Shrestha S,Dahal B M, Dongol B S, Schaffner M,

Shakya S, Sharma S. 2004Environmental Management 34(1): 26–37

PARDYP/ International Centre for IntegratedMountain Development

GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal<[email protected]>

[2595]

Chavas J-P. 2004Environmental and Resource Economics

28(2): 123–152

Department of Agricultural & ResourceEconomics, University of Maryland

2200 Symons Hall, College ParkMD 20 742-5535, USA

<[email protected]>

[2596]

Gaffin S R, Rosenzweig C, Xing X,Yetman G. 2004

Global Environmental Change14(2): 105–123

Center for Climate Systems Research ColumbiaUniversity, 2880 Broadway

New York 10 025, USA<[email protected]>

Climate change: issues andpolicies


500

Risk aversion, intergenerational equity, and climate changeThe paper investigates a climate–economy model with an iso-elasticwelfare function in which one parameter ‘r’ measures relative risk-aversion and a distinct parameter P measures resistance tointertemporal substitution. The authors show both theoretically andnumerically that climate policy responds differently to variations inthe two parameters. In particular, they show that higher r but lowerP lead to an increase in emission control. The authors also arguethat the climate–economy models, based on intertemporal expectedutility maximization, that is, models where r = P, may misinterpretthe sensitivity of the climate policy to risk-aversion. (1 figure,1 table, 14 references)

Factors affecting climate sensitivity in global coupled modelsFour global coupled climate models with different combinationsof atmosphere, ocean, land surface, and sea ice components arecompared in idealized forcing (1% CO2 increase) experiments.The four models are the CSM (climate system model), thePCM (parallel climate model), the PCTM (PCM/CSMtransition model), and the CCSM (community climate systemmodel). The hypothesis posed is that models with similaratmospheric model components should show a similar globallyaveraged, dynamically coupled response to the increasing CO2in spite of different ocean, sea ice, and land formulations.Conversely, models with different atmospheric componentsshould be most different, in terms of the coupled globallyaveraged response. The two models with the same atmosphereand sea ice but different ocean components (PCM and PCTM)have the most similar response to the increasing CO2, followedclosely by the CSM with comparable atmosphere and differentocean and sea ice from either the PCM or PCTM. The fourthmodel, CCSM, has a different response from the other threeand, in particular, is different from the PCTM in spite of havingthe same ocean and sea ice but different atmospheric modelcomponent. These results support the hypothesis that to agreater degree than the other components, the atmosphericmodel ‘manages’ the relevant global feedbacks, including sea icealbedo, water vapour, and clouds. The atmospheric model alsoaffects the meridional overturning circulation in the ocean, aswell as the ocean heat uptake characteristics. This is due tochanges in surface fluxes of heat and fresh water that affectsurface density in ocean. For global sensitivity measures, theocean, sea ice, and land surface play secondary roles, eventhough differences in these components can be important forregional climate changes. (8 figures, 1 table, 27 references)

Climate variability and deforestation–reforestationdynamics in the PhilippinesChanges in the conditions in the ‘warm pool’ in the Pacific regionare reflected in changes in the local climate system of thePhilippines. Both El Niño and La Niña episodes in the PacificOcean introduce high variability into the local climate pattern,especially rainfall, in the Philippines. Whereas El Niño appearswhen the annual rainfall is ≥≥≥≥≥ 10% lower than normal annualrainfall, La Niña occurs when annual rainfall is at least equal to thenormal. About 15.7 million ha (hectares) of forest cover had been

[2597]

Ha-Duong M and Treich N. 2004Environmental and Resource Economics

28(2): 195–207

CNRS–CIRED, Paris, France<[email protected]>

[2598]

Meehl G A, Washington W M,Arblaster J M, Hu A. 2004

Journal of Climate 17(7): 1584–1596

National Center for sospheric ResearchP O Box 3000, Boulder

CO 80 307, Colorado, USA<[email protected]>

[2599]


501

lost between 1903 and 1998, but only 1.64 million ha had beenreforested in the same period, indicating the presence ofunbelievably low ecological stability. Apart from this, the denudedforests freed about 8.24×109 Mg C into the atmosphericgreenhouse pools. Neither deforestation nor reforestation wasundertaken with deliberate regard to the occurrences of El Niño orLa Niña. Very high rates of deforestation were observed to coincidewith or precede the strong El Niño or La Niña episodes, thusconfounding further the ecological instability of denuded forestsystems, especially those with slope =18%. Similarly, thereforestation cycle indicates that saplings are at most five years oldevery time an El Niño or a La Niña occurs; in most reforestationschemes, saplings are only 1–2 years old when these events occur.These reforested areas are vulnerable to drought in El Niño yearsand to high runoff erosion during La Niña years. Because they areyoung, saplings in reforested areas dry easily and pose hazards toforest fires, which were observed to destroy larger tracts of forestcover during El Niño more so when annual rain is =10% below thenormal. In retrospect, the study indicated that had forests beenexploited with conscious regard to the recurrence of El Niño orLa Niña episodes, ecological impacts could at least be toned down.In the same vein, reforestation could have been more successful if itwere implemented with due consideration to the extreme climatevariability. (7 figures, 17 references)

The proposals for a European tax on CO2 and theirimplications for inter country distributionThis paper analyses the advantages and implications of theimplementation of a European tax on CO2 emissions andfocuses on its effects on inter-country distribution. In contrast toa harmonized tax, which would only have distributive effectswithin each member state, a tax collected at the European scalewould also have important distributive effects among differentcountries. These effects would also depend on the use of taxrevenues. The paper investigates, through a simple empiricalanalysis, the distributive effects among member states of threetax models: a pure CO2 model, a 50%/50% energy–CO2 model,and a CO2 model with a burden on nuclear power. (3 figures,6 tables, 40 references)

Learning curves for environmental technology and theirimportance for climate policy analysisThe authors seek to improve the ability of the IA (integratedassessment) models to incorporate changes in CO2 (carbondioxide) CCS (capture and sequestration) technology cost andperformance over time. This paper presents results of research thatexamine past experience in controlling other major power plantemissions that might serve as a reasonable guide to future rates oftechnological progress in the CCS systems. In particular, theauthors focus on the US and worldwide experience with SO2(sulfur dioxide) and NOx (nitrogen oxide) control technologiesover the past 30 years, and derive empirical learning rates for thesetechnologies. Applying these rates to the CCS costs in a large-scaleIA model shows that the cost of achieving a climate stabilizationtarget is significantly lower relative to scenarios with no learning forthe CCS technologies. (4 figures, 19 references)

Moya T B and Malayang B S III. 2004Environment, Development and Sustainability

6(1–2): 261–277

School of Environmental Science andManagement, University of the Philippines

Los Baños, The Philippines<[email protected]>

[2600]

Padilla E and Roca J. 2004Environmental and Resource Economics

27(3): 273–295

Department of Economic Theory,Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal,

690, 08 034 Barcelona, Spain<[email protected]>

[2601]

Rubin E S, Taylor M R, Yeh S,Hounshell D A. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1551–1559

Department of Engineering and Public PolicyCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh

Pennsylvania 15 213, USA<[email protected]>


502

CO2 capture and storage: the essential bridge to thehydrogen economyEnergy futurists are excited about ‘hydrogen economy’ whereH2 (hydrogen) will be effectively utilized in advanced fuel cellsto produce clean and efficient energy. They also assume that H2will be generated from advanced renewable systems, such aswind turbines, solar collectors, and biomass, as these are low-emission sustainable energy resources. The hydrogen economyconcept is interesting and certainly a possibility in the long-termas the fossil fuel age is expected to peak in the next 50–100years, making fossil fuels increasingly expensive. However, forthe short-term, this idea must overcome tremendous obstaclesand challenges due to the high cost of H2 production fromrenewables, and more importantly, the need to develop therequired H2 infrastructure. This paper explains the key issuesthat may favour the hydrogen economy for the long-term, andmore importantly, addresses the CO2 capture options that areessential to help develop the required H2 infrastructure in theshort term. (1 figure, 1 table, 10 references)

Environmental impact of energy use in Bangladesh, India,Pakistan, and ThailandThe environmental impact of energy use in this study isevaluated from two aspects: the level of utilization of naturalsources as measured by energy intensity and the level ofenvironmental stress as measured by CO2 emission intensity.This study analyses the environmental impact of energy use inBangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Thailand from 1973 to 2000,based on the International Energy Agency’s 2002 database. Thepurpose of this study is to calculate the energy intensity andCO2 emission intensity in the four countries while using theTPES (total primary energy supply), which includescombustible renewables and wastes, and CO2 emissions ascalculated by the sectoral approach. The findings differ fromsome previous conclusions because they conclude that the abovefour countries are in a process of dematerialization with regardto energy use and are thus heading forward, decreasing theenvironmental stress. (8 figures, 5 tables, 18 references)

Can climate change explain increases in DOC flux fromupland peat catchments?Long-term increases in the DOC (dissolved organic carbon)concentration in rivers draining areas of upland peat are aubiquitous phenomenon in the UK. Several hypotheses havebeen proposed to explain these increases, but one compellingexplanation is the observed long-term increase in temperature inthe UK uplands causing increases in peat decomposition rates,and increasing the depth of oxidation as evaporation increasesdepth to the water table. The study constructed an empiricalmodel for the water table depth and decomposition ratecalibrated against observations from the Environmental ChangeNetwork monitoring site at Moor House in the North Pennines,UK. The study shows that (a) depth of the water table has notchanged significantly over a 30-year period, reflecting the factthat blanket peat is well buffered against climate change,(b) increase in temperature is responsible for a 12% increase in

[2602]

Simbeck D R. 2004Energy 29(9–10): 1633–1641

SFA Pacific, Inc., 444 Castro StreetSuite 720, Mountain View

California, USA<[email protected]>

[2603]

Sun J W and Kuntsi E. 2004Global Environmental Change 14(2): 161–169

Turku School of Economics, Finland FuturesResearch Center, Rehtorinpellonkatu 3,

20 500, Turku, Finland<[email protected]>

[2604]


503

DOC production while an approximate 78% increase in DOCproduction has been observed, (c) overall DOC production ispredicted to rise by 6%, but observation suggests increases onthe scale of 97%, (d) the model inadequately represents changesin production and supply of the DOC during periods of severedrought. The study shows that temperature change alone isinsufficient to explain the observed increases in DOCproduction. Alternative explanations for the large increases inDOC production could include changes in land management,but an enzymic latch mechanism, that is, derepression of anaerobicdegradation, causing increased decomposition rates in response tosevere drought is preferred. (10 figures, 40 references)

An approach to utilize climate change impact studies innational assessmentsThis paper proposes methods to assess the socio-economicimpacts of climate change within the framework of nationalaccounting and macro economic models. The purpose of thispaper is to suggest an approach whereby results from variousmicro level studies of impacts of climate change can be compiledand constitute a macro level assessment of implications ofclimate change for an entire country or region. The methods areillustrated with examples. The framework of national accountingserves several important purposes in the assessment of thenational impacts of climate change. First, an accounting systemrequires that assumptions and output from independent sectorstudies of impacts be standardized and made comparable.Second, it serves as a checkpoint for the availability and qualityof information about impacts of climate change. Third, itprovides a starting point for more extensive macro economicanalysis of impacts. (1 figure, 7 tables, 21 references)

Modelling greenhouse gas energy technology responses toclimate changeModels of the global energy system can help shed light on thecompetition and complementarities among technologies andenergy systems, both in presence and absence of actions to affectthe concentration of GHGs (greenhouse gases). This paperexplores the role of modelling in the analysis of technologydeployment in addressing climate change. It examines thecompetition among technologies in a variety of markets, andexplores conditions under which new markets such as forhydrogen and carbon disposal, or modern commercial biomass,could emerge. Carbon capture and disposal technologies areshown to have the potential to play a central role in controllingthe cost of stabilizing the concentration of GHGs, the goal ofthe UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. (4 figures,1 table, 10 references)

Assessing impacts of global warming on tropical cyclonetracksA new approach is proposed to assess the possible impacts of theglobal climate change on TC (tropical cyclone) tracks in theWNP (western North Pacific) basin. The idea is based on thepremise that the future change of the TC track characteristics is

Worrall F, Burt T, and Adamson J. 2004Science of the Total Environment

326(1–3): 95–112

Department of Geological SciencesScience Laboratories, South Road

Durham, DH1 3LE, UK<[email protected]>

[2605]

Aaheim A and Schjolden A. 2004Global Environmental Change 14(2): 147–160

CICERO, University of Oslo, P O Box 1129Blindern, Oslo 0318, Norway

<[email protected]>

[2606]

Edmonds J A, Clarke J, Dooley J, Kim S H,Smith S J. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1529–1536

Joint Global Change Research InstitutePacific Northwest National Laboratory8400 Baltimore Avenue, College Park

Manyland 20 740, USA<[email protected]>

[2607]

Climate change: impacts,adaptation, and vulnerability


504

primarily determined by changes in large-scale environmentalsteering flows and in formation locations. It is demonstrated thatthe main characteristics of the current climatology of the TCtracks can be derived from the climatological mean velocity fieldof the TC motion by using a trajectory model. Theclimatological mean velocity of the TC motion, composed oflarge-scale steering and beta drift, is determined on each grid ofthe basin. The mean large-scale steering flow is computed fromthe NCEP–NCAR (National Center for EnvironmentalPrediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research)reanalysis for the current climate state. The mean beta drift isestimated from the best-track data by removing the steeringflow. The derived mean beta drift agrees well with the results ofprevious observational and numerical studies, in terms of itsdirection and magnitude. The approach is applied to assessingthe potential impacts of global warming on the TC tracks in theWNP. The possible changes in the large-scale steering flows aretaken from the output wind fields of two GFDL (GeophysicalFluid Dynamics Laboratory) global warming experiments, andpossible changes in the TC formation locations are consideredby shifting the formation locations as a whole. The GFDLexperiments suggested that changes in the future large-scalesteering flows are dominated by the easterly anomalies in thetropics and westerly anomalies in the midlatitudes with theenhanced northward component during the period of 2030–59.Based on the assessments using two different ways to reduceclimate model biases, the prevailing TC tracks shift slightlysouth-westwards during the period of 2000–29, but north-eastwards during the period of 2030–59. More TCs will take arecurving track and move north-eastwards during the period of2030–59. The El Niño-like climate change predicted in manyclimate models can significantly enhance the track changes if theTC formation locations in the WNP shift eastwards as a whole.(12 figures, 3 tables, 35 references)

Evaluation of carbon dioxide sequestration in Japan with amathematical modelCost effectiveness of CO2 (carbon dioxide) sequestration, especiallyinto aquifers, strongly depends on the sequestration capacities andthe routes to connect CO2 sequestration sites and recovery sites.This site dependency of CO2 sequestration makes its evaluationdifficult. In order to evaluate the cost effectiveness of CO2sequestration in parallel with other carbon mitigation options inJapan, a new mathematical model of optimization type has beendeveloped. The energy systems and the processes of CO2 recovery,transportation, and sequestration are modelled in the bottom-upfashion. To pay due consideration to the site dependency, the landarea of Japan is divided into 20 regions and the offshore area alsointo 20 regions. The land regions have various kinds of energysupply-side facilities and CO2 recovery and transportation facilities.The final energy demand is grouped into four types of energy: solidfuel, gaseous fuel, liquid fuel, and electricity. On the other hand,the offshore regions have aquifers for CO2 sequestration. Inaddition, CO2 sequestration into ocean is taken into account.These model regions are interlinked with each other, and

Wu L and Wang B. 2004Journal of Climate 17(8): 1686–1698

Goddard Earth and Technology CenterUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore County

Baltimore, and Laboratory for AtmospheresNASA Goddard Space Center

Greenbelt, Maryland<[email protected]>

[2608]

GHG emissions and mitigation


505

interregional CO2 transportation and energy transportation areconsidered. The total cost of energy systems and CO2sequestration in Japan between 2000 and 2050 is minimized in thismodel. This paper describes the structure of this new model forevaluation of CO2 sequestration in Japan, and presents model-based optimization solutions as to when, where, and how muchCO2 sequestration and other carbon-mitigation options should beimplemented under assumed carbon mitigation policy options.(10 figures, 5 tables, 17 references)

A simulation method for rapid screening of potentialdepleted oil reservoirs for CO2 sequestrationThe reduction of GHG emissions is a growing concern for manyindustries. The oil and gas industry has a long commercial practiceof gas injection, enhanced oil recovery, and gas storage. Using adepleted oil or gas reservoir for CO2 storage has several interestingadvantages. The long-term risk analysis of the CO2 behaviour andits impact on the environment is a major concern. That is whyselection of an appropriate reservoir is crucial to the success of asequestration operation. The modelling study, based on a syntheticreservoir, quantifies uncertainties due to reservoir parameters inorder to establish a set of guidelines to select the most appropriatedepleted reservoirs. Several production and sequestration scenariosare investigated in order to quantify key parameters for CO2storage. The influence of parameters such as API gravity,heterogeneity (Dykstra–Parson coefficient), pressure support(water injection), and cap rock integrity are analysed. Estimation ofsequestration capacity is proposed through a SF (sequestrationfactor) estimated for different reservoir production drives. Multipleregression relationships were developed, allowing SF estimation.CO2 sequestration optimization highlights the best clean oil recoverystrategy (CO2 injection and/or oil production). (11 figures, 2 tables,9 references)

Australia’s CO2 geological storage potential and matchingof emission sources to potential sinksWithin the GEODISC programme of the Australian PetroleumCooperative Research Centre, Geoscience Australia and theUniversity of New South Wales have completed an analysis of thepotential for geological storage of CO2. The geological analysisassessed over 100 potential environmentally sustainable sites forCO2 injection by applying a deterministic risk assessment based onthe five factors of storage capacity, injectivity potential, site details,containment, and natural resources. Utilizing a risked storagecapacity suggests that at a regional scale, Australia has a CO2storage potential in excess of 1600 years of the current annual totalnet emissions. Whilst this estimate does give an idea of theenormous magnitude of the geological storage potential of CO2 inAustralia, it does not account for various factors that are evident insource-to-sink matching. If preferences due to source-to-sinkmatching are incorporated and an assumption is made that someeconomic imperative will apply to encourage geological storage ofCO2 then a more realistic analysis can be derived. In such a case,Australia may have the potential to store a maximum of 25% of ourtotal annual net emissions or approximately, 100–115 MT (milliontonnes) CO2 per year. (4 figures, 13 references)

Akimoto K, Kotsubo H, Asami T, Li X,Uno M, Tomoda T, Ohsumi T. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1537–1549

Research Institute of Innovative Technology forthe Earth, Kizugawadai 9–2, Kizu-cho

Kyoto 619-0292, Japan<[email protected]>

[2609]

Bossie-Codreanu D and Gallo Y L. 2004Energy 29(9–10): 1347–1359

Institut Français du Pétrole1&4 Avenue de Bois Préau, 92 852

Rueil-Malmaison, France<[email protected]>

[2610]

Bradshaw J, Allinson G, Bradshaw B E,Nguyen A V, Rigg J, Spencer L, Wilson P. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1623–1631

Geoscience Australia, GPO Box 378Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia

<[email protected]>


506

An Amazon perspective on the forest–climate connection:opportunity for climate mitigation, conservation anddevelopment?Amazonia contains more C (carbon) than a decade of global,human-induced CO2 emissions (60–80 billion tonnes). This C isgradually being released into the atmosphere throughdeforestation. Projected increases in Amazon deforestationassociated with investments in road paving and other types ofinfrastructure may increase these C emissions. An increase of25%–40% in Amazon deforestation due to projected road pavingcould counterbalance nearly half of the reductions in the Cemissions that would be achieved if the Kyoto Protocol wereimplemented. Forecasted emission increases could be curtailedif development strategies aimed at controlling frontier expansionand creating economic alternatives were implemented. Giventhe ancillary benefits and relative low costs, reducingdeforestation in the Amazonia and other tropical areas could bean attractive option for climate mitigation. Projects that helpcontain deforestation and reduce frontier expansion can play animportant role in climate change mitigation but currently are notallowed as an abatement strategy under the climate regime.Creating incentives for forest conservation and decreaseddeforestation can be a unique opportunity for both forestconservation and climate mitigation. (3 figures, 32 references)

Influence of ocean CO2 sequestration on bacterialproductionStrategies to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions in theatmosphere by sequestration underground or in the deep oceanare being investigated. An international collaboration to conducta field experiment on CO2 ocean sequestration was initiated inDecember 1997. The primary objective of this project is toobtain data that can be applied to assess environmental impactsof direct injection of CO2 into the deep ocean. Thecollaboration is being implemented by a research teamcomprising engineers and scientists from five nations: Australia,Canada, Japan, Norway, and the US. This paper focuses onstudies being conducted as part of the field experiment toinvestigate the influence of decreased seawater pH from CO2dissolution on bacterial production in the ocean. A preliminaryanalysis of the variation in bacterial production under differentvalues of pH and temperature, conducted in July 1999,indicated that there was no measurable effect on the microbialpopulation in the first 24 hours of the experiment. However,there was a rapid decline in bacterial production with decreasesin the pH over a 96 hours incubation period. In addition, theimpact of reduced pH was more pronounced when the bacteriawere grown at warmer temperatures, that is, with a more rapidpotential production rate. Subsequent laboratory experimentswere conducted in June 2000 using pressure chambers todetermine the effect of depressurization on bacterial production.For this effort, seawater samples were collected from a 600-m-deep pipeline off the Kona coast of the island of Hawaii. Waterwas placed in a pressure chamber and allowed to stabilize for48 hours at the ambient pressure and temperature of 600 mdepth at the sampling location. After 48 hours, the water was

[2611]

Carvalho G, Moutinho P, Nepstad D,Mattos L, Santilli M. 2004

Environment, Development and Sustainability6(1–2): 163–174

Woods Hole Research Center, P O Box 296Woods Hole, MA (Massachusetts), USA

<[email protected]>

[2612]


507

depressurized and acidified with CO2 to pH values of 6.95 and5.6. The acidified water and an unamended sample wereincubated at 5, 10, and 15 °C for 96 hours and sampled every24 hours. Similar impacts to those observed previously on thebacterial production were noted. The overall result was thatlonger incubation times and warmer temperatures reduced thebacterial production in samples exposed to lower pH. Thisobservation is beneficial to develop an understanding of thelong-term effects of CO2 releases on basic elemental cycles thatsupport aquatic food chains. (4 figures, 15 references)

Carbon management strategies for US electricitygeneration capacity: a vintage-based approachUtilities are under increasing pressure to reduce power plantCO2 emissions. If the US and the world follow through on theirlong-term commitment to dramatically reduce emissions, thispressure will become significant over the coming decades. It isin the face of these concerns that the future of US fossil-firedpower plants is examined. There are over 1337 operationalfossil-fired power plants generating units of at least 100 MW incapacity that began operating between the early 1940s and todayin the continental US. Together, these units provide some453 GW (gigawatt) electric power. Rapidly retiring this stillvaluable capital stock or undertaking large-scale immediateredevelopment with advanced power cycles as a means ofaddressing their GHG emissions will not be a sensible option forall these units. Considering a conservative 40-year operating life,there are over 667 existing fossil-fired power plants, representinga capacity of over 291 GW, that have at least a decade’s worthof productive life remaining. Applying Battelle’s specializedanalysis tools, relationships between these 667 plants and theirtechnology type, location, emissions, and vintage have beenexplored. Based on these factors and the proximity of theseplants to the geological reservoirs with potential for sequesteringlarge volumes of CO2, the average costs for retrofitting thesenewer vintage plants with capture technology, and sequesteringtheir CO2 into such reservoirs are presented. A discussion of aset of planned US fossil-fired power projects within the contextof a carbon-constrained world is also included. (3 figures,3 tables, 12 references)

Belgium’s CO2 mitigation potential under improvedcropland managementSequestration of C in soils and vegetation can contribute tomeeting the GHG emission reduction targets for individualcountries under the Kyoto Protocol. In this paper, the Cmitigation potential of a series of agricultural land-managementpractices that are relevant to Belgian agriculture is quantified.Reforestation of a part of the total agricultural area is alsoconsidered, and the sequestration potential is corrected forpractices already in use before the 1990 baseline. Existing andfuture agro-environmental policies as well as regional policiesaimed at reducing environmental side effects of spreadingorganic amendments were considered when calculating the areasfor which sequestration measures could be applied. The resultsare brought together in a realistic scenario. The mean

Coffin R B, Montgomery M T,Boyd T J, Masutani S M. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1511–1520

Marine Biogeochemistry SectionCode 6114, Naval Research Laboratory

Washington, DC 20 375, USA<[email protected]>

[2613]

Dahowski R T and Dooley J J. 2004Energy 29(9–10): 1589–1598

Energy Science and TechnologyDirectorate, Battelle–Pacific Northwest

National Laboratory, PO Box 999, K6-10Richland, Washington, DC 99 352, USA

<[email protected]>

[2614]


508

sequestration potential expressed in Gg C per year for Belgiumis as follows: additional bioenergy crops (96.2), spreadingfarmyard manure formerly applied to grassland on arable land(84.4), woodland regeneration (31.7), adopting no-till farmingon suitable soils over a period of 20 years (15.8), the use ofcover crops following winter cereals (15.2, adopted over 20years), improved management of farmed peat soils (13.4), andorganic farming (2.2). These figures suggest that by 2010,Belgium can only expect a reduction in CO2 emissions rangingfrom 0.47% to 0.90% of the 1990 GHG emissions by improvingagricultural management. These measures should not, however,be neglected as they will have other positive effects on soilproperties, and could offer a solution to reduce emissions fromthe agricultural sector by 4.7%–9.0% of the 1990 values.(1 figure, 6 tables, 58 references)

Novel concepts for CO2 captureThis paper describes the possibilities for power generation withCO2 capture using the envisaged key technologies: gas turbines,membranes, and SOFCs (solid oxide fuel cells). First, theunderlying programmes in the Netherlands and at ECN areintroduced. Key technologies are introduced and concepts usingthese technologies are discussed. A literature overview of systemsfor power generation with fuel cells, in combination with the CO2capture, is presented. Then a novel concept is introduced. Thisconcept uses a water gas shift membrane reactor to convert the COand H2 in the SOFC anode off-gas to gain a CO2-rich stream,which can be used for sequestration without an elaboratetreatment. Several implementation schemes of the technique arediscussed, such as atmospheric systems and hybrid SOFC-GTsystems. (6 figures, 1 table, 19 references)

Geological storage of CO2: what do we know, where arethe gaps, and what more needs to be done?If deep reductions in anthropogenic GHG emissions are to beachieved, the introduction of CO2 capture and storage in geologicalreservoirs is likely to be necessary. The technology would bedeployed alongside other mitigation measures such as renewables,energy efficiency, and fuel switching. Currently, researchprogrammes on the geological storage of CO2 are underway in theAustralia, European Union, Japan, and the United States. The aimof this paper is to present an overview of the research work that iscurrently underway and provide an analysis of the current state ofknowledge on geological storage of CO2. The analysis will bebroken down to address the key geological storage options: deepcoal seams, depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, and deep salineaquifers. In each case, areas of uncertainty will be highlighted aswell as areas where it is considered that further work will be neededso that the technology can be accepted by governments and thegeneral public as a mitigation option suitable for wide-scaleapplication throughout the world. (2 tables, 21 references)

Impacts of CO2-taxes in an economy with niche marketsand learning-by-doingIn this paper, the authors analyse the impact of C taxes onemission levels when niche markets exist for new carbon-free

Dendoncker N, Van Wesemael B,Rounsevell M D A, Roelandt C,

Lettens S. 2004Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment

103(1): 101–116

Department of GeographyUniversité Catholique de Louvain

Place Louis Pasteur 3B 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium

<[email protected]>

[2615]

Dijkstra J W and Jansen D. 2004Energy 29(9–10): 1249–1257

ECN, Energy Research Centre ofthe Netherlands, P O Box 1

1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands<[email protected]>

[2616]

Gale J. 2004Energy 29(9–10): 1329–1338

IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D ProgrammeCheltenham, Glos. GL52 4RZ, UK<[email protected]>

[2617]


509

technologies, and when these technologies experience ‘learning-by-doing’ effects. For this purpose, a general equilibrium modelhas been developed, DEMETER, specifying two energytechnologies: one based on fossil fuels and another on acomposite of C-free technologies. Initially, the C-freetechnology has relatively high production cost, but nichemarkets ensure a positive demand. Learning-by-doing decreasesthe production cost, further increasing the market share, whichin turn, accelerates learning-by-doing and so forth. Thismechanism allows a relatively modest carbon tax, of about50 dollars/tonne carbon, to almost stabilize C emissions at their2000 levels throughout the entire 21st century. Sensitivityanalysis shows that the required C tax for emission stabilizationcrucially depends on the elasticity of substitution between thefossil fuel and carbon-free technology. (5 figures, 44 references)

Games of climate change with international tradeThe authors analyse games of GHG emission reduction in whichthe emissions and emission-reduction costs of one countrydepend on other countries’ emission abatement. In ananalytically tractable model, the authors show that internationaltrade effects on costs and emissions can either increase ordecrease incentives to reduce emissions and to cooperate onemission abatement; in some specifications, optimal emissionreduction is unaffected by trade. The authors therefore specifythe model further, calibrating it to larger models that estimatethe costs of emission reduction, trade effects, and impacts ofclimate change. If trade effects are driven by total emissionreduction costs of other countries, cooperation is slightly moredifficult than in the case without the trade effects. If tradeeffects are determined by the relative emission-reduction effortsin other countries, cooperation becomes easier. The C leakagedoes not affect our qualitative insights, although it does changethe numbers. (7 tables, 34 references)

CO2 capture, storage, and reuse potential in FinlandEconomical feasibility and potential of CO2 capture, storage, andreuse in Finland was evaluated under the National Programme onTechnology and Climate Change (Climtech). In Finland, nosuitable geological formations exist to sequester CO2. The nearestpotential CO2 sequestration sites are offshore oil and gas fields inthe North Sea and Barents Sea, which would mean a transport of500–1000 km for captured CO2. With the current knowledge,capturing CO2 near the storage sites and investing to new cross-border electricity transmission capacity seems the most feasibleoption for Finland. Storing CO2 as solid mineral carbonate couldbe an option in future since large resources of suitable silicates existin Finland as natural minerals and as wastes of the mining industry.The reuse potential of the captured CO2 is less than 0.5% of theannual CO2 emissions. (4 figures, 4 references)

Time to realization: evaluation of CO2 capture technologyR&Ds by GERT (graphical evaluation and reviewtechnique) analysesThe R&D (research and development) processes of CO2 capturetechnologies having different levels of energy efficiency are

Gerlagh R, Van der Zwaan B,Hofkes M W, Klaassen G. 2004

Environmental and Resource Economics28(3): 367–394

IVM, Institute for Environmental StudiesVrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087

1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands<[email protected]>

[2618]

Kemfert C, Lise W, and Tol R S. 2004Environmental and Resource Economics

28(2): 209–232

Institute for EnvironmentalStudies Vrije Universiteit

Amsterdam The NetherlandsCentre for Marine and Climate ResearchHamburg University, Hamburg, Germany

<[email protected]>

[2619]

Koljonen T, Siikavirta H, Zevenhoven R,Savolainen I. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1521–1527

Technical Research Centre of FinlandVTT Processes, P O Box 1606

FIN-02 044 VTT, Espoo, Finland<[email protected]>

[2620]


510

evaluated through the GERT (graphical evaluation and reviewtechnique) analyses. Five types of technologies are targeted forevaluation: chemical absorption, physical adsorption, membraneseparation, O2/CO2 recirculation boiler, and integratedhydrogen-separation gas turbine technologies. Thesetechnologies are decomposed into elemental technologies, andnetwork charts are constructed, which express the R&Dprocesses of the target technologies for the GERT analyses.Data on the elemental technology R&Ds was collected through aquestionnaire to Japanese experts in 2001, and used forevaluation. The results obtained include that (1) the averageexpected time periods required for the completion of the targettechnology R&Ds is 16–19 years, except for a shorter R&D timeof 13.8 years for chemical absorption CO2 capture technologyhaving conventional energy efficiency, (2) though the R&D successprobabilities are relatively high for the chemical absorption typeCO2 capture technologies, they become lower as the energyefficiency becomes higher, which implies that the R&Ds of thecapture technologies other than the chemical absorption type arealso recommended for the successful completion of the capturetechnology, which has the highest energy efficiency among thetarget technologies, and (3) additional R&D investments on large-scale equipment such as tower, blower, and pumping technologiesare cost-effective for accelerating the target technology R&D.(2 figures, 1 table, 16 references)

Soil respiration and carbon storage of an acrisol underforest and different cultivations in Rio de Janeiro, BrazilSoil respiration rates of a clay-loam-textured Acrisol underdifferent uses (Atlantic forest, manioc, horticulture, andpasture) from Rio de Janeiro were measured. The relationshipbetween CO2 emissions and soil physico-chemical propertieswas investigated. Rates of CO2 emission of two sites (Atlanticforest and horticulture) were also evaluated in different seasonsin 1997 and 1998. In the forest site, monthly means of measuredrespiration rates showed good correlation with soil temperaturein the range 19.6–24.1 °C (r2 = 0.89). In the horticulture site,no change was observed with soil moisture alone, in the range3.0–13.2 wt%. In the horticulture soil, even when the surfacesoil was very dry, respiration rates increased in the hot, wettersummer but remained higher than the mean flux from forestsoil. The CO2 emission flux of the Acrisol under different usesshowed a good correlation with soil temperature (r2 = 0.72) andmoisture (r2 = 0.61). (3 figures, 3 tables, 12 references)

GHG mitigation potential and cost in tropical forestry:relative role for agroforestryThis paper summarizes studies of carbon MP (mitigationpotential) and costs of forestry options in seven developingcountries, with a focus on the role of agroforestry. A commonmethodological approach, known as the COMAP(comprehensive mitigation assessment process) was used in eachstudy to estimate the potential and costs between 2000 and2030. The approach requires the projection of baseline andmitigation land-use scenarios derived from the demand for forestproducts and forestland for other uses such as agriculture and

Kosugi T, Hayashi A, Matsumoto T,Akimoto K, Tokimatsu K, Yoshida H,

Tomoda T, Kaya Y. 2004Energy 29(9–10): 1297–1308

Research Institute of Innovative Technology forthe Earth, 9-1 Kizugawadai, Kizu-choSoraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0292, Japan

<[email protected]>

[2621]

Maddock J E L, Santos M B P D,de Sá S R N A, Machado P L O D A. 2004


Embrapa Solos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil<[email protected]>

[2622]


511

pasture. By using data on estimated C sequestration, emissionavoidance, and costs and benefits, the model enables one toestimate the cost-effectiveness indicators based on monetarybenefit per TC (tonnes carbon) as well as estimates of the totalmitigation costs and potential when the activities areimplemented at equilibrium level. Results show that about halfthe MP of 6.9 gigatonnes C (an average of 223 million tonnesC per year) between 2000 and 2030 in the seven countries couldbe achieved at a negative cost, and the other half at costs notexceeding dollars 100 per TC. Negative cost indicates that non-carbon revenue is sufficient to offset direct costs of about halfthe options. The agroforestry options analysed bear a significantproportion of the potential at medium-to-low cost per TC whencompared to other options. The role of agroforestry in thesecountries varied between 6% and 21% of the MP, though theoptions are much more cost-effective than most due to the lowwage or opportunity cost of rural labour. Agroforestry optionsare attractive due to the large number of people and thepotential area currently engaged in agriculture, but they poseunique challenges for C and cost-accounting due to thedispersed nature of agricultural activities in the tropics, as wellas specific difficulties arising from requirements for monitoring,verification, leakage assessment, and establishment of crediblebaselines. (1 figure, 10 tables, 40 references)

Studies on enhancing carbon sequestration in soilsStudies of C and N (nitrogen) dynamics in ecosystems areleading to an understanding of the factors and mechanisms thataffect the inputs to and outputs from soils and how these mightbe manipulated to enhance the C sequestration. Both thequantity and quality of soil C inputs influence the C storage andthe potential for C sequestration. Changes in tillage intensityand crop rotations can also affect the C sequestration bychanging the soil physical and biological conditions, and bychanging the amounts and types of organic inputs to soil.Analyses of changes in soil C and N balances are beingsupplemented with studies of the management practices needed tomanage soil C and the implications for fossil-fuel use, emission ofother GHGs (such as N2O (nitrous oxide) and CH4), and impactson agricultural productivity. The Consortium for Research onEnhancing Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Ecosystems wascreated in 1999 to perform fundamental research that will lead tomethods to enhance the C sequestration as one component of theC management strategy. Research till date, at one member of thisconsortium, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, has focused on theC sequestration in soils. (2 figures, 2 tables, 16 references)

Clean development mechanism projects and portfolio risksThe CDM (clean development mechanism) is expected tofacilitate technology transfer from the developed to developingcountries as well as to economically reduce the GHG emissions.In this article, the authors explore effective institutions toactivate the CDM projects. For this purpose, they haveestimated the IRR (internal rate of return) and other indicatorson profitability for 42 CDM or JI (joint implementation)projects, taking account of volatilities in the price of the CER

Makundi W R and Sathaye J A. 2004Environment, Development and Sustainability

6(1–2): 235–260

Lawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley

California 94 720, USA<[email protected]>

[2623]

Marland G, Garten C T Jr., Post W M,West T O. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1643–1650

Oak Ridge National LaboratoryEnvironmental Sciences Division

Oak Ridge, TN 37 831-6335, USA<[email protected]>

[2624]


512

(certified emission reductions). As a result of Monte Carlosimulations, expected values and standard deviations in the IRRof the projects were quantitatively shown. Then the authorsevaluated various risks in the CDM, concluding thatdiversification of investment is an effective way to suppress theserisks. Therefore securitization of the CDM finance is proposedas a means of facilitating the diversification of investment. Theauthors present the concept of a CDM bond, which is a projectbond with the CER. They also investigated the role ofgovernments to suppress risks in the CDM. Referring to theCERUPT (CR units procurement tender), initiated by theNetherlands government, the institution of ‘insured CERUPT’is proposed to suppress downside risks in the IRR of theprojects. The authors conclude that it is possible to make theCDM projects viable by the ‘insured CERUPT’ and CDMbond. (5 figures, 1 table, 2 references)

The clean mechanism: making it operationalThe CDM (clean development mechanism) is a facility fortrading CERs (certified emission reductions) between thedeveloping and developed countries, thus saving non-renewableC emissions by promoting renewable energy, energy efficiency,and/or C sequestration projects in the LDCs (least developingcountries). The purpose of the CDM is to help these lattercountries meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol whileat the same time promoting ‘sustainable’ development in theformer countries, thereby reducing the build-up of the GHGs.This paper examines the progress in achieving a workable CDMin time for the first commitment period (2008–12), and the kindof initiatives that can be pursued in the agricultural, land-use,and forestry sectors in tropical countries. The critical elementfor success of the CDM is the participation of a broad cross-section of buyers (ultimately from the developed countries) andsellers (from the developing countries) of the CERs. Trading isthe final step, which starts with project formulation, throughsuccessful implementation and then certification. This paperlays out a market-based framework for promoting CDMtransactions between private sector project developers andtraders and public sector policy-makers, with regulators,governed by the CDM rules, overseeing the smooth running ofthe CDM. However, as there are numerous players, it isproposed that the trial CDM projects be demonstrated withsupport from national/international bodies to iron out theproblems and come up with practical solutions so that theC trading can become a reality. Three broad kinds of projectsqualify for the CDM. These are renewable energy projects thatwill be alternatives to fossil fuel projects, sequestration projectsthat offset the GHG emissions, and energy-efficient projects thatwill decrease the emissions of the GHGs. It is possible to have acombination of these initiatives. A fourth type covering theGHG reduction is omitted. (4 figures, 1 table, 23 references)

Sensitivity of sequestration efficiency to mixing processesin the global oceanA number of large-scale sequestration strategies have beenconsidered to help mitigate the rising levels of atmospheric CO2.

Matsuhashi R, Fujisawa S, Mitamura W,Momobayashi Y, Yoshida Y. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1579–1588

Institute of Environmental StudiesGraduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan

<[email protected]>

[2625]

Mendis M and Openshaw K. 2004Environment, Development and Sustainability

6(1–2): 183–211

Energy and Environmental ManagementDivision of the International Resources Group

1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 700Washington, DC 20 036, USA

<[email protected]>

[2626]


513

The authors use an OGCM (ocean general circulation model) toevaluate the efficiency of one such strategy currently receivingmuch attention, the direct injection of liquid CO2 into selectedregions of the abyssal ocean. They find that currents typicallytransport the injected plumes quite far before they are able toreturn to the surface and release the CO2 through air–sea gasexchange. When injected at sufficient depth (well within orbelow the main thermocline), most of the injected CO2 outgasesin high latitudes (mainly in the southern ocean) where verticalexchange is most favoured. Virtually all the OGCMs that haveperformed similar simulations confirm these global patterns, butregional differences are significant, leading efficiency estimatesto vary widely among models even when identical protocols arefollowed. In this paper, the authors make a first attempt atreconciling some of these differences by performing a sensitivityanalysis in one OGCM, the Princeton Modular Ocean Model.Based on techniques the authors have developed to maintainboth the modelled density structure and the absolute magnitudeof the overturning circulation, while varying important mixingparameters, the authors estimate the sensitivity of sequestrationefficiency to the magnitude of vertical exchange within the low-latitude pycnocline. Combining these model results with theavailable tracer data permits us to narrow the range of modelbehaviour, which in turn places important constraints on thesequestration efficiency. (1 figure, 1 table, 31 references)

Economic feasibility of carbon sequestration withenhanced gas recoveryPrior reservoir simulation and laboratory studies have suggestedthat injecting CO2 into mature natural gas reservoirs for theCSEGR (carbon sequestration with enhanced gas recovery) istechnically feasible. Reservoir simulations show that the highdensity of CO2 can be exploited to favour displacement of CH4with limited gas mixing by injecting CO2 in low regions of areservoir while producing from higher regions in the reservoir.Economic sensitivity analysis of a prototypical CSEGRapplication at a large depleting gas field in California shows thatthe largest expense will be for the CO2 capture, purification,compression, and transport to the field. Other incremental costsfor the CSEGR include (1) new or reconditioned wells for CO2injection, CH4 production, and monitoring; (2) CO2distribution within the field; and, (3) separation facilities tohandle eventual CO2 contamination of the CH4. Economicfeasibility is most sensitive to wellhead CH4 price, CO2 supplycosts, and the ratio of CO2 injected to incremental CH4produced. The analysis suggests that the CSEGR may beeconomically feasible at CO2 supply costs of up to 4–12 dollars/tonne (0.20–0.63 dollars/million cubic feet). Although thisanalysis is based on a particular gas field, the approach isgeneral and can be applied to other gas fields. This economicanalysis, along with the reservoir simulation and laboratorystudies that suggest the technical feasibility of the CSEGR,demonstrates that the CSEGR can be feasible and that a fieldpilot study of the process should be undertaken to test theconcept further. (4 figures, 3 tables, 9 references)

Mignone B K, Sarmiento J L, Slater R D,Gnanadesikan A. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1467–1478

Department of GeosciencesPrinceton University, Princeton

NJ (New Jersey) 08 544, [email protected]>

[2627]

Oldenburg C M, Stevens S H, andBenson S M. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1413–1422

Earth Sciences Division 90-1116Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA (California) 94 720, USA

<[email protected]>


514

Design parameters of solar concentrating systems forCO2-mitigating algal photobioreactorsThe strategy of exploiting photosynthesizing microalgal culturesto remove CO2 from flue gases through fixation has the potentialto effectively diminish the release of CO2 in atmosphere, helpingalleviate the trend towards global warming. The use offibreoptic-based solar concentrating systems for microalgalphotobioreactors has the potential to meet two essential criteriain the design of a lighting system for algal photobioreactors:(1) electrical energy efficiency and (2) lighting distributionefficiency. The overall efficiencies of solar concentrating systemshave significantly improved in recent years, exceeding 45%.Meanwhile, achieving uniform lighting distribution withinphotobioreactors constitutes probably the greatest challenge inusing fibreoptic-based solar concentrators as a lighting systemfor photobioreactors. The light-emitting fibres appeared to bethe most promising candidates in achieving such uniform lightdistribution in photobioreactors. Also, when a hybrid-solar-and-electric-lighting scheme is adopted to augment solar lightingwhenever needed, the hybrid lighting distribution needs to bedesigned accordingly. (16 references)

Is it possible to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions inpastoral ecosystems of the tropics?Climate change science has been discussed and synthesized bythe world’s best minds at unprecedented scales. Now that theKyoto Protocol may become a reality, it is time to be realisticabout the likelihood of success of mitigation activities. Pastorallands in the tropics hold tremendous sequestration potential,but also strong challenges to the potential mitigation efforts.The authors present new analyses of the global distribution ofpastoral systems in the tropics and the changes they are likely toundergo in the next 50 years. They then briefly summarize thecurrent mitigation options for these lands and conclude byattempting a pragmatic look at the realities of mitigation.Mitigation activities have the greatest chance of success if theybuild on traditional pastoral institutions and knowledge(excellent communication, and strong understanding ofecosystem goods and services) and provide pastoral people withfood security benefits at the same time. (2 figures, 2 tables,47 references)

Developing a set of regulatory analogs for carbonsequestrationThe C capture and sequestration will require the managementand storage of CO2 either in geological reservoirs or in the oceanover many centuries. While the possibility of exposure leading todamages to public health, workers, or the environment may besmall, if there is to be widespread adoption of sequestration, aregulatory system will need to be evolved to manage thereservoirs. To better understand the drivers of a futureregulatory system, the historical evolution of comparableregulatory regimes provides a useful guide when viewed throughthe lens of public goods problems. Other long-term storageproblems that have at least some of the characteristics ofC storage are evaluated according to the nature of risk,

[2628]

Ono E and Cuello J L. 2004Energy 29(9–10): 1651–1657

Department of Agricultural and BiosystemsEngineering, 507 Shantz BuildingThe University of Arizona, Tucson

AZ (Arizona) 85 745, USA<[email protected]>

[2629]

Reid R S, Thornton P K, McCrabb G J,Kruska R L, Atieno F, Jones P G. 2004


International Livestock Research InstituteP O Box 30 709, Nairobi, Kenya

<[email protected]>

[2630]


515

credibility of solutions, regulatory environment, and thepotential to either borrow from or influence other policyproblems across geographic or issue boundaries. Though noneare exact analogs, as a whole, the set offers variation in the keyvariables critical for determining the success of C sequestrationas a viable climate policy option. (23 references)

Prospects for carbon capture and sequestrationtechnologies assuming their technological learningThis paper analyses the potentials of CCS (carbon capture andsequestration) technologies in a set of long-term energy–economic–environmental scenarios, based on alternative assumptions fortechnological progress of the CCS. In order to get a reasonableguide to the future technological progress in managing CO2emissions, authors review the past experience in controlling SO2(sulfur dioxide) emissions from power plants. By doing so, a‘learning curve’ is quantified for the CCS, which describes therelationship between the improvement of costs due toaccumulation of experience in the CCS construction. The authorsincorporate the learning curve into the energy modelling frameworkMESSAGE–MACRO and develop the GHG emission scenarios ofeconomic, demographic, and energy demand development, wherealternative policy cases lead to stabilization of atmospheric CO2concentrations at 550 parts per million by volume by the end of the21st century. Due to the assumed technological learning, costs ofemission reductions for the CCS drop rapidly and in parallelwith the massive introduction of the CCS on a global scale.Compared to the scenarios based on static cost assumptions forCCS, the contribution of C sequestration is about 50% higher inthe case of learning, resulting in cumulative sequestration ofCO2 of 150–250 billion tonnes C during the 21st century. Theresults illustrate that C capture and sequestration are one of theobvious priority candidates for long-term technology policiesand enhanced R&D efforts to hedge against the risks associatedwith high environmental impacts of climate change. (2 figures,2 tables, 17 references)

Greenhouse gas fluxes in tropical and temperateagriculture: the need for a full-cost accounting of globalwarming potentialsAgriculture’s contribution to radiative forcing is principally throughits historical release of C present in soil and vegetation to theatmosphere and through its contemporary release of N2O andCH4. The sequestration of soil carbon in soils now depleted in soilorganic matter is a well-known strategy for mitigating the build-upof CO2 in the atmosphere. Less well-recognized are the othermitigation potentials. A full-cost accounting of the effects ofagriculture on the GHG emissions is necessary to quantify therelative importance of all mitigation options. Such an analysisshows the N fertilizer, agricultural liming, fuel use, N2O emissions,and CH4 fluxes to have additional significant potential formitigation. By evaluating all sources, in terms of their globalwarming potential, it becomes possible to directly evaluate thegreenhouse policy options for agriculture. A comparison oftemperate and tropical systems illustrates some of these options.(1 figure, 3 tables, 39 references)

Reiner D M and Herzog H J. 2004Energy 29(9–10): 1561–1570

Judge Institute of ManagementUniversity of Cambridge, Trumpington Street

Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK<[email protected]>

[2631]

Riahi K, Rubin E S, andSchrattenholzer L. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1309–1318

International Institute for AppliedSystems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1

2361, Laxenburg, Austria<[email protected]>

[2632]

Robertson G P and Grace P R. 2004Environment, Development and Sustainability

6(1–2): 51–63

W K Kellogg Biological Station andDepartment of Crop and Soil Sciences

Michigan State University, Hickory CornersMI (Michigan), USA

<[email protected]>


516

Carbon sequestration in a tropical landscape: aneconomic model to measure its incremental costFarm-level rates of C sequestration are derived for timber andagroforestry systems based on Paraserianthes falcataria. Aneconomic model is used to measure the incremental cost of Cstorage, based on the opportunity cost of land diverted from theannual crop production. The method is applied to the Manupaliwatershed, in the Philippines province of Bukidnon, to estimatethe C storage potential and C storage costs at a landscape scale.The C storage via land-use modification is calculated to costbetween 3.30 dollars per tonne on fallowed lands and 62.50dollars per tonne on land that otherwise supports high-valuecropping. The C storage through agroforestry is less costly thanvia a pure tree-based system; a strong argument for the role ofagroforestry rather than forestry per se in reforestation projects.(1 figure, 3 tables, 25 references)

Does distribution matter? Efficiency, equity, andflexibility in greenhouse gas abatementThis paper analyses the banking and borrowing of C emissionrights within the framework of a simple, integrated assessmentmodel. Breaking the world economy in just two regions it will beshown that (1) increasing intertemporal flexibility in the GHGabatement through banking and borrowing of C emissionpermits has a positive effect on welfare for regions with a poorendowment in the C emission rights, but negatively affects richlyendowed regions, (2) intergenerational fairness advocatesintertemporal flexibility in the GHG abatement, irrespective ofthe initial allocation of C rights, (3) optimal C accumulation isnot independent of the initial allocation of C rights. Differentinitial sharing rules clearly influence the development ofatmospheric C concentration. (8 figures, 2 tables, 20 references)

Worldwide selection of early opportunities for CO2-enhanced oil recovery and CO2-enhanced coal-bedmethane productionA study has been undertaken to assess the potential for low costopportunities for the CO2 capture and storage/sequestrationworldwide. Such opportunities should provide options for earlyimplementation of projects worldwide. They combine high purity(100%) CO2 gas streams with short transmission distance andpotentially profitable CO2-enhanced fossil fuel recovery schemessuch as CO2-EOR and CO2-ECBM, which simultaneouslysequester CO2. The study has used a geographical informationsystem to link high purity CO2 point sources to oil and gasreservoirs within 100 km of the point source. In doing this, some420 possible CO2-EOR opportunities and a further 79 possibleCO2-ECBM opportunities were identified. (3 figures, 1 table,16 references)

Energy use and CO2 production in tropical agricultureand means and strategies for reduction or mitigationThe CO2 emissions due to fossil fuel consumption are wellrecognized as a major contributor to climate change. In a debateon this threat, expectations are high that agriculture-based

[2633]

Shively G E, Zelek C A, Midmore D J,Nissen T M. 2004

Agroforestry Systems 60(3): 189–197

Agricultural Economics, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, Illinois, USA

<[email protected]>

[2634]

Stephan G and Müller-Fürstenberger G. 2004Environmental and Resource Economics

27(1): 87–107

Institute of Applied Micro EconomicsUniversity of Bern, Gesellschaftsstrasse 49 CH

3012 Bern, Switzerland<[email protected]>

[2635]

Van Bergen F, Gale J, Damen K J,Wildenborg A F B. 2004

Energy 29(9–10): 1611–1621

Netherlands Institute of Applied Geoscience TNO-National Geological Survey

P O Box 80 015, 3508 TAUtrecht, Netherlands

<[email protected]>

[2636]


517

economies of the developing world can help alleviate thisproblem. But, the contribution of agricultural operations tothese emissions is fairly small. It is the clearing of the nativeecosystems for agricultural use in the tropics that is the largestnon-fossil fuel source of CO2 input to the atmosphere. The useof fossil energy and the concomitant emission of CO2 in theagricultural operational sector – that is, the use of farmmachinery, irrigation, fertilization, and chemical pesticides –amounts to merely 3.9% of the commercial energy use in thatpart of the world. Of this, 70% is associated with productionand use of chemical fertilizers. In absence of fertilizer use, thedeveloping world would have converted even more land forcultivation, most of which would be completely unsuitable forcultivation. Current expectations are that reforestation in thesecountries can sequester large quantities of C in order to mitigateexcessive emissions elsewhere. But, any programme that aims toset aside land for the purpose of sequestering C must do sowithout threatening food security in the region. The sole optionto liberate the necessary land for C sequestration would be theintensification of agricultural production on some of the betterlands by increased fertilizer inputs. The sequestration of C faroutweighs the emissions associated with the production of theextra fertilizer needed. The authors observe that C credits maybe the only way for some farmers the regions to afford the costlyinputs. Additionally, in regions with already relatively highfertilizer inputs, such as in South Asia, an efficient use of theextra fertilizer must be warranted. Nevertheless, the net CO2benefit through implementation of this measure in thedeveloping world is insignificant compared to the worldwideCO2 output by human activity. Thus, reforestation is only onemitigating measure and not the solution to unconstrained fossilfuel CO2 emissions. The C emissions should, therefore, first ofall be reduced by the avoidance of deforestation in thedeveloping world and moreover by higher energy efficiency anduse of alternative energy sources. (8 tables, 34 references)

Increasing biomass utilization in energy systems: acomparative study of CO2 reduction and cost for differentbioenergy processing optionsGHG emissions, such as CO2, need to be greatly reduced toavoid the risk of a harmful climate change. One powerful way tomitigate emissions is to switch from fossil fuels to renewableenergy, such as biomass. In this paper, the authorssystematically investigate several bioenergy processing options,quantify the reduction rate, and calculate the specific cost ofreduction. This paper addresses the issue of which optionSweden should concentrate on to achieve the largest CO2reduction at the lowest cost. Results show that the largest andmost long-term sustainable CO2 reduction would be achieved byrefining the woody biomass to fuel pellets for coal substitution,which has been done in Sweden. Refining to motor fuels, suchas methanol, DME (dimethyl ether), and ethanol, gives only halfthe reduction and, furthermore, at a higher specific cost.Biomass refining into pellets enables transportation over longdistances, and seasonal storage, which is crucial for furtherutilization of the woody biomass potential. (10 figures, 4 tables,30 references)

Vlek P L G, Rodríguez-Kuhl G, andSommer R. 2004


Zentrum für EntwicklungsforschungWalter-Flex-Straße 3, 53 113 Bonn, Germany

<[email protected]>

[2637]

Wahlund B, Yan J, and Westermark M. 2004Biomass and Bioenergy 26(6): 531–544

Department of Chemical Engineering andTechnology/Energy Processes

Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden

<[email protected]>


518

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from tropicalagriculture: scope and research prioritiesThe scope of mitigation options in tropical agriculture isdiscussed for three different activities (a) agroforestry, (b) rice-based production systems, and (c) pasture/animal husbandry.Prevention of deforestation and re-forestation of degraded landcould become key elements to the national climate protectionprogrammes of some developing countries. Agroforestry mayoffer economically viable windows of opportunity for sustainableuse of tropical forests, whereas additional funds (for example,through clean development mechanism) will be required tomake re-forestation programmes profitable. Alternativemanagement practices in rice-based systems may offer win-winoptions to reduce the emissions and – at the same time – toobtain another improvement in the production system, namelythrough optimized timing of the N fertilizer, temporary drainagein irrigated rice fields, and integrated residue management.Introducing pasture in degraded land can sequester substantialamounts of C (similar to re-forestation). Future research has toinclude participation of stakeholders from all conceivable levels,that is farmers’ cooperatives, nongovernmental organizations,national agricultural research centres, and extension services, todevise simple and financially interesting incentives for reducingemissions. The feasibility of environmentally friendly productiontechniques has to be disseminated to the public through ‘successstories’ (documented in public media) and demonstration farms.(1 table, 13 references)

Bio-folio: applying portfolio theory to biodiversityGenes, species, and ecosystems are often considered to beassets. The need to ensure a sufficient diversity of this asset isbeing increasingly recognized today. Asset managers in banksand insurance companies face a similar challenge. They areasked to manage the assets of their investors by constructingefficient portfolios. They deliberately make use of aphenomenon observed in the formation of portfolios: returns areadditive while risks diversify. This phenomenon and itsimplications are at the heart of the portfolio theory. Portfoliotheory, like few other economic theories, has dramaticallytransformed the practical work of banks and insurancecompanies. Before the portfolio theory was developed about50 years ago, asset managers were confronted with a situationsimilar to the situation that research on biodiversity faces today.While the need for diversification was generally accepted, aconcept that linked risk and return on a portfolio level andshowed the value of diversification was missing. Portfolio theoryhas closed this gap. This article first explains the fundamentalsof the portfolio theory and transfers it to biodiversity. A largepart of this article is dedicated to some of the implicationsportfolio theory has for the valuation and management ofbiodiversity. The last section introduces three developmentopenings for further research. (6 figures, 91 references)

[2638]

Wassmann R and Vlek P L G. 2004Environment, Development and Sustainability

6(1–2): 1–9

Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research(IMK-IFU), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe

Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany<[email protected]>

[2639]

Figge F. 2004Biodiversity and Conservation

13(4): 827–849

School of the EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeeds LS2 9JT, UK

<[email protected]>

Biodiversity and naturalresources


519

The establishment of China’s core biodiversity metadatastandardBiodiversity metadata provide service to query, management,and use of actual data sets. The progress of the development ofmetadata standards in China was analysed, and metadatarequired and/or produced based on the Convention onBiological Diversity were reviewed. A biodiversity metadatastandard was developed based on the characteristics ofbiodiversity data and in line with the framework of internationalmetadata standards. The content of biodiversity metadata isdivided into two levels. The first level consists of metadataentities and elements that are necessary to exclusively identify abiodiversity data set, and is named as Core Metadata. Thesecond level comprises metadata entities and elements that arenecessary to describe all aspects of a biodiversity data set. Thestandard for core biodiversity metadata is presented in thispaper, composed of 51 elements belonging to 6 categories(entities), that is, inventory information, collection information,information on the content of the data set, managementinformation, access information, and metadata managementinformation. The name, definition, condition, data type, andfield length of metadata elements in these six categories(entities) are also described. (2 tables, 10 references)

Biodiversity impact analysis in north-west Yunnan,south-west ChinaThis paper reports the main findings of a study on the factorsthreatening biodiversity in north-west Yunnan: a globalbiodiversity hotspot in China and home to over five millionpeople. Research was based on eight site-level case studies. Themain driving forces of biodiversity loss are livelihood activities,including agricultural production, livestock grazing and thecollection of fuel wood, and construction of timber and non-timber forest products. Behind these specific drivers are theunderlying factors, including changes in demography, marketconditions, resource tenure policies, and development policiesand projects. Some change in land cover had been due tospecific trigger events, the most significant of which reflectnational policy changes. At the site level, a range of biophysicaland socio-cultural factors influence the specific outcomes thatany particular factor may have. The paper suggests some specificredressive measures and general implications for research andpolicy. (2 figures, 9 tables, 13 references)

Biodiversity and biodiversity conservation in Yunnan, ChinaYunnan, an inland province at a low latitude and high elevation,lying between 21°09'–29°15' N and 97°32'–106°12' E in south-western China, has a vast territory with diversified and uniquenatural resources. There are more than 18 000 high plantspecies (51.6% of China’s total) and 1836 vertebrate species(54.8% of China’s total) living in Yunnan on a land area of39.4 x 104 km2, that is, only 4.1% of China’s total. Among the15 000 seed plants found in Yunnan, there are 151 rare and

[2640]

Xu H, Li Y, and Ding H. 2004Biodiversity and Conservation

13(5): 1009–1022

College of AutomationNanjing University of Aeronautics and

Astronautics, Nanjing, China

[2641]

Xu J and Wilkes A. 2004Biodiversity and Conservation

13(5): 959–983

Department of Plant Geography andEthnobotany, Kunming Institute of

Botany of the Chinese Academy of SciencesHeilongtan, 650 204 Kunming, Yunnan, China

<[email protected]>

[2642]


520

endangered plant species (42.6% of China’s protected plants).Out of 335 priority protected wild animals in China, Yunnanhas 243 species, accounting for 72.5% of China’s total, 15% ofwhich are species endemic to Yunnan. However, Yunnan’sbiodiversity is faced with the menace of excessive exploitation ofresources and changes in environmental conditions caused byactivities of an expanding human population. This paper discussesthe background, composition, and structure of Yunnan’sbiodiversity. Its biodiversity fragility and the threatened situationare also discussed. Suggestions and recommendations on thestrategy and actions of Yunnan’s biodiversity conservation andsustainable development are proposed. (2 tables, 23 references)

Yang Y, Tian K, Hao J, Pei S, Yang Y. 2004Biodiversity and Conservation

13(4): 813–826

Department of EnvironmentScience and Engineering, Southwest

Forestry University, 650 224, KunmingPeople’s Republic of China

<[email protected]<[email protected]>

Internet resources

Websites

www.agores.org

http://www.caddet-ee.org/search.htm

http://www.ceres.org

http://www.sdchronos.org/en/index.htm

http://www.eionet.eu.int

AGORES, A Global Overview of Renewable Energy SourcesThe website of AGORES (A Global Overview of RenewableEnergy Sources) is a comprehensive source of information onrenewable energy. It provides latest news on renewable energyand upcoming events, and information on European andnational strategies and policies relevant to the RES (renewableenergy sources). It provides information on the range of RESavailable; on the technologies, publications, market studies;summaries of successful projects from across Europe; andrenewable energy projects. The website also provides anextensive database of renewable energy publications andEuropean Union funding programmes.

Caddet Energy Efficiency Register DatabaseCaddet register is a user-friendly online database containingover 2000 energy-saving and renewable energy projects from15 different countries. By providing the access code CADDET,one can search the Caddet register for detailed information in allCaddet, energy efficiency, and renewable energy projects;organizations involved with the demonstration projects, and thelist for demonstration projects’ titles. Search for any keywordcan be made country, sector, or technology specific.

CERES (Coalition for Environmentally ResponsibleEconomies)CERES is a coalition of investment funds, environmentalorganizations, and public interest groups. The website providesinformation on the work done by the coalition; information onconferences, reports; and recent developments.

ChronosChronos is an e-learning tutorial on the business case forsustainable development, designed to equip users with theknowledge needed to deliver on corporate priorities. The tutorial isdivided into six sections, each of which contains a number oftopics.

EIONET (European Environment Information andObservation Network)EIONET is a collaborative network of the EuropeanEnvironment Agency and its member countries, connectingnational focal points in the EU and accession countries,European topic centres, national reference centres, and maincomponent elements. EIONET is both a network oforganizations and an electronic network (e-EIONET).


522

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy News (USDOE)EERE Network News is a weekly newsletter covering energyefficiency and renewable energy news and events, new sites onEERE (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy), and energyfacts and tips.

Energy ProgramThe SARI/Energy (South Asia Regional Initiative for EnergyCooperation and Development) programme was launched in2000 to build mutually beneficial energy linkages among thecountries of South Asia. SARI/Energy has reached out to morethan 3500 participants in the region on clean energy trade,energy efficiency, rural energy supply, energy regulatory issues,energy statistics, and private-sector involvement, and establisheda network of energy sector professionals in Bangladesh, Bhutan,India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Maldives. The website providesinformation on activities and projects carried out by theorganization.

Envirosense ConsortiumThe Envirosense Consortium is a non-profit organization ofstrategic companies and other associations that address indoorair quality issues. The consortium provides educationalprogrammes that focus on proactive solutions for building,product, and maintenance systems. The website is a richcollection of information resources on facts and figures, news,events, web links, and member’s details.

Global Knowledge PartnershipThe Global Knowledge Partnership is a worldwide networkcommitted to harnessing the potential of information andcommunication technologies for sustainable and equitabledevelopment. The website includes information about members,success stories, newsletters, publications, events, and a virtualmarketplace. The network enables the sharing of information,experiences, and resources to help reduce poverty and empowerpeople.

Hazardous waste sites directoryThe directory contains a list of United States’ state-wisegovernment regulation websites and number of standards andregulatory documents that give toxicity values, physical constants,and state clean-up levels. Also, it has descriptions of pages, amessage board, and a glossary of related acronyms used.

IEA Greentie DirectoryIt is a searchable database containing contact details for morethan 7000 organizations and experts covering the fields ofenergy and greenhouse gas mitigation technologies, andclassified by technology expertise, industry, products, etc. Theinformation provided is the description of organization, contactinformation, and classification.

National Biodiesel BoardThe NBB (National Biodiesel Board) is the national tradeassociation representing the biodiesel industry as the

http://www.eere.energy.gov/news/about.cfm

www.sari-energy.com

http://www.envirosense.org/

http://www.globalknowledge.org/

http://www.cleanuplevels.com/

http://www.greentie.org/

http://www.biodiesel.org/


523

coordinating body for research and development in theUnited States. The NBB website is a vast resource base of news,press releases, basic information, statistics, database, usageguidelines, and a buyers directory. The site also hosts freepublications on biodiesel.

Noise Pollution ClearinghouseThe NPC (Noise Pollution Clearinghouse) is a national non-profit organization with extensive online noise-related resources,including databases. The website hosts campaigns on specificnoise issues and distributes Quiet Zone newsletter. The NPC alsooffers CD-ROMs demonstrating the worst noise effects,discussion groups, partner details, and news.

Oil industryThe web portal provides a worldwide overview of upstreamactivity, featuring continually updated oil company profilesalong with the latest news releases split into core oil and gasregions for easy reference. It gives latest production and reservesfigures, overview of exploration/operational highlights, mergers,acquisitions, and key company comparison data. Access to thissite is open for only paid subscribers.

Urban Transport and EnvironmentThe website is a rich resource base for information and analysison the urban transport and its impact on the environment inIndia. The contents include emission control strategies,regulations and standards, extensive statistics, events, casestudies, links to websites, and white papers on topics, includingair pollution in Delhi and vehicle emission control strategies.

http://www.nonoise.org/

www.oilvoice.com

http://www.teriin.org/urban/urban.htm

525


Occasional publications

From standards, patents, newsletters,government documents and notifications,annual reports, etc.

Patents

Patent on method of energy managementPatent number US 6,785,592

Invented by Smith E M,Sewell D R, and Golden P T

Filed by Perot Systems Corporation,Plano, Texas, USA, on 13 July 2000

Granted on 31 August 2004

[Source www.uspto.gov]

Patent on electrical energy saverPatent number US 6,801,022

Invented and filed by George F A, 400,Bentley St., Markham, Ontario,

CA L3R 8H6, USA, on 4 March 2003Granted on 5 October 2004

[Source www.uspto.gov]

Patent on a fully biodegradable plasticmaster-batch and its preparation process

Patent Number WO 2004 076 550Invented and filed by Shaozhong D on

24 February 2004Granted on 9 October 2004

[Source http://ep.espacenet.com/]

Patent on biochemical media systemfor reducing pollution

Patent number TW 570 975Invented and filed by Malireddy S

Reddy and Syama M Reddy,USA on 22 October 1997

Granted on 11 January 2004

[Source http://ep.espacenet.com/]

System and method for energy managementA business methodology for optimizing energy-procurementdemand (usage) and energy supply for a facility or complex.After ascertaining a baseline model, energy consumption ismonitored and adjusted to reflect dynamic economic factors ofoperations. With accumulation of data, contract negotiationswith energy suppliers may provide further energy savings. Overtime and patterns of usage determined, further savings andoptimization in energy, equipment, staffing, and otheroperational areas are obtained. Remote access provides efficientmonitoring of the established systems.

Universal electrical energy saverA universal electric energy saver to recuperate power lossescomprised of a bank of condensers connected in parallel, a bankof resistors with some connected in parallel while othersconnected in series, a transformer to step down the voltage topower up a small electronic circuit board, which serves to absorbthe lost power and protect rest of the circuitry against overload,a line plugging into a power outlet to connect the universalelectrical energy saver with rest of the electrical circuit

Biodegradable plastic master-batchThe present invention relates to a fully biodegradable plasticmaster-batch and its preparation method. The said fullybiodegradable plastic master-batch consists of starch, couplingagent, dispersant, polycyclolactone, plasticizer, anticoagulant,chemical degradation promoter, and co-oxidant. Its preparationmethod includes steps of (1) fining and dehydrating starch,(2) mixing, and (3) extruding. The said fully biodegradableplastic master-batch of the present invention has fullbiodegradability, which can indeed accomplish eliminating‘white pollution’ and assimilate with the environment, and at thesame time, costs low and has good substitutability.

Biochemical media systemA first media provides an O2 (oxygen) inducer such as catalase,bound and stabilized in pellet form so as to dissipate slowly intoaqueous surroundings. A second media provides an O2 suppliersuch as a peroxide, stabilized by combination with aproteinaceous compound such as urea and bound in a matrixthat limits O2 release. The two media are combined in anaqueous environment to generate nascent O2 at a modulatedrate such that O2 is efficiently absorbed into the surroundingaqueous environment, promoting growth of aerobic species and

526


reducing biological pollution. Specific adaptations demonstratebenefits of use in shrimp or fish ponds, raw milk, fruit juice,fresh food, silage and animal feed, fertilizer, plumbing systems,and grease traps. When used in ponds, further adaptationsreduce algae and phytoplankton populations.

Standard classification of coals by RankASTM International (formerly American Society for Testingand Materials), West Conshohoken, Pennsylvania, USA.Standard No. D388-99(2004)

The major highlights of the standard includeP Classification of coals by rank, that is, according to their

degree of metamorphism or progressive alteration in thenatural series from lignite to anthracite

P Classification is applicable to coals that are composed mainlyof vitrinite.

Note Coals rich in inertinite or liptinite (exinite), or both,cannot be properly classified because, in those macerals,properties that determine rank (calorific value, volatile matter,and agglomerating character) differ greatly from those ofvitrinite in the same coal. Often such coals can be recognized bymegascopic examination. In North America, these coals aremostly non-banded varieties that contain only a smallproportion of vitrain and consist mainly of attrital material. Thedegree of metamorphism of non-banded and other vitrinite-poorcoals can be estimated by determining the classificationproperties of isolated or concentrated vitrinite fractions, or bydetermining the reflectance of the vitrinite coal. However, in theuse of these vitrinite-poor coals, some properties normallyassociated with rank, such as rheology, combustibility, hardness,and grindability (as well as the rank-determining properties)may differ substantially from those of vitrinite-rich coals of thesame degree of metamorphism.

The precision of the classification of impure coal may beimpaired due to presence of large amounts of minerals whiledetermining and calculating volatile matter content and calorificvalue of the same.

The values stated in British thermal units per pound are to beregarded as the standard. The SI (international system of units)equivalents of British thermal units per pound are approximate.All other values in the SI units are to be regarded as standard.[Source http://www.astm.org]

World Health Organization values (µµµµµg/m3) for the classicalair pollutantsThe WHO (World Health Organization) has prescribed standardlimits of pollutants for measuring ambient air quality. The WHOhas provided guidelines for some sensitive parameters such asSO2 (sulphur dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides), CO (carbonmonoxide), lead, SPM (suspended particulate matter), andRSPM (respirable suspended particulate matter) (Table 1).

Standards

527


Table 1 World Health Organization guideline values (µg/m3) for the classical air pollutants

Annual ambient air Health end Observed effect Uncertainty Guideline Average

Compound concentration point level factor value time

Carbon 500–7000 Critical level of COHb — — 10 000 15 minutes

monoxide (carbon monoxide- 60 000 30 minutes

haemoglobin) <2.5% 30 000 1 hours

10 000 8 hours

Pb (lead) 0.01–2 Critical level of Pb in — — 0.5 1 year

blood <25 mg Pb/litre

Nitrogen 10–150 Slight changes in lung 365–565 0.5 200 1 hours

dioxide function in asthmatics 40 1 year

Ozone 10–100 Respiratory function — — 120 8 hours

responses

Sulphur dioxide 5–400 Changes in lung 1000 2 500 10 minutes

function in asthmatics

Excerbations of 250 2 125 24 hours

respiratory symptoms

in sensitive individuals 100 2 50 1 year

Sources WHO (World Health Organization). 1999. Guideline for Air Quality. Geneva: WHO

TEDDY 2002/03, p. 397. New Delhi: T E R I

New power policy to make up for farm sopsThe union government is considering a long-term policy in thepower sector to minimize losses arising out of farm subsidies.Such a policy would be formulated after wide-rangingconsultations with representatives of the farm sector, as perofficial sources. The policy will aim at reasonable farm tariffs,they added. A benchmark favoured by the Ministry of Power isregarding user charges for canal irrigation. The governmentwants to make metering mandatory so that the level of lossescould be monitored. This, officials said, would also help checktheft, which is often linked with agricultural consumption. Otherbenefits of metering include energy conservation and propermanagement of groundwater resources. Metering is proposedalong with reasonable tariffs. Tariffs can be reimbursed to apredetermined level of use by way of subsidy.

[Source The Financial Express, 4 October 2004]

WHO: waste disposal policyInsisting that medical establishments clean up their act andbecome more health-conscious in disposing off waste, the WHO(World Health Organization) has come out with a policy paper

Governmentnotifications/policy

528


on Health care waste management, which though not binding onestablishments, outlines good practices, besides laying stress onthe revised stands of the WHO on disposal of hospital waste.The policy paper discusses various issues, including how unsafehealth care waste management leads to death and disability, andbalancing risks to make sound policy decisions on its manage-ment. Driving by the guiding policy principle, the WHO policypaper is oriented through the following major principles.(1) Preventing health risks associated with exposure to health

care waste for both health workers and the public(2) Supporting global efforts to reduce the amount of noxious

emissions released into the atmosphere to defer the onsetof global changes

(3) Supporting the Stockholm Convention on POPs (persistentorganic pollutants) that aims to protect both man and theenvironment from adverse effects of the POPs

(4) Reducing exposure to toxic pollutants associated with thecombustion process through the promotion of appropriatepractices for high temperature.

[Source The Hindu, 16 September 2004]

Book alert

From recent books, journals, reports, and the Web

Global Environmental IssuesThe book views the global environmental problems as complexissues, with a network of causes influenced by a range of actorswith differing priorities. In addition to discussing the mainbiophysical causes, the book illustrates how socio-economic andpolitical factors determine why and how people use land,resources, and technology, and how this in turn, affects thenatural resource management.

Environmental economics and developmentThe book is designed to touch almost every important aspect ofenvironmental economics. It contains valuable contributions ofresource people as well as teacher participants in the sphere ofthe most innovative theme on nature and dimensions ofenvironmental economics. It contains altogether twenty-threepapers divided in six parts and aims at an exhaustive treatmentof almost all leading aspects of environmental economics.

Global Change and Local Places: estimating,understanding, and reducing greenhouse gasesThe book explores the ways people and the biota contribute toclimate change in four localities of the United States. Itsummarizes the findings of the GCLP (Global Change in LocalPlaces) project initiated by the Association of AmericanGeographers to investigate the contribution of local factors toglobal change: how and why these factors change over time andhow the effects might be controlled and mitigated locally. Thesources and driving forces for greenhouse gas emissions varywidely among the four research sites as do the possibilities andpropensities to mitigate emissions and adapt to the local changesthat global warming could bring.

Indoor Environment—airborne particles and settled dustThis book on indoor air focuses on particulate material and therisks of human exposure. It covers topics of the fundamentals ofairborne particles and settled dust is indoor environment anddiscusses sampling techniques, instrumentation, and exposureand risk assessment.

Applied environmental economics—a GIS approach tocost–benefit analysisThe complex real-world interactions between the economy andenvironment form both the focus of and main barrier to appliedresearch within the field of environmental economics. However,

F Harris. 2004 (ed.)UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

324 pp.

Singh J K and Das D K. 2004New Delhi: Deep & Deep

Publications. 303 pp.

The Association of AmericanGeographers. 2003

UK: Cambridge University Press. 270 pp.

Morawska L and Salthammer T. 2003Germany: Wiley-VCH. 450 pp.

Bateman I J, Lovett A A, andBrainard J S. 2003

UK: Cambridge University Press. 335 pp.

530


the GIS (geographical information system) allows economists totackle such complexity head on by directly incorporating diversedata sets into applied research rather than resorting tosimplifying often unrealistic assumptions. This innovative bookapplies the GIS techniques to spatial cost–benefit analysis of acomplex and topical land-use change problem, conversion ofagricultural land to multipurpose woodland, looking in detail atissues such as opportunity costs, recreation, carbon storage, etc.,and embracing cross-cutting themes such as evaluation ofenvironmental preferences and spatial transfer of benefitfunctions.

Environment management—an Indian perspectiveThe book provides this wider perspective through selectivelydesigned collection of articles written by renowned people in thefield of environmental management. While many environmentalproblems are common to the world as a whole, there are severalissues that are region- or country-specific. India has its ownspecial economic, social, political, and socio-psychologicalaspects; distinct culture; and political and socio-economichistory. These need to be taken into account while analysingpolicies and programmes regarding management of India’snatural resources. The book provides this specially Indianperspective. Taking a wide-range view, it brings within itssweep, issues concerning energy, water, and forest as theserelate to people, governance, law, and international relations.

S N Chary and V Vyasulu. 2000 (eds)New Delhi: MacMillan India. 358 pp.

.

Calendar of events

Conferences, congresses, seminars,symposiums, and workshops

GHGT-Seventh International Conference on GreenhouseGas Control TechnologiesGHGT-7 Secretariat, Ted Morris, GHGT-7 Secretariat,Suite 150, 10 Research Drive, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 7J7,Canada

Tel. +1 306 337 2290 • Fax +1 306 337 2301E-mail [email protected]

Economic Modelling of Climate Change PoliciesRede, Facultad de CC. EE., Universidade de Vigo,Lagoas-Marcosende, s/n, 36 310 Vigo, Spain

Tel. +34 986 812 518 • Fax +34 986 812 401E-mail [email protected] • Website www.rede.uvigo.es

Fourth Enviro International 2004TAFCON Group, Corporate Office, C-60, Nizamuddin EastNew Delhi – 110 013, India

Tel. 91 11 24 3521 41/44/82/84 • Fax 91 11 2435 5215/4077E-mail [email protected]/[email protected] www.tafcon.com

National Seminar on Eco-degradation due to Air PollutionConvener, Maharaja Sayaji Rao University of Baroda,Fatehganj, Opposite Drug Lab, Vadodara – 390 002, Gujarat

Tel. 0265 32 8824, 32 8721, 79 5600, 79 5499Fax 91 0265 34 1703 79 3693E-mail [email protected], [email protected] www.msub.edu

First International Ukrainian Conference on Cogenerationfor Industry and District Heating SystemsDr Tetyana Suprun, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics ofNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2a, ZhelyabovStreet 03 057, Kyiv, Ukraine

Tel. +38 44 453 2856 • Fax +38 044 456 6091E-mail [email protected]

Sustainable Energy, Energy Efficiency, andEnvironmental Solutions Expos 2004Convener, IIR, 29 Bressenden Place, London SW1E 5W UK

Tel. +44 207915 5059 • Fax +44 207915 5096Website www.sustainable-expo.info

Vancouver BC, Canada5–9 September 2004

Vigo, Spain9–12 September 2004

New Delhi, India9–12 September 2004

Vadodara, India16 October 2004

Kyiv, Ukraine18–20 October 2004

London, UK19–21 October 2004


532

National Exposition and Conference on Captive PowerPlantsConfederation of Indian Industry, Western Region, 105 KakadChambers, 132, Dr Annie Besant Road, Worli,Mumbai – 400 018, India

Tel. +91 22 24931790 • Fax +91 22 24939463/ 24945831E-mail [email protected] • Website www.ciionline.org

IHDP-IAI 2004 Global Environmental Change Institute onGlobalisation and Food SystemsInternational Human Dimensions Programme on GlobalEnvironmental Change Walter-Flex-Strasse 3, D-53 113 Bonn,Germany

Tel. +49 228 73 9679 • Fax +49 228 73 9054E-mail [email protected] • Website http://www.ihdp.org

Power India 2004India-Tech Foundation, B-702, Dheeraj Heritage Residency,Shastri Nagar, Linking Road Extn, Santacruz (W),Mumbai – 400 054, India

Tel. +91 22 2660 5550/7755 • Fax +91 22 2660 3992/93E-mail [email protected] • Website www.india-tech.com

International Conference on Health, Occupation, andEnvironment in Unorganized Sector: problems and roadmaps (ICHOE 2004)Dr S K Rastogi, Organizing Secretary, ICHOE 2004, DeputyDirector and Head Epidemiology Section, Industrial ToxicologyResearch Centre P B No.80, M G Marg, Lucknow – 226 001,India

Tel. 91 522 261 6191, 262 0207, 261 4118Fax +91 522 262 8227, 52 2221 1547E-mail [email protected],[email protected] www.itrcindia.org/Ichoe2004

Investment, Growth, and Reform: India emergesThe Institute of International Finance, Inc., 1333 H St NW,Suite 800E Washington, DC 20 005-4770

Tel. 1 202 857 3600 • Fax 1 202 775 1430E-mail [email protected] • Website www.iif.com

International Conference on Sustainable Water ResourcesManagement in the Changing Environment of theMonsoon RegionDr Assela Pathirana, Environment and Sustainable DevelopmentProgramme, The United Nations University, 53-70, Jingumae5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan

Tel. +81 3 5467 1377 • Fax +81 3 3406 7347E-mail [email protected] http://wm.hq.unu.edu/conf/wrm

Mumbai, India20 October 2004

Nicoya, Costa Rica24 October–6 November 2004

Mumbai, India25–28 October 2004

Lucknow, India1–3 November 2004

Mumbai, India3–4 November 2004

Colombo, Sri Lanka17–19 November 2004


533

Short-term Course on Alternative Fuels and EmissionControlDr Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Assistant Professor, MechanicalEngineering Department 302, Faculty Building, Indian Instituteof Technology, Kanpur – 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India

Tel. +91 512 59 7982 • Fax +91 512 59 7408E-mail [email protected] • Website http://home.iitk.ac.in/~akag/

Environmental Management WorkshopMr Yahel Demeter, Program Administrator, InternationalDepartment, Galillee-College, P O Box 1070, TIVON 36 000Israel

Tel. +972 4 983 7444 • Fax +972 4 983 0227E-mail [email protected] http://www.galilcol.ac.il

The Seventh IASTED International Conference on Powerand Energy System (PES 2004)IASTED Secretariat, 80, 4500-16th Avenue NW, Calgary,Alberta, Canada T3B OM6

Tel. 403 288 1195 • Fax 403 247 6851E-mail [email protected] • Website www.iasted.org

Third International Conference on Plants andEnvironmental Pollution (ICPEP-3)Dr R D Tripathi, National Botanical Research Institute, RanaPratap Marg, Lucknow – 226 001, India

Tel. +91522 220 5831 35 • Fax +91 522 220 5836 / 220 5839E-mail [email protected] http://www.geocities.com/isebindia/index.html

National Seminar on Pollution in Urban IndustrialEnvironmentDr S N Das, Convenor, Scientist and Head,Environment Management Department, Regional ResearchLaboratory, Bhubaneswar – 751 013, Orissa, India

Tel. 674 258 1636/1136 (Extn 540/ 480) • Fax 674 258 1637E-mail [email protected]

International Exhibition and Conference Energy Expo 2004Mr Darryl Dasilva, Head Business Fairs (WR), 105, KakadChambers, 132 Dr Annie Beasent Road, Worli,Mumbai – 400 018, India

Tel. +91 22 2494 9730/1790 • Fax +91 22 2493 9463/1790E-mail [email protected]

The 15th International Oil and Gas Industry Exhibitionand ConferenceSingapore Exhibition Services Pte Ltd, 47 Scotts Road,11th Floor Goldbell Towers, Singapore 228 233

Tel. +65 6738 6776 • Fax +65 6732 6776E-mail [email protected] • Website www.sesallworld.com

Kanpur, India24–28 November 2004

Galillee-College, Israel25 November–13 December 2004

Florida, USA28 November–1 December 2004

Lucknow, India29 November–2 December 2005

Bhubaneswar, India2–3 December 2004

Ahmedabad, India3–5 December 2004

Suntec, Singapore7–10 December 2004


534

Workshop on Economic Modelling (WEM-04): appliedenvironmental and energy policy analysisCasiano Manrique, Workshop on Economic Modelling,Department of Applied Economic Analysis, University of LasPalmas de Gran Canaria, Building D-2-21, Saulo Tor¢n, 4,ES-35 017 Las Palmas de GC, Spain

Tel. 0034 (9) 28 45 1810 • Fax 0034 (9) 28 45 8183E-mail [email protected]

International Conference on Rural Markets: ICRMProf. D Shrijay Devaraj Urs, Director, Institute of DevelopmentStudies, Leela Vihar, University of Mysore, Mysore – 570 006,Karnataka, India

Tel. +91 821 251 2029 • E-mail [email protected],[email protected]

First Atlantic Workshop on Energy and EnvironmentalEconomics: conference on groundwater pollution fromnatural sources of arsenic and fluoride—a quantitativeassessment, health hazard, and remedial measuresDr Ashok Kumar, Co-convener, Remote Sensing ApplicationCentre, IGSC- Planetarium Complex, Patna – 800 001, India

Tel. +91 612 223 5264 • Fax +91 612 223 0432E-mail [email protected] http://www.geocities.com/ashok_bcst

Power-Gen India and Central Asia 2005Mr Avnish Seth, Interads Limited, 2 Padmini EnclaveNew Delhi – 110016, India

Tel. +91 11 2686 1113/14, 2686 5103 • Fax +91 11 2686 1112E-mail [email protected]

International Conference on Advances in Industrial WasteWater TreatmentCentre for Environmental Studies, Anna University,Chennai – 600 025, India

Tel. +91 44 2235 4296, 2220 3192 • Fax +91 44 2235 4717E-mail [email protected] www.annauniv.edu/industrialwastewater

International Conference on Governing for Sustainabilityin the Asia PacificThe Secretariat, International Conference on Governing forSustainability in the Asia Pacific, Institute for Environment andDevelopment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43 600 Bengai,Selangor, Malaysia

Tel. +603 8921 4149 • Fax +603 8925 5104E-mail [email protected] www.lestari.ukm.my

Canary Islands, Spain13–15 December 2004

Mysore, India16–18 December 2004

Patna, India23–24 December 2004

New Delhi, India1–3 February 2005

Chennai, India9–11 February 2005

Putrajaya, Malaysia12–14 April 2005


535

Twenty-fourth International Power Sources SymposiumMr R D Bailey, International Power Sources Symposium, TheSouthborough Centre 1 Draper Street, Southborough, Kent,TN4 0PG, UK

Tel. 1892 54 0808 • E-mail [email protected],[email protected] www.ipss.org.uk

Brighton, UK18–21 April 2005

537


Index of authorsNumbers in each entry refer to serial numbers of abstracts thatform the section on recent literature.

2605 Aaheim A2491 Abderrazzaq M H2484 Abdullah S2604 Adamson J2479 Adinberg R2441 Afgan N H2567 Agrawal S2467 Ahmad S2539 Ahuja S S2535 Akahira A2442 Akansu S O2608 Akimoto K26202535 Akisawa A2492 Aksoy H2443 Al-Baghdadi

M A R S2535 Alam K C A2522 Alam M S2502 Alanne K2610 Allinson G2536 Amand L -E2598 Arblaster J M2608 Asami T2517 Asmaz E2629 Atieno F2503 Atikol U2541 Au W H2492 Aytek A2566 Azhaguvel S

2473 Badarinath K V S2466 Bakis R2533 Balaras C A2575 Balasubramanian N2429 Banerjee G2450 Banerjee R2453 Banik S2549 Barnwal J P2433 Barnwal R P2546 Baskar G2526 Basu S2444 Baykara S Z2469 Benlarbi K2627 Benson S M2470 Betka A2573 Bhardwaj S2451 Bhatt Y C2518 Bhattacharyya S C2495 Bierbooms W2504 Bilgen S2548 Biswal S K2496 Blaabjerg F2459 Blasiak W

2537 Blesa M J2544 Boerrigter H2478 Borup U2609 Bossie-Codreanu D2612 Boyd T J2610 Bradshaw B E2610 Bradshaw J2440 Broege M2543 Bruckner T2505 Bryce P2542 Burer M2604 Burt T

2480 Cadena C2482 Cai W D2532 Canziani R2440 Carvalho A2611 Carvalho G2441 Carvalho M G2452 Cetinkaya M2439 Ceylan H2577 Chakrabarti T2574 Chakradhar B2564 Chakarvarti S K2541 Chan A L S2586 Chandra S M2506 Chandrasekar B2540 Chang Y M2550 Chati H K25512509 Chattopadhyay R N2554 Chaubey M2582 Chaudhari N2550 Chauhan G I S2564 Chauhan R P2595 Chavas J-P2541 Cheng V2471 Ching W H2540 Chou Y H2541 Chow T T2522 Chowdhury

M A K2549 Chugh Y P2606 Clarke J2612 Coffin R B2628 Cuello J L

2594 Dahal B M2565 Dahiya J S2613 Dahowski R T2635 Damen K J2498 Danraj R M S2550 Das A K2551

2445 Das D2454 Das P2464 Das S K2550 Das T K25512533 Dascalaki E2451 Datta R K2440 de Almeida A T2621 De Sá S R N A2438 Demiral B M R2426 Demirba� A2455245624662544 Den Uil H2614 Dendoncker N2555 Deshpande V P2485 Desmons J Y2589 Devi C S2563 Devi G D2490 Dhanasekaran T S2565 Dhankhar R2590 Dharmappa D2615 Dijkstra J W2640 Ding H2562 Dixit R C2447 Dompros A2594 Dongol B S2606 Dooley J2613 Dooley J J2442 Dulger Z

2483 Eames P C2606 Edmonds J A2465 Epplin F M2479 Epstein M2494 Erbas O2575 Esakku S2437 Eti M C

2544 Faaij A P C2449 Fakio�lu E2545 Fang F2542 Favrat D2457 Fiedler F2639 Figge F2472 Fisher U24762541 Fong K F2480 Franco J2624 Fujisawa S

2596 Gaffin S R2576 Gaikwad A

2498 Gajendran F2579 Gajghate M2559 Gajjar N2616 Gale J26352609 Gallo Y L2454 Ganesh A2538 Gao L2579 Garge S2623 Garten C T Jr2617 Gerlagh R2429 Ghosh P K2578 Ghosh S K2552 Giri C C2626 Gnanadesikan A2448 Goel N2592 Gopalasamy V2448 Goswami D Y2632 Grace P R2543 Groscurth H-M2556 Gupta A K2556 Gupta S K

2597 Ha-Duong M2521 Hall C A S2521 Hallock Jr J L2535 Hamamoto Y2544 Hamelinck C N2488 Hanano M2496 Hansen A D2496 Hansen L H2642 Hao J2620 Hayashi A2435 Heath M J2439 Hepbasli A248724932507250825272630 Herzog H J2617 Hofkes M W2601 Hounshell D A2598 Hu A2545 Hu Z2482 Huang H B2528 Huang K D2465 Huhnke R L

2467 Ibraheem2481 Idlimam A2448 Ingley H A2496 Iov F

538


2461 Jagadevan S2440 Jahn A2489 Jalihal P2481 Jamali A2509 Jana C2615 Jansen D2477 Jayachandran M2521 Jefferson M2534 Jokiranta K2534 Jokisalo J2629 Jones P G2563 Joseph K

2522 Kabir E2519 Kablan M M2442 Kahraman N2463 Kalra K L2458 Kandiyoti R2579 Kanhekar S2564 Kant K2438 Karaman T2452 Karaosmanoglu F2479 Karni J2569 Karpagavalli K2535 Kashiwagi T2578 Kavalakatt S S2620 Kaya Y2504 Kaygusuz K25102618 Kemfert C2529 Khaliq A2573 Khan M A2511 Khatana A A2565 Khatri S2499 Khubchandani R K2606 Kim S H2468 Kincay O2530 Kiyono F2617 Klaassen G2463 Kocher G S2619 Koljonen T2447 Koroneos C2494 Kose R2620 Kosugi T2608 Kotsubo H2481 Kouhila M2531 Kravchenko V2592 Krishnamohan2629 Kruska R L2477 Kukreja L M2566 Kulshrestha M J2566 Kulshrestha U C2429 Kumar M25472577 Kumar M S2467 Kumar P2514 Kumar S25822543 Kmmel R2578 Kundu S2603 Kuntsi E2534 Kurnitski J

2481 Lahsasni S2523 Lam P-L2537 Lazaro M J2536 Leckner B2614 Lettens S

2471 Leung D Y C2471 Leung M2542 Li H2482 Li M2608 Li X2640 L i Y2543 Lindenberger D2618 Lise W2587 Liu J2525 Lodhi M A K2440 Lopes A C2582 Louis D2459 Lucas C2512 Lynch P

2621 Machado P L OD A

2621 Maddock J E L2473 Madhavi Latha K2513 Madueme T C2589 Mahesh N2481 Mahrouz M2622 Makundi W R2599 Malayang B S III2578 Mandal M2430 Mandal P K2579 Mandavgane S A2589 Manivannan S2581 Manuel J2570 Manuweera L2460 Mao J X2542 Marechal F2440 Mariano J2567 Markanday D K2567 Markanday N2623 Marland G2588 Maruthi Y A2612 Masutani S M2624 Matsuhashi R2620 Matsumoto T2611 Mattos L2629 McCrabb G J2598 Meehl G A2446 Megaritis A2478 Melnik R V N2625 Mendis M2594 Merz J2633 Midmore D J2626 Mignone B K2448 Mirabal S T2548 Mishra V N2477 Misra P2624 Mitamura W2571 Mittal V K2459 Mochida S2433 Mohalik N K2547 Mohan S2568 Mohan U2589 Mohanasrinivasan V2461 Mohapatra G2525 Mohibullah M2576 Mokadam A2469 Mokrani L2537 Moliner R2538 Möllersten K2624 Momobayashi Y2612 Montgomery M T2543 Morrison R

2485 Moummi A2485 Moummi N2470 Moussi A2447 Moussiopoulos N2611 Moutinho P2599 Moya T B2577 Mudliar S N2461 Mukherji S2553 Mukhopadhyay S2634 M�ller-

F�rstenberger G2451 Murthy N S2589 Murugesh S2580 Muthukumar M

2469 Nait-Said M S2594 Nakarmi G2464 Nandakumar K2550 Naolakhe D G2431 Narayan A2445 Nath K2580 Nedumaran D2581 Nema P2582 Nemade P D2611 Nepstad D2610 Nguyen A V2633 Nissen T M2483 Norton B

2538 Obersteiner M2437 Ogaji S O T2608 Ohsumi T2513 Okoro O I2627 Oldenburg C M2628 Ono E2625 Openshaw K2484 Othman M Y2487 Ozgener L2493 Ozgener O250725082494 Ozgur M A2439 Ozturk H K2468 Ozturk R

2600 Padilla E2515 Painuly J P2578 Pal A2578 Pal T2575 Palanivelu K2534 Palonen J2433 Pandey J2579 Pandharipande S L2572 Paramesha N D2548 Parida A2514 Parthan B2558 Patel J2499 Patel N K2568 Pathak P2556 Patil R S2549 Patwardhan A2642 Pei S2462 Phadatare A G2474 Pohekar S D2623 Post W M2567 Prakash A2437 Probert S D2545 Pu G

2475 Quaschning V

2590 Raha D2462 Raheman H2522 Rahman M M2551 Raj B2430 Ram S2474 Ramachandran M2583 Ramakrishna K2477 Ramamoorthy K2546 Ramamoorthy N V2557 Raman N S2569 Raman S B K2500 Ramaraj N2583 Rao B S2464 Rao D S2586 Rao G A2588 Rao S R2566 Rao T N2464 Ravikumar B2489 Ravindran M2577 Reddy K M K2548 Reddy P S R2515 Reddy S2629 Reid R S2630 Reiner D M2631 Riahi K2486 Riffat S B2610 Rigg J2472 Ring A2632 Robertson G P2600 Roca J2636 Rodriguez-Kuhl G2614 Roelandt C2575 Rohatgi R2596 Rosenzweig C2532 Rossi G2476 Rotstein A2447 Roumbas G2614 Rounsevell M D A2601 Rubin E S2631

2502 Saari A2431 Sahay N2548 Sahu A K2432 Samanta D2477 Sanjeeviraja C2477 Sankaranarayanan

K2611 Santilli M2621 Santos M B P D2480 Saravia L2580 Sargunamani D2504 Sari A2450 Sarkar A2626 Sarmiento J L2619 Savolainen I2594 Schaffner M2605 Schjolden A2631 Schrattenholzer L2580 Selvakumar N2500 Selvi K2534 Seppönen O2558 Shah A R2558 Shah N G2559 Shaikh M2594 Shakya S

539


2561 ShanmugasundaramR

2552 Sharma D K2564 Sharma G S2594 Sharma S2463 Sharma S K2489 Sharmila N2561 Sheela A M2427 Shen J24282584 Shivaraman G2584 Shivaraman N2633 Shively G E2594 Shrestha S2574 Shrivastava S2560 Shukla R N2560 Siddiqui A N2539 Sidhu H S2619 Siikavirta H2570 Silva E I L25912602 Simbeck D R2471 Sinai J24762568 Singh A2429 Singh A K24302568 Singh A P2571 Singh P2430 Singh R2433 Singh R K V2436 Singh R V K2539 Singh S2547 Singh S K2539 Singh T2433 Singh V K24362626 Slater R D2606 Smith S J2483 Smyth M2572 Somashekar R K2636 Sommer R2542 Song Z-P

2525 Soon S C2484 Sopian K2610 Spencer L2464 Srikanth S2592 Sriram G2588 Srivalli B2634 Stephan G2627 Stevens S H2593 Subramanian V2585 Sudha B2537 Suelves I2472 Sugarmen C24762585 Sumathi S2520 Sun J W26032561 Sundaram M D2433 Sural G2489 Swamy A K2484 Syahri M2459 Szewczyk D

2530 Tajima H2584 Takarkhede A2465 Taliaferro C M2497 Tande J O G2584 Tarar J L2601 Taylor M R2452 Tekin Y2579 Telang A2434 Tercan A E2490 Thakker A2518 Thang D N Q2521 Tharakan P J2629 Thornton P K2465 Thorsell S2435 Thote N R2642 Tian K2620 Tokimatsu K2618 Tol R S2608 Tomoda T26202492 Toprak Z F

2597 Treich N2432 Tripathy D P2567 Trivedi R C2540 Tsai W T2446 Tsolakis A2494 Tugcu A2528 Tzeng S-C

2497 Uhlen K2452 Ulusoy Y2500 Umayal S P2492 �nal N E2608 Uno M2572 Ushamalini2490 Usmani Z24392527 Utlu Z

2635 Van Bergen F2617 Van der Zwaan B2614 Van Wesemael B2431 Varma N K2585 Veeramani H2583 Venkateswaralu P2531 Verkhivker G2526 Verma A2568 Verma H2442 Veziro�lu T N24492461 Vijay A2464 Vijayan P2636 Vlek P L G2638

2637 Wahlund B2607 Wang B2545 Wang C2482 Wang L L2482 Wang R Z2427 Wang Z24282454 Wangikar P2598 Washington W M

2638 Wassmann R2584 Wath P2516 Watson J2623 West T O2637 Westermark M2635 Wildenborg A F B2641 Wilkes A2610 Wilson P2604 Worrall F2607 Wu L2521 Wu W

2596 Xing X2640 Xu H2641 Xu J2478 Xu M2501 Xu S

2530 Yamasaki A2538 Yan J26372524 Yang M2482 Yang W M2642 Yang Y2484 Yatim B2541 Yau R2601 Yeh S2596 Yetman G2620 Yoshida H2624 Yoshida Y2485 Youcef-Ali S2501 Yu D2524 Yu X2517 Yumurtaci Z2449 Yhrhm Y2501 Yuvarajan S

2633 Zelek C A2619 Zevenhoven R2486 Zhao X2427 Zou G2428

540


Index of keywordsNumbers in each entry refer to serial numbers of abstracts thatform the section on recent literature. Other items have also beenindexed: numbers in such entries are preceded by ‘p.’ and refer topage numbers and not to abstract numbers.

2580 Acid dye treatment2570 Acid rain2482 Adsorption refrigeration2473 Aerosols2614 Agri-environmental policies2456 Agricultural residues2638 Agroforestry biomass burning2540 Agro wastes2431 Air permeability2566 Air pollution2572 Air pollution measurement2435 Air quality2566 Air quality analysis

2559, 2586 Air quality assessment2592 Air quality monitoring2567 Air quality study2628 Algal photobioreactors2525 Alkali metal thermal electric convertor

p. 427 Alternative fuel2584 Ammonium removal2563 Anaerobic digestion2582 Anaerobic technology application2576 Anaerobic waste water treatment2584 Anammox process2578 Arsenic removal

p. 430 Arsenic contamination2546, 2590 Artificial neural network

2438 Artificial neural model2561 Ash pond reclamation2545 Automobiles fuel

2612 Bacterial production2464 Bagasse2585 Bio-bleaching process

p. 431 Bio cleaner2577 Biodegradable plastic production

2452, 2462 Biodiesel2641 Biodiversity impact assessment2640 Biodiversity metadata standard2637 Bioenergy processing options2545 Bioethanol blends

p. 424, 2459 Biofuels2453, 2568 Biogas production

541


2445 Biohydrogen production2554 Biological fouling prevention technique2538 Biomass-based combined heat and power production2460 Biomass co-firing2464 Biomass-fired boiler2637 Biomass-utilization2582 Biomethanation process2465 Biorefinery2449 Boron compounds2579 Bubble column reactor2541 Building energy analysis

2630, 2631 Carbon capture2606 Carbon capture and disposal

2602, 2615, 2616, 2619 Carbon dioxide capture2620 Carbon dioxide capture technology

p. 427, 2520, 2603, 2613 Carbon dioxide emissions2610 Carbon dioxide geological storage2610 Carbon dioxide injection

2614, 2628 Carbon dioxide mitigation2637 Carbon dioxide reduction

2601, 2608, 2609, 2612, 2619 Carbon dioxide sequestration2609, 2616, 2619 Carbon dioxide storage

2611 Carbon emissions2634 Carbon emission rights2618 Carbon leakage2613 Carbon management strategies2622 Carbon offsets2634 Carbon rights

2614, 2623, 2625, 2626, 2627, 2630 Carbon sequestration2631, 2632, 2633, 2636

2621, 2633 Carbon storage2600, 2617 Carbon tax

2617 Carbon-free technologiesp. 424 Carbon trading

2558 CBRp. 419 CCEA (Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs)

2560 Cement plant pollutionp. 427 Central Electricity Authority

2624, 2625 Certified emission reductions2531 Chemical recuperation2523 China2530 Clathrate hydrate formation2553 Clean coal economic study

2428, 2552 Clean coal technologies2549 Clean coal utilization

2624, 2625 Clean development mechanismp. 411 Clean environment

2598 Climate sensitivity2599 Climate variability2607 Climatological beta drift2536 Co-combustion

2458, 2537 Co-pyrolysis2548 Coal benefication2427 Coal char2436 Coal combustion

542


2564 Coal fly ash analysis2429 Coal mines

p. 426, 2430 Coal mining2433 Coal mining: blasting gallery method2549 Coal-processing challenges2550 Coal properties2434 Coal reserves2430 Coal seam depillaring2428 Coal tailings

2550, 2552 Coal washability characteristics2551, 2553 Coal washeries

p. 421 Coastal regulation zones2556 Coastal water quality2575 COD (chemical oxygen demand) measurement2458 Co-gasification technologies2518 Cogeneration2427 Coke-making industry2427 Coke structure2531 Combined cycle power plant2502 Combined heat and power technologies2503 Commercial sector2622 Comprehensive mitigation assessment process

p. 422 Conservation programmep. 413 Cost minimization

2432 Critical path method2539 Crop production

2588 Dairy effluent treatment2573, 2574, 2580 Decolourization

p. 426, 2599 Deforestation2599 Deforestation–reforestation dynamics2489 Desalination system2451 Diesel fuel2461 Diesel oil biodegradation

2559, 2560 Dispersion modelling2568 Distillary effluent treatment2541 District cooling system2604 DOC (dissolved organic carbon) flux2509 Domestic lighting2576 Domestic waste water treatment

p. 430 Drinking waterp. 425 Drinking water standard

2588 Ecofriendly environmental managementp. 423 Ecofriendly technology

2642 Ecological fragility2599 Ecological imbalance

p. 413 Economic efficiency2469 Efficiency optimization2538 Efficient energy conversion2517 Electrical energy demand2534 Electrically heated windows2503 Electricity demand2522 Electricity distribution

p. 427 Electricity generation2523 Electricity pricing

543


2642 Endemism2531 Energy efficiency2603 Energy intensity2520 Energy mix

2539, 2543 Energy optimization2533 Energy saving: hotel industry2511 Energy security2540 Energy utilization2527 Energy utilization efficiency2452 Engine performance2627 Enhanced gas recovery2635 Enhanced methane recovery2635 Enhanced oil recovery

p. 421 Environment clearancep. 412 Environment conservation

2595 Environmental Kuznets curvep. 421 Environment management plan

p. 421, 2571 Environmental pollution controlp. 413, p. 422 Environment protection

p. 412 Environment resource efficiencyp. 417 Environmental challenges

p. 421, p. 422 Environmental clearancep. 423 Environmental companiesp. 418 Environmental conservation

p. 413, p. 416 Environmental damagep. 425 Environmental degradationp. 412 Environmental governancep. 418 Environmental impact assessmentp. 417 Environmental offsettingp. 415 Environmental resource usage

p. 416, p. 417 Environmental standard2585 Enzyme treatment2463 Ethanol production

2499 Fault diagnosis2555 Fertilizer industry effluent management2544 Fischer-tropsch diesel

p. 423 FICCI (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry) survey2473 Forcing efficiency2452 Frying oil2569 FT–IR (fourier transform–infra red) study2498 Fuel cost equations2443 Fuel economy2446 Fuel reforming

2476 Gas turbinep. 426 Garbage disposal system

2487 Geothermal energy utilization2488 Geothermal resources2622 GHG (greenhouse gas) mitigation potential

p. 426 Glaciers2598 Global coupled models

p. 424 Global environment change2475 Global irradiation

2632, 2636 Global warming potential2620 Graphical evaluation and review technique

544


2542 Green heating system2634 Greenhouse gas abatement2618 Greenhouse gas emission reduction2596 Greenhouse gas emissions scenarios2530 Greenhouse gas separation

p. 424 Green powerp. 421 Green relief

2478 Grid-connected photovoltaic systems2497 Grid integration

p. 420 Health impact2562 Heat contents study2583 Heavy metal analysis2593 Heavy metal contamination2555 Heavy metal pollution2569 Heavy metal toxicity2587 Highland water management2528 Hybrid electric vehicle

p. 429 Hybrid solar system2468 Hydroelectric energy

p. 427 Hydroelectric power project2467 Hydropower systems2602 Hydrogen economy2441 Hydrogen energy systems2443 Hydrogen fuel2447 Hydrogen fuel production

p. 429, 2444, 2446, 2448 Hydrogen productionp. 427 Hydrogen–CNG mix

2449, 2450 Hydrogen storage2606 Hydrogen systems

p. 419 Implementation plan2583 Industrial effluent treatment2601 Integrated assessment models2440 Integrated resource planning2597 Intergenerational equity

p. 418 Intellectual property rights2442 Internal combustion engines

p. 412, p. 415 Inter-generational equity2596 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

p. 426 Iron ore2558 Iron sludge treatment

2453 Jute caddis

2462 Karanja methyl ester2587 Knowledge gaps

p. 427, 2625 Kyoto Protocol

2633 Land conversion2641 Land cover change2611 Land use change

p. 416 Legal liability2447 Life cycle assessment2532 Light pipe2426 Lignite

545


2589 Lignite biosolubilization2465 Lingnocellulosic biomass

p. 412 Livelihood security2543 Local energy system2622 LULUCF potential

2451 Mahua oil2589 Mangrove forests sample2535 Mass recovery adsorption refrigeration cycle2566 Metal emission2516 Micro-generation2561 Microbial inoculants2567 Microbiological quantification

p. 420 Motorbike pollution2563 Municipal solid waste analysis2562 Municipal solid waste management

2605 National accounting2605 National assessments

p. 411 National environment policy2442 Natural gas–hydrogen mixtures2440 Natural gas demand2594 Nepal

p. 411, p. 419, p. 422 NEP (Nationl Environment Policy) 2004p. 413 NEP principles

2571 Neutro activation analysis2547 Noise pollution analysis2548 Non-coking coal properties

p. 421 NGO participation plan

2626 Ocean carbon storage2590 Oil effluent treatment2521 Oil production2521 Oil supply2435 Opencast mines2432 Opencast mining project2618 Optimal emission control2586 ORAQI indices technique2551 Organic flocculants impact2581 Organic pollutant removal2580 Ozonation method

2573, 2574, 2582 Paper mill effluent treatment2474 Parabolic solar cooker

p. 418 Partnership development2629 Pastoral ecosystems2604 Peat catchments2457 Pellet heating systems2437 Petrochemical industry2439 Petroleum exergy production2461 Petroleum hydrocarbons2558 Pharmaceutical industry effluent2512 Photovoltaic market2470 Photovoltaic motor-pumping system2469 Photovoltaic water-pumping system

p. 419 Policy review

546


p. 413 Polluter penaltyp. 420 Pollution control norms

2639 Portfolio theory2578 Portland cement adsorption study2501 Power convertor

p. 427 Power demand2498 Power plants2522 Power sector reforms2499 Power transformer2529 Power optimization2481 Prickly pear peel

p. 423 Private participation2432 Programme evaluation review technique

p. 416 Public trust doctrine2596 Purchasing power parity

2564 Radium concentration measurements2570 Rainwater analysis2529 Rankine heat engine

p. 416, p. 418 Regulatory frameworkp. 423 Remote sensing device

2504 Renewable energy2508 Renewable energy potential

p. 424, 2514 Renewable energy projects2527 Renewable energy sources2515 Renewable energy technology2510 Renewable energy utilization2507 Renewable energy: Turkey2438 Reservoir simulation studies2554 Reverse osmosis membranes2597 Risk-aversion2547 Road transport pollution2429 Routine condition monitoring2557 Rubber industry effluent treatment2524 Rural electricity market2509 Rural energy planning2594 Rural watershed management

p. 423 Sanitation2565 Seed germination2592 Skew distribution analysis2536 Sludge2466 Small hydropower plants2505 Small village electrification

p. 412 Socio-economic development2591 Sodium absorption ratio2581 Soil aquifer treatment system2623 Soil carbon2485 Solar air collector

p. 430 Solar car2477 Solar cells2486 Solar collector2480 Solar concentrations2480 Solar cooker

p. 429 Solar dish-engine system2481 Solar drying

547


2513 Solar energy investments2479 Solar gasification

p. 429 Solar photovoltaic-thermal hybrid system2472 Solar hybrid gas turbine2482 Solar ice-maker2501 Solar panels2471 Solar photocatalytic degradation2506 Solar photovoltaic dissemination

p. 429 Solar thermal power plant2475 Solar thermal power systems

2483, 2484 Solar water heater2519 Solar water heating systems2552 Solvent extraction2593 South Asia

2570, 2591 Sri Lanka2459 Steam gasification2448 Steam reformation2572 Stone-crushing industry pollution2518 Sugar industry2454 Sugar cane bagasse2463 Sunflower hulls2456 Super critical fluid extraction2426 Supercritical fluid extraction2556 Suspended solid statistical analysis

p. 413, 2504 Sustainable development2515 Sustainable energy system2516 Sustainable energy systems2476 Syngas2479 Syngas production

2500 Thermal power generationp. 426 Tibetan Plateau

2542 Total energy systems2571 Trace element analysis2546 Transport efficiency2544 Transportation fuel2638 Tropical agriculture2607 Tropical cyclone tracks2490 Turbine damping2508 Turkey

2431 Underground local minesp. 420 USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) rates

2526 Utilized regenerative fuel cell

2454 Vacuum pyrolysisp. 423 Vehicular pollution control

2534 Warm glass surface2562 Waste incineration2537 Waste utilization2579 Waste water biological treatment2575 Waste water characterization

2557, 2565 Waste water treatmentp. 431 Water-based cleaning processp. 430 Water pollution control

548


2591 Water quality2593 Water quality study2587 Water resources management

2489, 2490 Wave energy2492 Weibull distribution

p. 425 WHO (World Health Organization) guidelines2493 Wind energy development2494 Wind energy potential: Turkey

p. 429 Wind farm2492 Wind speed data2495 Wind speed guests

2491, 2495, 2497 Wind turbine 2496 Wind turbine concepts2455 Wood chips liquefaction2455 Wood chips thermal degradation2457 Wood pellets

549


Editorial Advisory Boardbookstore.teri.res.in/docs/journals/TIDEE 3(4) December... ·...

Documents

Transcript of Editorial Advisory Boardbookstore.teri.res.in/docs/journals/TIDEE 3(4) December... ·...