Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes...
Transcript of Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes...
![Page 1: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
2
Editor’s Messagehis is not a journalistic venture but an academic one designed to handhold keen and sincere UPSC aspirants. We do not claim this to be yet another surrogate window to the world. We are sure, nevertheless, that you would find this venture novel as well as useful.
![Page 3: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
3
In This IssueSl.
No. Topic GS
PaperPage No.
1. Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act I 4
2. Jute Sector in India I 123. Centre Notifies Cauvery Water Management Authority II 174. Article 35A of Indian Constitution II 225. Lateral Entry into Civil Services II 286. NCT Delhi Vs Lieutenant Governor II 377. Higher Education Council of India II 428. Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2018 II 529. Section 377 of Indian Penal Code II 5610. National Commission for Protection of Child Rights II 5911. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 6412. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 7213. BRICS Regional Aviation Partnership II 7914. The State of State Government Finances II & III 8615. Trafficking of Persons (Prevention, Protection and
Rehabilitation) Bill, 2018II & III 94
16. Social Media Hub II & III 10217. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) III 10818. Nutritional Security v/s Food Security III 11419. Police Reforms in India III 12420. DNA Technology (Use & Application) Regulation Bill, 2018 III 13121. Cyber Security III 13722. Minimum Support Price (MSP) III 14423. Net Neutrality III 15424. Role of Big Data in Disaster Management III 16125. Solar Energy Related Issues III 16926. Recent Issue of Lynching in India III & IV 173 27. Nelson Mandela International Day IV 179
![Page 4: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
4
Indecent Representation Of Women (Prohibition) Act (IRWA) [GS-I]
Context Based on the observations made by Parliamentary Standing Committee and recommendation made by the National Commission for Women on the basis of consultation stakeholders, WCD has proposed amendments in IRWA keeping in mind the recent technological advancement in the field of communications such as social media platforms, over the top services etc.
Reforms proposed:
• Amendmentindefinitionofterm‘advertisement’toincludedigitalformorelectronicformorhoardings,orthroughSMS,MMSetc.
• Amendmentindefinitionof‘distribution’toincludepublica-tion,licenseoruploadingusingcomputerresource,orcommu-nicationdevice.
• Insertionofanewdefinitiontodefinetheterm‘publishes’.
• Amendmentin‘Section4’toincludethatnopersonshallpub-lishordistributeorcausetobepublishedorcausetobedis-tributedbyanymeansanymaterialwhichcontainsindecentrepresentationofwomeninanyform.
• PenaltysimilartothatprovidedundertheInformationTech-nologyAct,2000.
Creation of new authority:
CreationofaCentralisedAuthorityundertheaegisofNationalCommissionofWomen(NCW).ThisAuthoritywillbeheadedbyMemberSecretary,NCW,havingrepresentativesfromAdvertis-ingStandardsCouncilofIndia,PressCouncilofIndia,MinistryofInformationandBroadcastingandonememberhavingexperi-
1
![Page 5: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
5
enceofworkingonwomenissues.
• ThisCentralisedAuthoritywillbeauthorizedtoreceivecom-plaintsorgrievancesregardinganyprogrammeoradvertise-mentbroadcastedorpublicationandinvestigate/examineallmattersrelatingtotheindecentrepresentationofwomen.
What necessitated this?
» Reformshavebeenproposedkeepinginmindtherecenttechnologicaladvancements.Theneedwasfelttowidenthescopeofthelawsoastocoversuchformsofmediaononehandandtostrengthentheexistingsafeguardstopreventindecentrepresentationofwomenthroughanymediaformontheother.
Provisions in the Indian Constitution for Women
TheConstitutionaimstomakespecificprovisionsforwomeninIndia.
Preamble
ThePreambletotheConstitutionofIndiaassuresjustice,social,economicandpolitical;equalityofstatusandopportunityanddignitytotheindividual.Thusittreatsbothmenandwomenequal.
Fundamental Rights
• Article14ensurestowomentherighttoequality.
• Article15(1) specificallyprohibitsdiscriminationonthebasisofsex.
• Article15(3) empowerstheStatetotakeaffirmativeactionsinfavourofwomen.
• Article16providesforequalityofopportunityforallcitizensinmattersrelatingtoemploymentorappointmenttoanyoffice.
Directive Principles of State Policy
• Article39(a)providesthatthestatedirectitspolicytowards
![Page 6: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
6
securingformenandwomenequallytherighttoanadequatemeansoflivelihood.
• Article39(d)mandatesequalpayforequalworkforbothmenandwomen.
• Article42providesthatthestatemakeprovisionforsecuringjustandhumaneconditionsofworkandformaternityrelief.
Important legislations for women
• In1983,Section498AwasintroducedintheIndianPenalCode(IPC)andforthefirsttimemadedomesticviolencetomarriedwomenacriminaloffences.
• ProtectionofWomenfromDomesticViolenceAct(2005)isacomprehensivelegislationtoprotectwomeninIndiafromallformsofdomesticviolence.Italsocoverswomenwhohavebeen/areinarelationshipwiththeabuserandaresubjectedtoviolenceofanykind—physical,sexual,mental,verbaloremo-tional.
• ImmoralTraffic(Prevention)Act(1956)isthepremierlegis-lationforpreventionoftraffickingforcommercialsexualex-ploitation.Inotherwords,itpreventstraffickinginwomenandgirlsforthepurposeofprostitutionasanorganisedmeansofliving.
• IndecentRepresentationofWomen(Prohibition)Act(1986)prohibitsindecentrepresentationofwomenthroughadver-tisementsorinpublications,writings,paintings,figuresorinanyothermanner.
• CommissionofSati(Prevention)Act(1987)providesforthemoreeffectivepreventionofthecommissionofsatianditsglorificationonwomen.
• DowryProhibitionAct(1961)prohibitsthegivingortakingofdowryatorbeforeoranytimeafterthemarriagefromwom-en.
• MaternityBenefitAct(1961)regulatestheemploymentofwomenincertainestablishmentsforcertainperiodbeforeandafterchild-birthandprovidesformaternitybenefitandcertain
![Page 7: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
7
otherbenefits.
• MedicalTerminationofPregnancyAct(1971)providesfortheterminationofcertainpregnanciesbyregisteredmedicalprac-titionersonhumanitarianandmedicalgrounds.
• Pre-ConceptionandPre-NatalDiagnosticTechniques(Prohi-bitionofSexSelection)Act(1994)prohibitssexselectionbe-foreorafterconceptionandpreventsthemisuseofpre-nataldiagnostictechniquesforsexdeterminationleadingtofemalefoeticide.
• EqualRemunerationAct(1976)providesforpaymentofequalremunerationtobothmenandwomenworkersforsameworkorworkofasimilarnature.Italsopreventsdiscriminationonthegroundofsex,againstwomeninrecruitmentandserviceconditions.
Important Schemes for women
• BetibachaoBetipadhao–Preventionofsexselectiveelimi-nation,ensuringsurvival&protectionofthegirlchild,ensuringeducationandparticipationofthegirlchild.
• UJJAWALA:ASchemeforPreventionofTraffickingandRes-cue,RehabilitationandReintegrationofVictimsofTraffickingandCommercialSexualExploitation.
• SWADHARGreh–ASchemeforWomeninDifficultCircum-stances.
• IndiraGandhiMatritvaSahyogYojana(IGMSY)–Itisacondi-tionalmaternitybenefitscheme.ItwasrevisedinaccordancewithNationalFoodSecurityAct,2013
• NirbhayaFund–withamount1000crore,forwomensafetyinstrategicareasofprevention,protectionandrehabilitation
• OneStopCentreScheme–Suchcentreswillbeestablishedacrossthecountrytoprovideintegratedrangeofservicesin-cludingmedical,legal,andpsychologicalsupportandassis-tanceunderonerooftowomenaffectedbyviolence,bothinprivateandpublicspaces.ItwillbefundedbyNirbhayaFund.
![Page 8: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
8
• RajivGandhiSchemeforEmpowermentofAdolescentGirls(RGSEAG)–‘SABLA’:ItisaCentrally-sponsoredschemeap-provedbytheGovernmenttomeetnutritionalneedsandtoprovidevocationaltrainingforgirlsabove16yearsofagefortheireconomicempowerment.
• RashtriyaMahilaKosh–(NationalCreditFundforWomen):TheRashtriyaMahilaKosh(NationalCreditFundforWomen)wassetupin1993withacorpusofRs.31crores,againstthebackdropofsocio-economicconstraintsfacedbypoorwomentoaccessmicro–creditfromtheformalfinancialsysteminthecountry,especiallythoseintheruralandinunorganizedsec-tors.
Key features of the Draft National Policy for Women, 2016
• ThepolicyisroughlybasedonthePamRajputCommitteere-portsetupbytheMWCDin2012whichsubmitteditsrecom-mendationsin2016,includingasuggestednationalpolicyforwomenandanactionplantoendviolenceagainstwomen.
• Maternalandprenatalmortalitywillremainapriorityarea,focusingonacoordinatedreferraltransportsystemforsafedeliveriesandemergencyobstetriccaretobemadeavailableindifficult,remoteandisolatedareas.
• Itaimstoimplement“agendertransformativehealthstrate-gy”whichshiftsthefocusoffamilyplanningeffortsfromfe-malesterilisationtomalesterilisation.
• Itfocusesonprioritisingthenutritionofwomenofallagesandstrengtheninggeriatricservicestoaddresswomenagedabove60,whoform8.4%ofthepopulation.
• Ittriestoaddressestheproblemofnavigatingthedistancefromhometoschoolbysuggesting“innovativetransporta-tionmodels”suchas“clusterpoolingofminibuses.”toenrolmoregirlsinsecondaryschoolsandretaincurrentgirlstu-dents.
• Thepolicytalksaboutengagingmenandboysthroughad-vocacy,awarenessgenerationprogrammesandcommunityprogrammestoinstilrespectforwomeninmenfromayoung
![Page 9: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
9
age.
• Italsotakesnoteofmorewomentakingrecoursetoartificialreproductivetechniques.Itproposeseffortstoensuretherightsofsurrogatemothers,commissioningmothersalongwiththoseofthechildrenbornthroughsurrogacy.
• Itmentionsdesigning“acomprehensivesocialprotectionmechanism”toaddressthevulnerabilitiesofwidows,single,deserted,separatedanddivorcedwomenandcreateopportu-nitiesforthemsuchasbuildinga1000-roomshelterforwid-owsandothervulnerablewomeninVrindavan.
• Anotherareaofconcernthepolicyfocusesonisthetraffick-ingofwomen.Thedraftpolicyfeatureseffortstodevelopacompatibleandcomprehensivedatabaseonviolenceagainstwomen,strictmonitoringoftheresponseof(law)enforce-mentagenciestoviolenceagainstwomen,thetime-boundtrialofheinouscrimesagainstwomen,strengtheningnaariadalatsandfamilycourts,etc.
• Italsofocusesonincreasedparticipationofwomeninwork-forceandpolitics(throughneed-basedtraining),narrowingthegender-basedwagegap,creatingentrepreneurialoppor-tunitiesforwomen(throughschemeslikeE-haats),recognis-ingwomen’sunpaidwork(athome)intermsofeconomicandsocietalvalue,achievinggenderequityinagriculture.
• Thepolicyaimsatbetteringsecurityenvironmentswithinitia-tives,suchasonestopcentres,womenhelplines,Mahilapolicevolunteers,reservationofwomeninthepoliceforce,creat-ingimmediateresponsemechanismthroughpanicbuttonsinmobilephones,publicandprivatetransportandsurveillancemechanismsinpublicplaces.
Problems and challenges
• DeclineinChildsexratio(1911accordingto2011census)CSRreflectsboth,pre-birthdiscriminationmanifestedthroughgen-derbiasedsexselectionandpostbirthdiscriminationandLowSexRatio(940accordingto2011census).
• ThereareseveraldiscriminatorypracticeslikeKanyadan(dow-
![Page 10: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
10
ry),notionofagirlasparayadhan(belongingtotheother),obligationofafathertomarryoffhisdaughter;whichgovernthelawsofmarriage,divorceandmatrimoniallife.Theseprac-ticesseldomholduptoscrutiny.
• Sacramentalandsocietalaspectsstilldominatethesocialpsy-cheinmanyaspectslikemarriagewithinthecaste,sendingthedaughterbacktoin-lawsratherthanriskingadivorceontheirname,childmarriages,forcedmarriagesetc.
• Underreportingofcases.Delhihasthehighestrateofcrimesagainstwomenoverall,thoughDelhihashighpopulationbutonecannottakeawaythefactthatherewomenaremoreawareandadministrationalsoactsbetterthanotherplacesinthecountry.
• Falsecases–therearehugenumberofcaseswhichareregis-teredtoharasstheotherparty,increasedcasesofkidnappingagainsttheboyincasethegirlhaseloped,falsecasesofrapecharges.
• Theconversionofanyissueonwomanrightintopoliticalcon-troversyorinfringementofrightofminoritiesinIndiaisabigchallengetoovercome.
Probable Solutions
• Peopleacrosspartylinesagreethatcertainlawsorcustomsfollowedsincelongorfollowedaspartofaregionneedschange.Whatitneedsisactiononbehalfoflawmakersrisingabovepartylines.
• IssueslikeUniformCivilCodewhichismostlyaboutgivingequalrights,iftheyhavebecomesopoliticizedthenrefor-mationcouldbebroughtwithineveryreligion.ItisnotaboutpassingalawonlyinformofUCCbuttheurgencythatmanymedievalpracticesarestillfollowedin21stcenturyinIndia.Separatelawscouldbebrought,whicheverywomancitizenofthiscountryisentitledtobythevirtueofbeingacitizenofIndia.
• Needtohavediscourseamongpeople,politiciansandlawmakershaveahugeroletoplayinseeingthatimplementation
![Page 11: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
11
isdone.Onlyframingoflawsisofnohelp.
• LawagainstDowrywaspassedin1961,whilethemenaceofdowryhasonlyincreasedwiththepassageoftime.Allthispointstowardsbiggerissuesattachedtosocietaltraditionswhichneedmorethanjustframinglaw.
• Sexeducation,encouragingwomentobefinanciallyinde-pendent,providingthemreservationinlegislature,increaseinwomen’sparticipationinoddjobslikepolice,armyetc.couldbepossiblemoveforward.
• Awarenessamongmanandwomanaboutrightsofgirl,re-spectingherchoiceandindependence,celebratingbirthofgirlchild,socialcondemnationofactslikehonorkillingaremuchneededstepswhichneedmoreactiononpartofthesociety.
Conclusion
Thoughthepolicyaimsatwomenempowermentandtriestotakeintoconsiderationtheinterestsofthewomen,itissilentabouttheissueofmaritalrape.Inadditiontomoretraditionalwomen’sempowermentprogrammes,thepolicyclaimstorec-ognisecomplexitiesingenderrolesbroughtaboutby“thenewmillennium,andthedynamicsofarapidlychangingglobalandnationalscenario”.However,makinglegislationsaloneisnotsuffi-cient.Thereisaneedforusheringinchangesinthesocietalatti-tudetowardswomenandusherinbehaviouralchangesinvolvingmenandboysandinstitutionsoffamilyandwomen’sorgani-zations.Onlythen,wecangoaheadinthedirectionofmakingwomenhaveequalrightsandprovisionsasmen.
![Page 12: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
12
JUTE SECTOR IN INDIA [GS-I]
Context
• Theoutcryandbanagainstplasticbagsandsin-gle-useplasticpackagingholdspotentialforthejutesector.
• 5millionfamiliescouldbedirectlybenefitedoutofit.
Problems of jute sector in India
• Shortageofrawmaterial:Indiaisnotself-sufficientinrawma-terial.TherawmaterialisimportedfromBangladeshandsomeothercountries.
• TheproblemsarefurtheraggravatedbyimportoffinishedJuteproductsbothlegallyandillegally.
• Obsoletemillandmachineryanditneededtechnologyupgra-dation.
• IndianjutegoodshadalsotocontendwithsyntheticssuchasPolypropylenewhichhadshownpromiseofbeinganeffectivesubstituteforjute.
• TheGovernmenthadlaunchedaJuteTechnologyMission(JTM)in2006.
• CompetitionfromtheBangladeshijuteproducts.
• Decreaseindemandbylosingmarkettoplastic,syntheticfi-bresandsimilarsubstituteproducts.
• StrikesandlockoutsinJuteIndustrytriggeredtheshutdownofjutemills.
•
History of jute sector
2
![Page 13: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
13
• India’sfirstjutefactoryinIndiawasestablishedatRishira,nearKolkatain1854.
• From1863—64onwards,however,growthoftheindustrywasfairlyrapid,occasionalset-backsnotwithstandingjutewasthemonopolyofIndia,andinthis,theBengalindustry“furnishedwiththebestmechanicalappliancesmovedbysteam”hadastrongadvantage.
• Priortoindependence,Indiahadmonopolyinthebothpro-ductionofrawjuteandjutemanufacturing.
• TheSecondWorldWarbroughtaboutasea-changeinthein-dustry.Theboom,however,provedshort-lived.
• Juteindustryismarredwithseveralproblemsrightsinceinde-pendence.
• Onpartition,mostofJutemillsremainedinIndiawhilemajorjuteproducingareawenttoEastPakistan(NowBangladesh).
• TheproblemofrawmaterialcreatedacrisisintheJutesectorwhenPakistandeniedsupplyofrawJutetoIndia.
• TheproblemwasfurtheraggravatedwhenPakistanimposedanextradutyonthejuteexportstoIndiaandalsowhensherefusedtodevaluehercurrencyintunewiththerupeedevalu-ationin1949.
• TheareaextensionunderJutewasoneofthekeyeffortsoftheGovernmentinthissector.
• WestBengalisIndia’ssinglelargestrawjutecultivator.
• Itproducingalmost75%ofthecropinNadia,Dinajpur,Mur-shidabadandNorth24Parganasdistricts.
Challenges faced
• Morethan100-year-oldJutesector,supportingfivemillionfamiliesatthefarmandtheindustry-level,maynotbeinapo-sitiontobenefitfromthisopportunity,rightaway.
• Theavailabilityofqualityrawjuteandshrinkingacreageontheone-handandthefailureofmostjutemillstomodernise
![Page 14: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
14
haveleftthesectordependentongovernment-supportlikepackagingreservations.
• Thesectorisstillprimitive,involveslabour-intensivecultivationmethodsandretting(drenchingrawjuteinwatertoextractthefibre)—acrucialdeterminantinrawjutequality—createsproblems.
• Withrawjutepricesremainingbelowthesupportpricein2017-18,area-under-cultivationmaystagnatein2018-19.
• Thetechnologyadoptiontothissectorislimitedbyvariousfactors.
• Theproductdiversificationisalsodoneinapoorpace.
• LessresearchanddevelopmentisconductedontheJuterelat-edproducts.
• Shortagesoftheskilledworkerstoprocessthejutehavebe-comeanimpedimenttothissector.
Efforts to support the sector
• Arecentinitiativecalled‘TheJuteFoundation’(TJF)istryingtoaddressmanyissuespertainingtotheenvironment-friendlyproductandengagingallstakeholders–farmers,workers,mills,researchorganisationsandconsumers.
• TheJ-CAREprogrammeunveiledbytheNationalJuteBoardandtheJuteCorporationofIndiaisplanningtointroduceapilotprojectonrettingtechnologiesaimedatincreasingfarm-ers’returns.
• Wheneverthemarketpriceofrawjutefallsbelowacertainlevel,theJuteCorporationofIndia(JCI)procuresrawjuteatMinimumSupportPrice(MSP).
• IncentiveSchemeforAcquisitionofPlantsandMachinery(IS-APM):GovernmentofIndialaunchedISAPMforJuteIndustryandJuteDiversifiedProductsManufacturingUnits.
• TheNationalJuteBoardimplementsvariousschemesformar-ketdevelopment,workers’welfareandpromotionofdiversifi-cationandexports.
![Page 15: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
15
• GovernmenthasissuedanotificationonimposingDefinitiveAnti-dumpingDutyonjutegoodsoriginatingfromBangladeshandNepal.
• GoldenFibreRevolutionaimstoincreaseproductionofjuteandrelatedmaterials.
• TheparliamentofIndiahadenactedtheJutePackagingMan-datoryAct,1987withanobjectivetoprotecttheJuteindustry.
• Governmenthasmadeitmandatoryfortheentirechainfromimportersandtraderstothelevelbeforetheend-users,toreg-isterwiththeOfficeofJuteCommissioner,andfurnishmonth-lyreportsontheimportedgoods.
• GovernmentthroughitsOfficeofJuteCommissioner,Kolkatahasalsodirectedallmanufacturers,importersprocessorsandtraderstomark/print/brandthewords“Madein-CountryofOrigin”onimportedbags.
• NationalIndustrialDevelopmentCorporation,initiatesomeprogrammesofmodernisationsuchastheintroductionoftheelectricallydrivenlooms.Buttheprocesswasfarfromcom-plete—onlytheSpinningsectionhadbeenmodernized.
• JuteTechnologyMission(JTM)
» JuteTechnologyMission(JTM)wasapprovedbythegov-ernmentofIndiain2006andithas4miniMissions.TheObjectivesoftheJTMareasfollows:
» Tostrengthenagriculturalresearchandtechnologyachievements.
» Development/extensionofrawjuteministryofandtrans-ferofimprovedtechnology.
» Todevelopefficientmarketlinkagesministryofforrawjute.
» Tomodernize,technologicallyupgrade,improveproduc-tivity,textilesdiversifyanddevelophumanresourceforthejuteindustry.
![Page 16: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
16
Conclusion
• Continuousimprovementinthequalityoftheproductanddiversificationofproductionwerethetwomajormeansbywhichtheindustrycouldhopetosustainitscompetitiveness
• TheFinlowcommitteehadpinpointed“thedistinctlackofvariety”asthemoststrikingfeatureofthegrowthofthejuteindustry.
• ThejuteEnquirycommissionalsocomplainedthattheindus-tryproducedonlycertaintypesofgoodsrequiredtraditional-lyincertainmarketsandstressedtheneedformorepositiveeffortstodiversifythepatternofproduction.
• UnlikeFrance,BelgiumandHollandwhich,byinstallingnewmachines,wereabletoproducelargervarietyofgoods,Indiadidnotmakemuchprogressinthisfield.
• IndiacouldnotindefinitelydependuponthemerciesofPaki-stanbuthadtoincreaseherowndomesticproduction.
• Createawarenessamongconsumersonsustainableproductsmadeofjute.
![Page 17: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
17
CENTRE NOTIFIES CAUVERY WATER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY [GS II]
ContextOn 16th February, 2018 the apex court had directed the government to form the authority within six weeks. The Supreme Court through its verdict marginally increased Karnataka’s share of Cauvery water, reduced the allocation for Tamil Nadu and sought to settle the protracted water dispute between the two southern states.
What Indian Constitution Says About it?
Article262:AdjudicationofdisputesrelatingtowatersofinterStateRiversorrivervalleys
(1)Parliamentmaybylawprovidefortheadjudicationofanydis-puteorcomplaintwithrespecttotheuse,distributionorcontrolofthewatersof,orin,anyinterStateRiverorrivervalley
(2)NotwithstandinganythinginthisConstitution,ParliamentmaybylawprovidethatneithertheSupremeCourtnoranyoth-ercourtshallexercisejurisdictioninrespectofanysuchdisputeorcomplaintasisreferredtoinclause(1)Co-ordinationbetweenStates.
Composition of Cauvery Water Management Authority
Itwouldcompriseachairman,eightmembersbesidesasecre-tary.Outofeightmembers,twoeachwillbefull-timeandpart-timemembers,whiletherestfourwouldbepart-timemembersfromstates.
Mandate of Cauvery Water Management Authority
• Tomonitorthestorage,apportionshares,superviseoperationofreservoirsandregulatewaterreleaseswithassistanceoftheregulatingauthority.
3
![Page 18: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
18
• Theauthorityhasalsobeentaskedtoadvisethestatestotakesuitablemeasurestoimprovewateruseefficiency,bywayofpromotingmicro-irrigation(dripandsprinkler),changeincroppingpattern,improvedagronomicpractices,systemdefi-ciencycorrectionandcommandareadevelopment.
• CauveryWaterManagementAuthorityisalsoexpectedtolookatregulatedreleaseofwaterbyKarnataka,attheinter-statecontactpointpresentlyidentifiedasBilligundulugaugeanddischargestation,locatedonthecommonborderofKarnatakaandTamilNadu.
Significance of notification
• Thiswouldhelptosolvethelongrunningconflictondistribu-tionofCauverywaters.
• ItwillmakethemanagementofCauverywaterscientific.
• ThedisputeincludesKerala,Karnataka,TamilNaduandPuduchhery.
Interstate water disputes
TheInter-StateRiverWaterDisputesaregovernedbytheIn-ter-StateWaterDisputesAct,1956.Asperthecurrentprovisionsofthe1956Act,atribunalcanbeformedafterastategovern-mentapproachesUnionGovernmentwithsuchrequestandtheCentreisconvincedoftheneedtoformthetribunal.Thisactwasfurtheramendedin2002toincludethemajorrecommendationsof‘TheSarkariaCommission’.Theamendmentsmandatedaoneyeartimeframetosetupthewaterdisputestribunalandalsoa3yeartimeframetogiveadecision,theCentralGovernmentmayextendtheperiodforafurtherperiodnotexceedingtwoyears.
Drawbacks of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956
• Setting up of tribunals:Eventhough,theActprovidedfores-tablishingtribunalsineverystateforresolutionofwaterdis-putes,stateshaveshownageneralreluctancetoconstitutethem.
![Page 19: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
19
• Constitution of tribunals:Therearenodeadlinesfixedonthemtodecideadisputeandthereisalsonoagelimitfixedforthechairmanandothermembersofthetribunal.Thishasresultedinpersonssittingonthechairsforyearswithlittlescopegivenforentryoffreshbrainsandskillsinthetribunal.
• Lack of enforcement mechanism:Thereisnomethodbywhichanyawardpassedbythetribunalcanbeenforcedandmadebindingontheparties.Italwaysresultedinlegaldisputesattheend.
• Procedural issues:TheprocedureforhearinganddeclaringawardsinvolvesahugeperiodoftimeundertheAct.
• Onlythreeoftheeighttribunalshaveactuallygivenawards accepted by the states.
• Thereisnoupper age limitfortheChairmanorthemembers.
Sarkaria commission Recommendation on ISWD Act 1956
TheSarkariaCommissionhadrecommendedcertaintimelimitsforthesettingupofthetribunalasoneyearaftertherequestofthestateandfiveyearsforpassingofthefinalaward.ButnoneofthesewereacceptedandincorporatedintheAct.
Proposed Inter-state water dispute (Amendment) Bill 2017
• Thebillproposesasingle standing tribunalwithmultiplebenchesinsteadofmultipletribunalsthatexistatpresent.
• Thetotal timeperiodforadjudicationofdisputehasbeenfixedatmaximumof4.5years.
• ThedecisionoftheTribunalshallbefinal and binding.
• Thereisnorequirementofpublicationintheofficialgazette
• Aspertheproposedbill,theTribunalshallhavethecompo-sitionofonechairperson,onevice-chairpersonandnotmorethansixothermembers.
• Itlimitsthetenure of the chairpersontofiveyearsortilltheyattaintheageof70,whicheverisearlier.
![Page 20: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
20
• Thebillalsoproposestointroducemechanismstoresolvedis-putesamicablybynegotiationsthroughaDispute Resolution Committee (DRC)beforeadisputeisreferredtothetribunal
• DRCtobeestablishedbythecentralgovernmentconsistingofexperts.
• Italsoprovidesforatransparent data collection systematthenationallevelforeachriverbasin.
• Italsocallsfortheappointmentofassessorstoprovidetech-nicalsupporttothetribunal.
• Anagencytomaintaindata-bankand informationsystemistobeauthorizedbycentralgovernment.
#Facts for the Prelims#
#FactsforthePreliminary#
Shangri-La Dialogue and Raisina Dialogue
TheIISSAsiaSecuritySummit:TheShangri-LaDialogue(SLD)isa“TrackOne”inter-governmentalsecurityforumheldannuallybyanindependentthinktank,theInternationalInstituteforStra-tegicStudies(IISS)whichisattendedbydefenceministers,per-manentheadsofministriesandmilitarychiefsof28Asia-Pacificstates.TheforumgetsitsnamefromtheShangri-LaHotelinSin-gaporewhereithasbeenheldsince2002.
![Page 21: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
21
TheRaisinaDialogueisamultilateralconferenceheldannu-allyinNewDelhi.Sinceitsinceptionin2016,theconferencehasemergedasIndia’sflagshipconferenceongeopoliticsandgeo-economics.TheconferenceishostedbytheObserverRe-searchFoundation,anindependentthinktank,incollaborationwiththeMinistryofExternalAffairsofIndia.
![Page 22: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
22
ARTICLE 35A OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION [GS-II]
Context:
• TheCentrehasdecidednottofileany“counter-affida-vit”onArticle35A,whichhasbeenchallengedintheSupremeCourtthroughaPublicInterestLitigation(PIL)petition.TheSupremeCourthasscheduledfurtherhear-ingforAugust6.
• EarliertheissuecameupwhenaKashmiriwoman,Cha-ruWaliKhanfiledapetitiontochangetheconstitutionalprovisionasshewantedsuccessionrightsinthestatethoughsheissettledoutsidethestate.
4
What is Article 35A?
Article35.Asaysthat“Savingoflawswithrespecttopermanentresidentsandtheirrights.—NotwithstandinganythingcontainedinthisConstitution,noexistinglawinforceintheStateofJam-muandKashmir,andnolawhereafterenactedbytheLegislatureoftheState:
(a) defining the classes of persons who are, or shall be, perma-nent residents of the State of Jammu and Kashmir; or
(b) conferring on such permanent residents any special rights and privileges or imposing upon other persons any restrictions as respects—
(i) Employment under the State Government;
(ii) Acquisition of immovable property in the State;
(iii) Settlement in the State; or
(iv) Right to scholarships and such other forms of aid as the State Government may provide,
Shall be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with or takes
![Page 23: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
23
away or abridges any rights conferred on the other citizens of India by any provision of this part.”
• Article35AisaprovisionintheConstitutionthatempowerstheJammuandKashmirlegislaturetodefinepermanentresi-dentsofthestate.
• ItwasaddedthroughtheConstitution(ApplicationtoJammuandKashmir)Order,1954,issuedunderArticle370.
• Article35AempowersJammuandKashmirlegislaturetode-fine“permanentresidents”ofthestatealongwiththeirspecialrightsandprivileges.ThisArticlehasanintricaterelationshipwithArticle370.
Who are permanent residents?
JammuandKashmirAssemblydefinedPermanentResidentasapersonwhowasastatesubjectonMay14,1954orwhohadbeenaresidentofthestatefor10yearsandhas“lawfullyacquiredim-movablepropertyinthestate.”ApersonwhoisnotapermanentresidentofJammuandKashmirisnotallowedtobuyorownpropertiesinthestateorvoteinstateAssemblyelectionorcon-testelectiontothestateAssembly.AnoutsidercannotgetajobintheJammuandKashmirgovernment.
Article 35A and Article 370 – Delicate Issues
• TheNDAGovernmentwantstohavealargerdebateovertheArticle35Achallengingtheconstitutionalvalidityoftheclause.
• AnNGO,‘WetheCitizens’havefiledawritpetitiontostrikedownArticle35A.
• Therulingpartybelievesthatthespecialstatus,certainrightsandprivilegesareenjoyedonlybytheresidentsofthestatewhichhasgivenrisetoalienationandseparatistidentitytothepeopleofJammuandKashmir.
• TheprovisiondoesnotallowpeoplefromoutsidethestateofJammu&Kashmirtowork,settleorownpropertyinthestate.Scholarships,formsofaidetcarealsonotallowedtonon-resi-
![Page 24: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
24
dentsofthestate.
What is Judiciary’s take on Article 35A?
• SupremeCourtwasreadytohaveadiscussiononscrappingArticle35Awhilethestategovernmentopposedsuchamove.
• Thematterhasbeenreferredtothreejudgebenchandhasbeengivenasix-weekdeadlinetosettlethedispute.
• ThestateBJPleadersarevocalaboutrepealingtheArticle35A.Asthematterissub-judice,thecourt’sdecisionshouldbebindingonall.ThisstandbytheBJPhasledtoriftsbetweentheBJPandPDP.
• TheSupremeCourthintedatreferringpetitionsagainstArti-cles370and35AoftheConstitution—whichgivespecialpro-visionstoJammuandKashmir—toaConstitutionbench.
• Thetopcourtsaidallpetitionsthatdemandscrappingofthearticlesshouldbeheardtogether.Argumentsagainstscrap-pingArticle35A.
• ScrappingtheArticle35AisseenasanassaultonthespecialstatusoftheJammuandKashmirbythestategovernment.
• Article35Acannotbechallengedonthegroundthattheyaf-fectthefundamentalrightsoftheotherIndianCitizens.
• Therightsofthestatelegislaturearenotunlimitedandcanbegivenonlyinthecaseof–Employment,Property,SettlementandScholarship.
• Kashmirisareapprehensivethatsuchamovewouldbedomi-natedbytheHindunationalistgroups.
• FormerchiefministerOmarAbdullahalsostatedthatthiswouldcreateabiggeragitationaswaswitnessedin2008overthetransferoflandtotheAmarnathShrineBoard.
Arguments against Article 35A:
• ThepetitionsaysArticle35Aisagainstthe“veryspiritofone-nessofIndia”asitcreatesa“classwithinaclassofIndianciti-zens”.
![Page 25: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
25
• RestrictingcitizensfromotherStatesfromgettingemploy-mentorbuyingpropertywithinJammuandKashmirisavio-lationoffundamentalrightsunderArticles14,19and21oftheConstitution.
• Also,theparliamentaryrouteoflaw-makingwasbypassedwhenthePresidentincorporatedArticle35AintotheConstitu-tion.
• Article35AwasnotapartoftheoriginalConstitutionbutwasaddedlaterbyapresidentialorderof1954.
• Article370isanothermatterofdiscussionasitisnotperma-nentbutatemporaryclause.
• Thedefinitioncanbealteredbythestategovernmentbypass-ingalawwithtwothirdmajorities.
• Article368(i)oftheConstitutionempowersonlyParliamenttoamendtheConstitution.
Amarnath Shrine Board: Protests in 2008
• TosetuptemporarysheltersandfacilitiesforHindupilgrims,onMay26th2008,theGovernmentofIndiaandStategovern-mentofJammuandKashmirsignedanagreementtotrans-fer99acreslandtotheShriAmarnathShrineBoard.Thishadcausedwidespreadprotestinthestate.
• Environmentalistsarguedthatthetransferofforestslandwouldhampertheecologicalbalanceastheconstructionofroadsanddamswasspeculated.
• ThedemandsoftheprotesterswereacceptedbythestategovernmentandthetransferoflanddecisionwasrevokedinJuly2008.
• DespitetheprotestfromHindugroups,thestategovernmentdidnotannultherevocationofthedecision.
• ThefrustrationamongsttheHindusandMuslimswasanattackonthesecularismofthestateandaregionaldivideeruptedbetweenthereligiousgroupsleadingtolossofmanylivesandproperty.
![Page 26: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
26
• Anagreementwassignedbetweenthegroupleadingtheag-itationandGovernorofthestateappointedpanelbymakingtemporaryuseof40hectaresoflandduringtheyatraperiod.
• Pakistantakingtheopportunityofthesituationpassedares-olutionexpressingconcernsovertheattacksonMuslimsandtheirpropertybytheHindus.
Anomalies of Article 35A and 370
• Article370statesthatallemigrantsfromJammuandKashmir,includingthosewhomigratedtoPakistanareconsideredasstatesubjects.
• ThisgaverisetomanydoubtswhetheraPakistaninationalcansettleinthestateofKashmirandbuypropertywhichwasde-niedtomanyIndiancitizens.
• Theprovisionisalsogenderdiscriminatoryastherulesdis-criminateagainstKashmirwomenbyrestrictingtheirchoiceofpartnersinmarriage.Ifthehusbanddoesnotholdaper-manentresidentcertificate,thesubsequentrightsaredeniedtothechildren.HenceafemalemarryingoutsidethestateofJammuandKashmirisdeniedofpropertyrightsinthatman-ner.
• UnderArticle6oftheJammuandKashmirConstitution,Indi-ansarenotconferredstatesubjectswhichpreventthemfromvoting,holdingjobs,gettingadmissionstocollegesetc.
• ThisamountstotheviolationofArticle14,15,16,19oftheCon-stitutionofIndia.
Jammu and Kashmir –a Security Issue
• JammuandKashmirisnotonlyapoliticalissuebutalsoase-curityissue.
• PakistanhasagreedtodeclarePakoccupiedKashmirasitsfifthprovinceandhasdecidedtobleedIndiathroughthou-sandcuts.IthasbeenlaunchingterroristattacksinIndiasincelong.
• ChinaandPakistanhavebeenfriendssincelong.Pakistancon-
![Page 27: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
27
cededcertainportionofPoKtoChinainwhichtheCPECispassingthrough.ThisishenceasovereigntyissuetoIndia.
Not an easy decision
• ThereshouldbedeliberationonthevalidityofArticle370too.
• Article35Aisonlyanexplanatoryprovisionanditselfdoesnotconferanyspecialpower.
• TheorderhasalsobeenusedtooverridetheprovisionsoftheStateConstitution.
• Ifthearticle35Aisscrapped,allthe41subsequentPresidentialordersmaythenbecomesusceptibletolegalchallenges.
• TheresidentsofJ&KweredeemedasIndiancitizensthroughthesePresidentialOrders.
• PresidentialOrderswereusedtoextend94outof97entriesintheUnionList.
• PresidentialOrderswereusedtoextend260outof395Arti-clesoftheIndianConstitutiontoJ&KandevenandtoimposecentralruleinJ&K.
Question:Article35AoftheIndianConstitutiondidnotserveitspurposeeversinceitsinception.Examine?
![Page 28: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
28
LATERAL ENTRY INTOCIVIL SERVICES [GS-II]
Context:
• Inanapparentbidtobringinexpertisefromtheprivatesectorindividualsandinfusetalentintothecountry’sbureaucracy,thegovernmenthasinvited“outstandingindividuals”tojointhegovernmentatthejointsecretarylevelattheCentre.
• Inthisregard,theDepartmentofPersonnelandTraining(DoPT)hasinvitedapplicationsfor10seniorlevelposi-tionsinvariousdepartments.
5
EligibilityCriteriaforselection
• Theeligibilitycriteriaincludes“Individualsworkingatcompa-rablelevelsinPrivateSectorCompanies,ConsultancyOrgani-sations,International/MultinationalOrganisationswithamini-mumof15years’experience”besidesthoseworkingincentralpublicsectorundertakings,autonomousbodies,statutoryor-ganisations,researchbodiesanduniversities.
• Thenotificationspecifiesaminimumageof40yearsandmin-imumqualificationofgraduationfromarecogniseduniversityorinstitutewhilehigherqualificationwillbeanaddedadvan-tage.
• Therecruitmentwillbeoncontractbasisforthreetofiveyears.
Background
Sofar,thesepostswereheldbyjointsecretarylevelofficers,whowerecareerbureaucrats,whojointheserviceafterpassingUPSCexam.Thepostofjointsecretary(JS)iscrucialforpolicymakingandimplementationofgovernmentprogrammesandschemes,withmostcrucialdecisionsinministriesanddepartmentstaken
![Page 29: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
29
bybureaucratsappointedJS.TheNationalTrainingPolicy,2012,adoptsa“competency-basedapproach”.
Why is this move?
• TheWorldBankranksIndiaat130intheEaseofDoingBusi-nessIndex.
• Indiaranks76intheCorruptionPerceptionIndexbroughtbyTransparencyInternational.
• ItalsomentionsthatIndiahasthehighestincidenceofbriberyintheAsia-Pacific.
• ThePoliticalandEconomicConsultancyReportratedIndianbureaucracyastheslowestamongits12Asiancounterparts.SuchindicesandreportsareamanifestationoftheretrogradebureaucracyofIndiaanditsun-progressiveperformance,urg-ingimmediaterejuvenation.
Need for lateral entry in civil services
• Shortfallinnumbers:Thereisanoverall20%shortfallofIAScadreofficersalonein24statecadres.TheBaswanCommitteehaspointedoutthehugedeficitofofficers
• Developingeffectiveuser-focuseddigitalservicesisnownec-essary.Ascitizenseasilyconnecteffectivelywitheachotherinrealtime,theyexpectthesameend-to-endservicesfromtheiradministrators.
• Humanresourcemanagementconceptstaughtbyprofessorsfrombusinessschoolstreathumanbeingsliketechnologicalorfinancialresourcestobeusedtoestablishasuccessfulorgani-zation,orevenignorecitizensinachievingamission.
• Targetoriented:Outsidetalentfromtheprivatesectorismorelikelytobetarget-oriented,whichwillimprovetheperfor-manceofthegovernment.
• Also,morecompetitionwillencouragecareercivilservantstodevelopexpertiseinareasoftheirchoice.
• Itenablestheentryofright-mindedprofessionalsandthe
![Page 30: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
30
adoptionofbestpracticesforimprovinggovernance.
• Theassuranceofasecurecareerpathhasbeenheldtobethecareer-basedsystem’sbiggestlacuna.
• Thisweaknesshasbeencompoundedbyaheavyrelianceonseniority,aninadequateannualreportingsystem,andfrequenttransfers.
• Accountability,theneedforasystemthatholdsadministratorsaccountableforbothresultsandthepublicinterest,iscentral.
• Ithasdiscouragedinitiativebyreducingcompetitioninthehigherechelonsofgovernment.
• Allegedly,thequasi-monopolisticholdofthecareercivilser-vicesonseniormanagementpositionbreedscomplacencyin-hibitsinnovativethinkingandpreventstheinflowofnewideasfromoutsidegovernment.
• AlsocareerpromotionsintheIASmovealongseamlesslywithfewimpedimentsalongtheway.Attemptstointroduce‘meri-tocracy’hasn’tquiteworkedout.
• ThereisreluctanceamongofficersofthestatetoundertakeCentredeputation.
• ThelackofspecialisationacrossthetoptierofIndianbureau-cracyisaconcernthathasremainedunaddresseduntilnow.
• IASofficersgetrecruitedataveryearlyageviatheUPSCex-ams.Itisdifficulttogaugetheiradministrativejudgementandcapabilitiesthen.
• TheIASwasdesignedforatimewhentheStatewasall-pow-erful.Thatrealitysomewhatchangedwithliberalisationin1991,wherethestatewascompelledtocedemorespacetomar-kets.
• Improvedgovernance:Theconventionalwisdomonlateralentryisthatitinfusesfreshenergyandthinkingintoaninsular,complacentandoftenarchaicbureaucracy.
![Page 31: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
31
Challengesandconcerns
• TheAllIndiaServicesprovideauniquelinkbetweenthecut-tingedgeatthefieldlevelandtoppolicy-makingpositionsashasalsobeenmentionedbytheFirstAdministrativeReformsCommission(ARC)andbytheSarkariaCommission.
• Thisbridgebetweenpolicy-makingandimplementation,whilecrucialtoallsystems,hasbeenofstrategicsignificanceintheIndiancontext,giventheregionaldiversityofthecountry.
• Disturbedbalance:Theproposalforlateralentryatseniorde-cision-makinglevelsdisturbsthebalanceinbureaucracy.
• Theexposureandsensitivitytothecountry’scomplexso-cio-politicalmilieuandtotheneedsofthecommonman,whichwidespreadfieldexperienceprovidestotheseservices,maynotbeavailableintheprivatesectorsincetheprivatesectordoesnothavethesamewidthanddepthofexposuretothistypeoffieldexperience.
• Lateralentryonlyattoplevelpolicymakingpositionsmayhavelittleimpactonfieldlevelimplementation,giventhemul-tiplelinksinthechainofcommandfromtheUnionGovern-menttoaruralvillage.
• Lackofsufficientandsuitabletalentintheprivatesector.
• Theprincipleofmeritcouldbecompromised.
• OperationaldifficultiesoffreshrecruitmentforaSeniorExecu-tiveService(SES).
• Thepossibleadverseimpactofsuchrecruitmentonthecon-stitutionalmandateforaffirmativeactionasaresultofthecre-ationofanewrecruitmentchannelataseniorlevel.
• Anissueofconflictofinterestwhenitcomestoentrantsfromtheprivatesector.
• Thepotentiallossofinternaltalentaswellasthelikelihoodofatrophyoftheexistingcareerbasedservices.
• Difficultyinassessingperformance:Also,itisnoteasytoas-sesstheperformanceofasecretarytothegovernment,given
![Page 32: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
32
thesheercomplexityandamorphousnatureofthejob.
• Thiswouldbecomeapotenttrinitytodetertalentedpersonsfromaspiringtocivilservicecareers.
• Therearealsoconcernsthattheintroductionofpro-establish-mentcandidatesthroughlateralentryatthepositionofjointsecretarycouldstiflegoodcivilservantswhoareresistingagainstsomethinginadvisablethatthegovernmentseekstodo.
• Lateralentrantsfromtheprivatesectorandacademiamaynotworkwellwiththebureaucracy.
• It’simportanttogaugewhatprocessestheCentrehasputinplacetoeasethetransitionandestablishauthority.
• TheIASestablishmentislikelytobalkatlateralentrantswhohaven’tmadeitthroughprobablythehardestopencompet-itiveexamintheworld,butbecauseofprivilegeandsocialnetworks.
HowdootherCountriesOperate?
I.Career-BasedSeniorExecutiveService(SES)
» FoundinIndia,France,Italy,Japan,SouthKorea,Malaysia,andSpain.
» Recruitmentattheentrylevelthroughcompetitiveexam-inations.
» Theyaretrainedandgroomedtobecomeelitecorpsandthenputonanacceleratedcareertrajectory.
» Theadvantageofitsclosednatureisthatthereareacommoncultureandvaluesystem,andanenviablede-greeofespritdecorps,acombinationthatfacilitatesexcellentcommunicationacrossthegovernmentalspec-trum.
II.Position-basedSeniorExecutiveService(SES)
» FoundinAustralia,Belgium,NewZealand,UK,USA,andNetherlands.
![Page 33: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
33
» Theappointmentstoidentifiedseniorpositionsaremadefromawiderpoolcomprisingallcivilservantswhoarequalifiedtoapplyaswellasthoseapplicantsfromthepri-vatesectorwithrelevantdomaincompetencyandexperi-ence.
» Itsopennessisitsbasicstrength.Allprofessionalcadresinthegovernmentandeventhoseoutsidethegovernmentcancompeteforselectedtoppositions.
» Thismakesitpossibleforlateralentrantstobringintheirownworkculturewhichenablesrenewalandadaptive-nessingovernmentorganizations.
» However,thebulkofappointmentsintheposition-basedsystemisfromamongcareercivilservants.
» IntheAmericanSES,only10%ofthepositionsarefilledupby“outsiders”.InAustralia,recruitmenttotheSESfromoutsidetheAustralianPublicServicehasrangedfrom25%in1992-93to14%in2000-01.20%ofKorea’sca-reer-basedSESisnowrecruitedfromtheopenmarket.
Comparison
• Careermanagementismoredecentralizedintheposi-tion-basedsystemascomparedwiththecareer-basedsystem.
• Whilemembersofthecareer-basedSESareemployedfromthetimeofrecruitmenttotheageofretirement,theposi-tion-basedSESisonthebasisofcontracts.
• Inbothcases,performancestandardsarestipulatedinad-vanceandappraisedrigorously
First Administrative Reforms Commission inputs
ThefirstAdministrativeReformsCommissionwhileexaminingthewholeissueofpersonneladministrationwithreferencetothehighermanagementpositionsinGovernmentofIndia,haddis-tinguishedbetweentwocategoriesofseniormanagementposts,viz,
• Postswithinthefunctionalareawhichshouldbestaffedbythe
![Page 34: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
34
relevantfunctionalcadre.
• Postsoutsidethefunctionalareaforwhichtherequiredfunc-tionalexperiencemaybeavailableintheAllIndiaServices,theCentralServices,andamongspecialistslikeengineers,scien-tists,economists,etc.
• TheCommissionwentontorecommendthatthelevelofJointSecretaryandAdditionalSecretaryinseniormanagement,outsidethepurelyfunctionalposts,“theareasofspecialismwillbroadenoutanditshouldbepossible,anditisnecessarytoprovideformobilityfromonespecialismtoanalliedspecial-ism.
• AtthehighestlevelofSpecialSecretaryorSecretaryandequivalentinCentralGovernment,thefactorthatshouldcountmostisone’sgeneralmanagerialcompetence”.
Sixth Central Pay Commission inputs
• ForcreatingaseniormanagementorleadershippoolinGov-ernmentofIndia,competitioncanbeinfusedthroughtwomainmechanisms:a)openinguptheseniormanagementcad-retoallexistingServices,andb)lateralentrybyopeningtheseniormanagementcadretoaspirantsfromtheprivatesectorwhocanbringnewskillsintogovernment.
• Lateralentryintocivilservicesasdoneinthepastonanadhocbasisisnotasuitablemodelofmanpowerplanningsincethepresentincumbentsingovernmentdepartmentstendtoresistentryofoutsidetalentandthewholeprocessremainspersonalitydrivenandinchoate.
• Needtoinstitutionalizetheprocessofinductionofoutsidetal-entintothegovernment.
• LateralentriesshouldbedoneatthepresentlevelofAddition-alSecretary/HAGwhichisaleadershippositionfromwhichonecanaspiretoreachtherankofSecretarytoGovernment.
• Thesepostsinvolveleadershipratherthanpurelyoperationalrolesandissuessuchastherequirementofgreaterfunctional/technicalknowledgeatoperationallevels.
![Page 35: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
35
• CentralCivilServicesAuthorityshouldbeentrustedwiththetaskofidentifyingthepostsatthehighermanagementlevel,HAGandabove,whereinductionofoutsidetalentwouldbedesirable.
• SuchpostscouldthenbeopenedforrecruitmentbytappingtalentbothfromwithinandoutsidethegovernmentthroughatransparentprocesstobeimplementedbytheAuthority.
Recommendations from the 10th Administrative Reforms Committee report
• Thepresentempanelmentsystemforshort-listingofficersforpostingattheSeniorAdministrativeGrade(SAG)levelandaboveshouldbereplacedbyamoretransparentandobjectiveplacementprocedure.
• Athigherlevelsofgovernment,itisnecessarytoensurethatthetasksassignedtoapublicservantmatchhis/herdomaincompetenceaswellasaptitudeandpotential.
• MinistriesshouldclassifyalloftheirSAGlevelpostsaccordingtotheirrelevantfunctionaldomains.
• ThereisneedtointroducecompetitionforseniorpositionsingovernmentbyopeningthesepositionsinGovernmenttoallServices.
• ACentralCivilServicesAuthorityshouldbeconstitutedundertheproposedCivilServicesBill.Itshallbeafive-memberbodyconsistingoftheChairpersonandfourmembers.
• TheCentralCivilServicesAuthorityshoulddealwithmattersof
» assignmentofdomainstoofficers,
» preparingpanelsforpostingofofficersatthelevelofJointSecretaryandabove,
» fixingtenuresforseniorposts,
» decidingonpostswhichcouldbeadvertisedforlateralentryintocivilservicesand
![Page 36: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
36
» SuchothermattersthatmaybereferredtoitbytheGov-ernment.
Conclusion
• Therecruitmentinthelateralentrycanbedoneforspecificmission-modeprojects.Eg,NandanNilekanifortheAadhaarProject.
• Transparentrecruitmentasperrecommendationsof10thARCreporttoensureclearlydefinedservicerulesandaccountabili-ty.
• Normsshouldbeliberalizedforcivilservantstoworkoutsidethegovernmentwithmultilateralagencies,non-profitsorcor-porations.
• Thisisn’tthefirsttimethatthegovernmentbroughtinprofes-sionalsfromtheprivatesectororacademiaintothetoptierofgovernment.TakealookattheFinanceMinistry,ReserveBankofIndiaandeventhecurrentNITIAayog,whichhavehiredthelikesofRaghuramRajan,ArvindSubramanianandArvindPa-nagriyatonameafew.
![Page 37: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
37
NCT DELHI VS LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR [GS-II]
Context:
• VerdictoftheDelhiHighCourt,whichhaddeclaredthattheL-Ghas“completecontrolofallmattersregardingtheNationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi,andnothingwillhappenwithouttheconcurrenceoftheL-G.”
• TheSupremeCourtrecentlyheldthattheLtGovernorofDelhihasnoindependentpowertotakedecisionsandisboundbytheelectedgovernment’sadvice.
6
Constitutionalprovisions
• 69thCAA1991providedspecialstatustoDelhi.
• Article239AAdealswithSpecialStatusofDelhi
• UnderArticle163,thegovernorhastoactontheaidandad-viceofthecouncilofministerexceptinthecasewherehehastoexercisehisdiscretion.
• Statecanmakelawsregardingmattersinstatelist&concur-rentlistexceptthreemattersonstatelistthatis,Publicorder,policeandland.
• LawsofParliamentprevailoverthoseofmadebythestateassembly.
• PresidentialrulecanimposeonDelhibasedonthereportofLt.Governororotherwise.
• NoordinancecanbepromulgatedbytheLt.Governorwithoutthepriorpermissionofthepresident.
Primacyincaseofdifferenceofopinion
• TheprovisotoClause(4)ofArticle239AA:ALG,coulddis-agreewithmanydecisionsofelectedgovernmentandreferthemtothepresident,whichmeansthecentralgovernment.
![Page 38: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
38
• Thisvirtuallynullifiestheexecutivepowervestedinthecouncilofministers
• Butthepurposeoftheconstitutionalamendmentwastopro-videademocraticgovernmentforDelhiandnottoenhancethepowersoftheLG.
• Thus,itcannotbetheintentionofthelawmakerstotakeawaythepowersvestedintheelectedgovernmentandestablishtheprimacyoftheLG.
SC’sguidelinesfortheLG’sconduct
• ItdelineatesthepowersofthetwobranchesoftheexecutiveinDelhi.
• TheL-GisboundbytheaidandadviceoftheCouncilofMin-isters.Incaseofdifferenceofopinion,theL-Gshouldstraight-awayreferthedisputetothePresidentforafinaldecision.
• TheLieutenant-Governorshouldactasa“facilitator”forgoodgovernanceinthenationalcapitalandnotasan“obstruction-ist”.
• TheLieutenant-Governor’sauthority,sayinghecannotexercisehisdiscretionin“each and every matter”ofdailygovernance.HisdiscretionarypowersareinfactlimitedtoonlymattersintheStateList—publicorder,policeandland—overwhichthelegislativepoweroftheDelhiLegislativeAssemblystandex-cludedunderArticle239AA.
• TheNCTgovernmentneedonlytoinformtheL-Gofits“well-deliberated”decisions.Thegovernmentneednotobtainhis“concurrence”oneveryissueofday-to-daygovernance.
• TheelectedgovernmentcouldmakepoliciesonlawsenactedbyitsownAssembly.TheexecutivepoweroftheNCTgovern-mentwasco-extensivewithitslegislativepowers.
WhyDelhicannotbeafull-fledgedstate?
• Ithousesfederalinstitutions,adiplomaticcommunityandoth-ernationalandinternationalinstitutions.
![Page 39: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
39
• Therefore,anarrangementbeingmade,accordingtowhichtheprimarycontroloveracitythatservesasanodalcentrefortheentirenationveststocentralgovernment.
• TheSupremeCourtfollowedthe1987Balakrishnan reporttoconcludethatDelhiisnotaState.
• BalakrishnanreporthadenvisagedthatDelhicouldnothaveasituationinwhichthenationalcapitalhad“twogovernmentsrunbydifferentpoliticalparties.Suchconflictsmay,attimes,prejudicethenationalinterest.”
• Delhiasthenationalcapitalbelongstothenationasawhole.
• IfDelhibecomesafull-fledgedState,therewouldbeaconsti-tutionaldivisionofsovereign,legislativeandexecutivepowersbetweentheUnionandtheStateofDelhi.
• Parliamentwouldhavelimitedlegislativeaccessandthattooonlyinspecialandemergencysituations.
• TheUnionwouldbeunabletodischargeits“specialresponsi-bilitiesinrelationtothenationalcapitalaswellastothenationitself”.
WhyDelhineedsfullstatehood?
• Unlikeothercapitalsacrosstheworld,Delhiwithapopulationofnearly19millionandanareaofalmost1,500sq.km,itisbig-gerthanmanynations.
• Inafederalsystem,stategovernmentshaveclearlysetoutspheresofinfluencemakingthemallpowerfulwhencomparedtothenationalgovernment.
• Delhihasanelectedassembly,achiefministerandacouncilofministers,andthreemayors,asituationthatcreatedmultiplici-tyofauthorityandlackofaccountability.
• ConflictingauthoritieshascreatedvariouscivicproblemsacrossDelhianditalsoaffecteddevelopmentofthecity.
• HencethepeopleofDelhideserveafullyfunctioningandac-countableadministration,onethatiselectedbythem.
![Page 40: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
40
Wayforward:
• DelhiGovernmentisademocraticallyelectedgovernmentwithoverwhelmingmajority.
• Therighttoreceiveinformationdoesn’tgivetheLGtherighttointerfere.
• However,Rule45ofthetransactionofbusinessrulessaysthatDelhigovernmentcanhavepowersonthesethreesubjectsifthereisanorderissuedbytheCentralGovernment.
• Transactionofbusinessrulessaysthatbeforeappointingachiefsecretaryareferencehastobemadetothecentralgov-ernment.
• TheConstitution,NCTactofDelhiandTransactionofBusinessRulesclearlydefinewhatLGcando.IncaseofadisputeordifferenceofopinionbetweenLGandcouncilofministers,LGcouldhavecalledtheministerconcernedtodiscussthemat-ter.
• LG’sroleisnotthatofaConstitutionalfigurehead,thoughtheultimateresponsibilityforgoodadministrationofDelhiisvest-edinthePresidentactingthroughtheAdministrator.
• TheAdministratorhastotakeasomewhatmoreactivepartintheadministrationthantheGovernorofaState.
• TheSupremeCourtrecommendedthatthe“bestway”ofsolv-ingadifferenceofopinionbetweenLGandcouncilofministeristolettheLGrefersuchdifferencesofopiniontothePresi-dentforafinaldecision.
• ThepositionoftheLGisnobetterthanthepositionofthegovernorofastate—exceptthathecanwithholdanydecisionofthecouncilofministersfortheconsiderationofthePresi-dent.
• WashingtonDCandMexicoCity,aboutthesamesizeasDelhiarefederaldistrictbutitenjoysmuchlessautonomythantheDelhigovernment.ForallpracticalpurposesNDMCshouldbedesignatedasNationalCapitalArea.Andtheremainingpor-tionsofDelhishouldbegivenfullstatehood.
![Page 41: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
41
• Thedemocraticprincipleandfederalismhavetoplayadomi-nantrole.
• Likedemocracy,federalismisalsooneoftheun-amendablebasicfeaturesoftheConstitution.
• TheLG’spowersarenarrowerascomparedtothatofthegov-ernorswhocanexercisesomepowersintheirdiscretiontoo.
Conclusion
TheworkingoftheConstitutiondependsnotonlyonitsprovi-sionsbutalsoonanunderstandingofitsgoalsandwaysofre-alisingthem.Inthatcontext,neithertherepresentativesofthepeopleaslegislatorsandministersnortherepresentativeofthecentreinthestatesorUnionterritoriesasgovernorsorL-GsareexpectedtoactinafashionthatmakestheConstitutionunwork-able.Inthatrespect,today’sjudgementishighlyeducativeforthosewhoworkaspertheConstitutionaswellasforeveryciti-zenofthecountry.LetushopeinallrespectstheConstitutionisoperatedassmoothlyaswasexpectedbyitmakerswhichiside-allyreflectedintoday’sjudgement.
MainsQuestion:CompareandcontrastpowersofDelhiLieu-tenantGovernor’swiththatofotherstateGovernor’s?
![Page 42: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
42
ImportanceofEducation
• Educationisacriticaltoolfordevelopingamoderneconomy,ajustsocietyandavibrantpolity.Itprovidesskillsandcompe-tenciesforeconomicwell-beingandsocialmobility.
• Educationstrengthensdemocracybyimpartingtocitizensthetoolsneededtofullyparticipateinthegovernanceprocess.
• Italsoactsasanintegrativeforceinsociety,impartingvaluesthatfostersocialcohesionandnationalidentity.
• Awell-educatedpopulation,equippedwiththerelevantknowledge,attitudesandskillsisessentialforeconomicandsocialdevelopmentinthiscentury.
Highereducation:Status
• Indiahasthethirdlargesthighereducationsystemintheworldwitharound652universitiesanduniversitylevelinsti-tutesthatimparthigherandtechnicaleducation.Theyalsoprovideaffiliationtomorethan33,000collegesandinstitutes.
• Enrolmentratesinourhighereducationinstitutionshavegoneuptoaround17%butarestillwellbelowtheworldaverageof26percent.
UGChasfailedinmanyways
HIGHER EDUCATION COUNCIL OF INDIA [GS-II]
Context:AHigherEducationCommissionofIndia(RepealofUniversityGrantsCommissionAct)Bill2018(HECI)whichseekstorepealUGCActandprovidesforsettingupofHigherEducationCommissionofIndiahasbeenpreparedbytheMinistryofHRDandplacedinpublicdomainforcommentsandsuggestions.
7
![Page 43: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
43
• Currently,UGCreleasesthenamesofbogusinstitutionsonitswebsitetoinformthepublicbutcannottakeanyaction.
• Sinceitsinception,theUniversityGrantsCommission(UGC)hasbeenwitnesstoaspectaculargrowthinhighereducation.
• Thenumberofuniversitieshasmultiplied40timesover,andstudentenrolmenthasincreasedahundred-fold.
• However,theUGChasbeenasilentspectatortothelanguish-ingqualityofeducationinmanyoftheseinstitutions.
• Fewrecentpoliciesincludingincreaseinteachinghoursofthefacultyanditssubsequentcancellation,theimplementationofthechoice-basedcreditsemestersysteminDelhiUniversity,andthedecisiontodiscontinueUGCnon-NETscholarshipforMPhilandPhDstudentsanditsabandonmentafterprotests,havebeenunpopular.
• Also,thisaffectsthecommissionwhiledisbursinggrantsandfellowshipstherebyaffectingqualitystandards.
• Itspoliciesalsosufferfromtwodiametricallyoppositeis-sues—under-regulationandover-regulation.Whileitletssmallersubstandardinstitutionsslipbyasdeemeduniversities,italsoinstigateswitch-huntsagainstreputeddeemeduniversi-ties.
• Hence,itisarguedthatUGChasnotonlyfailedtofulfilitsmandatebutalsohasnotbeenabletodealwithemergingdi-versecomplexities.
Highlights of the Higher Education Commission of India (Repeal of University Grants Commission Act) Bill 2018
• ThefocusoftheCommissionwillbeonimprovingacademicstandardsandqualityofhighereducation,specifyingnormsforlearningoutcomes,laydownstandardsofteaching/re-searchetc.
• Itwillprovidearoadmapformentoringofinstitutionsfoundfailinginmaintainingtherequiredacademicstandards.
• TheCommissionshallhavethepowertograntauthorization
![Page 44: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
44
forstartingofacademicoperationsonthebasisoftheircom-pliancewithnormsofacademicquality.
• Itwillalsohavethepowerstorevokeauthorizationgrantingtoahighereducationinstitutionwherethereisacaseofwilfulorcontinuousdefaultincompliancewiththenorms/regula-tions.
• TheCommissionwillencouragehighereducationinstitutionstoformulateaCodeofGoodPracticescoveringpromotionofresearch,teachingandlearning.
• TheCommissionwillalsospecifynormsandprocessesforfixingoffeechargeablebyhighereducationinstitutionsandadvicetheCentralGovernmentortheStateGovernments,asthecasemaybe,regardingstepstobetakenformakingedu-cationaffordabletoall.
• TheCommissionwillmonitor,throughanationaldatabase,allmatterscoveringthedevelopmentofemergingfieldsofknowledgeandbalancedgrowthofhighereducationinstitu-tionsinallspheresandespeciallyinpromotionofacademicqualityinhighereducation.
• Thecommissionalsohavethepowertoordertheclosureofsub-standardandbogusinstitutions.
LoopholesinthepresentHECIact
• TheActmustalsochartapathtointegrateteachingandre-search.
• Theseparationbetweenteachingatuniversitiesandcollegesandresearchatresearchcouncilshasnotservedthecauseofeitherhighereducationorresearchwell.
• Studentsmusthaveaccesstostate-of-the-artlaboratoriesandopportunitiestointeractregularlywithscholarsactivelyengagedatthefrontiersofresearch.
• Conversely,scholarsstandtobenefitfrominteractingwithyoung,inquisitiveminds.Itiscriticalforthisinteractiontobebroughttothecentreofuniversityeducation.
![Page 45: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
45
• Theproposedactshouldprovidemoreautonomytohighereducationinstitutestopromoteexcellenceandfacilitateholis-ticgrowthoftheeducationsystem.
Problems and challenges in higher education sector in India
• Sinceindependence,Indiaasadevelopingnationisconten-tiouslyprogressingintheeducationfield,especiallyonquanti-tybutnotonquality.
• Itneedsgreatertransparencyandaccountability,theroleofcollegesanduniversitiesinthenewmillennium,andemergingscientificresearchonhowpeoplelearnisofutmostimportant.
• Indianeedwellskilledandhighlyeducatedpeoplewhocandriveoureconomyforward.
• Knowledgeispower.Themoreknowledgeonehas,themoreempoweredoneis.
• Despitegrowinginvestmentineducation,25percentofitspopulationisstillilliterate;only15percentofIndianstudentsreachhighschool,andjust7percentgraduate.
• Enrolment:TheGrossEnrolmentRatio(GER)ofIndiainhigh-ereducationisonly15%whichisquitelowascomparedtothedevelopedaswellas,otherdevelopingcountries.
• Withtheincreaseofenrolmentsatschoollevel,thesupplyofhighereducationinstitutesisinsufficienttomeetthegrowingdemandinthecountry.
• Disadvantagedsectionsofsocietyandwomenhavesignifi-cantlylowerenrolmentsthanthenationalaverage.
• WidedisparitiesexistinenrolmentpercentagesamongtheStatesandbetweenurbanandruralareas.
• Equity:ThereisnoequityinGERamongdifferentsectsofthesociety.AccordingtopreviousstudiestheGERinhigheredu-cationinIndiaamongmaleandfemalevariestoagreaterex-tent.
• ThereareregionalvariationstoosomestateshavehighGER
![Page 46: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
46
whileassomeisquitebehindthenationalGERwhichreflectasignificantimbalanceswithinthehighereducationsystem.
• Quality:Qualityinhighereducationisamulti-dimensional,multilevel,andadynamicconcept.
• Infrastructure:PoorinfrastructureisanotherchallengetothehighereducationsystemofIndiaparticularlytheinstitutesrunbythepublicsectorsufferfrompoorphysicalfacilitiesandin-frastructure.
• Politicalinterference:MostoftheeducationalInstitutionsareownedbythepoliticalleaders,whoareplayingkeyroleingov-erningbodiesoftheUniversities.
• Faculty:Facultyshortagesandtheinabilityofthestateed-ucationalsystemtoattractandretainwellqualifiedteachershavebeenposingchallengestoqualityeducationformanyyears.
• ResearchandInnovation:thereareverynominalscholarsinourcountrywhosewritingiscitedbyfamouswesternauthors.Thereisinadequatefocusonresearchinhighereducationin-stitutes.
• Thereareinsufficientresourcesandfacilities,aswellas,lim-itednumbersofqualityfacultytoadvicestudents.Mostoftheresearchscholarsarewithoutfellowshipsornotgettingtheirfellowshipsontimewhichdirectlyorindirectlyaffectstheirresearch.
• Theuseoftechnologyremainslimitedandstandardsofre-searchandteachingatIndianuniversitiesarefarbelowinter-nationalstandard.
• Moreover,IndianHighereducationinstitutionsarepoorlycon-nectedtoresearchcentres.
• Exceptionsapart,majorityofourhighereducationinstitutionsperformpoorlyintheareaofqualityonarelativeglobalscale.
• Structureofhighereducation:ManagementoftheIndianed-ucationfaceschallengesofovercentralisation,bureaucraticstructuresandlackofaccountability,transparency,andprofes-
![Page 47: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
47
sionalism.
• Inrecentyears,themassiveexpansioninenrolmentinhighereducationinthecountryhasresultedinunbearableburdenbeingputonthephysicalandpedagogicinfrastructureofcol-legesanduniversities.
Committees and Schemes to rejuvenate Higher Education
1.NGopalaswamicommitteewasconstitutedtoselect20in-stitutesofhighereducationinIndiathatwillbedevelopedinto“world-class”institutes.
2.InstitutionsofEminencescheme:
» TheinstitutesofeminenceschemeundertheUnionhu-manresourcedevelopment(HRD)ministryaimstoprojectIndianinstitutestoglobalrecognition.
» The20selectedinstituteswillenjoycompleteacademicandadministrativeautonomy.
» Thegovernmentwillrun10oftheseandtheywillreceivespecialfunding.
» TheselectionshallbemadethroughchallengemethodmodebytheEmpoweredExpertCommitteeconstitutedforthepurpose.
» Onlyhighereducationinstitutionscurrentlyplacedinthetop500ofglobalrankingsortop50oftheNationalInsti-tutionalRankingFramework(NIRF)areeligibletoapplyfortheeminencetag.
» TheprivateInstitutionsofEminencecanalsocomeupasGreenfieldventuresprovidedthesponsoringorganisationsubmitsaconvincingperspectiveplanfor15years.
Suggestions Improving the System of Higher Education
• ThereisaneedtoimplementinnovativeandtransformationalapproachformprimarytohighereducationleveltomakeIndi-aneducationalsystemgloballymorerelevantandcompetitive.
• Highereducationalinstitutesneedtoimprovequalityandrep-
![Page 48: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
48
utation.
• Thereshouldbeagoodinfrastructureofcollegesanduniversi-tieswhichmayattractthestudents.
• GovernmentmustpromotecollaborationbetweenIndianhigh-ereducationinstitutesandtopInternationalinstitutesandalsogenerateslinkagebetweennationalresearchlaboratoriesandresearchcentresoftopinstitutionsforbetterqualityandcol-laborativeresearch.
• Thereisaneedtofocusonthegraduatestudentsbyprovid-ingthemsuchcoursesinwhichtheycanachieveexcellence,gaindeeperknowledgeofsubjectsothattheywillgetjobsafterrecruitmentinthecompanieswhichwouldreduceunnec-essaryrushtothehighereducation.
• Universitiesandcollegesinbothpublicprivatemustbeawayfromthepoliticalaffiliations,Favouritism;moneymakingpro-cessshouldbeoutofeducationsystemetc.
• Thereshouldbeamultidisciplinaryapproachinhighereduca-tionsothatstudent’sknowledgemaynotberestrictedonlyuptohisownsubjects.
Higher Education Financing Agency
• TheGovernmenthassignedanagreementwithCanarabanktosetupnon-bankingfinancialcompany(NBFC)calledtheHigherEducationFinanceAgency(HEFA).
• ItwillbeajointventurebetweentheHRDministryandthebank.
• Itisformedtogiveamajorpushforcreationofhighquality infrastructureinpremiereducationalinstitutions.
• NBFCwillrisefundsfromthemarketandalsomobilizeCSRfundsfromPSUs/Corporatesandlendtogovernment-runhighereducationalinstitutionsforpromotingresearchandin-novation.
• TheHEFAwouldfinancethecivilandlabinfrastructureproj-ectsthrougha10-yearloan.
![Page 49: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
49
• HEFAwillleveragetheequitytoriseuptoRs.20,000croreforthefundingofworld-classinfrastructureattheIITs,IIMs,theNationalInstitutesofTechnology(NITs)andsuchotherinstitu-tions.
Reforms needed in higher education sector
• Curricularandacademicreformsarerequiredtoimprovestu-dentchoices,withafinebalancebetweenthemarketorientedprofessionalandliberalhighereducation.
• Highereducationmustbealignedtothecountry’seconomyandalsototheneedsoftheglobalmarket.
• Innovativeandrelevantcurriculashouldbedesignedtoservedifferentsegmentsofthejobmarketorprovideavenuesforself-employment.
• Emphasismustbegiventotheexpansionofskill-basedpro-grammesinordertomakeouryouthemployableinthejobmarket.
• Factremainsthattoday,around60%oftotalenrolmentsinhighereducationareinprivateinstitutions.Someofthemex-celintheirchosenareas.
• Therealsoexistlegitimateconcernsaboutthesubstandard,exploitativenatureandsufferingtothestudentsandstaff.
• Governancereformsarerequiredtoenableprivateinstitu-tionstohavetheirautonomytodevelopdistinctivestrengths,whilebeingheldaccountableforensuringqualityandfulfillingtheirresponsibilitytosociety.
Demographic Dividend and education
• Indiahasayoungerpopulationnotonlyincomparisontoad-vancedeconomiesbutalsoinrelationtothelargedevelopingcountries.
• In2011,around50%ofourpopulationwaslessthan24yearsofage.By2020,aroundtwothirdsofourpopulationwillbeintheworkingagegroup(15-64years).
![Page 50: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
50
• Overthenext20years,labourforceinIndiaisexpectedtoincrease,whileitwilldeclineinindustrializedcountriesandinChina.
• Thisdemographicstructurepresentsuswithanopportunityofapotential‘demographicdividend’,whichtapped,couldaddtoourgrowthpotential,providedtwoconditionsarefulfilled.
» First,higherlevelsofhealth,educationandskilldevelop-mentareachieved.
» Second,anenvironmentiscreatedinwhichtheeconomynotonlygrowsrapidly,butalsoenhancesgoodqualityemployment/livelihoodopportunitiestomeettheneedsandaspirationsoftheyouth.
• Itisthusevidentthateducationisavitalingredientforactual-izingthe‘demographicdividend’andforachievinghigher,sus-tainableandmoreinclusiveeconomicgrowth.
• Indiahasthepotentialtocaptureahighershareofglobalknowledge-basedwork,forexamplebyincreasingitsexportsofknowledge-intensivegoodsandservices,ifthereisfocusonhighereducationanditsqualityisgloballybenchmarked.
Conclusion
• Thetransformationisbaseduponminimumgovernment&maximumgovernance,separationofgrantfunctions,endofinspectionraj,focusonacademicqualityandpowerstoen-force.
• Reformshould,therefore,leadtothecreationofanagencythathastheintellectualcorpustohelpuniversitiesandcol-legesadapt,andthevisiontoplanforpublicfundingintheemergingspheresofactivity.
• Thereisapositiveattemptinthedraftlegislationtoweedoutdegreemillsanddubioustraininginstitutions,withaprovisionforprosecutionandimprisonmentofmanagementofficialswhodefytheHECI.
• Itisimportanttorememberthatstudentsfromsociallyandeconomicallydisadvantagedsectionscontinuetofacedisad-
![Page 51: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
51
vantagesinhighereducation.
• Theincreaseinsuicidesamongstudentscomingfromthesesectionsisalarming.
• Theeducationalspacesthatremainequalandsociallyjustshouldbekeptawayfromtheforcesofevilmarket.
• Yet,thiswilltakepoliticalwill,giventhatoverthepastthreedecadeslaissezfaireexpansionofhighereducationhasbeenpursuedpurelyforcommercialmotives.
![Page 52: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
52
HighlightsofthepresentBill
• Itprovidesforstringentpunishmentincludingdeathpenaltyforthoseconvictedofrapinggirlsbelowtheageof12years.
• Theminimumpunishmentincaseofrapeofwomenhasbeenincreasedfromrigorousimprisonmentofsevenyearsto10years,extendabletolifeimprisonment.
• Incaseofrapeofagirlunder16years,theminimumpunish-menthasbeenincreasedfrom10yearsto20years,extend-abletoimprisonmentforrestoflife,whichmeansjailtermtilltheconvicts’“naturallife”.
• Thepunishmentforgangrapeofagirlbelow16yearswillin-variablybeimprisonmentfortherestoflifeoftheconvict,anotherofficialsaid.
• Stringentpunishmentforrapeofagirlunder12yearshasbeenprovidedwiththeminimumjailtermbeing20yearswhichmaygouptolifeinprisonordeathsentence.Gangrapeofagirlunder12yearsofagewillinvitepunishmentofjailtermfortherestoflifeordeath.
• Themeasurealsoprovidesforspeedyinvestigationsandtrial.Thetimelimitforinvestigationofallcasesofrapehasbeenprescribed,whichhastobemandatorilycompletedwithintwomonths.
• Thedeadlineforthecompletionoftrialinallrapecaseswillbetwomonths.Asix-monthtimelimitforthedisposalofappeals
CRIMINAL LAW (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2018 [GS-II]
Background:
TheMinistryofHomeAffairs(MHA)hassenttheCriminalLaw(Amendment)Bill,2018,totheUnioncabinetforap-proval,toreplacetherelatedOrdinance.
8
![Page 53: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
53
inrapecaseshasalsobeenprescribed.
• Therewillalsobenoprovisionforanticipatorybailforaper-sonaccusedofrapeorgangrapeofagirllessthan16years.
• Ithasalsobeenprescribedthatacourthastogivenoticeof15daystoapublicprosecutorandtherepresentativeofthevictimbeforedecidingbailapplicationsincaseofrapeofagirlfewerthan16yearsofage.
Needforastringentlaw
• ThenumberofreportedcasesofrapesofchildrenincreasedinIndiaby82%in2016comparedto2015.
• Aclimateofviolence,socialandeconomicinsecurity,alien-ation,andaprogressiveunderminingofthestatusofwom-enandchildrenseemtohavegivenanimpetustocarryoutcrimesagainstwomenandchildren.
• Therefore,thelegalsystemmustgiveaclearsignalthatweasanationconsidertherapeofchildrenbelowtheageof12asamongthemostheinousofoffences.
Isitsufficienttocurbpresentcrimes?
• Statisticshavenotbeenabletoproveordisprovetheefficacyofcapitalpunishmentasadeterrent.
• WhiletheU.K.hasseenanincreaseinmurderssince1965whencapitalpunishmentformurderwasremovedfromthestatutebook,Canadahasnotseenanysuchimpactsinceitabolishedthedeathpenaltyin1976.
• Theunderlyingsocio-economicconditionsinasocietythatcausecrimesseemtohaveasmuchofanimpactonthein-creaseordecreaseofcrimesasthelawdoes.
• Theusesofalcoholicandnarcoticsubstanceshaveincreasedthefrequencyofheinouscrimes.
LoopholesinthelawsagainstcrimesinIndia
• InadequateLegalStructurewithchangeinnatureofcrimes.
![Page 54: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
54
• DifficultiesinObtainingProofanduseofnon-scientificenqui-ries.
• Inadequatelegalbackingforwitness.
• LackofResources&Training.
• Inadequatenumberofcourtsatlowerlevels.
• LackofCo-ordinationbetweenstateandcentre.
• Problemsofcoordinationinthegovernment.
• Civicengagementisnotconduciveforapeoplefriendlylawandordermanagement.
IssueswithintheIndianjudicialsystem
• Thependencyofcases.Iterodedthefaithinthecriminaljus-ticesystem.Similartojusticedelayedisjusticedenied.
• Corruptionprevailsrightfromthelowerleveltotop.
• Lackoftransparency(particularlyintheappointmentofjudg-es).
• Undertrialsoftheaccused.
• Lackofaccountabilityincarryoutcriminalinvestigationsagainstservingjustices.
• Lackofinformationandinteractionamongpeopleandcourts.
Whyreformofcriminaljusticesystemisnecessary?
• Asperthelatestfiguresthereisapendencyofmorethanthreecrorecasesoutofwhichalmosttwocrorecasesarecriminalcases.Thearrearshaveatendencytocompoundeachyearandcould,ifuncorrected,leadtothecollapseofthejudi-cialsystem.
• Besides,criminalLawofIndiaisareplicaofcolonialtimes.Itishostiletothepoorandtheweakersectionsofsociety.
• Also,thewaycriminaljusticeisdesignedandadministeredtodayhardlyservesanyofthepurposesforwhichitissetup:towardssecuringlifeandproperty
![Page 55: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
55
• Itdoesnotdetercriminalsbecauseofthedelayanduncertain-tiesinvolvedinitsprocessesandridiculouslyineffectivepun-ishmentsitimposesonthosefewwhogetconvicted.
• Itprovideswidediscretiontothepoliceandtheprosecution,renderingthesystemvulnerabletocorruptionandmanipula-tionandendangeringbasicrightsofinnocentcitizens.
• Itignorestherealvictim,oftencompellinghim/hertofindex-tra-legalmethodsofgettingjustice.
• Italsoputsheavyeconomiccostsonthestateforitsmainte-nancewithoutcommensuratebenefitsinreturn.
• Also,morethan30millioncriminalcasesarestillpendinginthesystem.Andanother10millionormorecasesarebeingaddedeveryyear
• Recentinitiatives:SupremeCourtisreadytogoliveoncam-erawhilethegovernmentmootedaseparateTVchannelforlive-streamingcourtproceedings.
Wayforward
• Modernorganizedcrimeconstitutesaglobalchallengethatmustbemetwithaconcerted,globalresponse.
• Thepolicedepartmenthastobeengivenafreehandtodealeffectivelywithtroublemakers.
• Mostimportantlynopoliticianshouldgivepatronagetothecriminalsinlieuofmoneyorpower.
• Mostofthecrimesarecommunicatedthroughwiresorinter-net;thus,thecybersecurityneedstobestrictandundercon-tinuoussurveillance.
• Thegovernmentshouldintroducehi-techsoftwareandma-chineriesinordertokeepatrackonthehighalertareas.
![Page 56: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
56
Timelineofsection377ofIPC
• In1860Section377oftheIndianPenalCodedeemshomosex-ualintercourseasacriminaloffence.
• Whilein2001Nazfoundationfilesawritpetitionchallengingthesection377ofIPC.
• DelhiHighCourthadin2009ruledthatSection377ofIPC,whichprohibits“carnalintercourseagainsttheorderofnaturewithanyman,womanoranimal”,wasunconstitutional.
• In2013SupremeCourtsetasidetheDelhihighcourt’srulingonsection377IPC.
• In2014anewrightsgroupLGBTProfessionalNetworkfileanappealatSupremeCourtforareviewinthematter.
GlobalExperienceonLGBTlaws
• ThecriminalcodeofNapoleonwassilentonthesexualrela-tionshipofconsentingadults.
• InUSA,theeffortofSenatorJosephMcCarthyledtowide-
SECTION 377 OF INDIAN PENALCODE [GS-II]
Background:
• Choiceofapartnerisaperson’sfundamentalright,anditcanbeasame-sexpartner(saysSCjudgeathearingonSection377case).
• InHadiyacase(March2018judgement),SCheldthatneitherthestatenorone’sparentscouldinfluenceanadult’schoiceofpartner.Thatwouldbeaviolationofthefundamentalrighttoprivacy.
• Section377oftheIndianPenalCode(IPC)isacolo-nial-eraprovisionwhichcriminaliseshomosexuality.
9
![Page 57: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
57
spreadpersecutionofgaysateverylevelofgovernmentactiv-ity.
• DuringEisenhower’spresidency,hedischargedhomosexualsfromprivateanddefencecorporationsbyanexecutiveorder.
• After1970,theviewthatthehomosexualitywaspathologicalanddangerouswasgraduallydiscarded.
• In1973thehomosexualitywasremovedfromthelistofmentaldisorders.
• By1990thediscriminationbasedonhomosexualityhadbannedacrossUSAthroughexecutivedecisions.
Why377needarelook?
• ItisanakedviolationofFundamentalrightsArticle14,15,19and21.Italsocanbeusedforarbitraryarrestofanindividual.
• Section377ofIPCislawwidelymisusedagainstinnocentho-mosexualpopulation.Thelawgivesanopportunitytopeopletouseandabusethecriminaljusticesystem.
• Thisprovisionviewthematterofhomosexualityasanactagainstthenaturalorder,whichitselfiscontentious.
• Inourcountrywherehomosexualitycontinuestobesocial-lystigmatizedandlegallypenalized,whichaffectsthelifeofmanywomenaswellasmen.
Whyweneed377?
• Manyofthecitizensviewhomosexualityasunnaturalandasin
• Mostofthepresentdayreligionsareagainstsame-sexmar-riages.
• Someinterveningpartiestoseekpublicopinionthrougharef-erendumontheissueofdecriminalizationofhomosexuality.
• Ahardscientifictruthisthatanysexotherthannaturalcauseofmanyseriousillsinthehumanbeings.Forexamplehomo-sexualsaremorepronetosexualtransmitteddiseaseslikeAIDSetc.thananynormalperson.
![Page 58: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
58
• Section377decriminalizationmayhavefollowingimplicationsinIndia:
» Sexratiomayfurtherdeclineifmorepeoplewouldadoptforhomosexuality.
» StudentsandArmypeoplemightoptforhomosexualitytoremovestress.
• Amoralwrongbecomesalegalwrongonlywhenitsconse-quencesareforsocietyandnotjusttheperson/scommittingit.
SupremeCourtview
• SCuphold“constitutionalmorality”andnotthe“majoritarianmorality”whiledecidingontheconstitutionalvalidityofSec-tion377oftheIndianPenalCode.
• SCbenchtodecideconstitutionalityofSection377,whetherSection377stoodinconformitywithArticles21(righttolife),19(righttoliberty)and14(righttoequality)oftheConstitu-tion.
• TheSupremeCourtsaidalargergroupofjudgeswouldrecon-siderthepreviousjudgmentandexamineSection377’sconsti-tutionalvalidity.
• Thesocialstigmaattachedtohomosexualitywasahindranceforthelesbian,gay,bisexualandtransgender(LGBT)popula-tiontogetaccesstomedicalfacilities,whichisguaranteedun-dertheConstitutionasrighttolife,especiallyinsmalltowns.
• • “It(homosexuality)isnotanaberration,butavariation,”JusticeInduMalhotrasaidwhilepointingoutthathomosexual-ityexistedinotheranimalspeciesaswell.
• Section21(1)(a)oftheMentalHealthAct,2017,whichprohibitsanydiscriminationamongpeoplewithmentalillnessonvari-ousgroundsincludingtheirsexualorientation,toassertthatParliamentrecognisedtheexistenceoftheLGBTpopulationandprohibitedanydiscriminationonthatground.
• Theframework:
![Page 59: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
59
•
Theframework
• Theframeworkisforprivateunaidedschools–whichare23%ofthetotalschoolsinIndiaandcaterto36%ofthetotalpop-ulationofchildrenattendingschool.
• Theframeworkisamodeldocumentthatmayberecommend-edtostateswherethefeeregulationmechanismdoesnotworkeffectively.
• Accordingtothedraftregulations,ifaschoolviolatesthenormsprovidedintheuniformfeeframework,therespectivegovernmentcanbartheschoolfromtakingnewadmissionsforthenextacademicyearorimposefineequivalentto10%ofthetotalrevenuegeneratedbytheschoolorsocietyortrustintheprecedingyear.
Recommendations
• A10%yearlycaponfeehikeinprivate,unaidedschools.
• Setupadistrictfeeregulatoryauthorityinstatestomonitorschoolfeeincreases.
AboutNCPCR
• TheNationalCommissionforProtectionofChildRights(NCP-
NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS [GS-II]
Background:
• NCPCRhasbeenreceivingreportsthatchildrenwerebeingharassedbyschooladministrationsandthattheyconsideredcommittingsuicideoverthefeehikeissue.
• NCPCRhascomeupwithamodelfeeregulatoryframe-workforunaidedprivateschools.
10
![Page 60: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
60
CR)wassetupinMarch2007undertheCommissionforPro-tectionofChildRightsAct,2005.
• ItworksundertheadministrativecontroloftheMinistryofWomen&ChildDevelopment.
• TheChildisdefinedasapersoninthe0to18yearsagegroup.
• TheCommission’sMandateistoensurethatallLaws,Poli-cies,Programmes,andAdministrativeMechanismsareincon-sonancewiththeChildRightsperspectiveasenshrinedintheConstitutionofIndiaandalsotheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChild.
ThemandateofNCPCR
TheCommission’sMandateistoensurethatallthePolicies,Pro-grammes,AdministrativeMechanisms,andLawsareinconformi-tywiththeChildRightsperspectiveasenshrinedintheConsti-tutionofIndiaandalsotheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChild.
• TheNCPCRvisualizesarights-basedperspectiveflowingintoNationalPoliciesandProgrammes,alongwithnuancedre-sponsesattheState,District,andBlocklevels,takingcareofspecificityandstrengthsofeachregion.
• Toensurethatnochildisleftout,itseeksadeeperpenetrationtohouseholds,communities.Italsoexpectsthatthegroundexperiencesgatheredatthefieldaretakenintoconsiderationbythehigherlevelauthorities.
• Therefore,theCommissionseesanindispensablerolefortheState,soundinstitution-buildingprocesses,respectfordecen-tralizationatthelocalbodiesandcommunitylevelandlargersocietalconcernforchildrenandtheirwell-being.
TheNationalCommissionforProtectionofChildRights(NCPCR)emphasizestheprincipleofuniversalityandinviolabilityofchildrightsandrecognizesthetoneofurgencyinallthechild-relatedpoliciesofthecountry.FortheCommission,protectionofallchil-dreninthe0to18yearsagegroupisofequalimportance.
![Page 61: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
61
The composition of the Commission
• Thiscommissionhasachairpersonandsixmembersofwhichatleasttwoshouldbewomen.
• AllofthemareappointedbyCentralGovernmentforthreeyears.
• Themaximumagetoserveincommissionis65yearsforChairmanand60yearsformembers.
• TheCentralGovernmentcanremovetheChairpersonfromhisofficeonthegroundofprovedmisbehaviourorincapacity.
• TheChairpersonofNCPCRshouldbeapersonofeminencewhohasdoneoutstandingworkonpromotingthechildrights.
The functions of the Commission
• Itexaminesandreviewsthesafeguardsprovidedbythelawsforprotectionofchildrightsandrecommendsmeasuresforthesametogovernment.Itcansubmitareportannuallyorasitdeemsfit,forrecommendationofthesemeasures.
• Itcaninsureintotheviolationofchildrightsandrecommendinitiationofproceedingsinthesecases.Whileinquiringintoanysuchmatter,theNCPCRhaspowersofacivilcourttryingasuitandinparticularinrespectofthefollowingmatters:
» summoningandenforcingtheattendanceofanypersonandexamininghimonoath
» requiringthediscoveryandproductionofanydocument
» receivingevidenceonaffidavits
» requisitioninganypublicrecordfromanycourtorofficeand
» Issuingsummonsfortheexaminationofwitnessesordoc-uments.
» However,NationalCommissionisprohibitedfrominquir-ingintoanymatterwhichispendingbeforeaStateCom-missionforProtectionofChildRightsoranyotherStatu-toryCommission.
![Page 62: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
62
• Tostudytreatiesandotherinternationalinstrumentsandun-dertakeperiodicalreviewofexistingpolicies,programmesandotheractivitiesonchildrightsandmakerecommendationsfortheireffectiveimplementation.
• Toundertakeandpromoteresearchinthefieldofchildrights.
• Tospreadchildrightsliteracyamongvarioussectionsofthesocietyandpromoteawarenessofthesafeguardsavailableforprotectionoftheserights.
• Toinspectanyjuvenilecustodialhomeoranyotherplaceofresidenceorinstitution(underthecontroloftheCentralGov-ernmentoranystategovernmentoranyotherauthority,in-cludinganyinstitutionrunbyasocialorganization)wherechildrenaredetainedorlodgedforthepurposeoftreatment,reformationorprotectionandtakeupwiththeseauthoritiesforremedialaction
• Toinquireintocomplaintsandtakesuomotonoticeofmattersrelatingto:
» Deprivationandviolationofchildrights
» Non-implementationoflawsprovidingforprotectionanddevelopmentofchildrenand
» Non-complianceofpolicydecisionsorinstructionsaimedatmitigatinghardshipsandensuringwelfareandprovid-ingrelieftochildren.
» Toperformsuchotherfunctionsasitmayconsiderneces-saryforthepromotionofchildrights.
Functions Assigned under RTE, 2009
• ToexamineandreviewthesafeguardsforrightsprovidedbyorunderthisActandrecommendmeasuresfortheireffectiveimplementation.
• Toinquireintocomplaintsrelatingtothechild’srighttofreeandcompulsoryeducation;and
• Totakenecessarystepsaftercompletionofaninquiry.
![Page 63: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
63
Functions Assigned under POCSO Act, 2012
• TomonitortheimplementationoftheprovisionsofthePOC-SOAct
• TomonitorthedesignationofSpecialCourtsbystategovern-ments;
• TomonitortheappointmentofPublicProsecutorsbystategovernments;
• TomonitortheformulationoftheguidelinesdescribedintheActbythestategovernmentsetc.
Working of the Commission
• TheCommissionmaytakeanyofthefollowingstepsuponthecompletionofaninquiry:
• Itmayrecommendtotheconcernedgovernmentorauthori-tytheinitiationofproceedingsforprosecutionorsuchothersuitableactionagainsttheconcernedperson.
• ItmayapproachtheSupremeCourtortheHighCourtcon-cernedforthenecessarydirections,ordersorwrits.
• Itmayrecommendtotheconcernedgovernmentorauthorityforthegrantofnecessaryinterimrelieftothevictim.
• TheCommissionsubmitsitsannualorspecialreportstotheCentralGovernmentandtothestategovernmentconcerned.
• Thesereportsarelaidbeforetherespectivelegislatures,alongwithamemorandumofactiontakenontherecommendationsoftheCommissionandthereasonsfornon-acceptanceofanyofsuchrecommendationswithinoneyear.
![Page 64: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
64
INDIA’S CURRENT FOREIGN POLICY CHANGES AND CHALLENGES [GS-II]
Background:
Indiaemergedasthenaturalleaderofthenewlyliberat-ednationsemergingfromtheravagesofimperialismandneo-colonialisminthelate1940sandearly1950s,aposi-tionitmaintainedwithgreatcareandperseveranceevenafterthecollapseoftheSovietUnionwhenstrategicthink-erswerecharacterisingthevictoryoftheWestastheendofhistory.
Withaworlddividedintotwoblocs,India’scompasswasnonalignment,withitspoliticalempathiesmorewiththeeasternblocwhoserhetoricwasfriendliertowardsthethirdworld.India‘srelationswiththewesternblocwereproblematicbecauseofthewest’snon-proliferationinjunc-tions,pro-Pakistanipoliciesandeconomicphilosophy.ThenatureofourrelationswithUShasbeenalteredinthelastfewyears.Ourpolicieshavebecomeconvergentinmanyways.AnimprovedrelationwithUShasgivenIndiamoreroomformanoeuvreregionallyandinternationally.Strate-gically,wearebeingpulledtowardsUS.ThismeansthatourrelationswithUSallieshavebecomebettertoo,as,forexample,withJapan,SouthKoreaandAustralia.
Simultaneously,ourrelationswithRussiahavelostthecentralityofthepast.EvenasIndia’seconomicgrowthischangingitsglobalprofile,oureconomictieswithRussiahaverelativelyshrunk.YetRussiaisimportantforthebal-anceofourforeignpolicy.Infact,thespacevacatedbyRussiahasbeenfilledbyChina.ForIndia,itisveryvitaltomaintainequilibriumwiththeU.S.,China,Russia,theEuro-peanUnionandmembersoftheASEAN.
» WithU.S.,China,Russia–because,theycarry
11
![Page 65: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
65
» geostrategicheft,withtheU.S.stillbeingthenum-beroneoutsidepowerbalancerinalmosteveryregionoftheworld.
» WithEUandASEAN,astheytwoareeconomicpowerhouses.
Indianeedsallofthem,notoneatthecostoftheother.
Losingitseminentposition
• IndiahaslostitseminentpositioninSouthAsiaasaconse-quenceofrecklessadventurisminitsneighbourhood.
• Today,theneighbourhoodisbendingtowardsChina,withIndialookingonlikeahaplessbystander.
• Forinstance,India’smonopolyovergeopoliticsinNepalisover,andthereisanotherrelationshipthatNepalisnurturing.
• EveninAfghanistan,wheretheattentionofwhatremainsofthe‘WesternAlliance’isfocussed,Indiaisanon-player.
• ConsiderthecaseofSriLanka,SeashellsandMaldives.
• Indiahasalsolostitspre-eminentpositioninthedevelopingworldasaconsequenceofitswilfulabandonmentofthelead-ershipoftheNon-AlignedMovement(NAM)andothersuchinstitutionsofthepostcolonialworldorder.
India’sstrainedrelations
• NeitherduringtheObamayearsnorduringthecurrenttermofTrumpadministrationhasasingle“big”ideaemergedthatcouldtaketheIndia-U.S.relationshipforward.
• IndiahasfailedtoclearlyunderstandtheDonaldTrumpphe-nomenonandIndiadoesnotfitintothecalculusofTrump’snewparadigm.
• UnitedNationsNikkiHaley’saggressivespeechonIranshouldthereforecomeasnosurprise.
![Page 66: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
66
• NDAgovernmenthadalsofailedtofostergoodtieswithRus-siaandChina.
• Russiaholdinganti-terrorexerciseswithPakistaninDRUZ-BA-2017.
• Theill-conceivedboycottoftheBeltandRoadForuminBei-jingin2017invitedthewrathofChinaviatheDoklamstandoff.
• PrimeMinisterhadtotraveltoWuhanandSochitoeffectivelypay‘court’toPresidentsXiJinpingandVladimirPutin,respec-tively.
• Theworstcasualtyhas,however,beenIndia’sneighbourhood.Inthepastfouryears,wehaveswungfromthesublimetotheridiculousonPakistan,blockadedNepalfornotdeclaringitselfasaHinduRashtra,lostSriLankatotheChinese,beenbelit-tledbytheMaldivesandevenSeychelles.Europe,Africa,LatinandSouthAmericahavefallenoffthemap.
India-RussiaRelationsnow
• IndiaandRussiasharetheagendaofmulti-polarity,respectforsovereignty,non-interferenceintheinternalaffairsofcoun-tries,geo-politicalabuseofthehumanrightsissues,regimechangepolicies,theproclivitytousemilitarymeanstofindsolutionstohighlycomplexissues.
• IndiacandolittletoboostRussia,exceptbymaintainingtheregularityofsummitmeetings,nurturingthetraditionallyclosedefencetiesthatassurenon-disruptionofsuppliesatcriticalmomentsaswellasaccesstosensitivetechnologies,andpart-neringitinpoliticalgroupings.
• ThechallengeforustoexpandoureconomictieswithRussia.Energycooperationprovidesanopportunitysofarinsuffi-cientlyexploited.
• ThisagendaputsIndiaatcrosspurposeswithmanypoliciesofthewest.ThechallengeforIndiaistomaintainthebasicsofitspositionbutavoidadirectclashwiththewestovertheseissues.
• However,intermsofmarkets,investmentneeds-especiallyto
![Page 67: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
67
developourpoorinfrastructure,accesstomoderntechnolo-giesinhealth,energy,agriculture,industry,buildingaknowl-edgeeconomy,participatinginglobalsupplychainsetc,Indianeedsaremuchbetterservedbythewest.
• Ourpeopletopeoplerelationswiththewestarestrong.
India’sneighbours-currentsituation
• Unfortunately,ChinahasmadeitclearthatitdoesnotintendtosolvetheborderissuewithIndia;itsaysitwantsittoremaindormantandleaveittothenextgenerationtoresolveit.
• Butthen,aswehaveseeninthelatestmapsonChinesepass-ports,Chinaisestablishingitsclaimsininsidiousways.
• ItisclearTibetisnotreconciledtoChina’srule.IndiahastomakesureBhutandoesnotyieldtoChina’sblandishments.
• DalaiLama’ssuccessioncanrevivetensionsbetweenIndiaandChina.
• China’srisingprofileinSriLankaandNepalisacauseofcon-cern.
• TheChina-Pakistanaxisremainsagraveproblem.
• IndiahastodevelopitseconomicandmilitarymuscletocountertheChinathreat.
• IndiahastofindtherightbalancebetweenengagingChinaandhedgingagainstit.
• Ourneighboursaretradingchinacardagainstus.Inthiscon-textthestrengtheningofSAARCshouldbeapriority.
• PakistanremainsaperennialproblemwithgrowinginfluenceofradicalIslamization.
• Indiashouldcontinuetoencouragemoreeconomicandpeo-pletopeopletieswithPakistan,butshouldalsobeclear-sight-edabouttheseriousobstaclesinnormalizingrelationswiththatcountry
• ItwouldbeironicalforIndiatobesupportiveofPakistan’sgeographicalhealthwhenitwantsasliceawayapartofIndian
![Page 68: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
68
Territory.ButIndiadoesnotactivelypursuetodestabilizePa-kistan,itwouldraisefurtherproblems.
• DestabilizedPakistanaffectsourcentralAsianandAfghani-stanpolicies.
• ThewestislookingforacompromisewiththeTaliban,believ-ingitcanlivewithanIslamizedAfghanistansolongasitisnotanti-west.
• LackofdirectaccesstoAfghanistanexposesthelackofacredibleIndianpolicytowardsCentralAsia.ThepresentIn-do-Iranissuescouldaffectthissituation.
• India’sLookEastpolicyisnowfacingnewchallengeswiththeerstwhileequationbetweenChinaandEastandSoutheastAsiadisturbedbyChina’smuscle-flexingintheSouthChinaSea.
• Indiahasconcernsaboutthefreedomofpassagethroughin-ternationalwatersinthesouthernChinaSearegionandMalac-caStrait.
• LittoralstatesintheIndianOceanaremovingawayfromIndiarecently.ArarehopeisleftforengagementswithSriLankaandSeashells.
• IndiawouldneedtogiveprioritytoitsrelationswithMyanmar,nowthatthelatterwantstoloosentheChinesegripoverthecountry.Orelseeast–westconnectivitytowardssouthEastAsiasuffers.
Argumentsinfavourofpresentforeignpolicy
• UnderthenewleadershipatDelhi,India’sforeignpolicyhasbeenonanupward trajectory.
• Country’sstaturehasgrownsignificantlyduetothisleadershipintheforeignpolicymakingprocess.
• PM’svisionistoturnIndiaintoaleadingpowerandanet pro-vider of security and prosperity.
• Indiaisnowwidelyacknowledgedasanactorlivinguptoitstruepotential,reflectingtheaspirationsofcontemporaryIndi-
![Page 69: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
69
ans.
• TwoareaswhereIndianforeignpolicyhasleapfroggedunderMr.Modiarecultural and commercial diplomacy.
• Well-thought-outpolicyreformsandemotionalengagements with the Indian diasporahaveaddedaforcemultipliertona-tion’ssoftpower.
• Bytappingintothetransnational Hindu and Buddhist civilisa-tion linkagesandharnessingthemforstrategicbenefitsinourextendedneighbourhood,Mr.ModihasreifiedIndia’simageasarepositoryofancientwisdomthatgeneratesglobalpublicgoods.
• Record levels of inward FDI flowsandimprovementsinarangeofglobalrankingindicesbeartestamenttoMr.Modi’ssuccessineconomicdiplomacy.
Geopolitics-recentchoices
• PresentadministrationatDelhishedsthetaboosthatre-strainedIndiafromcapitalisingoncloser defence and strate-gic cooperation with the U.S., Japan and Israel.
• Casting aside the obsolete concept of non-alignment andenteringintodeepercircumstantialpartnershipstoexpandIn-dia’sgeostrategicfootprintarenominoraccomplishments.
• Indiaisworkingitswaytobecoming a third power centre in the world alongsidetheU.S.andChina.IndiaunderpresentleadershipputuparestraintagainstU.S.ontradebarriersandeconomicsanctionsrelatedissues.
FutureChallengesandoptions:
• Indiaisfacingauniquecombinationofdiplomatic,securityandstrategicchallengestoday.
• Indianforeignpolicyalreadyfacesmanychallengesandwillcontinuetoconfrontusinthefuture.Itishardtopredictwhatliesahead.
• Thenatureofconflictsandotherchallengesmaychangewith
![Page 70: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
70
technological innovation,especiallyincyberspace.
• AbigchallengeforIndiaistomaintain coherence and balanceinitsforeignpolicy.
• Thegrowingeconomic,defenceandstrategicpartnershipwiththeU.S.isbeingquestionedonaccountofthetransactional nature of the Trump administration,it’sunreasonabletradedemands,itsfocusonotherissuessuchasNorthKorea,anditssanctionsrelatedtoIranandRussiathatareunmindfulofIndia’sinterestsandcosts.
• India’shithertoreliableandlargestdefencepartner,Russia,isbecomingincreasinglyenmeshedwithChinaandPakistan.
• India’s neighbours,includingtheMaldives,NepalandSriLan-ka,areexploitingnewopportunitiestoleveragetheirpossibili-tieswithChinavis-à-visIndia.
• The reform of international institutionsisthereforeveryim-portantandIndia’sdiscourseonthisislegitimate.Indiashouldhaveagreatersayintheseinstitutions.GettingapermanentseatintheSecurityCouncilwillremainachallengeasresis-tancetothiswillnotgoawaysoon.
• Climate change issues,inwhichenergyuseandenvironmentalconcernsintersectwithissuesofcompetitivenessandmarketopeningsforwesterntechnologieswillbecomeasourceofin-creasingexternalpressureonIndiaintheyearsahead.
Conclusion
• Bychoosingstrategic self-reliance India hastocopewithchallengeslargelyonitsown.
• Ourdiplomacywillneedtofacilitate investment in hydrocar-bonfieldsabroadaspartofourenergy securitydrive,besidesworkingforavoidance of conflictinareaswhichareourbig-gestsourceofoil and gas.
• Foreignpolicymakingalwaysfaceschallengesinanevolvingworld.USsupportChina’sterritorialintegritybuthavenotex-tendedsuchsupporttoIndia’sterritorialintegrity.WeshouldengageUSonthispointasastrategicpartner.
![Page 71: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
71
• Indiawillalsoneedtostrengthenitselffurthereconomicallyandinitsdefencecapacity,includingintechnologyandpro-duction.
• Indiashouldfocusontheshared interest with neighbours and other countriesingeneral.Itwillalsoneedtoimproveitsca-pacityforimplementationofagreeduponcooperationproj-ects.
• AnewIndianapproachthatgoesbeyondrelyingonthepri-vatesectortomakeeconomicallyrationaldecisionsfromtheirperspectivewouldbeneeded,butthatimpliesadifferentwayofeconomic governance.
• Theeconomy is the building block of a successful foreign policy,asrequiredresourcesthenbecomeavailabletoerectdefencesathomeandtopursueinterestsabroad.
• Ourexternal dependence on arms and technology supplies limitstheoptionsavailabletoourforeignpolicy.Ithastobereducedtoacomfortablelevel.
Questions
1. WhatisyourassessmentoftheforeignpolicybeingpursuedbytheIndiangovernment?Doyouperceiveanyideologicalshift?Examine.
2.DiscusstheparadigmshiftinIndia’sforeignpolicywithrefer-encetothechangesbroughtbythenewgovernment.
![Page 72: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
72
DelhiDialogue
• AnnualTrack1.5eventtodiscusspolitico-security,economicandsocio-culturalengagement.
• Heldannuallysince2009andpoliticalleaders,policymakers,seniorofficials,diplomats,thinktanksandacademiciansfrombothsidesparticipate.
• Aimedatfindingacommongroundandexpandingthescopeofcooperation.
Historyofrelations
• IndiathroughouttheColdWarwasnotinfavourofinvolve-mentinregionalorganizations,preferringtofocusonactiveparticipationinglobalorganizations.
• ThegeopoliticsoftheColdWarplacedASEANandIndiainopposingideologicalblocs.
• TheformationofASEANitselfwasviewedbyIndiaasaU.S.measuretocontaincommunism.
• AseriesofIndianmovescreatedfissuresinthealreadytenseASEAN-IndiarelationshiplikeIndia’sfriendshiptreatywiththeSovietUnionin1971,itsstanceontheVietnamWaretc...
INDO- ASEAN DELHI DIALOGUE [GS-II]
Background:
• 10theditionoftheDelhiDialogue(DDX)washeldinNewDelhi.
• Themeoftheevent:“StrengtheningIndia-ASEANMari-timeCooperation”.
• ASEAN-IndiaCommemorativeSummit,whichwasheldinNewDelhiinJanuary2018
12
![Page 73: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
73
• ASEANandIndiadidconvergeontheissueoftheZoneofPeace,FreedomandNeutrality(ZOPFAN)intheIndianOceanRegion(IOR).
• IndiahadmodestbilateralrelationswithaselectedfewASE-ANcountriesintheeconomicsphere.
• ThroughouttheColdWar,ASEAN-Indiarelationsweredomi-natedbytensionsandmutualsuspiciononbothsides.
• ThestoryofASEAN-IndiarelationsthroughouttheColdWarcanbeappropriatelysummarizedasmissedopportunitiesduetopoliticalmistrust,economicinconsequentiality,andocca-sionalmilitarythreats.
• Structuralfactors—likethefalloftheSovietUnion,theriseoftheparallelforcesofglobalizationsandregionalization,theriseofChina,AsianFinancialCrisis,andthe9/11attacks—changedIndia’sperception.
ASEAN(AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations)
• Itwasestablishedon8August1967inBangkok,Thailand.
• EstablishedwiththesigningofanASEANDeclaration(Bang-kokDeclaration)bytheministersofthefoundingcountries.
• FoundingmembersareIndonesia,Malaysia,Philippines,Singa-poreandThailand.
• Eventually,BruneiDarussalam,VietNam,LaoPDRandMyan-marandCambodiawerejoined.
IndiaandASEANrelations
• India’ssearchforeconomicspaceresultedinthe‘LookEastPolicy’.
• TheLookEastPolicyhastodaymaturedintoadynamicandactionoriented‘ActEastPolicysince2014.
• IndiabecameaSectoralPartneroftheASEANin1992,Dia-loguePartnerin1996andSummitLevelPartnerin2002.
• Up-gradationoftherelationshipintoaStrategicPartnershipin
![Page 74: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
74
2012.
• IndiahassetupaseparateMissiontoASEANandtheEASinJakartainApril2015.
• IndiaandASEANcelebrate25thAnniversaryofASEAN-IndiaDialogueRelations.
• Strategicrelation:
» ASEAN-IndiaPartnershipforPeace,ProgressandSharedProsperity,whichsetsouttheroadmapforlong-termASEAN-Indiaengagement(PlansofAction).
» Risingexportofterror,growingradicalizationthroughideologyofhatred,andspreadofextremeviolencedefinethePoliticalSecurityCooperationwithASEAN.
» MainforumforASEANsecuritydialogueistheASEANRegionalForum(ARF),whichIndiahasbeenattendingsince1996.
• EconomicCooperation:
» India-ASEANtradeandinvestmentrelationshavebeengrowingsteadily,withASEANbeingIndia’sfourthlargesttradingpartner.
» ASEANaccountingforapproximately12.5%ofinvestmentflowsintoIndiasince2000.
» TheASEAN-IndiaFreeTradeAreahasbeencompletedwiththeenteringintoforceoftheASEAN-IndiaAgree-mentsonTradeinServiceandInvestmentson1July2015.
• Socio-CulturalCooperationthroughnumberofprogrammeslikeinvitingStudentsExchangeProgramme,SpecialTrainingCourseforASEANdiplomats,ExchangeofParliamentarians,ASEAN-IndiaNetworkofThinkTanksetc...
• Connectivity:
» ASEAN-IndiaconnectivitythroughtheIndia-Myan-mar-ThailandTrilateralHighwayandtheKaladanMulti-modalProjectareinprogress.
![Page 75: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
75
» Issuesrelatedtoincreasingthemaritimeandairconnec-tivitybetweenASEANandIndiaandtransformingthecorridorsofconnectivityintoeconomiccorridorsareun-derdiscussion.
» PossibleextensiontoIndia-Myanmar-ThailandTrilateralHighwaytoCambodia,LaoPDRandVietnam.
» ProtocoloftheIndia-Myanmar-ThailandMotorVehicleAgreement(IMTMVA).
• Fundingmechanism:
» ALineofCreditofUS$1billiontopromoteprojectsthatsupportphysicalanddigitalconnectivitybetweenIndiaandASEANandaProjectDevelopmentFund.
» ASEAN-IndiaCooperationFund:tosupportimplementa-tionoftheASEAN-IndiaPlansofAction.
» ASEAN-IndiaS&TDevelopmentFund(AISTDF).
» ASEAN-IndiaGreenFundtosupportcollaborationactivi-tiesrelatingtoenvironmentandclimatechange.
ASEAN-India Projects
• VariousprojectsinthefieldsofAgriculture,Science&Technol-ogy,Space,Environment&ClimateChange,HumanResourceDevelopment,CapacityBuilding,NewandRenewableEnergy,Tourism,People-to-PeoplecontactsandConnectivityetc.
• SpaceProjectenvisagingestablishmentofaTracking,DataReception/DataProcessingStationinHoChiMinhCity,Viet-nam.
• E-Networkforprovisionoftele-medicineandtele-educationinCLMVcountries,QuickImpactProjectsinCLMVetc.
• TrainingofEnglishLanguageforLawEnforcementOfficersinCLMVcountriesandTrainingofprofessionalsdealingwithcapitalmarketsinCLMVbyNationalInstituteofSecuritiesManagementMumbai
• ScholarshipsforASEANstudentsforhighereducationatNa-
![Page 76: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
76
landaUniversity
• TrainingofASEANCivilServantsindroughtmanagement,disasterriskmanagement,sustainablegroundwatermanage-mentetc.
• DelhiDialogue:IndiahasanannualTrack1.5eventDelhiDi-alogue,fordiscussingpolitico-securityandeconomicissuesbetweenASEANandIndia.
• ASEAN-IndiaCentre(AIC)aimtopromotetheASEAN-IndiaStrategicPartnershipandtopromoteIndia-ASEANdialogueandcooperationintheareasofmutualinterests
• ASEANStudiesCentrelocatedintheNorth-EasternHillUni-versity(NEHU)inShillongisexpectedtofacilitateASEAN-In-diaresearchprojects,studies,workshopsandrelatedactivities
Significance of India-ASEAN relations for India
• ASEANisourfourthlargesttradingpartnerandIndiaistheirseventhlargesttradingpartner
• TheSouth-EastAsianregioniseconomicallyveryvibrant;thisisavibranteconomiccommercialspaceforIndia
• India’sinvestmentinthelasttwodecadeshasbeen$70billion.So,thereisalotofpotentialinengagingthemfurther
• ManycountriesintheregionhavepeopleofIndianoriginamongtheircitizens—mostnotablyMalaysiaandSingapore
Indian concerns with ASEAN
• ReductionintariffsratesamongmemberstoensureEconomicbenefitsandbridgingthetradedeficits
• CurbingtheIllegalpractiseslikedrugtrafficking,smuggling,Humantraffickingetcintheregion
• RemovingdisputesandfindingsmoothsolutionsinRCEPis-sue.
• IncreasinginvestmentofASEANcountriesinIndiatoprovideEconomicbenefittobothcountries
![Page 77: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
77
• CollectiveResearchandDevelopmentbyCountriestoensureTechnologicaladvancementsincommonfieldsofinterest
• SettlingtheRohingyacrisis
• ProvidingboosttoIndia’s“LookEastPolicy”
• ImprovingLinkswithASEANnationswouldcontributetoSe-curityanddevelopmentofourNorthEasternStates
• AsBuddhismContributetoalinkbetweenASEANcountries,itcanbeusedtoincreasetourismopportunitiesbetweenNa-tions
• Sub-regionalinitiativesliketheBangladesh-Bhutan-India-Ne-palMotorVehicleAgreementalsohavestalled
Way forward
• HelptheASEANcountriestohaveabalancingforceagainstChina
• ApartfromASEAN,IndiahastakenotherpolicyinitiativesintheregionthatinvolvesomemembersofASEANlikeBIMS-TEC,MGCetc.
• IndiaisalsoanactiveparticipantinseveralregionalforumstomaintainabalanceintheIndo-ASEANrelations
• GreaterengagementswithASEANcountriesprovideanop-portunityfordiversificationofmarketandgreateraccesstoIndo-Pacificregion
• SouthAsianFreeTradeAssociationhasfailedtomakemuchheadway.ButaleadingrolecouldbeplayedbyIndiatoreviveit
• Integratethetworegionsforbettereconomicandsecurityrelation
• RemovephysicalimpedimentstotradewithASEANcountries
Conclusion
Issuesconcerningeconomics,security,andconnectivityhavealwaysbeenatthecentreofASEAN-Indiarelations.Inthewake
![Page 78: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
78
oftheExpansionistPolicyofChinaandtheProtectionistpoli-ciesofUS,IndiashouldfocusonASEANcountriestoincreaseitsdiplomatictiestoensuresafetyanddevelopmentofstakeholdernations.Italsoshouldleveragethestrategicindependenceofourcountywithoptimizingthesharedinterestofallthestakehold-ers.
![Page 79: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
79
Amongtheareasofcooperation,followingareashavebeenidentified
• PublicPoliciesandbestpracticesinregionalservices
• RegionalAirports
• Airportinfrastructuremanagementandairnavigationservices
• Technicalcooperationbetweenregulatoryagencies
• EnvironmentSustainability;includingdeliberationofglobalinitiatives
• QualificationandTraining
• Otherfieldsasmutuallydetermined
Impact
• TheMoUsignifiesanimportantlandmarkinthecivilaviationrelationsbetweenIndiaandotherBRICSMemberStatesandhasthepotentialtospurgreatertrade,investment,tourismandculturalexchangesamongsttheBRICSNations
BRICS REGIONAL AVIATION PARTNERSHIP [GS-II]
Background:
• TheUnionCabinethasapprovedthesigningofMem-orandumofUnderstanding(MoU)amongstBRICSNa-tionsontheRegionalAviationPartnershipCooperationviz.Brazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfrica.Themeoftheevent:“StrengtheningIndia-ASEANMaritimeCoop-eration”.
• TheobjectiveisthatBRICScountrieswouldbenefitfromtheestablishingofaninstitutionalframeworktocooper-ateinthefieldofcivilaviation.
13
![Page 80: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
80
WhatisBRICS?
• BRICSistheacronymforanassociationoffivemajoremerg-ingnationaleconomies:Brazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfrica
• Theacronym“BRICs”wasinitiallyformulatedin2001byecon-omistJimO’Neill,ofGoldmanSachs,inareportongrowthprospectsfortheeconomiesofBrazil,Russia,IndiaandChina–whichtogetherrepresentedasignificantshareoftheworld’sproductionandpopulation
• ItcatersthecommonneedamongdevelopingcountriestoconstructeconomicorderthatreflectscurrentsituationwilldrivetheBRICS’efforts
• TheBRICSalternativeideainthelandscapeofglobalgover-nancewillattractsupportfromothercountries.TherehavebeensuggestionsbypoliticalanalyststhatBRICSmayexpanditsmemberquota
• TheexpansionofBRICSinteractiontoothersectorwillmakeitmorestrongpartnership
• ChinesesupporttoBRICSwillmakesurethatgroupremainsaforcetoreckonwithinthefuture
NewDevelopmentBank(NDB)
• TheNDBisamultilateraldevelopmentbankestablishedbyBrazil,Russia,India,ChinaandSouthAfricawiththeobjectiveoffinancinginfrastructureandsustainabledevelopmentproj-ectsinBRICSandotheremergingeconomiesanddevelopingcountries
• Itaimstocomplementtheeffortsofmultilateralandregionalfinancialinstitutionstowardglobalgrowthanddevelopment
• ItwasestablishedduringthesixthBRICSSummitinFortaleza(Brazil-2014)bythe5membercountries
• TheBankformallycameintoexistenceasalegalentityattheUfaSummit(Russia)inJuly2015
• ItisheadquarteredinShanghai,ChinaandMr.K.V.Kamathis
![Page 81: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
81
itscurrentPresident
WhydoestheworldneedtheBRICS?
• JimO’Neill’spointhasbeenthattheworldischanging.TheleadingroleoftheGroupofSeven(G7)and,morebroadly,oftheOrganisationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)isnolongerundisputed
• Themainreasonforco-operationtostartamongtheBRICsnationwasthefinancialcrisesof2008
• Theideaofdevelopmentbank(NDB)andContingencyRe-serveArrangement(CRA)hasstrengthenedBRICSasagrouping
• Mostmulti-lateralinstitutionsweredesignedintheerawhentheWestdominatedtheworld
• TheUSandEuropeareover-representedintheIMFandtheWorldBank.TogetherwithJapan,theycontrolmostregionaldevelopmentbanksaswell
• Thisimbalancehasbeenespeciallyclearduringtherecentglobalfinancialcrisiswhentheneedforparticipationbynon-G7countriesbecameevident
• ThisresultedinrevivingtheGroupof20(G20)andproposalstoredistributevotingrightsininternationalfinancialinstitu-tions
• ButchangehasbeenslowandWesterncountriescontinuetocontroltheinternationalfinancialinstitutions
• ThisiswhyBRICSsummitsaresoimportant.Thesemeetingsprovideauniqueforumwherenon-OECDleaderscandiscussglobalchallengesandco-ordinatetheiractionswithinandout-sideglobalinstitutions
• ThesmallsizeoftheclubandtheabsenceofOECDpartnershelpinshapingthediscussionsatthesummit
• TheBRICscalledforthe“thereformofmultilateralinstitutionsinorderthattheyreflectthestructuralchangesintheworldeconomyandtheincreasinglycentralrolethatemergingmar-
![Page 82: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
82
ketsnowplay
• BRICSmanagedtopushforapartialinstitutionalreformwhichledtoInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)quotareformin2010
BRICSforIndia
• NowthatNAM(Non-alignment)isalmostdefunctandverylit-tlewealthisleftintheCommonwealth,BRICSprovideagreatalternateforIndiatobuilditsglobalprofile
• Betterfootageattheworldforumsandgreaterinfluenceoverinternationaleconomicsystem
• IndiahastriedtouseBRICSasaforumtoengageChinaasthelatterhasbecomethelargestmarketforthefast-industrializ-ingcountriesofEastAsia
• Indiawantstoresolvetheage-oldmistrustandcomplicatedrelationshipbetweenthetwocountriessincethe1962warbe-tweenthem
• IthelpsIndiaincounteractingtowardsitsstrategicisolation
• Geo-strategically,BRICSarenowrepresentedonallconti-nentsoftheglobalsouth.Inbilateralandregionalagreements,theBRICSemphasizesouth-southsolidarityandhorizontalcooperationincontrasttowesterndominance
• ThroughBRICSIndiacanadvocateforUNSecurityCouncilreformstomakeIndiaasapermanentmembertobecomeasuperpower,supportofBRICSisessential
• ItmaybecomeagreatplatformforIndiawhereitsvoicewillbeheardbyallcountries
• Indianeedsitssupportforfoodandenergysecurityissuestoo
• TheNewDevelopmentBankisprovidingfundtoIndia.Recent-lyitapproved$470milliondollarloanforMadhyaPradesh’sMultivillageruraldrinkingwatersupplyscheme.Alsohelpinginrenewableenergyprojects
• IndiacanuseBRICSforraisingitsvoiceagainstterrorism
• Recently,BRICSgroupingbracketedLashker-e-Taibaand
![Page 83: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
83
Jaish-e-MohhamedwithIslamicstateandAl-Qaeda
• IndiaseeBRICSasplatformtobuildmultilateralrelationswithLatinAmerican,AfricanandAsiancountries
• Indiacanpotentiallyusethisforumtode-hyphenatingcompli-catedissueswithChina
• MostimportantlythroughBRICS,countriescanhavemultilat-eraltransactionsintheirlocalcurrencies,soFor-Exsaved
• BRICShelpinInfrastructuredevelopmentpromotesSouth-SouthcooperationandNorth-Southdialogue.CanalsohelpinachievingSDGs
• BRICSnationaluniversity,agriculturalresearchplatformcanalsopromotecooperation
ConcernsregardingthefutureofBRICS
• Competitionwithinthemselves–TheBRICScountriesaspiretoberegionalpowersandhenceatsomepointwillcompetewitheachother
• Differentformsofgovernance–TheyhavedifferentpoliticalsystemswithBrazil,IndiaandSouthAfricabeingdemocracieswhileRussiaandChinahavingauthoritariancharacteristics.Itwouldbeinterestingtoseehowpolicyconsensusisbroughtabout
• Tradeconflicts,maybe?BrazilandRussiaarecommodityex-portingcountriesandthusbenefitfromhighcommoditypric-eswhileIndiaandChinaarecommodityimportersthatbenefitfromlowcommodityprices
• TerritorialIssues–ChinaandIndiahaveoutstandingterritorialissuestoresolveandIndialooksaskancetoanyinstitutionthathasChinesedomination.RussialookssuspiciouslyatChina’sinterestinitssparselypopulatedfareasternofSiberia
• ThebigdaddyChina–Chinaspearheadsthreeothermajorinitiativesinthisregion–OneBeltOneRoad(OBOR),AsianInfrastructureInvestmentBank(AIIB)andSCO
• Thereareseriousdifferencesofopiniononissuesrangingfrom
![Page 84: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
84
tariffstointellectualpropertyrights,whichthemember-stateshavebeenunabletoresolve
• Thoughthegroupinghasbuiltinstitutions,liketheNewDe-velopmentBank,itsmembershavebeenunabletoagreeonarealroad-mapforreformingtheglobaleconomy
• AlsotheriseofChinahasdramaticallyalteredtheorientationoftheBRICS
• SlowingdownofChineseeconomy:ithascausedturmoilinnotjustinBRICSblocbutacrosstheworld
• FailureofBRICStosignanyagreementwithUS:NoneoftheBRICScountrieshassignedtradeorinvestmentagreementswiththeUnitedStatesandsomeofthenegotiationshavebeenfailedduetooppositiontoUSapproach.Thishashin-deredeconomicexpansionofBRICScountries
• RecessioninRussiaandBrazil:Thepoliticalandeconomiciso-lationofRussia,orchestratedbytheUSaftertheUkrainecrisis,hashadatremendousnegativeimpactontheoncesurgingeconomy.EvenBrazilianeconomyisslippingintorecession
• Failuretosustaineconomicgrowth:theemergingmembercountrieshavefailedtogainanymomentumforsustainedgrowth
• StructuraldisparitybetweenChinaandotherBRICSmem-bers:Chineseeconomyhasthelargestshareamongthemem-bercountriesanditaccountsfor38percentshareinthetotalexportofBRICS.ThishasresultedindominanceofChinaintheBRICSblocandinturnhasstokedtheeconomicnational-isminothermembercountries
![Page 85: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
85
WayForward
• Manyfactorsbolsterco-operationamongBRICSmembers.ThecommonneedamongdevelopingcountriestoconstructeconomicorderthatreflectscurrentsituationmustdrivetheBRICScountriesforconjuringuptheireffortstowardsequita-bleglobaleconomicgovernance
![Page 86: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
86
ReviewofStateFinances
• InIndiastatebudgetsdonotattracttheattentiontheyde-serve
• Analysisaboutstatebudgetsremainslargelyanacademicex-ercise
• Bondmarketinvestorsneitherrewardnorpunishstatesde-pendingontheirfiscalsituations
• Stateofstategovernmentfinanceshaswiderimplicationsthancentrefiscalposition
• FinancialDependenceofStates:inIndia,theStatesdependontheCentreforalldevelopment.Theyhavemuchlesssourc-esofincomebutmanymoreneedsofexpenditure
• FinancialdependencyhasverymuchhinderedthegrowthofStatesonfederallines
RiseinFiscalDeficitofStates
• ThishigherfiscaldeficitatthestatelevelinrecentyearshasmoderatedthebenefitoffiscalconsolidationbytheCentralgovernment
• Higherborrowing,eitherbytheUnionorstategovernments,putspressureonavailablefinancialresourcesandincreases
THE STATE OF STATE GOVERNMENT FINANCES [GS-II & GS-III]
Background:
• TheannualstudyofstategovernmentfinancesbytheReserveBankofIndia(RBI)becomesshowsthatstatesmissedthefiscaldeficittargetof3%ofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)forthethirdyearinarow.
• Thefiscaldeficitofstatesisestimatedtobeat3.1%ofGDPin2017-18.
14
![Page 87: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
87
interestrates
• Aftertheimplementationofthefiscalresponsibilityandbud-getmanagementrulesinthelastdecade,stategovernmentsimprovedtheirfinancessignificantly
• Whilethedeteriorationin2015-16and2016-17waslargelyduetothetakeoverofdebtofpowerdistributioncompaniesundertheUjwalDiscomAssuranceYojana(UDAY)scheme,govern-mentfinancesinthelastfiscalwereaffectedbyfactorssuchasashortfallinrevenue,implementationofpaycommissionrecommendationsandfarmloanwaivers
• Someofthesefactorswillcontinuetoaffectstategovernmentfinancesinthecurrentyearaswell.Asstatesaimtoconsol-idatetheirfinancesbyreducingthefiscaldeficitto2.6%ofGDPinthecurrentyear
Impactofpoorstatefinance:
• Fiscalslippageinrecentyearshasalsoledtodeteriorationinthequalityofexpenditure,withariseinrevenueexpenditure(butnotCapitalExpenditure)
• Onereasonforhigherexpenditureinthelastfiscal,forin-stance,wasasharpriseinsalaries
• StatesemploymorepeoplethantheCentralgovernment
• Further,aspertherevisedestimatesfor2017-18,debtwaiversdentedstategovernments’budgettotheextentof0.32%ofGDP
• Loanwaiversareunlikelytobenefitstatesinthelongrun
• Studieshaveshownthatwhiletheyreducehouseholddebt,loanwaiversdonothelpincreaseinvestmentorproductivity
• Onthecontrary,formalfinancialinstitutionsarereluctanttolendafterloanwaivers
• Thiscouldmakeaccesstoformalcreditmoredifficultforsomefarmers
• Expenditureonloanwaiversalsoaffectstheabilityofthestate
![Page 88: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
88
toundertakecapitalexpenditurewhichcanaffectgrowthinthemediumterm
• Moreannouncementsofdebtwaiversintherun-uptocrucialassemblyelectionslaterthisyearandtheLokSabhaelectionnextyearcouldfurtherreducefiscalspaceforstategovern-ments
• Sincestategovernmentsareincreasinglyraisingresourcesfromthebondmarket,higherissuancecancomplicatefiscalmanagement.
• Theshareofmarketborrowinginthefinancingoffiscaldefi-citisexpectedtotop90%inthecurrentyear,comparedwithabout61%in2015-16.
• Thematurityprofileofstategovernmentbondsshowsthatre-demptionpressurehasstartedincreasingsincethelastfiscal
• Also,largebondissuancesbystategovernmentshaveresultedinariseinthespreadoverCentralgovernmentsecurities
• Continuedhigherborrowingbystatescouldfurtherraisethecostofborrowingandaffecttheirabilitytoundertakedevel-opmentwork
• Theproportionofstatedeficitsinthegeneralgovernmentdeficithasgoneupinrecentyears
• TheRBInotesthatin2016-17,thegeneralgovernmentsectorpre-empted68%offinancialresourcesintheformofgrossdo-mestichouseholds’financialsavingsatabout9%ofGDP
• Macroeconomicimplications,asitisperhapscrowdingouttheprivatesector.Largegeneralgovernmentborrowingkeepsin-terestrateselevatedandaffectsprivateinvestment
• Thisisonereasonwhy,despitethecurrencyrisk,largebusi-nessestendtoborrowfrominternationalmarkets
• Asharpmovementincurrenciescanalwaysmakedebtservic-ingmoredifficultandalsoincreasecomplexityinmacroeco-nomicmanagement
![Page 89: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
89
FinancialrelationsinIndia
• Article268to293dealswiththeprovisionsoffinancialrela-tionsbetweenCentreandStates
• TheConstitutiondividesthetaxingpowersbetweentheCen-treandthestatesasfollows
» DutiesLeviedbytheUnionbutCollectedandAppropriat-edbytheStates
» ServiceTaxareLeviedbytheCentrebutCollectedandAppropriatedbytheCentreandtheStates
» TaxesLeviedaswellasCollectedbytheUnion,butAs-signedtotheStates
» TaxesLeviedandCollectedbytheUnionandDistributedbetweenUnionandtheStates
» SurchargeoncertaindutiesandtaxesforpurposesoftheUnion
• Grants-in-Aid:BesidessharingoftaxesbetweentheCentreandtheStates,theConstitutionprovidesforGrants-in-aidtotheStatesfromtheCentralresources
• StatutoryGrants(Art.275)andDiscretionaryGrants(Art.282)
• EffectsofEmergencyonCentre-StateFinancialRelations
1. DuringNationalEmergency:ThePresidentbyordercandirectthatallprovisionsregardingdivisionoftaxesbetweenUnionandStatesandGrants-in-aidsremainsuspended.However,suchsuspensionshallnotgobeyondtheexpirationofthefi-nancialyearinwhichtheproclamationceasestooperate
2.DuringFinancialEmergency:UnioncangivedirectionstotheStates:-a)toobservesuchcanonsoffinancialproprietyasspecifiedinthedirection.b)Toreducethesalariesandallow-ancesofallpeopleservinginconnectionwiththeaffairsoftheState,includingHighCourtsjudges.c)Toreserveforthecon-siderationofthePresidentallMoneyandFinancialBills,aftertheyarepassedbytheLegislatureoftheState
![Page 90: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
90
Absence of Fiscal Federalism
• TheIndianConstitution,whileexpresslyvestingtheCentrewithgreaterpowersoftaxation,alsoprovidesforaninstitu-tionalmechanism—theFinanceCommission—todeterminetheshareofthestateinthecentraltaxrevenues
• WhiledecidingthedevolutionoftaxesandtheprovisionsofgrantstheFinanceCommissionisrequiredtoaddressboththeverticalimbalancebetweentheCentreandtheStatesandthehorizontalimbalancebetweenstates
• Atpresent,about40percentofCentralrevenues(taxandnon-tax)aretransferredtotheStates,andthisincludesthegrants
• Despitetheenlargementoftheshareablepoolunderthe80thAmendmentwhichincludesallcentraltaxes,therevenueac-crualsoftheCentreandtheStateshavenotseenanymajorchanges
• Asymmetricalsharingofrevenueandresourcecrunchattheperipheryresultsinunevendevelopmentacrossthecountry
• ThecurrentGSTmeasureisfearedbymanystatestobeagainstfiscalfederalisminIndia
• ManystatesinIndiademandformorefinancialautonomyinIndia
Issues with the fiscal federalism in India
• InthecurrentfederalfiscalstructureofIndia,revenueaccounttransfersfromtheUniontotheStatesconstitutemorethanone-thirdofthetotalrevenueresourcesoftheStates,andhenceifUnion’srevenueperformancedeclines,statesalsogetaffected
• Thelowlevelsofincomeandwideinter-regionaldisparities
• Verticalimbalanceemergesbecauseofdisproportionatealign-mentofrevenuesourcesinrelationtoincreasingexpenditureobligationsbylevelofgovernment
• Thecentrehasvirtualmonopolyintwosourcesofrevenuelike
![Page 91: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
91
foreignaidanddeficitfinancing.Thesesourcesarenotacces-sibletostates
• Continuedfinancialdependenceofstatesoncentrehasin-creasinglyerodedtheautonomyofstates
• Theroleoffinancecommissionhasbeenmarginalizedandre-ducedtothestatusoffillingrevenuegapsofstates
• Theuseofloansandgrantsbythestatehasresultedinfinan-cialdependencyandindisciplineonthepartofthestates.Thisalsoledtoasituationofinevitabledebtburdenonthepartofstates
• IndialackanewinstitutionalmechanismhasbeenproposedfortransfersoutsidetherecommendationsofFinanceCom-missionintheinterestofsoundfiscalfederalism
• Promoterofeconomicreforms:theFinanceCommissionhasputadditionalresponsibilityonNITIAayogtopromoteap-propriatepoliciesandschemesbothintheUnionandamongStatesonacontinuousbasis
• TheFinanceCommissionhaseschewedcategorizationofStates,buttheresponsibilityrelatingtospecialproblemsofselectStatswouldsquarelybethatofNITIAayog
• ConstitutionmandatestheUnionGovernmenttoplayadirectroleinsupportingthedevelopmentofVIthscheduleareas.However,thequantumofassistancegivenovertheyearstotheseregionsbyMinistriesintheUnionGovernmenthasbeenverylimited
Recent issue of Finance commission
• Populationisanindicatoroftheexpenditureneedsofastate.Overtheyears,FinanceCommissionshaveusedpopulationdataofthe1971Census.The14thFinanceCommissionusedthe2011populationdata,inadditiontothe1971data.The 15th
Finance Commission has been mandated to use data from the 2011 Census
• Areaisusedasacriterionasastatewithlargerareahastoin-curadditionaladministrativecoststodeliverservices
![Page 92: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
92
• Incomedistanceisthedifferencebetweenthepercapitain-comesofastatewiththeaveragepercapitaincomeofallstates.Stateswithlowerpercapitaincomemaybegivenahighersharetomaintainequityamongstates.
• Forestcoverindicatesthatstateswithlargeforestcoversbearthecostofnothavingareaavailableforothereconomicactiv-ities.Therefore,therationaleisthatthesestatesmaybegivenahighershare
• Untilthe13thFinanceCommission,thepracticewastouse1971Censusdataentirely,whichwasthelastcensusbeforeaggres-sivefamilyplanninginitiativeswereimplemented.The1971dataisalsothebasisfordistributionofLokSabhaseats,forinstance
• Thepoliticalconsensusthatranthiscountrywas:wecannotarriveatratiosofdistributionbasedoncurrentpopulationafteraskingstatestoaggressivelyimplementfamilyplanningandcontrolpopulation
• Itwasafaircompromisetofreezeallocationratios–beitfornumberofMPsfromeachstateorforallocatingtaxmoney–givennotdoingsowouldpunishsuccessandbecounterpro-ductive
• Between1971and2011,KeralaandTamilNaduhadanabsolutegrowthinpopulationof56%and75%respectively;thelowestamongallstates.Thatisunderstandablegiventheirfertilityrateshavedroppedtobelowreplacementlevelsforagenera-tion
• Someexpertshavearguedthathavingaweight-agefactorfordroppingfertilityratesisapossibility
• Alowfertilityrateishighfemaleliteracy.TamilNaduhasal-mostcaughtupwithKeralaintermsoffemaleyouthliteracyandthat’stheprimaryreasonforitsdramaticallylowerpopu-lationgrowthrate
![Page 93: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
93
Conclusion:
• NITIAayogcanplayasignificantroleforinter-governmentalequitabletransferschemestoreducedisparities
• Theremovalofdistinctionbetweenplanandnon-planexpen-ditureisnotmerelyanissueofclassification
• Toeffectpurposiveandeffectivetransferofresourcesaprop-erco-ordinationbetweenthevariousagencies
• Thenumberofdivisibletaxesshouldbeincreasedtoenlargetheresourcebaseofthestategovernment
• Adequatestepsshouldbeundertakentonarrowdowntheinterstatedisparitiesbyadoptingadeliberatepro-standinfa-vourofbackwardstates
• Intheprovisionoffinancialassistancedueweight-ageshouldbegivenforsocialandeconomicbackwardness
• Thestateshouldbegivenmoreautonomyinfinancialmatters
• India’sgeneralgovernmentdeficitisoneofthehighestamongitspeers
• It’stimetoalignthemonetaryandfiscaleconomies.Ifbankcreditgrowthfalls,fiscaldeficitmayneedtogoup.Ifbankcreditgrowthrises,fiscaldeficitshouldreduce.Thisisparticu-larlytrueforagrowingeconomylikeIndia
• Eventhoughgovernmentfinancesshouldimprovewiththestabilizationofthegoodsandservicestax,Indianeedsbet-terfiscalmanagementatboththestateandCentrallevelstoavoidcrowdingouttheprivatesector.Thiswillenablehigherinvestmentandhelpattainhighersustainablegrowth
![Page 94: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
94
FormsofTrafficking
• Trafficking for forced labour: Victimsarerecruitedandtraf-fickedusingdeceptionandcoercionandfindthemselvesheldinconditionofslaveryinavarietyofjobs.
• Trafficking in women for sexual exploitation: Thisaffectseveryregionintheworld,eitherasasource,transitordestinationcountry.
• Commercial sexual exploitation of children in tourism:ThishasbeenapparentinAsiaformanyyearsandnowtakenholdinAfricaaswellasCentralandSouthAmerica.
• Trafficking for tissue, cells and organs: Traffickinginhumansforthepurposeofusingtheirorgans,inparticularkidneysisarapidlygrowingfieldofcriminalactivity.
• People Smuggling:Closelyconnectedtotraffickinginhumanbeingsistheissueofpeoplesmugglinginwhichsmugglersprocureforfinancialormaterialgain,theillegalentryofanindividualintoacountryofwhichheisneitheracitizennorapermanentresident.
HumanTraffickingInIndia
TRAFFICKING OF PERSONS (PREVENTION, PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION) BILL 2018 [GS-II & GS-III]
Background:
• Activistshaveappealedtoparliamentariansthatthedraftanti-traffickinglegislationbesenttotheStandingCommittee.
• Theyhaveappealedtothegovernmentthatthebillshouldexplicitlystatethatconsentingadultworkerswillnotbepenalisedunderthenewlaw
15
![Page 95: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
95
• Asperofficialestimates,15childrengomissingeveryhourinIndiaand8areneverfound.
• AsperthedatafromHomeMinistry,1379casesofhumantraf-fickingwerereportedfromKarnatakaintheperiodoffouryears,inTamilNaduthenumberis2,244whereasAndhraPradeshhas2,157casesofhumantrafficking.
• Delhiisthehotspotforillegaltradeofyounggirlsfordomesticlabour,forcedmarriageandprostitution.
• HumantraffickingoutsideIndia,althoughillegalunderIndianlaw,remainsasignificantproblem.
• PeoplearefrequentlyillegallytraffickedthroughIndiaforthepurposesofcommercialsexualexploitationandforced/bond-edlabour.
• Althoughnoreliablestudyofforcedandbondedlabourhasbeencompleted,NGOs.
• Estimatetheseproblemaffects20to65millionwomenandgirlsaretraffickedwithinthecountryforthepurposesofcom-mercialsexualexploitationandforcedmarriageespeciallyinthoseareaswherethesexratioishighlyskewedinfavourofmen.
• Asignificantportionofchildrenaresubjectedtoforcedlabourasfactoryworkers,domesticservants,beggars,andagricul-tureworkers,andhavebeenusedasarmedcombatantsbysometerroristandinsurgentgroups.
• IndiaisalsoadestinationforwomenandgirlsfromNepalandBangladeshtraffickedforthepurposeofcommercialsexualexploitation.
• IndiahasratifiedthethreeprotocolsoftheUnitedNationsConventionagainstTransnationalOrganizedCrime,includingtheUNTraffickingProtocol.
Relatedlawsandprovisions
• Article23inIndianconstitutionprohibitstraffickingandforcedlabour.ItsaysTrafficinhumanbeingsandbegarandother
![Page 96: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
96
similarformsofforcedlabourareprohibitedandanycontra-ventionofthisprovisionshallbeanoffencepunishableinac-cordancewithlaw
• IndiaalsohasthelegalprovisiontocountertraffickingaspertheImmoralTraffickingpreventionact1986
• In2013ParliamentenactedtheCriminalLaw(Amendment)Act,2013(CLA).Thoughitprimarilyincorporatestherapeandsexualassault,butitincludesrangeofotheroffencesdealingwithviolenceagainstthewomen,manyofwhicharenotpun-ishedevenundertheIndianPenalCode,1860(IPC)
• Itinsertednewsection370whichcriminalizesrecruiting,trans-porting,andreceivingbycertainmeansofabduction,abuse,power,andinducementforthepurposeofexploitation
• Itwasin2014thattheNationalCommissionforWomensup-portingforalegislationofsextradeandforlegalizingprosti-tutioninIndia.HoweverministryofwomenandchildandtheSCappointedpanelcameoutsharplyanddiscardingthepro-posalssayingthatitwouldmakethesituationmorevulnerableandwouldfurtherproliferatethetrafficking
India’sgovernmentpoliciescurbthismenace
• UjjawalaAcomprehensiveschemeforpreventionofTraffickingandRescueandRehabilitationandRe-integrationofvictimsoftraffickingforcommercialsexualexploitations
• SudharGrehASchemeforwomenindifficultcircumstances
• JuvenileJustice(careandprotectingofchildren)Act2002Actdefines,achildinneedofcareandprotectiontoincludeachild“whoisfoundvulnerableandislikelytobeinductedintotrafficking.However,thisschemeonlyappliestominorsde-finedaspersonsbelowtheageof18years
• CodeofCriminalProcedureResponsibilityforprovidingcompensationtotraffickingvic-timsisfragmentedbetweenthecentral93governmentandin-
![Page 97: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
97
dividualstates.ThisislargelytheresultofSection357,CodeofCriminalProcedure,whichstatesthattheCentralGovernmentshouldberesponsibleforcompensatingvictimsofanycrime(notlimitedtotrafficking)whohavesufferedlossorinjury.However,itfailstonotetheformordegreeofsuchcompensa-tion
Issuesinpolicyimplementation
• India’straffickingrecoverylawsandpoliciesarepiecemealandhaphazardlyappliedmoreover,Lackofcoordinationamongthepoliceandgovernmentagencies.Forinstancetheholdingfacilitiesforrescuedtraffickedgirlsoftenhavemiserablecon-ditions
• Malevictimsofhumantraffickingfaceadoublebarriertopro-tectionbecausenotonlyaretheylesseasilyidentifiedandthuslesslikelytoberescued,buttheyarealsoleftwithoutanyrecourseaftertheyhavebeenrescuedfromtheirtraffickers
• In2013,Indiaenactedground-breakinglegislation,theCriminalLaw(Amendment)Actof2013,whichamendedvarioussec-tionsoftheIndianPenalCode,includingprovisionsonhumantraffickinginIndia
• ThesereformsreflectasteptowardsaligningthecountrywithitsobligationsundertheUnitedNationsProtocoltoPrevent,SuppressandPunishTraffickinginPersons,EspeciallyWomenandChildren(UNTraffickingProtocol)
UNODC’sResponsetoHumanTrafficking
• UNODCofferspracticalhelptoStates,notonlyhelpingtodraftlawsandcreatecomprehensivenationalanti-traffickingstrategiesbutalsoassistingwithresourcestoimplementthem
• Statesreceivespecializedassistanceincludingthedevelop-mentoflocalcapacityandexpertise,aswellaspracticaltoolstoencouragecross-bordercooperationininvestigationsandprosecutions
• Theadoptionin2000bytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyoftheProtocoltoPrevent,SuppressandPunishTraffickingin
![Page 98: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
98
Persons,EspeciallyWomenandChildrenmarkedasignificantmilestoneininternationaleffortstostopthetradeinpeople
• AvastmajorityofStateshavenowsignedandratifiedthePro-tocol.Buttranslatingitintorealityremainsproblematic.Veryfewcriminalsareconvictedandmostvictimsareprobablyneveridentifiedorassisted
FeaturesofBill
• Ittakesintoconsiderationaggravatedformsoftrafficking.Itincludestraffickingforpurposeofforcedlabour,begging,traffickingofawomanorchildforthepurposeofmarriageorunderthepretextofmarriageoraftermarriage,traffickingbyadministeringchemicalsubstanceorhormonesonapersonforthepurposeofearlysexualmaturityetc.
• Itprescribespunishmentforpromotingandfacilitatingtraf-fickingofperson.Itincludesproducing,printing,issuingordistributingunissued,tamperedorfakecertificates,regis-trationorstickersasproofofcompliancewithGovernmentrequirements,orcommitsfraudforprocuringorfacilitatingacquisitionofclearancesandnecessarydocumentsfromGov-ernmentagencies
• Itdealswithconfidentialityofvictimsandwitnessesandcom-plainantsbynotdisclosingtheiridentity.Itwillbemaintainedbyrecordingtheirstatementthroughvideoconferencing(itwillhelptrans-borderandinter-Statecrimes)
• Ithasprovisionfortimeboundtrialandrepatriationofthevictims.Itwillbewithinaperiodof1yearfromtakingintocognizance.Itprovidesimmediateprotectionofrescuedvic-timsandtheirrehabilitation.Thevictimswillbeentitledtoin-terimreliefimmediatelywithin30daystoaddresstheirphysi-cal,mentaltraumaetc.andfurtherappropriatereliefwithin60daysfromthedateoffilingofchargesheet
• ItcreatesdedicatedinstitutionalmechanismsatDistrict,StateandCentrallevel.Theywillberesponsibleforprevention,pro-tection,investigationandrehabilitationworkrelatedtotraf-ficking.ThetasksofAnti-TraffickingBureauatthenational
![Page 99: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
99
levelwillbeperformedbyNationalInvestigationAgency(NIA)
• Thepunishmentprescribedunderitrangesfromrigorousmin-imum10yearstolifeandfinenotlessthanRs.1lakh.Inordertobreaktheorganizednexus,bothatnationalandinternationallevel,itmandatesforattachment&forfeitureofpropertyandalsoproceedsforcrime
• Itcomprehensivelyaddressestransnationalnatureofthecrime.ItentrustsNationalAnti-TraffickingBureau(NATB)toperformfunctionsofinternationalcoordinationwithauthori-tiesinforeigncountriesandinternationalorganizations
Theopposition
• Manyhavespokenoutagainstthedevastatingeffectsthatthenewbillcouldhaveonseveralstakeholderswhichincludemar-ginalisedgroupssuchaschildren,thetransgendercommunityandconsentingsex-workers.Infact,itisclaimedthatthebillisessentiallynothingbutaveiledattempttofurthercriminalisesexwork
• ThenewbillincludesaclausethatmakestransmissionorevenexposuretoHIVinaninstanceoftraffickingamongoneofthe‘AggravatedOffences’.ThiswouldhaveagraveimpactonthosesufferingfromHIV
• Consentingsexworkerswillbeseverelyhitbythebill.Thesexworkers’communitywhichisoneofthebiggeststakeholdersinanti-traffickinglegislationhavenotbeenconsultedbeforethedraftingofthisbill
• Thebillmakesgivingchemicalsorhormonestoanotherfortheiracceleratedsexualmaturityan“aggravatedoffence”,aclausethatleavesthetrans-communityinalurch
• Thenewbillalsoincludeschildvictimsoftrafficking.Childrightsactivistshaveraisedconcernsabouttheproposed‘re-habilitation’ofchildrenbyinstitutionalisingthem,apracticewhichhasoftenfacedinternationalcensure
Needforanti-traffickinglegislation
![Page 100: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
100
• Morethan300,000childrenwentmissinginthecountrybetween2012and2017,governmentdatashows.Around100,000areyettobetracedanditisfearedthatmanyofthemcouldhavebeentrafficked
• In2016,forinstance,111,569childrenwerereportedmissing.Ofthese,55,944childrenweretracedbutonly8,132traffick-ingcaseswerereported.Manyofthesechildrenarevictimsofmodernslavery—forcedintoprostitution,labourordomesticwork
• Theyarealsousedasdrugmulesandevengivenupforadop-tionillegally.Povertyandlackofopportunityalsopushesalotofyoungwomen,especiallyfromtheinteriorpartsofWestBengal,Odisha,BiharandJharkhand,intoprostitution.
• Despitetheenormityoftheproblem,Indialacksasinglecom-prehensivelawforhumantrafficking.Atpresent,traffickingiscoveredunderhalf-a-dozenlawsresultinginconfusionandpoorenforcement
Humantrafficking
• Identifyingcasesofhumantraffickingisnoteasyasnocaseofhumantraffickinghasbeenregisteredsince2015
• Itisoftendifficultforthepolicetoidentifyahumantraffick-ingcaseatthesourcesincethevictimmayhavebeenluredthroughthefalsepromiseofmarriageorajob
• TheIndo-NepalTreatyofPeaceandFriendship,1950providesforanopenborderbetweenNepalandIndiaandthereisaseamlesshumanmovement
• Individualsarestoppedonlyonthebasisofsuspicion,intelli-genceorinformationfromfamilymembersorrelatives
Measuresneeded
• Closingthebordermaypreventcross-bordertrafficking,butitcouldalsoengendereconomicvulnerabilitiesforthosewhohavejobsorownbusinessesalongtheborder
• Itisimperativetocreateeconomicopportunities,particularly
![Page 101: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
101
fortheyouth,withinthecountry.
• Nepal-Indiaborderneedstobeequippedwithenhancedintel-ligencenetworksandeffectivemonitoringmechanisms
Wayahead
• ThenewlawwillmakeIndiaaleaderamongSouthAsiancountriestocombattrafficking.Traffickingisaglobalcon-cernalsoaffectinganumberofSouthAsiannations.Amongstthem,Indiaisnowapioneerinformulatingacomprehensivelegislation.UNODCandSAARCnationsarelookingforwardtoIndiatotakeleadbyenactingthislaw
![Page 102: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
102
ConcernsovertheproposedSocialmediahub:
• Masssurveillanceapparatusthataimsatcollectingandanalys-inghugevolumesofdata
• Profilingpeoplebasedonthedataandutilisingthisdatatopredictthemoodofpeopleonlineandissueresponses,includ-ingthosetargetedatindividualsorgroups
SOCIAL MEDIA HUB [GS-II & GS-III]
Background
• TheSupremeCourthastakenastrongnoteoftheInfor-mationandBroadcastingMinistry’sdecisiontosetupasocialmediahubformonitoringonlinedataandsaidthatitwillbelikecreatingasurveillancestate
• TheministryhadinAprilissuedatendernoticerequest-ingproposalsforprovidingsoftware,serviceandsup-portforthefunction,operationandmaintenanceofthesocialmediacommunicationhubineachdistrictofthecountry
• Thesocialmediaanalyticaltoolshouldhaveacompre-hensiveanalyticssystemtomonitorandanalysevariousaspectsofsocialmediacommunicationandWorldWideWeb
• Theanalyticaltoolmusthave“listeningandrespondingcapabilities”withrespectto“standarddigitalchannels”suchasTwitter,Instagram,YouTube,email,andblogs
• Thetoolmustalsobecapableofcategorizing“socialmediasentiments”aspositive,negativeandneutral“asviewed/consideredbytheministryofinformationandbroadcasting”andhelpinunderstandingtheimpactofvarioussocialmediacampaignsconductedonvariousschemesrunbythecentre
16
![Page 103: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
103
• Thesocialmediaanalyticaltoolisexpectedto‘listen’tocon-versationsonallmajordigitalchannels,includingFacebook,Twitter,Instagram,LinkedIn,Tumblr,aswellasblogsandnewschannels
• Theabovesaidfeaturescompromisetherighttoprivacywhichisafundamentalright
• Intrusiveactiononthepartofthegovernmentiswithouttheauthorityoflaw
• ItalsoinfringesfundamentalrighttofreedomofspeechunderArticle19(1)(a)oftheConstitution
• ThemoveisanakedviolationofArticles14,19(1)(a)and21
• Thecollecteddatacouldbeutilisedtomanipulateelectoraloutcomes
Socialmediacommunicationhub
• Thehubproposestomonitorsocialmedia(Facebook,Twitter,Instagramandevenemail)handlesattheverylocallevelinmultiplelanguages
• Italsoaimstocarryout“sentimentanalysis”,trackdowntheinfluence-makingsocialmediausers
• Furthertocategorisetheconversationsonsocialmediaintopositive,negativeandneutralsections
• Italsoaimedtotrackrealtimethewaysocialmediareceivesnewsongovernment’sschemesandannouncementsandalsopoliticalevents
BenefitsofSocialmediaHub
• Thisinformationwouldhelpthegovernmentinformulatingpolicies,schemesorrectifyanyflawsintheirimplementationatthegroundlevel
• Itcanalsomaketheschemesandprogrammesmorebenefi-ciaryorientedresponsivegovernance
• Commonmanisbenefitedtohaveadirectwaytocommuni-
![Page 104: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
104
cateanycomplaintsregardingthesametotheGovernment
• Enablethegovernmenttounderstandtheimpactofsocialmediacampaignsonwelfareschemesandimprovethereachofsuchcampaigns
• Itcouldalsohelptofilterthefakenewsfromthesocialmedia
• Helpstheauthoritiestochecktheunreliableinformationanddatathatcouldteartheveryfabricofthesociety
• Themisuseofsocialmediaplatformstoworkagainstthena-tionalinterestcanbecurbed
• Theradicalisationofyouthcouldbeminimisedwithadvancedsurveillanceinplace
Socialmediamanagers
• Aspertheproposal,theprojectismeanttostrengthenthesocialmediadivisionandrecruitsocialmediamanagerstobedeployedin712districtsofthecountry
• Eachdistrictwillhaveonesocialmediamanagerwhowillbeentrustedwiththetasksofkeepingacloseeyeontheregionalandlocalmedia,collectingdataofregionalmediaandoflocalevents
• Providingcontentforsocialmediaandsupportingmediaunitsattheregionallevelforsocialmediapublicity
Roleofsocialmediamanagers
• Thesesocialmediamanagerswillalsomonitorlocaleditionsofnewspapers,localcablechannels,localaudiochannels(FM)andkeylocalsocialmediahandlesforimportantlocaldevel-opments
• Theywillmakeadailyanalysisreportincorporatinglocalsen-timentstobesenttoregionheadinthePIBaswellastheme-diahub.(Commandcentre)
![Page 105: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
105
Concernswithsocialmediahub
• Theproposaltosetupsuchahubhadturnedcontroversial,asmanycalleditanindirectmeasureto“snoop”onandinfluencevoters
• Itcouldbecomeasurveillanceapparatusoverordinarycitizenandtheirrighttoprivacy
Fakenewsissue
• Astheincidentofwithdrawalofthefakenewscircularindi-cates,thefreespeechimplicationsathanddemandacaution-aryapproach.Apreliminaryissueisadifficultyindefiningfakenewsoridentifyingit
• Whilemisinformationspreadthroughsocialmediahascap-turedpublicattention,thefakenewsitselfisanamorphouscategory,including–
» misleadingnews,
» unverifiedcontent,
» hoaxes,and
» Fabricatedpicturesinthenatureofinternetmemes
• Theassessmentmayinvolvedistinguishingmerepoorjournal-ismfromdeliberateattemptstospreadmisinformation
• Anytop-downregulationthatdefinesfakenewssimplyascontainingfalsehoodmaybesettingitselfupforfailure
HowtodealwithFakeNews
• Pre-censorshipofnewsandinformation,whilebeingvirtuallyimpossibleduetothespeedofcontentcreation,willalsovio-latetheguaranteeoffreespeechunderArticle19(1)(a)oftheConstitution
• Ontheonehand,suchlegislationcoulddivestindividualsofautonomy
• Pre-Censorshipcouldbolsterthepowerofthegovernmenttocensoropinionsitisuncomfortablewith.(surveillancestate)
![Page 106: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
106
• AnyscreeninginthecontextofsocialmediaapplicationssuchasWhatsAppcouldalsoviolatethefundamentalrighttopri-vacyrecognizedbytheSupremeCourt
• Acautionaryapproachwarrantsavoidingoverarchingregu-lationintheformofanti-fakenewslegislation,irrespectiveofthebenignityofitsmotivations
• Entrustingajudge,thestateorcompanieslikeFacebookwiththetaskofmakinganevaluationofveracitywillfacilitatejudi-cial,governmentorprivatecensorship
• Thiscanbreedachillingeffectandself-censorship
Decentralizedapproachagainstfakenews
• Toensurecriticalmedialiteracy,withcriticaldigitalliteracyasacomponent
» Itwouldfocusonencouragingindividualstolearntheskillsrequiredtonavigatetheinternetandquestionthecontenttheyareexposedto.
» Usersshouldunderstandthelimitationsofdigitalmedia.
• Tonurtureageneralcultureofscepticismamongcitizensto-wardsinformationavailableonnewmedia’s
» Goodpractices,suchasverifyingthesourceofthenewsandcorroborationwithrelatednews,oughttobead-vancedinschoolsandthroughpubliceducationcam-paigns
» Theroleofthedistrictadministrationandlocalcommuni-tyleadersisimperativeinthisregard
» RTIcouldbeactasatoolorvoluntarydisclosureofinfor-mationbyconcernedorganisations
• LimitedLegalInterventionscanbeexplored
» Inalimitedsetofsituations,suchaswhenthereisthreattolifeornationalsecurity,targetedandproportionatele-galinterventionscanbeexplored
» Theyshouldbeaccountableforexistingspeechoffences
![Page 107: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
107
toavoidoverlap
» Despitetheirownflaws,existingprovisionsonhatespeech,seditionanddefamationalreadydealwithcertainkindsofharmthatmaybesubstantiallysimilartothoseposedbyfakenews
Socialmediaandinternalsecuritythreat
• AccordingtotheCisco2013AnnualSecurityReport,thehigh-estconcentrationsofonlinesecuritythreatsareonmassaudi-encesites,includingsocialmedia
• TherapidspreadoffalseinformationthroughsocialmediaisamongtheemergingrisksidentifiedbytheWorldEconomicForuminitsGlobalRisks2013Report
DifferentInternalSecuritythreatsduetoSocialMediaare:
• Cyberterrorism
• OnlineFraud
• OnlinesexracketsandPornbusiness
• Criminalactivityandmoneylaundering
• Internationalandtrans-boundarythreats
• Communalviolenceandfanningtensions
• Virtualcommunitieswithantinationalsentiments
• Cybersecurityisbecomenationalsecurity
ChallengesinMonitoringSocialMedia
• ServerLocationandLawsofDifferentCountries
• EncryptedMessage
• ComplicatedNetworks
• Rapidlychangingnatureofcrimes
• Dynamicnatureoftechnology
![Page 108: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
108
FinancialActionTaskForce
• TheFinancialActionTaskForce(FATF)isaninter-governmen-talbodyestablishedin1989bytheMinistersofitsMemberjurisdictionsatG7
• Indiabecamethe34thcountrymemberoftheFinancialAc-tionTaskForcein2010.IndiaisalsoasignatorytovariousUnitedNationsConventionswhichdealwithanti-moneylaun-deringandcounteringfinancingofterrorism
• TheFATFSecretariatishousedattheOECDheadquartersinParis
• TheobjectivesoftheFATFaretosetstandardsandpromoteeffectiveimplementationoflegal,regulatoryandoperationalmeasuresforcombatingmoneylaundering,terroristfinancingandotherrelatedthreatstotheintegrityoftheinternationalfinancialsystem
• TheFinancialActionTaskForcecreatesuniversally-applicablerecommendationsthataredesignedtoensurethatallcoun-triesparticipatingaretreatedequally
• Becausemoneylaundererschangetechniquesovertime,theFATFhastoupdateitsrecommendationseverycoupleofyears
• TheFATFisthereforea“policy-makingbody”whichworksto
FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE(FATF) [GS-III]
Context
TheFinancialActionTaskForcehasplacedPakistanonthe‘greylist’forfailingtocurbanti-terrorfinancing.Thedeci-sionwastakenattheglobalfinancialwatchdogFinancialActionTaskForce’s(FATF)plenarysessionheldrecentlyinParis.
17
![Page 109: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
109
generatethenecessarypoliticalwilltobringaboutnationallegislativeandregulatoryreformsintheseareas
• TheFATFmonitorstheprogressofitsmembersinimplement-ingnecessarymeasures,reviewsmoneylaunderingandterror-istfinancingtechniquesandcounter-measures,andpromotestheadoptionandimplementationofappropriatemeasuresglobally
• Incollaborationwithotherinternationalstakeholders,theFATFworkstoidentifynational-levelvulnerabilitieswiththeaimofprotectingtheinternationalfinancialsystemfrommisuse
• TheFATF’sdecisionmakingbody,theFATFPlenary,meetsthreetimesperyear
BenefitsofimplementingtheFATFRecommendations
• Securingamoretransparentandstablefinancialsystemthatismoreattractivetoforeigninvestors
• Ensurethatfinancialinstitutionsarenotvulnerabletoinfiltra-tionorabusebyorganisedcrimegroups
• Buildthecapacitytofightterrorismandtraceterroristmoney
• Meetbindinginternationalobligations,andavoidtheriskofsanctionsorotheractionbytheinternationalcommunity
• Avoidbecomingahavenforcriminals
Implicationsofrecentdevelopments
• PakistanremainedontheFATFgreylistfrom2012to2015
• Theplacementonthe‘greylist’couldhurtPakistan’seconomyaswellasitsinternationalstanding
• The37-memberFATFisavoluntarygroup,withoutmuchpowertoenforceitsruling,itworksthrough“peerpressure”and“namingandshaming”countriesintocomplianceonterrorfinancebyputtingthemon“greylistsandblacklists”
• Pakistanisobviouslynotimmunetotheirorders,andisalsofacinggrowingpressurefromtheUStocooperate
![Page 110: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
110
• TheFATFmovewillensurethatPakistancurtailsactivitiesofallgroupsunderthescanner,andkeepglobalterroristsinde-tentionfortheforeseeablefuture
Developmentssofar
• TheprocessbeganinFebruary2018whenFATFapprovedthenominationofPakistanformonitoringunderitsInternationalCooperationReviewGroup(ICRG)commonlyknownas‘greyList’
• Pakistanwasaskedtoprepareaplantoaddressinternation-albody’sconcernsandgetitsapprovaloritcouldriskbeingmovedtotheblacklist
• Itpresenteda26-pointplanofactiontotheFATFplenarywiththecommitmenttoimplementitoveraperiodof15monthstoaddresstheconcernsoftheglobalcommunity
• TheendorsementoftheplanmeansthatFATFformallyplacedPakistanonthelist.Incaseithadrejectedtheplan,PakistanwouldhavebeenonFATF’sPublicStatement,alsocalledastheblacklist
•
EffortsbyPakistan
• OnJune20,theSecuritiesandExchangeCommissionofPaki-stanissuedAntiMoneyLaunderingandCounteringFinancingofTerrorismRegulations2018,incompliancewithFATFrec-ommendations
• OnJune8,theNationalSecurityCommittee(NSC)reaffirmeditscommitmenttocooperatewiththeFATF
• ByJanuarynextyear,Pakistanwillpublishupdatedlistsofper-sonsandentitiesproscribedundertheAnti-TerrorismActandtheUN-designatedentities
WhatwasIndia’sProposalabout?
• Recently,ChinablockedIndia’sproposalagainstMasoodAzhar,thePakistan-basedchiefoftheJaish-e-Mohammedin
![Page 111: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
111
thelistofglobalterrorists,inthe15-memberUNSCcommittee
• Pakistanfailedtopenaliseorcurbtheactivitiesofanyoftheterrorgroups[designatedbytheUNSC]
• EvenIndiafacedaChinesevetoondesignatingMasoodAzharaterroristattheUnitedNationsSecurityCouncil
• IndiaraisedtheissueattheInternationalCooperationReviewGroup(ICRG)inArgentina
• IndiascoredamajorvictoryattheFinancialActionTaskForce(FATF)thatlooksintoterrorfinancing
Whatisthesignificanceofthismove?
• ChinatriedhardtodefendPakistanduringtheFATFproceed-ings,butunlikeattheUN,twospeakingcountriesareneededtoblockconsensus,andChinawasisolatedthere
• AccordingtothedirectiveoftheFATFs’InternationalCooper-ationReviewGroup(ICRG),PakistanhasbeenaskedtoreportagaininFebruaryonactiontakenagainstdesignatedterrorgroupssuchastheLashkar-e-Taibaanditsoff-shoots
• ManycountriessupportedIndiaandnowPakistanhastosub-mitacompliancereportduringthenextsessioninFebruary2018
• Alsoforthefirsttime,Pakistan’sCentralBank,theStateBankofPakistan(SBP),hasbeenaskedspecificallytoreportonitsworkinshuttingoffthefinancestothegroups
• Areporton“SBP’senforcementactivityasitrelatestoensur-ingcomplianceofthestatutoryregulatoryorders[onterrorfinancing]andpenalisingnon-compliance”hasalsobeende-manded
• ThisseenasaresultofIndia’smoveonselectiveapproachestounderminetheinternationalcommunity’sresolvetocombatterrorism
SignificanceforIndia
• Indianhasbecomeafull-fledgedmemberofFinancialAction
![Page 112: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
112
TaskForce(FATF)
• FATFmembershipisveryimportantforIndiainitsquesttobecomeamajorplayerintheInternationalfinance
• Securingamoretransparentandstablefinancialsystemthatismoreattractivetoforeigninvestors
• Ensurethatfinancialinstitutionsarenotvulnerabletoinfiltra-tionorabusebyorganisedcrimegroups
• Buildthecapacitytofightterrorismandtraceterroristmoney
• ItwillhelpIndiatobuildthecapacitytofightterrorismandtraceterroristmoneyandtosuccessfullyinvestigateandpros-ecutemoneylaunderingandterroristfinancingoffences
• Indiawillbenefitinsecuringamoretransparentandstablefinancialsystembyensuringthatfinancialinstitutionsarenotvulnerabletoinfiltrationorabusebyorganizedcrimegroups
• TheFATFprocesswillalsohelpusinco-ordinationofAn-ti-MoneyLaundering/CombatingtheFinancingofTerrorism(AML/CFT)effortsattheinternationallevel
• Meetbindinginternationalobligations,andavoidtheriskofsanctionsorotheractionbytheinternationalcommunity
WhatarethestepstakenbyIndia?
• RBIhasprohibitedIndianentitiesfrommakingdirectinvest-mentsinanyentitylocatedinNon-CooperativeCountriesandTerritories(NCCT)asidentifiedbyFinancialActionTaskForce(FATF)
• TheprohibitionisforaligninginstructionsunderFEMA(For-eignExchangeManagementAct)withtheobjectivesoftheFATF
• TheNCCTinitiativesprincipalobjectiveistoreducethevulner-abilityofthefinancialsystemtomoneylaunderingbyensuringthatallfinancialcentresadoptandimplementmeasuresforthedetection,preventionandpunishmentofmoneylaunder-ingaccordingtointernationallyrecognizedstandards
![Page 113: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
113
Question
TheFinancialActionTaskForce(FATF)hasbecomethespear-headagainstglobaleffortscombatingthefinancingofterrorism(CFT).AnalysethebasisforFATF’sgrowingeffectivenessinthefightagainstterroristfinanceandhowithelpsIndiatodealwithcross-borderterrorism.Discuss?
![Page 114: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
114
NUTRITIONAL SECURITY VS FOOD SECURITY [GS-III]
Context
• Malnutritionreferstothesituationwherethereisanunbalanceddietinwhichsomenutrientsareinex-cess,lackingorwrongproportioni.e.undernutritionorover-nutrition
• TheUN’sStateofFoodSecurityandNutritionintheWorldreportfor2017hasimportantpointerstoachieveNutritionpolicyreform
• Althoughabsolutenumbersofpeoplefacinghungerandpoornutritionhavealwaysbeenhigh,therewasareductionintherateofundernourishmentsincetheyear2000
• Thathasslowedfrom2013,registeringaworryingin-creasein2016
• AccordingtoFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)ofUNIndiahasthehighestnumber(onequarter)ofun-dernourished(hungry)peopleintheworld(194.6millionor15percentofIndia’stotalpopulationduring2014-16)
18
Malnutrition:AGlobalEpidemic
• Theestimateof815millionpeopleenduringchronicfooddeprivationin2016,comparedto775millionin2014
• Moreimportantisthefindingthatthedeprivationisevengreateramongpeoplewholiveinregionsaffectedbyconflictandtheextremeeffectsofclimatechange
• Inaconfoundingfinding,though,thereportsaysthatchildun-der-nutritionratescontinuetodrop,althoughoneinfourchil-drenarestillaffectedbystunting
![Page 115: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
115
• Theseareaveragesanddonotreflectthedisparitiesamongregions,withincountriesandbetweenStates
• Yet,theimpactoftheeconomicdownturn,manyviolentcon-flicts,fallincommodityexportrevenues,andfailureofagricul-tureowingtodroughtandfloodsareallmakingfoodscarceandexpensiveformany
• ItstandsasasetbacktoallcountriestryingtomeettheSus-tainableDevelopmentGoalonendinghungerandachievingfoodsecurityandimprovednutrition
• TheCentreandStategovernmentsarewoefullyshortonthecommitmenttoendundernourishment
MalnutritioninIndia
• GreenrevolutionturnedIndiaintoFoodsurplusnation,butmalnutritionstillprevails
• The2017GlobalHungerIndex(GHI)ReportrankedIndia97thoutof118countrieswithaserioushungersituation.AmongstSouthAsiannations,itranksthirdbehindonlyAfghanistanandPakistan
• ThestateofhungerandmalnutritioninIndiaisworrying
• StatisticscompiledbytheFoodandAgriculturalOrganisation(FAO)showthatIndiahasthehighestnumberofundernour-ishedpeopleintheworld(194.6millionor15percentofIndia’stotalpopulationduring2014-16)
• Hungerandundernourishmentleadtosevereproblems
• Childrenandyouthinthisstatesufferfromnumerousnutri-tionaldeficiencieswhichadverselyimpacttheiroverallhealth
• InIndia,datafor2015-16showthefollowing:
» 38percentofchildrenbelowfiveyears(urban:31%,rural:41%)arestunted(lowheightforage)
» 25.6percent(urban:23%,rural:23%)arewasted(lowweightforheight)
» 36percent(urban:29%,rural:38%)areunderweight(low
![Page 116: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
116
weightforage)
» 2percentwereoverweightin2006(abovenormalweightforheight);and
» 58percentofchildrenagedbetween6and59months(urban:56%,rural:59%)areanaemic
» Malnutritioninchildrenunder-fivealsoresultsinnearlyhalfofthe1.3milliondeathsoccurringinthecountryeachyear
» AmongIndia’sadolescents,theproportionofoverweightandobesewasestimatedat11percentandtwopercent,respectively,in2007
» Dataonanaemiashowthat56percentofyounggirlsand30percentofyoungboysintheagegroupof15-19yearsareanaemic
» Atthenationallevel,53%ofwomenareanaemic.
• AccordingtoNFHS2015-16,everysecondtribalchildsuffersfromgrowthrestrictingmalnutritionduetochronichunger.
• SuchacutefoodinsecurityintribalhouseholdsisduetoalossoftheirtraditionaldependenceonforestlivelihoodandtheState’sdeepeningagrariancrisis
• Besidesthese,systemicissuesandaweakeningofpublicnu-tritionprogrammeshaveaggravatedtheproblem
• Forexample,20%oftribalfamiliesdidnotreceiverations(publicdistributionsystem)inVikramgad(inPalghar,Maharas-tra)astheydidnothaveacard
• India’seffortsatimprovingaccesstofoodandgoodnutritionareledbytheNationalFoodSecurityAct
NationalFoodSecurityAct,2013:
• NationalFoodSecurityAct,2013(NFSA)isthelandmarklawcameinthewakeoffightingthehungerandmalnutritioninaffordablepriceandtolivewithdignity
• TheNationalFoodSecurityAct,2013isanactoftheParlia-
![Page 117: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
117
mentwhichaimstoprovidesubsidizedfoodgrainstoapproxi-matelytwothirdofIndia’s1.2billionpeople
• TheActwassignedintolawon12September2013,retroactiveto5July2013
Needforfoodsecurityact
• Around40%ofIndianchildrenhavemalnutritionproblem
• 72%ofinfantand52%ofmarriedwomenhaveanaemia
• TomeetgoalofSustainabledevelopmentgoalsandalsocorepurposeofNFSA
• Needforhumanresourcesformation
• Tofulfilspiritofsocialandeconomicjustice
KeyfeaturesoftheNationalFoodSecurityAct
• Undertheprovisionofthebill,beneficiariesofthePublicDis-tributionSystemareentitledto5kgperpersonpermonthofcerealsatRs.3,2,and1forRice,wheatandcoarsegrainsrespectively
• CoverageandentitlementunderTargetedPublicDistributionSystem(TPDS):Upto75%oftheruralpopulationand50%oftheurbanpopulationwillbecoveredunderTPDS
• Statewisecoverage:PlanningCommissionhasdeterminedtheState-wisecoveragebyusingtheNSSHouseholdCon-sumptionSurveydatafor2011-12
• IdentificationofHouseholds:WithinthecoverageunderTPDSdeterminedforeachState,theworkofidentificationofeligiblehouseholdsistobedonebyStates/UTs
• NutritionalSupporttowomenandchildren:Pregnantwom-enandlactatingmothersandchildrenintheagegroupof6monthsto14yearswillbeentitledtomealsasperprescribednutritionalnormsunderIntegratedChildDevelopmentSer-vices(ICDS)andMid-DayMeal(MDM)schemes.Highernutri-tionalnormshavebeenprescribedformalnourishedchildrenupto6yearsofage.
![Page 118: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
118
• MaternityBenefit:PregnantwomenandlactatingmotherswillalsobeentitledtoreceivematernitybenefitofnotlessthanRs.6,000
• WomenEmpowerment:Eldestwomanofthehouseholdofage18yearsorabovetobetheheadofthehouseholdforthepurposeofissuingofrationcards
• GrievanceRedressalMechanism:Grievanceredressalmecha-nismattheDistrictandStatelevels
• TransparencyandAccountability:ProvisionshavebeenmadefordisclosureofrecordsrelatingtoPDS,socialauditsandset-tingupofVigilanceCommitteesinordertoensuretransparen-cyandaccountability
• FoodSecurityAllowance:Provisionforfoodsecurityallow-ancetoentitledbeneficiariesincaseofnon-supplyofentitledfoodgrainsormeals
• Penalty:Provisionforpenaltyonpublicservantorauthority,tobeimposedbytheStateFoodCommission,incaseoffailuretocomplywiththereliefrecommendedbytheDistrictGriev-anceRedressalOfficer
MajorConcernsregardingNFSA
1. Distortionofagriculturalpatterns
» Smallfarmerswhogogrowgrainsforpersonalconsump-tionmayshifttoothercropstomakemoremoneyandbuysubsidisedgrain
» Assuredofcheapfood,smallfarmersthatproducedgrainforself-consumptionmaystopcultivatingcerealsandshifttoothercrops.Thiscanaffectfoodgrainoutput
2.Indiacouldbecomemassivelydependentonimports
» India’scommodityimportstendtomoveglobalprices.ShouldIndiabeforcedtobuygrainfrominternationalmarketbecauseofthefoodsecuritylaw,itwouldhavetopayheavyprices
3.One-thirdpopulationmayhavetopaysteepprices
![Page 119: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
119
» Thegovernmentwillneedtoprocurefoodgrainsinlargequantitiestomeetthedemandsofthelaw.Thiswouldrequiresharpincreaseinminimumsupportpricestoin-centivisefarmers.Asaresulttherecouldbelowersupplyinopenmarket
4.Foodsubsidybillwillrisesharply
» ThecostatwhichtheFoodMinistrywillmakeadditionalgrainavailableisanissuetobeconsidered.Awidecover-ageandthrowawayissuepriceforfoodgrainsundertheschemewillincreasefoodsubsidysharply
» Itmaysqueezeoutprivatetradersfromthegrainmarket,givingstateagenciessuchastheFoodCorporationofIn-diatotaldominanceinthetrade
» Itmayputahugesubsidyburdenonthegovernment,whichcanderailthefiscalsituation
5.Overallinflationwillrise
» Ifamajorrice-consumingStatesuchasTamilNaduenterstheopenmarket,seekingtoprocurericeinhugequanti-ties,thepriceofthecommoditywillnaturallyincrease
» HigherMSPforcerealsanddemandforotherfooditemsbecauseoflowerhouseholdspendingoncerealswillpushupfoodinflationandtheoverallinflation
6.Overallcorruptionandmalpracticesmayrise
» Theremaybemanyleakagesandmalpractices
» Irregularsupplyofrationisabiggerissuethatgettingrationatsubsidisedrates.Theaccessibilityandquantitywheatorricemadeavailabletothepoorisalwaysatthediscretionoftherationshopkeeper.Thegovernmentmustensuretocurbhoardingoffoodgrain
» Responsibilityandaccountabilityshouldbestrictlyen-forced,withoutanyleniencyofanytype
Problems in implementation of NFSA
![Page 120: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
120
• TheNationalfoodsecurityAct,whichisvitalforsocialsecu-ritythroughthePublicDistributionSystemandchildwelfareschemes,hassufferedduetoalackofpoliticalwill
• Identificationofeligiblehouseholdsbyfewstateswasnotdoneintime
• Manystatesneitherhaveadequategrainstoragefacilitiesnorasystemofdoor-stepdeliveryofgrainstofairpriceshops(FPS)–bothrequirementsthattheCentrestressesaremanda-tory
• AneffectivegrievanceredressmechanismtoimplementtheActwasalsomissing
• Besides,end-to-endcomputerisationofTPDSoperationswasalsopending
• ThereisashortageoffairpriceshopsinIndia.Whilethereare6lakhvillagesinIndia,thereareonly5.35lakhfairpricerationshopsfordisbursementoffoodgrains
• Duplicationofbeneficiaries,bogusrationcards,preparednessinallocationanderroneousregistrationsaresomeotherprob-lemsthatthestateshadtoface
SupremeCourtdirectionsonNFSA
• TheSupremeCourtdirectedtostatestosetupStateFoodCommissionandVigilanceCommitteesineverystatebytheendofyearandsetupsocialauditmachinery
• ThecourtalsodirectedthegovernmenttoframerulesanddesignateindependentofficialsforagrievanceredressalmechanismundertheActwithinayear
• ThedirectivesintheSwarahAbhiyancaseunderscorethede-pressingrealitythatseveralStategovernmentshavenotmetkeyrequirementsinthelegislationwhichempowerthecom-monpeopleinsecuringsubsidizedfood
• Thecourtpointedout,Article256,whichcastsaresponsibilityontheStatesandtheUniontoensurecompliancewithlawsmadebyParliament,alsoprovidestheremedy,asitcanbein-
![Page 121: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
121
vokedbytheCentretosetthingsright
Challenges to NFSA
• Foodgrainsundertheactwillbedistributedthroughtheal-readyexistingPDS.However,thesePDSshavemanyloopholessuchasleakagesoffoodgrains,corruptionetc.
• Theexactnumberofpoorisnotcalculatedcorrectly.Differentdepartmentsaregivingdifferentfigures
• Thehugesubsidyandincurringcostwillleadtofiscaldeficit
• AsmostofthefoodgrainswillbeprocuredbyGovt.exportswillreduced,whichisabigthreattotheeconomy
• Smallfarmersmayshifttoothercrops,astheymaygetthesubsidizedfoodgrains.Thismayreducetheproductionoffoodgrains
Solution for the effective implementation of NFSA
• Thereshouldhavefull-fledged,independentmachineryintheformofaFoodCommission,anddistrict-levelgrievancere-dress,besidessocialaudits
• ModernisationofthePDS,withtheuseofinformationtechnol-ogy,couldincorporatesuchdynamicfeaturestothesupplyofsubsidizedfoodtothosewhoneedit,andeliminatedeficien-ciesandfraud
• TomakeFoodSecurityActasuccessfulmission,effortstakenshouldbetakentowardsitsproperimplementation,monitor-ingandevaluationbyanindependentbody
• EffectiveimplementationofNFSAwouldmakeanimportantcontributiontofoodsecurityandimprovednutritioninthecountry
• ButthePDSsystemmustbestrengthenedtoavoidcorruptionandleakages
• Procurementpricemustbeincreased.Farmersmustbepro-tected.Ifthislawisimplementedeffectively,itcanhelpineradicatinghunger
![Page 122: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
122
Solutions to food nutritional security
• Policyshifts-Policymakersmustshifttheirattentiontotheroleofbiodiversityandthepoweroflocalfarmingsystemstoimprovenutritionalstatus
• Bio-fortification–Thiswillhelptoovercomehiddenhungercausedbymicronutrientdeficienciessuchasiron,iodine,zinc,vitaminA,andvitaminB12
• Indiaalsoneedstheoperationalisationofanationalnutritionsurveillancesystem
• Thereexiststheneedtocollectandmaintainreal-timedataonvariousnutritionindicatorsusingICTandGIS
• TheEnergyandResourcesInstitute(TERI)hasmadeanefforttohelpachievenutritionalsecuritybydesigningandimple-mentingareplicablemodelthatincludesoptimaluseofeas-ilyavailableminimallocalresourcesincorporatingtraditionalknowledgewhileencouragingcommunitiestoinculcatethebestnutritionalpractices
• Researchconnections-Theconnectionsbetweenagricultur-alandnutritionalresearchwithextensionservicesandpolicyneedstobeimproved
• Useoftraditionalvarieties-Underusedtraditionalcropssuchasmillets,pulseswillincreaseagriculturalproductionandim-provenutritionandhealthinhigh-needareas
• Empoweringwomen-Womenfarmersarethedirectrecipi-entsofdevelopmentimpacts,suchasaccesstomarketsandincome,toimprovetheirsandtheirchildren’saccesstoade-quateanddiversifieddiets.Theycarryout70%offarmactiv-itiesasalowskilledlabour.Henceempoweringwomenisoneofthebestwaystoimprovenutrition
• OptimizetheGovernmentofIndiaprogramslikeICDS,Nation-alChildren’sFundandNationalHealthMissiontoconvergethegrowingrateofundernutritionchildren
• Thereisconsiderablepotentialintargetingunderusedcropssuchasmillets,pulses,andvegetablesasasustainablemeans
![Page 123: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
123
ofincreasingagriculturalproductionandimprovingnutritionandhealthinhigh-needareas
• Homegardenscouldprovidehouseholdswithupto135kgoflegumes,vegetables,tubers,leafygreens,andgourdsperyear
Conclusion
• Improvingnutritionisamajorgoaloftheseagriculturalpro-grammesandpolicies
• Acriticalaspectofnutrientadequacyis“dietdiversity”,calcu-latedbydifferentgroupingsoffoodsconsumedwiththerefer-enceperiodrangingfromoneto15days
• However,substantialevidenceconfirmsthatincreasesinag-riculturalproductionaloneand/orincreasedincomedonotnecessarilytranslateintoimproveddietsandnutritionwithoutconcurrentandwell-designednutritioneducationandbe-haviourchangeapproaches
• Women’sempowermentandinter-sectoralcollaborationcanalsohelpinoptimizetheresultsofvariousschemes
• Further,nutritioninterventionsandtrackingprogresscannotbedonewithoutsufficientinformationandreliable,updateddata
• Theinstitutionalaspectsofprogrammedelivery,technicalca-pacitieswithmajorfocusonresearchandintersectoralcol-laborationshouldbewellunderstood.Itisimportanttoknowwhichtypeofprogrammesdeliversthegreatestbenefittotargetbeneficiariesandarelikelytohavethegreatestimpact
![Page 124: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
124
POLICE REFORMS IN INDIA [GS-III]
Context
SupremeCourtadvisedtheStategovernmentstoconsultUPSCforselectingpolicechiefs.ThewayPoliceforcesworkinIndianeedsalotofreforms.Policeneedmoreau-tonomy,professionalism,fixedtenureandsoon.
19
RoleofPoliceinaParliamentaryDemocracy
• Thereisnodoubtthatpolicehaveavitalroleinaparliamenta-rydemocracy
• Thepoliceensuresafetyandsecurityofthesociety
• Therateandcomplexityofthecrimehaveincreasedovertheyearsaddingnewdimensionstotheresponsibilitiesofpolice
• ThepresentIndianpolicesystemislargelyalegacyoftheBrit-ishruleinIndiasinceitisbasedonthePoliceActof1861
A.H.LFraserCommission
A.H.LFraser,thechairmanofthecommissionappointedbytheBritishin1902said:
“The police force is far from efficient, it is defective in training and organizing, it is inadequately supervised, it is generally re-garded as corrupt, oppressive and it utterly failed to secure the confidence and cordial cooperation of the people”
• Since1902,littlehaschangedinthestructureandfunctionsofourpolicesystem
• ThefunctionsofthepoliceduringtheBritishtimearedifferentfromthefunctionsthataretobeperformedaftertheindepen-dence
• Afterindependence,Indiahadadoptedthemostinclusiveand
![Page 125: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
125
comprehensiveconstitutiontoensurethewelfareoftheciti-zensbuttheinstitutionofpolicewhichisresponsibleforim-plementingthelawandorderwasnotoverhauled
PoliceisaStateSubject
• Policeisanexclusivestatesubjectandthecenterhasitslim-itationsinthisregard
• Afterindependence,somestatescameoutwiththeirownpo-liceacts
• Forexample,theBombayPoliceact,1951;theKeralaPoliceact1960;theDelhiPoliceact,1978
• However,allofthesepoliceactswereareplicaoftheIndianpoliceact,1861.Thishasinextremesituationsmadethesitu-ationofguardianturningpredatorandtheconfidenceofthepeoplehascomedown
Prominentcommitteesappointedare:
• GoreCommitteeonPoliceTraining
• TheNationalPoliceCommission
• TheRibeiroCommitteeonPoliceReforms
• ThePadmanabhaiahCommitteeonPoliceReforms(summa-ry),
• PrakashSinghVsUnionofIndia–SCdirectivesforPoliceRe-formsandSoliSorabjeeCommittee
NationalPoliceCommittee,1978
• Thiswasthefirstcommissionatthenationallevelafterinde-pendence
• Ithadwidetermsofreferencecoveringthepoliceorganiza-tion,itsrole,functionality,accountability,relationswiththepublicetc.
• Thiscommitteegaveacomprehensivereportandrecom-mendedtobringanautonomousbodyoforganizationwhichcouldbeaccountabletopeople.However,themajorrecom-
![Page 126: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
126
mendationsofthiscommitteewerenotacceptedbythegov-ernment.
ImportantCase:PrakashSinghandothersvstheUnionofIndia(1995)
• In1995,PrakashSingh,formerDGPofUttarPradeshfiledaPILregardingpolicereformsinIndia
• Thisledtothegovernmentconstitutinganewcommitteeun-derthechairmanshipofJulioRibeiro,andtheJulioRibeiroCommitteewasformedin1998
• ThiswasfollowedbyfurthercommitteeslikePadmanabhaiah,Malimathcommittee,SoliSorabjeecommittee
• In2006,sincetherewerenomovementsinthedirectionofre-forms,theSupremeCourtmadethepolicereformsasaman-datoryreformtobetakenupbythecentralandstategovern-ments
TheSevenDirectivesbySupremeCourt(2006)
Theapexcourtgaveitsnearlyrevolutionarydirectionsin2006;adecadeafterMr.Singhfirstfiledhispetition.Thestatesandunionterritoriesweredirectedtocomplywithsevenbindingdirectivesthatwouldkick-startreform
1. DirectiveOne
ConstituteaStateSecurityCommission(SSC)to:
» Ensurethatthestategovernmentdoesnotexerciseun-warrantedinfluenceorpressureonthepolice
» Laydownbroadpolicyguideline
» Evaluatetheperformanceofthestatepolice
2.DirectiveTwo
» EnsurethattheDGPisappointedthroughthemer-it-basedtransparentprocessandsecureaminimumten-ureoftwoyears
3.DirectiveThree
![Page 127: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
127
» Ensurethatotherpoliceofficersonoperationalduties(includingSuperintendentsofPolicein-chargeofadistrictandStationHouseOfficersin-chargeofapolicestation)arealsoprovidedaminimumtenureoftwoyears
4.DirectiveFour
» Separatetheinvestigationandlawandorderfunctionsofthepolice
5.DirectiveFive
» SetupaPoliceEstablishmentBoard(PEB)todecidetransfers,postings,promotionsandotherservicerelatedmattersofpoliceofficersofandbelowtherankofDeputySuperintendentofPoliceandmakerecommendationsonpostingsandtransfersabovetherankofDeputySuperin-tendentofPolice
6.DirectiveSix
» SetupaPoliceComplaintsAuthority(PCA)atstateleveltoinquireintopubliccomplaintsagainstpoliceofficersofandabovetherankofDeputySuperintendentofPoliceincasesofseriousmisconduct,includingcustodialdeath,grievoushurt,orrapeinpolicecustodyandatdistrictlevelstoinquireintopubliccomplaintsagainstthepolicepersonnelbelowtherankofDeputySuperintendentofPoliceincasesofseriousmisconduct
7.DirectiveSeven
» SetupaNationalSecurityCommission(NSC)attheunionleveltoprepareapanelforselectionandplacementofChiefsoftheCentralPoliceOrganizations(CPO)withaminimumtenureoftwoyears
Afterthis,14stateshavepassedlegislationbuttheseweremainlytocircumventthedirectivesbutnottoimplementthem.Tillto-day,thegovernmenthasnotshownitscommitmenttofollowthedirectivesofthecourtintrueletterandspirit.
![Page 128: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
128
“Police reforms are going on and on. Nobody listens to our orders.” – Supreme Court
“Policereformsaregoingonandon.Nobodylistenstoouror-ders.”ThisishowaSupremeCourtbenchheadedbyChiefJus-ticeJ.S.Kheharreactedwhiledecliningthepleaofalawyerde-mandingimmediateactiontousherinmajorpolicereformsinthecountry(March2017).ThelawyerhadearlierbeenpermittedtopleadhimselfinapendingPILonthesubject.Itissadthatthehighestcourtofthelandissohelplessinthematter.
Why do we need police reforms?
• Theglobalaverageratioofpolice-populationis270to100,000,whereit’s120inIndia
• Thesecurityofthesocietyandthewelfareofthepeoplearedependentontheefficiencyofthepolice
• Toeliminatetheunduepoliticalinterferencethisledtothelossofautonomyofpolice.Thepoliceoftodayarevictimsofpolit-icizationaswellascriminalization
• Toinstiltheconfidenceofthepeopleintheinstitutionofpo-licebymakingpolicemorepeoplefriendly
• Topreventthehighhandednessofpoliceintheformofex-tra-judicialkillings.RecentlyNHRCnotedthat206casesofencountersoccurredinthelast12months
• Tocontinuesecurityandgrowthwithourhigheconomicgrowth,themaintenanceoflawandorderplaysavitalrole
• Crimeperlakhpersonsincreasedby28%from2005to2015
• Anoverburdenedpoliceforce:Statepoliceforceshave24%vacancies
• Severeshortagesinweaponryandvehicles
• 86%ofthestatepolicecomprisesofconstabulary
TherecentexampleofHaryanapoliceduringtheJatreservationriotseitherduetoinherentcastebiasorhesitationofnotgettingsupportbythepeoplefurtherstressestheneedforreforms
![Page 129: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
129
Challenges and solutions
• Challengeslikepolicetrainingandquantityofforcealongwiththequality,thelongworkinghoursaswellastheisolationofpoliceforcefromthepublicintheformofseparatelivingquartersshouldbelookedinto
• Policeshouldbemadeanintegralpartthesocietytheylivein
• Policereformsshouldnolongerbedelayedandthecivilsoci-etyshouldplayitsroleforfasteractionbythegovernment
• Policeaccountsforabout3%ofgovernmentspending.Ithastoberevisedproperly
• CAGauditshavefoundashortageinweaponrywiththestatepoliceforcesinvariousstateshastobeaddressedasearlyaspossible
According to Supreme Court
• Stategovernmentshavetosendthenamesoftheprobables(toUPSC)threemonthsbeforetheincumbentDirectors-Gen-eralofPolice(DGP)istoretire
• TheUPSCwillpreparealistofthreeofficersfittobeDGP(giv-ingdueweightagetomeritandseniority)andsenditback.(inconformitytoPrakashSinghjudgement)
• TheState,inturn,shall‘immediately’appointoneoftheper-sonsshortlistedbythecommission
ThedirectivefromSupremeCourtisprimarilyto“ensurethatStategovernmentsdonotexerciseunwarrantedinfluenceorpressureonthepolice.”
![Page 130: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
130
Conclusion
Theprimaryroleofpoliceforcesistoupholdandenforcelaws,investigatecrimesandensuresecurityforpeopleinthecoun-try.InalargeandpopulouscountrylikeIndia,policeforcesneedtobewell-equipped,intermsofpersonnel,weaponry,forensic,communicationandtransportsupport,toperformtheirrolewell.Further,theyneedtohavetheoperationalfreedomtocarryouttheirresponsibilitiesprofessionally,andsatisfactoryworkingcon-ditions(e.g.,regulatedworkinghoursandpromotionopportuni-ties),whilebeingheldaccountableforpoorperformanceormis-useofpower.
![Page 131: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
131
DNA TECHNOLOGY (USE AND APPLICATION) REGULATION BILL, 2018 [GS-III]
Background
• CabinetapprovesDNATechnology(UseandApplica-tion)RegulationBill,2018
20
Needforthelegislationanditssignificance:
• TheutilityofDNAbasedtechnologiesforsolvingcrimes,andtoidentifymissingpersons
• ThenewbillaimstoexpandtheapplicationofDNA-basedfo-rensictechnologiestosupportandstrengthenthejusticede-liverysystemofthecountry
HighlightsoftheBill:
• AspertheBill,national and regional DNA data bankswillbesetupformaintaininganationaldatabaseforidentificationofvictims,suspectsincases,under-trials,missingpersonsandunidentifiedhumanremains
• Accordingtoit,thoseleaking the DNA profile information topeopleorentitieswhoarenotentitledtohaveit,willbepun-ished with a jail term ofuptothreeyearsandafineofuptoRs.1lakh.Similar,punishmenthasalsobeenprovidedforthosewhoseektheinformationonDNAprofilesillegally
• Asperthebill,allDNAdata,includingDNAprofiles,DNAsam-plesandrecords,willonlybe used for identification of the person and not for “any other purpose”
• Thebill’sprovisionswillenable the cross-matching between persons whohavebeenreportedmissingontheonehandandunidentifieddeadbodiesfoundinvariouspartsofthecountryontheother,andalsoforestablishingtheidentityofvictimsinmassdisasters
![Page 132: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
132
Biotechnology
• Biotechnologydealswithtechniquesofusingliveorganismsorenzymesfromorganismstoproduce products and pro-cessesusefultohumans
• Makingcurd,breadorwine,whichareallmicrobe-mediatedprocesses,couldalsobethoughtasaformofbiotechnology
• However,itisusedinarestrictedsensetoday,torefertosuchofthoseprocesseswhichusegeneticallymodifiedorganismstoachievethesameonalargerscale
• Modernbiotechnologyusinggeneticallymodifiedorganismswasmadepossibleonlywhenmanlearnttoalterthechemis-tryofDNAandconstructrecombinantDNA.ThiskeyprocessiscalledrecombinantDNAtechnologyorgeneticengineer-ing
• Geneticengineeringinvolvesthetechniquestoalter the chem-istry of genetic material(DNAandRNA)andthuschangethephenotypeofthehostorganism
• Asexualreproductionpreservesthegeneticinformation,whilesexualreproductionpermitsvariation
• Traditionalhybridisationproceduresusedinplantandanimalbreeding,veryoftenleadtoinclusionandmultiplicationofun-desirablegenesalongwiththedesiredgenes
• ThetechniquesofgeneticengineeringwhichincludecreationofrecombinantDNA,useofgenecloningandgenetransfer,overcomethislimitationandallowustoisolateandintroduceonlyoneorasetofdesirablegeneswithoutintroducingunde-sirablegenesintothetargetorganism
Cloning
• DNAwhichissomehowtransferredintoanalienorganismwouldnotbeabletomultiplyitselfintheprogenycellsoftheorganism
• But,whenitgetsintegratedintothegenomeoftherecipient,itmaymultiplyandbeinheritedalongwiththehostDNA.This
![Page 133: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
133
isbecausethealienpieceofDNAhasbecomepartofachro-mosome,whichhastheabilitytoreplicate
• InachromosomethereisaspecificDNAsequencecalledtheoriginofreplication,whichisresponsibleforinitiatingreplica-tion
• Therefore,forthemultiplicationofanyalienpieceofDNAinanorganismitneedstobeapartofachromosome(s)whichhasaspecificsequenceknownas‘originofreplication’
• Thus,analienDNAislinkedwiththeoriginofreplication,sothat,thisalienpieceofDNAcanreplicateandmultiplyitselfinthehostorganism.Thiscanalsobecalledascloningormak-ingmultipleidenticalcopiesofanytemplateDNA
RecombinantDNA(rDNA)
• RecombinantDNA(rDNA)moleculesareDNAmoleculesformedbylaboratorymethodsofgeneticrecombination(suchasmolecularcloning)tobringtogethergeneticmaterialfrommultiplesources,creatingsequencesthatwouldnototherwisebefoundinthegenome
• RecombinantDNAispossiblebecauseDNAmoleculesfromallorganismssharethesamechemicalstructure.Theydifferonlyinthenucleotidesequencewithinthatidenticaloverallstruc-ture
• Inmostcases,organismscontainingrecombinantDNAhaveapparentlynormalphenotypes.Thatis,theirappearance,be-haviourandmetabolismareusuallyunchanged
• ThecuttingofDNAatspecificlocationsbecamepossiblewiththediscoveryoftheso-called‘molecularscissors’-restrictionenzymes
• Thelinkingofantibioticresistancegenewiththeplasmidvec-torbecamepossiblewiththeenzymeDNAligase,whichactsoncutDNAmoleculesandjoinstheirends.ThismakesanewcombinationofcircularautonomouslyreplicatingDNAcreatedinvitroandisknownasrecombinantDNA
![Page 134: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
134
Biotechnology and Its Applications
• Biotechnologyessentiallydealswithindustrialscaleproduc-tionofbiopharmaceuticalsandbiologicalusinggeneticallymodifiedmicrobes,fungi,plantsandanimals
• Theapplicationsofbiotechnologyincludetherapeutics,diag-nostics,andgeneticallymodifiedcropsforagriculture,pro-cessedfood,bioremediation,wastetreatment,andenergyproduction
1. Cloning:Cloningistheproductionofanexactcopyofacell,anyotherlivingpart,oracompleteorganism.(AsheepnamedDolly)
2.BiotechnologicalapplicationsinagricultureGeneticallyModi-fiedOrganisms(GMO)
3.Biotechnologicalapplicationsinmedicine:massproductionofsafeandmoreeffectivetherapeuticdrugs.GeneticallyEngi-neeredInsulinisusedintreatingdiabetics
4.GeneTherapy:Ifapersonisbornwithahereditarydisease,canacorrectivetherapybetakenforsuchadisease?Genetherapyisanattempttodothis
5.MolecularDiagnosis:RecombinantDNAtechnology,Poly-meraseChainReaction(PCR)andEnzymeLinkedIm-mune-sorbentAssay(ELISA)
6.Transgenicanimals:AnimalsthathavehadtheirDNAma-nipulatedtopossessandexpressanextra(foreign)geneareknownastransgenicanimals
DNAtechnology-significance
• Mostoftheindustrialisednationsarerichfinanciallybutpoorinbiodiversityandtraditionalknowledge.Incontrastthede-velopingandtheunderdevelopedworldarerichinbiodiversityandtraditionalknowledgerelatedtobio-resources
• DNAanalysisisanextremelyusefulandaccuratetechnology
![Page 135: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
135
inascertainingtheidentityofaperson,orestablishingbiolog-icalrelationshipsbetweenindividuals
• DNAtechnologyisbeingincreasinglyrelieduponininvestiga-tionsofcrime,identificationofunidentifiedbodies,orinde-terminingparentage
• ButinformationfromDNAsamplescanrevealnotjusthowapersonlooks,orwhattheireyecolourorskincolouris,butalsomoreintrusiveinformationliketheirallergies,orsuscepti-bilitytodiseases.Asaresult,thereisagreaterriskofinforma-tionfromDNAanalysisgettingmisused
• GeneticallyModifiedOrganismshavebeencreatedbyusingtechniquessuchasrecombinantDNAtechnology
• GMplantshavebeenusefulinincreasingcropyields,reducepost-harvestlossesandmakecropsmoretolerantofstresses
• Genetherapyistheinsertionofgenesintoanindividual’scellsandtissuestotreatdiseasesespeciallyhereditarydiseases
• RecombinantDNAtechnologicalprocesseshavemadeim-menseimpactintheareaofhealthcarebyenablingmasspro-ductionofsafeandmoreeffectivetherapeutics
• ThereareseveralGMcropplantswithimprovednutritionalvalueoffoodsandreducedtherelianceonchemicalpesticides(pest-resistantcrops)
DNA technology- concerns
• Themanipulationoflivingorganismsbythehumanracecan-notgoonanyfurther,withoutregulation
• Therefore,theIndianGovernmenthassetuporganisationssuchasGEAC(GeneticEngineeringApprovalCommittee),whichwillmakedecisionsregardingthevalidityofGMre-searchandthesafetyofintroducingGM-organismsforpublicservices
• Geneticmodificationoforganismscanhaveunpredictablere-sultswhensuchorganismsareintroducedintotheecosystem
• Bio-piracyisthetermusedtorefertotheuseofbio-resources
![Page 136: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
136
bymultinationalcompaniesandotherorganisationswithoutproperauthorisationfromthecountriesandpeopleconcernedwithoutcompensatorypayment
• Therehasbeengrowingrealisationoftheinjustice,inadequatecompensationandbenefitsharingbetweendevelopedanddevelopingcountries
• Casestudy:Basmatiriceisdistinctforitsuniquearomaandflavourand27documentedvarietiesofBasmatiaregrowninIndia.ThereisreferencetoBasmatiinancienttexts,folk-loreandpoetry,asithasbeengrownforcenturies.In1997,anAmericancompanygotpatentrightsonBasmatiricethroughtheUSPatentandTrademarkOffice.Thisallowedthecompa-nytosella‘new’varietyofBasmati,intheUSandabroad.This‘new’varietyofBasmatihadactuallybeenderivedfromIndianfarmer’svarieties
• Severalattemptshavealsobeenmadetopatentuses,prod-uctsandprocessesbasedonIndiantraditionalherbalmedi-cines,e.g.,Turmeric&Neem
Wayforward:
• ItisexpectedthattheexpandeduseofDNAtechnologywouldresultnotonlyinspeedierjusticedeliverybutalsoinin-creasedconvictionrates,whichatpresentisonlyaround30%(NCRBStatisticsfor2016)
• ThejudicioususeofDNAtechnologiescanresultsintobetterhealthsystem,reliableconservationeffortsandensuringfoodsecurity
• ProperimplementationoftheCartagenaProtocolisrequiredtoensurethebio-safetyindealingwiththeLivingandmodi-fiedOrganisms
• AstheobjectivesofNagoyaProtocolsaythebenefitsarisingoutofthegeneticmaterialaccessedshouldbesharedwiththelocalcommunitiesoftheparticularregion
![Page 137: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
137
CYBER SECURITY [GS-III]
Background
• Cyberspaceissuchaterm,whichisnotyetcompletelydefinedandalsohasnogeographicallimitation
• Cyber-attackshavegrownintermsofsophisticationandreachintherecenttimes
• IndiawasoneoftheworsthitcountriesoftheseattacksliketheWannaCryransomware
• Attacksareoftenanonymousanddifficulttoattributetospecificactors,stateornon-state
• AdvancedPrecisionThreats(APTs)carriedoutbyanonymoushackersareoftensilentandgounnoticedforlongperiods
21
TypesofSecuritythreats
• Hacking:Hackinginsimpletermsmeansanillegalintrusionintoacomputersystemand/ornetwork
• ChildPornography:TheInternetisextensivelyusedforsexualabuseofchildren,morechildrenareaccessingitandthisen-hancestheirvulnerabilityoffallingvictimstotheaggressionofpaedophiles
• CyberStalking:Thistermisusedtorefertotheuseoftheinternet,e-mail,orotherelectroniccommunicationsdevicestostalkanotherperson
• DenialofService:Thisisatechnologydrivencyberintrusion,wherebytheinfluencerfloodsthebandwidthorblockstheuser’smailswithspammailsdeprivingtheuser,accesstotheInternetandtheservicesprovidedtherefrom
• Phishing:Phisherslureuserstoaphonywebsite,usuallyby
![Page 138: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
138
sendingthemanauthenticappearinge-mail.Onceatthefakesite,usersaretrickedintodivulgingavarietyofprivateinfor-mation,suchaspasswordsandaccountnumbers
• DataRelated:DatainterceptionandDatadiddlingandDatatheft
• NetworkRelated:NetworkinterferenceandDataSecurityNetworksabotage
• DisseminationofMaliciousSoftware:Malware,Virus,Worms,Trojans,HoaxandSpyware
Importanceofcybersecurity
• Cybersecurityisanimportantwhenthecountryismovingto-wardsacashlesssocietyanddigitization
• Securitybecomesachallengeasnowprivacyisafundamen-talright
• Cybersecuritybecomesvitalforenforcingcyberlaw
• Theideaofdigitaleconomyshouldbecomplimentedbyade-quatecybersecurity
• RecentgovernmentinitiativesuchasAadhaar,MyGov,andGovernmente-Market,Digi-Locker,BharatNet,Start-upIndia,SkillIndiaandSmartCitiesareinneedofsecuredcyberspace
• Dataprotectionanddataprivacy
• Restraintagainstchild pornographyandchildsexualabuse
• Protectofintellectualpropertyrightsonline
• Protectionoffreedomofexpressionandconcernforcommu-nitystandards
• Concernofmoneylaundering
• Internethasemergedasthemediaofthepeople
• SecurityforGovernmentandPublicDATA
• Buildingrestraintagainstrisingmenaceoffinancialfrauds
![Page 139: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
139
CyberTerrorism
• Section66FofITact2000dealswiththeCyberTerrorismre-latedcrimes
• Cyberterrorismistheconvergenceofterrorismandcyberspace
• Itisgenerallyunderstoodtomeanunlawfulattacksandthreatsofattacksagainstcomputers,networks,andinforma-tionstoredthereinwhendonetointimidateorcoerceagov-ernmentoritspeopleinfurtheranceofpoliticalorsocialob-jectives
• Some examples: a. Middle East Tension Sparks Cyber At-tacks, Pakistan/India Conflict, Retaliation of China for theaccidentalbombingofaChineseembassyinYugoslaviabyU.S.BombersandRecentactivitiesofISIS(radicalisationandrecruitmentofyouth)
CyberLawsinIndia
• ThefirsttechnologybasedlawinIndiawastheIndianTele-graphActof1885andlateritalsocoveredthetelephone
• TheInformationTechnologyAct,2000andITacthasbeenamendedin2008
• Governsthecyberrelatedcrimes
• MultipleactslikeIPC,CrPCandprovisionsoftheCompetitionAct,2002orincaseofunfairtradepractices,theConsumerProtectionAct1986,wouldalsoberelevantindealingcybersecurity
• Protectionofcopyrightstrademarksonlinewouldentailthein-vocationoftheIndianCopyrightActand,theTradeMarksAct
• ActssuchastheCompaniesAct,1956,and2013arealsoappli-cable
• TheInformationTechnologyAct,2000intendstogivelegalrecognitiontoe-commerceande-governanceandfacilitateitsdevelopmentasanalternatetopaperbasedtraditionalmeth-ods
![Page 140: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
140
• TheActseekstoprotectthisadvancementintechnologybydefiningcrimes,prescribingpunishments,layingdownproce-duresforinvestigationandformingregulatoryauthorities
The National Cyber Security Policy of India 2013
• Tobuildsecureandresilientcyberspace
• Creatingasecurecyberecosystem,generatetrustinITtrans-actions
• 24x7nationalcriticalinformationinfrastructureprotectioncentre
• Indigenoustechnologicalsolutions(Chineseproductsandreli-anceonforeignsoftware)
• TestingofICTproductsandcertifyingthem.Validatedprod-ucts
• Creatingworkforceof500,000professionalsinthefield
• FiscalBenefitsforbusinessmanwhoacceptsstandardITprac-tices,etc
Tools for cyber security
• Digitalsignature:itispossibletosecureelectronicinformationinsuchawaythattheoriginatoroftheinformation,aswellastheintegrityoftheinformation,canbeverified
• Encryption:encryptsensitiverecordsandmessagesintransitandinstorage
• Securityaudit:systematicevaluationofthesecurityofacom-pany’sinformationsystembymeasuringhowwellitconformstoasetofestablishedcriteria
• CyberForensic:discovery,analysis,andreconstructionofevi-denceextractedfromanyelementofcomputersystems,com-puternetworks,computermedia,andcomputerperipheralsthatallowinvestigatorstosolveacrime
![Page 141: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
141
Cyber Deterrence will be the way forward?
• Cyberdeterrence:Detectingandrespondingtosuchcyber-at-tacksintime
• Cyberdeterrencecanbeoftwokinds:bydenyingattacks(defensive)andbypunishment(offensive)
» Cyberdefencesareraisedsothattheattackerisunabletopiercetheadversary’snetworks
» Inthelattercase,thecyberattackerisassuredofadevas-tatingresponse
• Evidently,neitherdeterrencebydenialnorbypunishmentworksincyberspace
• Foroffensivecyberdeterrence,itisnecessarytoidentifytheattackerwithpinpointedaccuracy
• Indiscriminatetargeting:Someanalystshavearguedthatforcyberdeterrencetohold,theresponseneednotalwaysbeincyberspace.Itcanbeinpolitical,economicormilitarydomains
• Theattacker’sassetscanbetargetedinakineticmilitaryre-sponse
• Economicsanctionscanbeimposedoncountryororganisa-tions
• Buildingbitsofsoftwarecalled‘cyber-weapons’thatcandoenormousdamagetotheadversary’snetworks
Recent Government Initiatives:
• CybersecurityincidentsandresponseactionsaretakenbyCERT-Inon2004
• NationalTechnicalResearchOrganisationunderNSAin2004
• Tocombatcyberthreat,thegovernmentiscomingupwithmorecybersecuritylabs
• ThegovernmenthasearlierlaunchedDigitalInvestigationTrainingandAnalysisCentre(DITAC)totacklethesecrimes
• ThegovernmentlauncheditsfirstDITACinGurugram,Hary-
![Page 142: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
142
anain2016incollaborationwithNationalTechnicalResearchOrganisation(NTRO).ThesecondoneisbeingsetupinMoha-li,Punjab
• DITACswillmonitorandpolicecyber-crimescommittedthroughdifferentplatformssuchasmobile,email,computerandsocialmediaplatformslikeTwitterandFacebook
• ApartfromDITACs,thegovernmentalsoestablishedNationalCyberCoordinationCentre,anoperationalcybersecurityande-surveillanceagencyinIndia
• NationalInformaticsCentreopenedthefourthnewdatacen-treinBhubaneswar,thesecondlargestaftertheoneinNewDelhi,recently
• GlobalConferenceonCyberspace(GCCS)waslaunchedwithaviewtoestablishinternationallyagreed‘rulesoftheroad’forbehaviourincyberspaceandcreateamorefocusedandinclu-sivedialoguebetweenallstakeholdersonhowtoimplementthem
• In2013,theUNGroupofGovernmentandExperts(UNGGE)hadsuggested11norms
• Inamajorsetbacktotheprocessofnormsdevelopment,the2015UNGGEfailedtoarriveataconsensus
• Presently,therearenoacceptablenormsofbehaviourincy-berspaceinternationally
Conclusion
• MostoftheIndianbankingindustryandfinancialinstitutionshaveembracedITtoitsfulloptimization
• Reportssuggestthatcyber-attacksareunderstandablydirect-edtowardeconomicandfinancialinstitutions
• Governmentandtheprivatesectorjointlyhavetogivecybersecuritysomepriorityintheirsecurityandriskmanagementplan
• Cyberawarenessmustbespreadandthereshouldbemulti-stakeholderapproach-technologicalinputs,legalin-
![Page 143: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
143
puts,strengtheninglawenforcements,systemsandthendeal-ingwithtrans-bordercrimeinvolveslotofinternationalcoop-eration
Way Forward
• InIndia,itisimperativethatcybernetworks,softwareandcy-ber-physicalsystems,andplatformsshouldbecyber-secure
• Thisrequiresajudiciousmixofpeople,policiesandtechnolo-gy,aswellasrobustpublic-privatepartnership
• Therelianceonimportedinformationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)productsandourinabilitytoscreenthemforvulnerabilitiesisamajorcybersecurityrisk
• InstitutionssuchastheNationalCybersecurityCoordinator(NCC),NationalTechnicalResearchOrganisation,ComputerEmergencyResponseTeamandtheNationalCyberSecurityCoordinatorCentrearealldoingareasonablejob
• Buttheysufferfromthelackofskilledmanpowerandpropercoordination
• TheexistingNationalInformationBoard(NIB),headedbytheNationalSecurityAdviser(NSA),dulyempowered,canplaytheroleofanapexbodyinIndia
• NCC,setupin2015asapartoftheNationalSecurityCoun-cilSecretariat,shouldbestrengthenedtobringaboutamuch-neededsynergyamongvariousinstitutionsandtoworkoutacoordinatedapproachtocybersecurity,includingcyberdeterrence
![Page 144: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
144
MINIMUM SUPPORT PRICE (MSPs)[GS-III]
Background
Givingamajorboostforthefarmers’income,theCabinetCommitteeonEconomicAffairshasapprovedtheincreaseintheMinimumSupportPrices(MSPs)forallKharifcropsfor2018-19Seasons.
22
Howitworks?
• Intheory,anMSPistheminimumpricesetbytheGovernmentatwhichfarmerscanexpecttoselltheirproduceforthesea-son
• TheminimumsupportpricesareaguaranteepricefortheirproducefromtheGovernment.Itisalsocalledadministeredpricemechanismforagriculture
• WhenmarketpricesfallbelowtheannouncedMSPs,procure-mentagenciesstepintoprocurethecropand‘support’theprices
• TheCabinet Committee of Economic AffairsannouncesMSPforvariouscropsatthebeginningofeachsowingseasonbasedontherecommendationsoftheCommission for Agri-cultural Costs and Prices (CACP)
• TheCACPtakesintoaccountdemandandsupply,thecost of production and price trendsinthemarketamongotherthingswhenfixingMSPs
• DetailedassessmentofCostofproduction,Changesininputprices,Input-outputpriceparity,Trendsinmarketprices,De-mandandsupply,Inter-croppriceparity,Effectonindustrialcoststructure,Effectoncostofliving,Effectongeneralpricelevel,Internationalpricesituation,ParitybetweenpricespaidandpricesreceivedbythefarmersandEffectonissuepricesandimplicationsforsubsidyismadebyCAPC
![Page 145: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
145
• TheCommissionmakesuseofbothmicro-leveldataandag-gregatesatthelevelofdistrict,stateandthecountry
• 26 commoditiesarecurrentlycovered.TheyareCereals(7),Pulses(5),Oilseeds(8),Copra,De-huskedcoconut,Rawcot-ton,Rawjute,Sugarcane(Fairandremunerativeprice)andVirginiaflucured(VFC)tobacco
• Except sugarcaneforallothercrops,oneMSPisdeclaredforwholeIndia
• Essential CommodityAct,1955,broadlygovernstheprocure-mentpoliciesofcentreandstates
WhyweneedMSP?
• Pricevolatilitymakeslifedifficultforfarmers
• MSPsensurethatfarmersgetaminimumpricefortheirpro-duceinadversemarkets
• MSPshavealsobeenusedasatool by the Government to in-centivise farmerstogrowcropsthatareinshortsupply
• MSPisalsogoodtooltoensurethatfarmersproducewhatismostlucrativeforthem,givenconsumerdemand
• Support the farmers from distress sales andtoprocurefoodgrainsforpublic distribution
ShortcomingsofthePresentMSPsystem
• TrendsinMSPimpacttheavailabilityofkeyfoodcropsandfoodinflation
• FromverybeginningthesepriceswereskewedinfavouroffoodgrainsmainlyRiceandWheat
• MSPwasabigpolitical plankandmajorityoffarmercommu-nitywascomfortablewithRiceandWheatduetotheircom-parativehighyields
• Growthinagricultureisnotdictatedbydemand of economy,butitdependsontheMSP
• However,inrecentyears,therehavebeenlarge-scaleimports
![Page 146: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
146
ofpulsesandoilseedsintoIndiawithhighcostsaddingtoConsumerPriceinflation
• UnlesstheCentreincreasesStateprocurementofthesecrops,thebiastowardsrice,wheatandsugarcane(whereminimumpricesarefixedbyStates)maycontinue.Pulsesareacheapsourceofproteinforthemasses
• Delayinpaymentofduestofarmers
• Otherissueisofdataonwhichcommissionrelies.Thisdataisassimilatedoveralongperiodandthereistimelagofabout2yearsandtheadjustmentofpricestoinflationisalsoflawed
• CAGalsocriticizedmethodology on grounds of non-transpar-ency
• Distorted Production:Recentshiftinpatternoffoodcon-sumptionfromcerealstoproteinrichfoods,butnosuchre-markableshiftisseeninsowingorproductionpatterns
• Huge Stocks:Openendedprocurementinwhichgovernmentcan’tdecidequantityitwantstobuy
• OutofcontrolInflation:SituationnowisthatMarketpricesaredictatedbyMSPwhichremainsmostofthetimehigher
• Thereisdemand supply mismatch. (proteinvsCerealsincon-sumption)
• Growthinnon-cerealproductioniscompromisedinfavourofcropsthatfetchhigheryields,whichisoutofsyncwithmarketdemand
• Affectssoilquality
• Causetofailsecondgreenrevolutionofitsobjectives
HistoricalperspectiveofMSP
• Tillthemid-1970s,Governmentannouncedtwotypesofad-ministeredprices:
• MinimumSupportPrices(MSP):
» TheMSPsservedasthefloorpricesandwerefixedbythe
![Page 147: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
147
Governmentinthenatureofalong-termguaranteeforin-vestmentdecisionsofproducers,withtheassurancethatpricesoftheircommoditieswouldnotbeallowedtofallbelowthelevelfixedbytheGovernment,eveninthecaseofabumpercrop
• ProcurementPrices
» Procurementpriceswerethepricesofkharifandrabice-realsatwhichthegrainwastobedomesticallyprocuredbypublicagencies(liketheFCI)forreleasethroughPDS
» Itwasannouncedsoonafterharvestbegan
» NormallyprocurementpricewaslowerthantheopenmarketpriceandhigherthantheMSP
• In1975-76,thepresentsystemwasevolvedinwhichonlyonesetofpriceswasannouncedforpaddy(andotherKharifcrops)andwheatbeingprocuredforbufferstockoperations
Wayahead
• Diversify Farm basketmoretowardstheproteinrichcropsorhorticultureistheneedofthehour
• Further,Indiahaschallengeto align domestic markets with international marketsasexportsofagricultureproductscanbringmoreprosperitytocountryside
• Itissaidthat1%increaseinAgroexportsresultsinInflowof8500croresinthesector
• Inthissensewecan’t ignore WTO negotiations.Thesearetobenegotiatedwhiletakingcareofsovereigntyandfoodsecu-rityofIndia
• AgriculturesectorinIndiashouldbemadecompetitive by adopting collectivisationandadaptingtonew technologies
• Market integrationoffarmersandavailabilityofexportoppor-tunitiescouldreapbetterresults
• Modernagriculturepracticelikecrop intensification,useofGM cropshastobeadopted
![Page 148: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
148
• Soil conservationandpreservationofsoil nutrientsalsopro-videsvitalsupportforbetteragricultureproduction
• Farmersrelyonpolitical pressure to remedytheirproblems,insteadofadaptingtomarket.Thisallkeepsprivateinvest-mentawayforthesector
• Support should be Crop Neutralashasbeenrecommendedbymanyexpertsonthetopic.Itthemtodiversifytheircropsasperdemandsofthemarket.Thiscanbedonebychange-overtoIncomesupportfromMSP.(Telangana’sschemeforfarmerstopayfixedamountofabout8000perhectareofagricultureland)
Pricing policy for sugarcane
• ForsugarcaneinsteadofMSP,‘fair and remunerative price’isdeclaredin2009.Itdependsuponrecoverypercentagewhichvariesfromstatetostate
• Thepricingofsugarcaneisgovernedbythestatutoryprovi-sionsoftheSugarcane (Control) Order, 1966issuedundertheEssentialCommoditiesAct(ECA),1955
• Priorto2009-10sugarseason,theCentralGovernmentwasfixingtheStatutoryMinimumPrice(SMP)ofsugarcaneandfarmerswereentitledtoshareprofitsofasugarmillon50:50basis
• Asthissharingofprofitsremainedvirtuallyunimplemented,theSugarcane(Control)Order,1966wasamendedinOctober,2009andtheconceptofSMPwasreplacedbytheFairandRemunerativePrice(FRP)ofsugarcane
• Reasonablemarginsforgrowersofsugarcaneonaccountofriskandprofits’wereinsertedasanadditionalfactorforwork-ingoutFRP
• Accordingly,theCACPisrequiredtopaydueregardtothestatutoryfactorslistedintheControlOrder,whichare
» Thecostofproductionofsugarcane;
» Thereturntothegrowerfromalternativecropsandthe
![Page 149: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
149
generaltrendofpricesofagriculturalcommodities;
» Theavailabilityofsugartotheconsumersatafairprice;
» Thepriceofsugar;
» Therecoveryrateofsugarfromsugarcane;
» Therealizationmadefromsaleofby-productsviz.mo-lasses,bagasseandpressmudortheirimputedvalue(in-sertedinDecember,2008)and;
» Reasonablemarginsforgrowersofsugarcaneonaccountofriskandprofits(insertedinOctober,2009)
MSP on Minor forest produce (MFP)
• TheschemeenvisagestoMechanismforMarketingofMinor Forest Produce (MFP)throughMinimumSupportPrice(MSP)anddevelopment of value chain
• TheschemeisdesignedasasocialsafetynetforimprovementoflivelihoodofMFPgatherersbyprovidingthemfairpricefortheMFPstheycollect
• ToprovidefairpricetotheMFPgatherersfortheproducecol-lectedbythemandenhance their income level
• Toensuresustainable harvestingofMFPs
• TheSchemewillhaveahuge social dividendforMFPgather-ers,majorityofwhomaretribalpeople
• Itincludesvaluechainandnecessary infrastructureatlocallevel
• TheMSPschemeseekstoestablishaframeworktoensurefairreturnsfortheproducecollectedbytribalpeople
WTO, Subsidies and MSP
• WTO’sagreementonagriculture(AoA)wasconcludedin1994,andwasaimedtoremovetradebarriersandtopromotetransparentmarketaccessandintegrationofglobalmarkets
• Agreementonagriculturestandson3pillarsviz.Domestic
![Page 150: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
150
Support,MarketAccess,andExportSubsidies
Domestic Support
–ItreferstosubsidiessuchGuaranteedMinimumPriceorInputsubsidieswhichdirectandproductspecific.UnderthisSubsidiesarecategorizedinto3boxes–
• GreenBox–Subsidieswhicharenoorleastmarket distort-ingincludesmeasuresdecoupledfromoutputsuchasin-come-supportpayments(decoupledincomesupport),safety–netprograms,paymentsunderenvironmentalprograms,andagriculturalresearchand-developmentsubsidies
• BlueBox–Only‘Production limiting Subsidies’ underthisareallowed.Theycoverpaymentsbasedonacreage,yield,ornumberoflivestockinabaseyear.Targetpriceareallowedtobefixedbygovernmentandif‘marketprices’arelowerthanfarmerwillbecompensatedwithdifferencebetweentargetpricesandmarketpricesincash
• AmberBox–Thosesubsidieswhicharetradedistortingandneedtobecurbed.TheAmberBoxcontainscategoryofdo-mesticsupportthatisscheduledforreductionbasedonaformulacalledthe“AggregateMeasureofSupport”(AMS).TheAMSistheamountofmoneyspentbygovernmentsonagriculturalproduction,exceptforthosecontainedintheBlueBox,GreenBoxand‘deminimis’
De-Minimis provision
• Underthisprovisiondevelopedcountriesareallowedtomain-taintrade distorting subsidies or ‘Amber box’ subsidies tolevelof5%oftotalvalueofagriculturaloutput
• Fordevelopingcountriesthisfigurewas10%.SofarIndia’ssubsidiesarebelowthislimit,butitisgrowingconsistently
• ThisisbecauseMSParealwaysrevisedupwardwhereasMar-ketPriceshavefluctuatingtrends
![Page 151: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
151
Bali Summit, Trade facilitation and Peace Clause
• ThismatterwastakenupinrecentBalimeetandaninterimpeace clause wasreachedat
• Developedcountriesmadeanattempttocouplenegotiationsonthisissuewithanotherissueof‘Trade facilitation’
• Pleaseclausegavecountries4yeartimestoadjusttothelimitandavoidsanctions
• DateforratificationofBaliagreementwas31July,2014,onwhichIndiadeclinedtoratifyunlessa‘permanentsolution’isreached
• AfterthisinNovember,India–USreachedunderstandinginwhichtimelimitof4yearswasremovedandinreturnTradeFacilitationwasagreedtobyIndia
• NotablyinDealatBali,Developedcountrieswereabletowoounderdevelopedcountriesonbasisofa‘SpecialPackage’forthemdirectedtowardSocialandphysicalinfrastructure
• India as a result was isolatedinallthis,onlySouthAfricaex-tendedsomesupporttoIndia’sstand
• TradeFacilitationrequiresmembercountriestoinvestinInfra-structurethatfacilitatesImportsandexports,simplifycustomproceduresandremoveothernon-tariffbarriers
Market Access
• Themarketaccessrequiresthattariffsfixed(likecustomdu-ties)byindividualcountriesbecut progressively to allow free trade
• Italsorequiredcountriesto remove non-tariff barriersandconvertthemtoTariffduties
• EarliertherewerequotasforImportsunderwhichonlycertainquantitiesofparticularcommoditieswereallowedtoImport.ThisisanexampleofNon-tariffBarrier
• Indiahasagreedtothisagreementandsubstantiallyreducedtariffs.Onlygoodswhichareexemptedbytheagreementare
![Page 152: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
152
keptundercontrol
• MaximumtariffhasbeenbondedasrequiredbyWTO,underwhichahighersideoftariffsisfixedinpercentagethatshouldneverbesurpassed
• IfIndiaisabletodiversifyitsproductionandaddvaluebyfoodprocessing,thenthisisawin-windealforIndia
• AnumberofcommoditiesareexportedtoWestandlowtariffsinwestwillbenefitIndiansuppliers
Export Subsidy
• Thesecanbeinformofsubsidyoninputsofagriculture,mak-ingexportcheaperorcanbeotherincentivesforexportssuchasimportdutyremissionetc.
• Thesecanresultindumpingofhighlysubsidized(andcheap)productsinothercountry
• Thesesubsidiesarealsoalignedto1986-1990levels,whenex-portsubsidiesbydevelopedcountrieswassubstantiallyhigherandDevelopingcountriesalmosthadnoexportsubsidiesthattime
• ButUSAisdodgingthisprovisionbyitsExportcreditguaran-teeprogram(PublicLaw-480).ThisisoutofWTO’sAOA
Problems with WTO
• AswecannotethatSubsidieswerebind to levels of 1986-1988,therewasinequalityatverybeginningoftheagreement
• Atthattimesubsidieswhichlattercameunder‘AmberBox’werehistoricallyhigh in western countries
• Indevelopingcountries,includingIndiathesesubsidieswereverylimited.ItisonlynowunderpressureofInflationinpricesofagriculturalInputs,andwidedifferencesbetweenmarketpricesandMinimum support Price,subsidieshavegrowntothislevel
• Ineffectdevelopedcountriesareallowedtomaintainsubstan-tiallyhigheramountoftradedistortingsubsidies
![Page 153: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
153
• WTOnegotiationsalsoclaimtoworktowardsthisdirection,butinherentconflictingandvestedinterestoffewcountriesaretooinfluentialinWTO
• WTO’sagreementonagricultureisjusta tool for neo-imperi-alisminhandofMNCs
• Lackofflexibilityisfoundintradeagreements.Everycoun-tryhasdifferentrequirementsanddifferentproductmix,soenoughflexibilityismustinanyagreement
• Righttofoodisaglobalmovementandisguaranteedbynu-merousUNconventions.So,ensuringfoodsecurityisado-mesticconcern
SystemofAmber,blue,greenboxshouldbeconsideredforchangeandpreferablyitshouldbedoneawaywithasitgivesleewaytodevelopedcountriestocarryonwithdistortingsubsi-dies.
![Page 154: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
154
NET NEUTRALITY [GS-III]
Background
• TelecomCommission(agroupwithinIndia’sDepartmentofTelecom)hasapprovedtherecommendationsmadebytheTelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia(TRAI)onnetneutrality
• Themoveaimstoensurethatallwebtrafficistreatedfairly,andthatinternetserviceproviderswon’tblock,throttle,orfavouranycontentorservices(withafewreasonableexceptions)
• Netneutralityhasbecomeacontentiousissueacrosstheworldassocialmediagiantsandmobileandinter-netprovidersseekgreatercontrolondeliveryofcontentandservicestocustomers
• Itisfearedthathandingoutgreateranduncheckedcon-troltothemwillleadtomonopoliesandsituationsofpaidprioritisation,bothofwhichwillstiflethestart-upcultureandnewinnovations
23
NetNeutrality
• Thecomponentsofnetneutralitysaythatallthesebitsoftraf-ficareequal,sointernetserviceprovidersshouldnotdifferen-tiatethesebitsofdatabasedontheircontent;usage,theus-ers,orbasedonthewebsite
• Italsomeansthatthereshouldnotbeanydiscriminationfromtheserviceprovidersbydifferentiatingonesetofdataoronesetofbitsandpiecesfromtheother
• Equalaccessibletoallsites
• Samedatacosttoaccessasite(thereshouldbenopricedif-ferential)
![Page 155: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
155
• Nozerorating:alsocalledtoll-freedataorsponsoreddataisthepracticeofmobilenetworkoperators(MNO),mobilevirtu-alnetworkoperators(MVNO),andInternetServiceProviders(ISP)nottochargeendcustomersfordatausedbyspecificapplicationsorinternetservicesthroughtheirnetwork,inlimit-edormetereddataplans.Ex.Internet.orgAirtelZeroetc
Therules
• AsperthenetneutralityrulesinIndia,mobileoperators,inter-netprovidersandsocial-mediaandinternetcompaniescannot engage in, or seek, preferential treatment astherewillnowbeprohibitiononanykindofinterferenceinthetreatmentofcontent,includingpracticeslikeblocking,degrading,slowingdownorgrantingdifferentialspeedsortreatmenttoanycon-tent
• Anyeffortstocreatezero-rated platformshavenowbeenblocked.Zero-ratedplatforms,whichhadearlierbeentried(bycompaniessuchasAirtelandFacebook)butbarred,offeronlyacertaincategoryofservicesandwebsitesasfree,thuscreat-ingpaidlayersandstiflingcompetitionandinnovation
• Undernetneutrality,online access is unrestricted and non-discriminatory. The only exceptionsarenewandemerg-ingservicessuchasautonomousdriving,tele-medicineorremote-diagnosticservices,whichmayrequireprioritisedin-ternetlanesandfaster-than-normalspeeds.Acommitteewilllookintothepossibleexceptionsfor“criticalservices”whichwillalsobedefinedkeepinginviewthebasictenetsofnetneutrality
Significanceofnetneutrality
• UserRightsandNon-discriminatoryaccesstointernet
• FundamentalRighttoexpression
• It’sahugewinforthosewhofavourfreeandfairinternetac-cessinthecountry
• Thegovernment’sdecisionisbeingseenasprogressiveasitwillnotallowanymobileoperator,internetserviceprovideror
![Page 156: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
156
online/socialmediagianttocreatemonopoliesontheinternetbygettingspecializedtreatmentbypayingforit
• Therulesofequalaccesswillbemaintainedandnocompanycanbuyspecialtreatmentforitselforitsservices
• Itrestrictsthetelecomcompanies/ISPfromactingasagate-keeperandfromtakingarbitrarydecisionsoninternetservices
• Italsosupportsinnovationanddevelopmentofknowledgebasedeconomy
• Righttocreatecontentandaccessitwithoutrestrictions
• Further,netneutralitysupportstart-upcompaniesinavailingtechnologyandknowhow
• ThereisaneedforpreservingcustomerprivacyandnationalsecurityalongwithregulatingNN
• Itisasteptowardspromotingequalityamongconsumers
• Deterrentagainstcronycapitalism
• Creatingajustmarketecosystem
Argumentsagainstnetneutrality:
• Ithelpsthemtooptimizetherevenueforwhichtheyinvestinspectrums
• Theycanpaycertainamounttothegovernmentassubscrip-tionfee
• Investbillionsofdollarstobuildtheinfrastructureofinternetthatallowsustoaccesstheinternetmanywebsites
• Increasetheaccesstotheinternet
• Generatemorerevenuewhichwillleadtoproductinnovationandresearchinthefield
• Italsohelpstodiscardunwantedcontentsandinternetjunks
• AtpresentthereisnosinglestandardaccepteddefinitionofNN
![Page 157: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
157
• UnclearregulatorystructureonNN-InIndia,issuesoflicens-ingandspectrumallocationaredealtbyDoT
TRAIsRecommendationonnetneutrality
• TRAI’sconsultationpaperwasawelcomesteptowardsdecid-ingtheNNframeworkinIndia
• InternetaccessinIndiawillremainunfetteredwiththegovern-mentacceptingthetelecomregulator’srecommendationstointroducestrongestnetneutralityprotectionsintheworld
• ToimplementNetneutrality,theregulatorhadrecommendedthatthetermsoflicenceagreementsthatgoverntheprovisionofInternetservicesinIndiabeamended“toincorporatetheprinciplesofnon-discriminatorytreatmentofcontentalongwiththeappropriateexclusionsandexceptions.”
• IthadthensuggestedthatInternetofThings,asaclassofservices,shouldnotbeexcludedfromthescopeofrestrictiononnon-discriminatorytreatmentbutcertaincriticalservicesshouldbeexemptfromtheserules
• DoTwillalsoframeapolicyontrafficmanagementpracticesforserviceprovidersandseparatelysetupabodyofindustryrepresentativesandcivilsocietytomonitorandenforcenetneutralitynorms
• Ithasfurtherrecommendedestablishingamulti-stakehold-ernot-for-profitbodyforthemonitoringandenforcementoftheseprinciples
ImplicationsofapprovedNetneutrality
• InamovethatwillensureopenandfreeinternetinIndia,thegovernmenthasapprovedtheprincipleofnetneutrality
• ThismeansthattelecomandInternetserviceprovidersmusttreatalldataontheInternetequally,andnotdiscriminateorchargedifferentlybyuser,content,site,platform,orapplica-tion
• Theycannotengageinpracticessuchasblocking,slowingdownorgrantingpreferentialspeedstoanycontent
![Page 158: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
158
• TheTelecomCommission(TC)—whichisthehighestdeci-sion-makingbodyintheDepartmentofTelecom,approvedtherecommendationmadebytheTelecomRegulatoryAuthorityofIndia(TRAI)
CommitteeonNetNeutrality
A.K.BhargavaCommitteeonNetNeutralitywassetupbyDoT:
HighlightsoftheReport
• ThereporthasindicatedthatlegitimatetrafficmanagementpracticesshouldbeallowedyettestedagainstNetNeutralitycoreprinciples
• Improperprioritisationwillnotbepermitted,paidorotherwiseasperthecommittee
• ThespecificapproachofIndiatowardsNetNeutralityshouldtakeintoaccountglobalbestpracticeswhichservespecificneedsofthenation
• TheprimalaimofIndia’sNetNeutralityprincipleshouldbeto-wardsthefollowing:-Reasonablypricedbroadband
• Qualitybroadband
• Universalbroadbandforcitizens
• UserrightsonInternetneedtobeensuredsoISP/Telecomprovidersdonotlimittheabilityoftheusertoreceive,send,transmitorpostlegalcontent,apporserviceonlineorrestrictlawfulinternetactivityuse
• OTToroverthetopappservicesshouldbereallyencouragedandobstaclesintheirprogressshouldbeeliminated
• Applicationlayershouldbeseparatedfromnetworklayerbe-causeappservicesaredeliveredthroughalicensednetwork-ParticularOTTcommunicationservicesassociatedwithmes-sagingshouldnotcomeinthewayofregulatoryinstruments
• ForOTTVoIPinternationalcallingservices,theBhargavacom-mitteehasrecommendedaliberalapproach
• Asfarasdomesticcalls(localandnational)areconcerned,
![Page 159: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
159
communicationservicesofOTTandTSPsshouldbetreatedequivalentfromtheregulatoryanglecurrently
• Contentaswellasapplicationprovidersmustnotbegate-keepersandinsteadpromotenetworkoperationsforextract-ingcoreNetNeutralityprinciples,evenforanostensiblepublicpurpose
• Athinktankmustbesetupwithfreshtalentgiventhecom-plexitiesofthenewdigitalworld
Wayforward:
• Activereforms–Passinglegislations,guidelinesandregula-tionstoregulateNN.EgTRAI’sProhibitionofDiscriminatoryTariffsforDataServicesRegulations2016
• Astheinterneteconomygainsinsizeandinfluenceacrosstheworld,therehavebeenincreasingconcernswithrelationtothepotentialfordiscriminatorytreatmentofinternettrafficbytheentitiesthatcontrolaccesstotheinternet
• AllthosewhobelieveinafairmarketplaceshouldwelcomethereiterationthattheprinciplesofnetneutralitywillbeupheldinIndia.Thiswillensurethatthosewhocontrolthepipesthroughwhichdataflows–betweenprovidersandconsumersofcon-tent–cannotfavoursomeprovidersoverothers
• Thegovernmentnowneedstoensuretherearenoloopholesthatcouldresultinanunevenplayingfield–forinstance,com-paniesthatownbothbroadbandandproducecontentshouldnotbeallowedtodistributetheircontentfree,bynotchargingforthedata.Conversely,othercontentprovidersshouldhavethesamefreeaccesstodistribution
• Self-regulationthroughtheformationofvoluntarymechanismmaynotworkduetoprofiteering
• WaitandWatchapproachasbeingdonebymanycountries.Asandwhentheinternetmarketmaturenecessaryactionsandlegislationcouldbeenacted
• CronycapitalismmayunderminetheconceptsofNN.Hencecontinuesandconstantvigilisimperativeforthissector
![Page 160: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
160
• Agreatamountofpoliticalwillisneededtofinalizetheintri-cateaspectsofNN
• IndependenceofregulationbyTRAIwithoutanyinterferenceisasinquanonforhavingNN
![Page 161: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
161
ROLE OF BIG DATA IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT [GS-III]
Background
• IndiaandSouthKorearecentlysignedagreementoncooperationindevelopmentofbigdatatechnologiesindisastermanagement.
• Bigdatacanplayasignificantroleinenhancingourca-pabilitiestomanagedisasters
• Itisthecollectionofscientificandengineeringmeth-odsandtoolsthathelpinmakingthebestofmassiveamountsofavailabledata
24
• Bigdatahasradicallychangedthewaysthroughwhichhumansocietiesadoptnaturaldisastermanagementstrategiestore-ducehumansufferingandeconomiclosses
• ThechallengeoftheexpertsinITistomakethebestofbigdatabysourcinginformationfromvariedformatsandstoringitinwaysthatitcanbeeffectivelyusedduringdifferentstag-esofnaturaldisastermanagement
• Allowsresearcherstoconductanefficientanalysisofdisasterspreaswellaspostdisasterphases
• Bigdatahasnowbecomeacrucialelementofdisastercom-munication
• Bigdataaddressesnotonlystorageissues,butalsoissuesre-latedtoaccessibility,distribution,analysis,andeffectivevisualpresentationofdataandanalysis
• Communicationalsoentailsunderstandingandmonitoringtheentirebodyofpublic
• Bigdataallowsresearcherstoconductadetailedanalysisofallcommunicationswhichprovidesvaluableinformationthat
![Page 162: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
162
hasageneralvalidityforthepopulationatlarge;suchasinfor-mationaboutadiseaseoutbreak
• EfficientAllocationofResources
• Helpingtomonitorrecovery,focusingearlywarningandas-sessingresilience
• IdentificationofVulnerablepopulationfornaturaldisasteranddataonthesecommunitiescanbeusedtopursue‘riskin-formed’development
• ConnectingmissingpeoplewiththeirFamilies.Facebook’s‘safetycheckservice’
• Allowsgovt.toanticipateindirectimpactofdisasterandre-ducerisks
• Italsoprovidesrealtimeaccesstodisastermanagers
GlobalInstitutionstostudyDisasterandRisks
• In2015,theUNDPpartneredwiththeTohokuUniversityandFujitsudecidedtocreateaGlobalCentreforDisasterStatis-tics(GCDS)
• Theaimistogatherandcrunch‘bigdata’tomeettheambi-tioustargetsoftheSendaiFrameworktoreducetherisksfromdisasters
• Fujitsu’scloud-basedecosystemcapturesdatafromavarietyofsources,includingunstructuredsourceslikesocialmedia,high-resolutionsatelliteimageryanddrones
• Provideinsightsforpolicymakersabouttheimpactsofdisas-ters.Thisincludeshelpingtomonitorrecovery,focussingonearlywarning,andassessingresilience
Conclusion
• Bigdatahasasignificantroleinallphasesofdisastermanage-ment
• Bigdatafromsensornetworks,socialmedia,andfromothersourcesareavailableandshowsitsusefulnessindisasterman-
![Page 163: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
163
agement
• Thesebigdatahelppolicymakersandfirstresponderstocomewithquickandconcretedecision.Manynaturalhazardforecastingsystemsrelyonbigdata
• Earlywarningsystemfortsunami,storm,forestfire,andfloodcanbemoreaccurateandreliablefromthesehugevolumesofdata
• Crowdsourcing,cyberinfrastructure,andcloudcomputingapproachcanbeusedtogetrequiredinformationforemer-gencymanagementbyanalysingbigdata
• Machinelearningapproachandparallelprocessingapproachmightsavevaluableprocessingtimeduringanemergency
• Thebigdataarchivecanbehelpfulformodeldevelopmentandvalidationtoensuremoreefficientdisastermanagement
• Despitehavingthesechallenges,researchanddatagatheringontheusefulnessofbigdataindisastermanagementareon-going
NaturaldisastersinIndia
• Adisasterisaphysicalevent,phenomenonorhumanactivitythatleadstosuddendisruptionofnormallife,causingseveredamagetolifeandpropertytoanextentthatavailablesocialandeconomicprotectionmechanismsareinadequatetocope
• CoastalStates,particularlyontheEastCoastandGujaratarevulnerabletocyclones.4crorehectarelandmassisvulnerabletofloods
• 68percentofnetsownareaisvulnerabletodroughts
• 55percentoftotalareaisinseismiczonesIII-V,hencevulner-abletoearthquakes
• Sub-HimalayansectorandWesternGhatsarevulnerabletolandslides
• Floods
• Droughts
![Page 164: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
164
• Cyclones
• Earthquakes
• LandslidesandAvalanches:
ManmadedisastersinIndia
• Nuclearandradiologicaldisasters
• Chemicaldisasters
• Biologicaldisasters
• Toxicwastes
• Urbanflooding
• Roadaccidents
• Warsandpopulationdisplacement
• Globalwarming
DisasterManagementsmechanisms
• UndertheprovisionsoftheAct,theNationalDisasterManage-mentAuthority(NDMA)hasbeenestablishedundertheChair-manshipofthePrimeMinister
• NationalExecutiveCommittee(NEC)ofSecretarieshasbeencreatedtoassisttheNDMAintheperformanceofitsfunctions
• StateDisasterManagementAuthorityhasbeencreatedun-dertheChairmanshipofChiefMinisteroftheState,whichhasbeenassistedbyaStateExecutiveCommittee
• AttheDistrictlevel,DistrictDisasterManagementAuthoritieshavebeencreated
• PrimaryresponsibilityformanagementofdisasterrestswiththeStateGovernmentconcerned
• InstitutionalmechanismputinplaceattheCentre,StateandDistrictlevels
• TheNationalPolicyondisastermanagementputsinplaceanenablingenvironmentforall
![Page 165: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
165
• NDMAistheoverallcoordinatingagencies
• NDRFpersonnelrespondedtimelytoreduceimpactsofdisas-terandhelpinrescue
India’sinitiativesforDM
• NationalDisasterManagementAct,2005–Providedthelegalbasisfordisastermanagement
• NationalDisasterManagementAuthority(NDMA)–Coordi-natesactivitiesofdisastermanagement
• NationalPolicyonDisasterManagement(NPDM),2009–Insti-tutionalmechanisms
• NationalDisasterManagementPlan(NDMP),2016–AlignedwithSendaiFramework
• NationalinstituteforDisasterManagement(NIDM)conductre-searchinDM
• NDRF-NationalDisasterResponseForce
NationalDisasterManagementPlan2016
• NationalDisasterManagementPlanaimstomakeIndiadisas-terresilientandsignificantlyreducethelossoflivesandassets
• NationalDisasterManagementPlanbasedonthefourprioritythemesoftheSendaiFrameworknamelydisasterriskreduc-tion
• NDMPcoversallphasesofdisastermanagement:prevention,mitigation,responseandrecovery
• NDMPspellsoutrolesandresponsibilitiesofalllevelsofGov-ernmentrightuptoPanchayatandUrbanLocalBodylevelinamatrixformat
• ItprovidesforhorizontalandverticalintegrationamongalltheagenciesanddepartmentsoftheGovernment
• TheplanalsospellsouttherolesandresponsibilitiesofalllevelsofGovernmentrightuptoPanchayatandUrbanLocalBodylevelinamatrixformat
![Page 166: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
166
• Theplanhasaregionalapproach,whichwillbebeneficialnotonlyfordisastermanagementbutalsofordevelopmentplan-ning
• Itisdesignedinsuchawaythatitcanbeimplementedinascalablemannerinallphasesofdisastermanagement
• Italsoidentifiesmajoractivitiessuchasearlywarning,infor-mationdissemination,medicalcare,fuel,transportation,searchandrescue,evacuation,etc.toserveasachecklistforagenciesrespondingtoadisaster.Italsoprovidesageneralizedframe-workforrecoveryandoffersflexibilitytoassessasituationandbuildbackbetter
• Topreparecommunitiestocopewithdisasters,NDMPempha-sizesonagreaterneedforInformation,EducationandCom-municationactivities
TheNationalPolicyonDisasterManagement
• IthasbeenpreparedintunewithandinpursuanceoftheDi-sasterManagementAct,2005
• TobuildasafeanddisasterresilientIndiabydevelopingaho-listic,proactive,multi-disasterorientedandtechnologydrivenstrategythroughacultureofprevention,mitigation,prepared-nessandresponse
• ThePolicycoversinstitutional,legalandfinancialarrange-ments
• Disasterprevention,mitigationandpreparedness,techno-legalregime;response,reliefandrehabilitation;reconstructionandrecovery;capacitydevelopment;knowledgemanagementandresearchanddevelopment
• Itfocusesontheareaswhereactionisneededandtheinstitu-tionalmechanismthroughwhichsuchactioncanbechannel-ized
• TheNPDMaddressestheconcernsofallthesectionsofthesocietyincludingdisadvantagedgroups
• Intermsofgrantofreliefandformulatingmeasuresforreha-
![Page 167: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
167
bilitationoftheaffectedpersonsduetodisasters,theissueofequity/inclusivenesshasbeenaccordeddueconsideration
• TheNPDMaimstobringintransparencyandaccountabilityinallaspectsofdisastermanagement,throughinvolvementofcommunity,communitybasedorganizations,PanchayatiRajInstitutions(PRIs),localbodiesandcivilsociety
NationalDisasterManagementPlanforAnimals
• Indiangovernmentreleasedanationaldisastermanagementplanforanimals
• Rescueandreliefofanimalswillnowbeanintegralpartofdi-sasteroperationsinthecountry
• DMPwaspreparedbyDepartmentofAnimalHusbandry,Dairying&Fisheries
• TheplanisajointeffortoftheNationalInstituteofDisasterManagement(NIDM),theWorldAnimalProtectionandthePolicyPerspectivesFoundation(PPF)
• Pre-disasterpreparednessincludesdetailedactionplanrelat-ingtodisseminationofearlywarning,identificationofvulner-abilityamongstlivestock,animalvaccination,feedandfoddersupplyandcapacitybuildingofdifferentstake-holdersindi-sastermanagementetc
• Disasterresponsecomponentincludesstrategy/actionplanrelatingtoeffectiveandpromptresponse,rescueoflivestock,feed&foddersupply,measuresagainstepidemicsanddiseas-esandmaintenanceofSanitationetc
• Postdisastercomponentincludestrategyfortreatmentofsickanimals,diseasesurveillance,disposalofcarcass,restorationandrestockingoflivestockpopulation
NationalOilSpillDisasterContingencyPlan(NOS_DCP)
• ItgivestheIndianCoastGuardthemandatetooperations
• ItmandatesthatallmajorportsinIndiashouldhavebasic,minimumequipment,likeinflatableboomsandoilskimmers,
![Page 168: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
168
totackleoilspill
• IthighlightstheresponsibilitiesforindividualPorts
• TherevisedNOS-DCPin2015envisagesmeetinginternationalstandards
• OnlineOilSpillAdvisorySystemwassetup
• ItplacesIndiaamongsttheselectfewcountriesthathave:
» Anindigenouslydevelopedcapabilityofpredictionoftra-jectoryofoilspills
» Mappingofenvironmentalsensitivitiesincoastalzones
» Deploymentofaerialdispersantspraysystem
» Facilitatingregionaloilspillcontingencyplans
• In2015IndiaratifiedtheInternationalConventiononCivilLia-bilityforBunkerOilPollutionDamage,2001(BunkerConven-tion)
• Conventionensuresadequate,promptandeffectivecompen-sationfordamagecausedbyoilspills
• Aninternationalforumonoilspillprevention,preparedness,responseandrestorationsystemswasconstitutedin2011viz.OilSpillIndia(OSI)
• OilZapperisacocktailofbacteriathatfeedontheoilandde-gradethehydrocarbons
• NewermethodsandtechnologieslikeNano-sheetsthatcouldrevolutionizeoilspillcleanupsandwaterpurificationneedstobedeployed
• Followstandardoperatingprocedure
![Page 169: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
169
SOLAR ENERGY RELATED ISSUES [GS-III]
Background
• Gujarat,AndhraPradeshandRajasthanhavetoppedthelistofstateswithmaximumsolarpowergenerationca-pacity
• Gujarat’stotalcapacityof6,200MWisdistributedacross3solarparks;Rajasthan’s4,331MWcapacitiescomesfrom6parks;while4solarparksaccountforAndhra’s4,160MWtotalapprovedcapacity
• UttarPradeshandMadhyaPradeshhave570MWand2,570MWapprovedcapacity,respectively.Also,7ofthe45parkshavecapacityexceeding1,000MW
25
SolarParkScheme:
• MinistryofNewandrenewableEnergy(MNRE)hasdrawnaschemetosetupnumberofsolarparksacrossvariousstatesinthecountry,generallyabove500MW
• TheSchemeprovidefinancialsupportbyGovernmentofIndiatoestablishsolarparkswithanaimtofacilitatecreationofin-frastructurenecessaryforsettingupnewsolarpowerprojects
• Asperthepolicy,thesesolarparkswillbedevelopedincollab-orationwiththeStateGovernments
• TheimplementationagencywouldbeSolarEnergyCorpora-tionofIndia(SECI)onbehalfofGovernmentofIndia(GOI)
• Thestatesshalldesignateanodalagencyforimplementationofthesolarpark
SolarPark
![Page 170: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
170
• Asolarparkisaconcentratedzoneofdevelopmentofsolarpowergenerationprojectsandprovidesdevelopersanareathatiswellcharacterized,withproperinfrastructureandac-cesstoamenitiesandwheretheriskoftheprojectscanbeminimized
Benefitsoftheschemeforstates:
• Atthestatelevel,thesolarparkwillenablethestatestobringinsignificantinvestmentfromprojectdevelopersinSolarPow-ersector,tomeetitsSolarPurchaseObligation(SPO)man-datesandprovideemploymentopportunitiestolocalpopula-tion
• Thestatewillalsobeabletoreduceitscarbonfootprintbyavoidingemissionsequivalenttothesolarpark’sgeneratedcapacity
• Theywillalsogeneratelargedirect&indirectemploymentop-portunities
• Thesolarparkswillalsoprovideproductiveuseofabundantuncultivablelandswhichinturnfacilitatedevelopmentofthesurroundingareas
GovernmentSchemes
• KusumScheme:GovernmenthasannouncedtheKisanUrjaSurakshaevamUtthaanMahabhiyanorKUSUMschemewhichaimsatfurtheringtheproductionofsolarpowerinIndiaandalsogivethebenefitsofsolarfarmingtofarmers
• InternationalSolarAllianceforinternationalcooperationonsolarenergy
• NationalSolarmissionaimstogenerate100MWby2022
• 45approvedsolarparksacrosscountry
• TheSolarCityaimsatminimum10%reductioninprojecteddemandofconventionalenergyattheendoffiveyears
• Off-GridandDecentralizedSolarApplicationScheme
ProblemsFacedbyThesolarIndustry
![Page 171: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
171
• Absenceofproperfinancingmechanism
• Availabilityoflandanditspossession
• Evacuationofpoweranditsconnectivitytothecentralgrid
• Foreverymegawattofsolarpowercapacityinstalled,anaver-ageoutputofamere19%isextracted
• Constraintssuchasreasons–night,monsoons,dust,storms–solarpowerisneitherproducedalldaynorthroughouttheyear
• TheCapacityUtilisationFactor(CUF),asitiscommonlycalled,istherealoutputoftheplantascomparedtotheplant’stheo-reticalmaximumoutput.(thedeliverablepower)
• ThegrowthofrooftopsolarinIndiaisrelativelylow
• Eventhoughgovernmentsubsidisesolarpowerproductionandpurchasefromrooftop,theloftycostofrooftopsolarpan-elsoverridesthetangiblebenefitintheeyesofcustomers
• Duetotheinstabilityinsolarpowerproduction,thedepen-denceofhouseholdswithrooftopsolaroncoalbasedelectric-ity/dieselgeneratorswillpersist
• TheideathatIndia’sdependenceoncoalbasedpowerwillde-creaseinthenearfutureseemsnaïve
Domesticcontentcontroversy
• IndiahitbackatWashington’slatestlegalassaultonitssolarpowerpoliciesattheWorldTradeOrganisation(WTO)
• IndiarejectedaU.S.legalclaimandstartedexploringpossiblenewprotectionofIndia’sownsolarindustry
• GuidelinesforthesolarmissionmandatedcellsandmodulesforsolarPVprojectsbasedoncrystallinesilicontobemanu-facturedinIndia
• Thisaccountsforover60%oftotalsystem
• IndiatoldtheWTOlastweekthatitwasconsideringthecaseforimposingtemporaryemergencytariffsonsolarcells,mod-
![Page 172: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
172
ulesandpanels,afterapetitionfromthedomesticindustry
• SafeguardtariffsarepermittedbytheWTOifthereisevi-denceofseriousharmorthreatofseriousharm,toacountry’sproductionfromasudden,unforeseensurgeinimports
Wayahead:
• LeveragingthepossibilitiesofInternationalSolarAlliance(ISA)
• Enormousdifferenceinthepowergenerationisnotduetoanyparticularinefficiencyoftheplantbutduetothedrawbacksinthenatureofsolarpoweritself.NeedR&Dtosupportit
• MeasureshavetobetakenforincreasingtheCUFofsolarpowerplantsaround20%
• Increasinggroundmountedgridconnectedsolarpowerandrooftopgridinteractivesolarpower
• Giventhelargelandrequirement,around4acreperMw,forexecutionofsolarprojects,thereareinherentexecutionchal-lengesrelatedtolandacquisitionwhichvaryacrossstates
• Issuesofinadequatetransmissionconnectivitytogrids
• Implementnetmeteringthroughoutthecountry
Conclusion
Effortsfrombothcentralandstategovernmentsarerequiredtoenableandco-ordinatewithnodalimplementationagencyofasolarpark,especiallyforlandacquisitionandtransmissioncon-nectivity,inatime-boundmannersothatsolarprojectsoflargersizecanbeattractedthroughbiddingrouteinsuchparks.
However,oncloseexaminationitbecomesclearthatthepoweryieldfromthisincreasedcapacityonanaveragewillbeaslittleas20%ofthetotalcapacity,andthiswillmakelittledifferencetoIndia’semissions.Theambitioustargetspublicisedbythegov-ernmentprevaricatethisposition.
Needforananti-lynchinglaw:
• Atpresentthereisnolawthatcriminalisesmobkillings.The
![Page 173: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
173
IndianPenalCodehasprovisionsforunlawfulassembly,riot-ing,andmurderbutnothingthattakescognisanceofagroupofpeoplecomingtogethertokill(alynchmob)
• UnderSection223(a)oftheCriminalProcedureCode(CrPC),toprosecutetogethertwoormorepeopleaccusedofthesameoffencecommittedinthecourseofthe“sametrans-action”
• Buttheprovisionfallsfarshortofanadequatelegalframe-workforprosecutinglynchmobs
WhatismeantbyLynching?
• Lynchingisnotjust“mobocracy”;itisacollectivehatecrimeagainstindividuals
• Thehumanfascinationwithwitnessingbarbaricviolencein-
RECENT ISSUE OF LYNCHING IN INDIA [GS-III & GS-IV]
Background
• Asthegrimthreatoflynchingcastsaterrifyingshadowoverlargeswathesofthecountry,directionsfromIndia’sSupremeCourttoallgovernmentstotakestepstopre-ventwhatitdescribedas“horrendousactsofmobocra-cy”canonlybewelcomed
• ThecourthasaskedParliamenttoconsiderpassingaspeciallawonlynching.This,itmaintains,isessentialtoprotectcitizensandensurethatthe“pluralisticsocialfabric”ofthecountryholdsagainstmobviolence
• Though,ifthisrulingwillhaveanyinfluenceonactuallystemmingthehateviolencesweepingthroughourland.Anewlawwillworkifgapsinexistinglawarewhatpre-ventstateadministrationsfromactingdecisivelyandfairlyagainstlynchmobs
26
![Page 174: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
174
flictedonfellowmenpredatestheinventionofvideographandsocialmedia
• Beitthemesmerisedcrowdswatchinggladiatorsfighttodeathorthethrill-seekingaudiencewhocametowitnesspub-licexecutions;theideaofdeathasaspectacleisnotnew
• ForInstance,Lynchingmaybesparkedvariouslybydisputesoverallegationsofcowsmugglingorslaughter,orwildru-moursofcattletheftorchildkidnapping,orsomethingevenastrivialasaseatinanunreservedtraincompartment
• Whatevertheostensibletrigger,murderousmobsgathertolynchpeopleofhatedidentitieswithgratuitouscruelty.IndiaSpendfoundthat86percentofpersonskilledincow-relatedlynchingwereMuslim,and8percentDalit
• Therecentspateofmobkillingsonrumoursofchildkidnap-pingtargetstrangersandmentallychallengedpersons
• ThemoblynchinginIndiaindicateasimilarpsychologicalma-nia:thekillersareoftentheoneswhoshownoremorseinre-cordingandpublicisingtheircrime
MainReasonsoftheseLynchinginrecenttimes
• Mobviolencebecomespossiblebecauseconditionsarecreat-edfortheperpetratorstodehumaniseafellowhumanbeing
• Thisdehumanisationisconditionedbythesocial,economicandpoliticalconditionsofasocietyataparticularmomentintime
• Massaccesstovisualviolenceandthepsychologicaleffectonsociety
• Thesehatecrimesflourishmostofallbecauseoftheenablingclimateforhatespeechandviolencewhichisfosteredandle-gitimisedfromabove,whichfreespeopletoactouttheirprej-udices;andtheimpunityassuredbystateadministrationstotheperpetrators
• Seniorministersandelectedrepresentativesfrequentlycomeoutinopendefenceoftheattackers,chargingthevictims
![Page 175: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
175
withprovokingtheattacks
• Themessagingisunambiguous:Notthelynchmob,butthevictim,andthecommunitytowhichhebelongs,areguilty
• Assoonasanissuearisesocialmediawouldbefloodedwithangstriddenhatemessagescallingforcounter-violenceandrevenge
• Thecurrentphenomenonoflynchingtobewhatintellectualsdescribeas“commandhatecrime”
• Bythisunderline,first,thatthesearehatecrimes,notordinarymobviolence,asthesemostlytargetidentifiedminoritycom-munitiesanddisadvantagedcastes.Andsecond,thatthesecrimesaretacitlyoropenlyencouragedbyseniorleadersofthepoliticalestablishment
• Themembersofthelynchmobinmostincidentsoflynchingvideo-tapetheact,anduploadthevideo-tapes.Torecordone’scrimesanddisplaytheseonthesocialmediareflectsabrazenconfidencethatyouwillnotbepunishedforyourcrime,andevenifyouarenabbed,youwillbeaherofortherulingestablishment
AdministrativeFailure
• Thereisarecurringpatterninpoliceactiontoo.Ifpresent,evenastheslaughterofinnocentsunfolds,theydon’tact,pleadinglaterthattheywereoutnumbered.Inmostcases,theycomeintoolatetosavelives,andveryoftentheyreg-istercrimesagainstthevictimsanddragtheirfeettochargeandarresttheattackers
• Theincidentsofbystandereffectsofpolicepersonalswithcriminalsascribedasafailureofthestatemachineryandthelossoffaithinthejudiciarybythepublic
• Afterthelynching,policeoftentriestorecordtheincidentasacrimeofcowsmuggling,animalcruelty,rashdrivingandroadrage
• Recentincidentsindicateanormalisationofhatredtowardsminoritieswhichcouldnothavebeensustainedinanabsence
![Page 176: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
176
ofpoliticalmotivations
• Initsinvestigations,thepolicenevercordonoffthesiteofthelynchattacks:Evenhoursafterthecrime,peoplewalkoverthegroundstillsplatteredwithbloodorburnedflesh.Thisisnotashoddyinvestigation.Itisdeliberate(andcriminal)destructionofevidencewhichcouldhavebeenusedagainstthekillers
• Thepoliceinalmosteverycase,instead,registercrimesagainstthevictims
• Inrecentincidencesreflectthat,Statehomeministers,some-timeschiefministers,andseniorpoliceofficialspubliclyde-nouncenotthemembersofthelynchmobsbutthevictimsandsurvivors
• Case:TheSarbanandaSonawalgovernmenthasannouncedanawarenessprogramme‘Sanskaar-MaanuheMaanuhorBabe’withanaimtorootoutsuperstitiousbeliefsinruralareas.Thestateisnostrangertohorrificcasesofmobviolencefuelledbysuperstitionsandrumours.Asmanyasaround300hadbeenkilledinAssamonthesuspicionofbeingwitchesfrom2001to2006
Government’sresponse
• Consideringtheincreasingincidentsofmoblynching,theUnionGovernmenthasconstitutedaHighLevelCommittee chaired by the Union Home Secretary Rajiv Gaubatodeliber-ateinthematterandmakerecommendations
• StateGovernmentsareresponsibleforcontrollingcrime,main-taininglawandorder,andprotectingthelifeandpropertyofthecitizens.Butforaneffectivedeterrencetowardslynching,union-statecoordinationisrequired
Conclusion
• Itisclearthatmobkillingsdonotoccurinasocialvacuum.Itisperhapsaviolent,overtreactionoftensionsinsociety
• Forpeopleinpoliticalauthority,uniformandmagistratestotakesidesinhatebattlesisaprofoundcrimeagainsthumanity.
![Page 177: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
177
Yetthisstillisrecognisedatbestasamoralfailure,notapun-ishablecrime
• Ifthereisanynewlawweneedtopreventthespreadlikeanepidemicofthisnewscourgeoftargetedhatecrime,oflynchmobs,itrequiresonlyonelaw,andthisisthecreationofacrimeofderelictionofdutyandcommunalpartisanshipbypublicofficials
• Thechallenge,ultimately,isnotoflaw,butofourcollectivemoralityandourcollectivehumanity
• Intherecentyears,thecasesofmoblynchinghaveincreasedexponentially,whichisanalarmingsignalforthesocialhar-monyofthenation
• InthelandofMahatmaGandhi,whowastheworshipperofnon-violence,itsverydisconcertingandheart-breakingtoseetheinnocentpeoplebeingpraytothepeoplewithvestedin-terestsandaparticularagendaclaimingtobetheprotectorofreligion,custom,andsociety
WayForward
• Offlate,wehaveseenastohowthetechnology,whichiscon-sideredtobetheboonformankind,isbeingusedbysomepeopletospreadrumoursandfakenewsleadingtoassaultanddeathofinnocentpeople
• Intherecenttimes,severalinstancesofmisuseofsocialnet-workingsitessuchasFacebook,Twitter,andWhatsApphavecausedthelossoflives
• Thoughtheserviceprovidershavecomeupwiththemodifi-cationsinthefeaturestocontaintheincreasingdisseminationoffakenews,yetithasnotproventobeveryeffective.Thatmeans,thereisaneedforstrongerregulationovertheuseoftheseapps
• Theproblemisnotmerelyalackofeducation.Thereisaneedtointrospectandaddressthenoxiousxenophobicprejudiceswhichmakeitpossibleto‘otherwise’andcreatedissensions
• MoblynchinghappensforwellliteratestateslikeKeralaand
![Page 178: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
178
TamilNadu.Amorevigilantcitizenryalongwithresponsivepolicingcouldreducethismenace
![Page 179: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
179
NELSON MANDELA INTERNATIONAL DAY [GS-IV]
Context
• 2018marks100yearssincethebirthofNelsonMandela(18July1918)
• UNMandeladayonJuly18
27
NelsonMandelaInternationalDay
• NelsonMandelaInternationalDayisaglobaleventheldannu-allytohonourformerSouthAfricanpresidentandanti-apart-heidactivistNelsonMandela
• TheeventstartedaftertheNelsonMandelaFoundationand46664,aconcertseriesthatbenefitsAIDSvictimsreferencingMandela’sprisonnumber46664
• IdeaofhonouringtheworkandlegacyofNelsonMandelain-ternationallystartedinApril2009
• ThefirstMandelaDaywasheldonMandela’s91stbirthdayonJuly18,2009topromotevolunteeringandcommunityser-vice,beingmarkedworldwidewithcommunityserviceevents,artexhibits,fundraisersandaconcertatRadioCityMusicHallinNewYorkCity
• OnMandeladay,workingintandemwiththeNelsonMandelaFoundation,theUNaskedeveryonetotake67minutesoutoftheirdaytoaidothers
• TheUnitedNationssoontookinterestandsupportedtheideaofaglobaldayhonouringMandela,declaringinNovember2009themarkingofJuly18asNelsonMandelaInternationalDay
NelsonMandela
• NelsonMandelawastheformerPresidentofSouthAfricaas
![Page 180: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
180
wellasananti-apartheidactivist,philanthropistandpoliticalleader
• Aleaderofbothpeacefulprotestsandarmedresistanceagainstthewhiteminority’soppressiveregimeinaraciallydi-videdSouthAfrica
• Mandelaemergedasakeyleaderintheresistancetoracistapartheidlaws,beingarrestedmultipletimes
• Latersentencedtolifeinprisonin1964afterbeingtrialledforconspiringtooverthrowthegovernment
• SouthAfricangovernmentfinallyreleasedMandelaafter27yearsin1990
• HesoonworkedalongsidePresidentF.W.deKlerktodismantletheapartheidregimein1991
• In1994generalelectioninwhichhewaselectedasthecoun-try’snewpresident
• Duringhispresidency,Mandelaworkedtopromoteracialrec-onciliation,fightpovertyandexpandhealthcareforallSouthAfricans
• Afterleavingoffice,heremainedactiveinmanyphilanthropiceffortsthroughouttheworld,particularlyendingtheHIV/AIDScrisisandreducingpoverty
• Forhisefforts,hewasawardeddozensofprestigiousacco-lades,includingtheNobelPeacePrizeandtheU.S.PresidentialMedalofFreedom
FamousQuotesbyMandela
» “Educationisthemostpowerfulweaponwhichyoucanusetochangetheworld”
» “Italwaysseemsimpossibleuntilit’sdone”
» “Ilearnedthatcouragewasnottheabsenceoffear,butthetriumphoverit.Thebravemanisnothewhodoesnotfeelafraid,buthewhoconquersthatfear”
» “Therecanbenokeenerrevelationofasociety’ssoulthan
![Page 181: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
181
thewayinwhichittreatsitschildren”
» “Courageouspeopledonotfearforgiving,forthesakeofpeace”
» “Todenypeopletheirhumanrightsistochallengetheirveryhumanity”
» “Moneywon’tcreatesuccess,thefreedomtomakeitwill”
» “Itisbettertoleadfrombehindandtoputothersinfront,especiallywhenyoucelebratevictorywhennicethingsoccur.Youtakethefrontlinewhenthereisdanger.Thenpeoplewillappreciateyourleadership”
» “Ifyoutalktoamaninalanguageheunderstands,thatgoestohishead.Ifyoutalktohiminhislanguage,whichgoesintohisheart”
ContributionofMandela
• KnownforhiscontributiontoabolishapartheidinAfrica
• Helpedthecountytorebuildonmulti-culturalvalues
• NelsonMandelaisarolemodelandasymboloftriumphofpeaceandjustice
• Highestexampleofdemocraticleadershipinsocialmove-ments
• Hestandsforsolidarity,equality,respect,tolerance,peaceandfriendship,reconciliation,democracy,equalcitizenry,goodqualityoflifeandimprovementofSouthAfrica
• Hehascreatedaplethoraoffoundationsforcharityandhu-manrights
• Hislessoncansummariseinto
» Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughmustgetgoing
» Bebraveandcourageous,orlearntoputupafront
» Learntoleadfrombehindandputothersinfrontwhenthetimeisfavourable
![Page 182: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
www.amritaias.com | [email protected] | +91 85890 60000
182
» Spreadhappinessthroughyourteamwithasmile
» Focusonconvertingtheenemyintoanenemy-friend
• Leadershiplessons
» Learnedtocopewithchangeintime
» Aligningvariousinterestinnationbuilding
» Hedecidednotrevengebuttoparticipate
» Interpretthepowerandroleofminoritiesinnationbuild-ing
» Hechallengedtheunjustconditions
» Anticipatedabetterfuture
Conclusion
• NelsonMandelaisaninspirationalfigureforeveryone,butheisespeciallyinspirationalforyouthandadultsalike
• Heexemplifiesallofthequalitiesthatpeoplestrivetohave,andhasdedicatedhislifetohumanjustice
• IfyoungpeoplefollowevenafewofMandela’sexamples,vol-unteerintheircommunities,andtakethetimetohelpothersthentheywillhaveabetterunderstandingofpeopleingeneral
• Volunteeringandaidingothers,evenchildrentheirownage,canhelpyoungpeopledevelopacceptanceandtolerance,stopbullying,andbringanendtoschoolviolence
• YoungpeopleneedapositiverolemodellikeNelsonMandela,andforthatreasonitisimportanttokeephisachievementsandsuccessesalive
![Page 183: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
183
![Page 184: Editor’s Message - Amrita IAS · 2018. 11. 1. · 11. India’s Current Foreign Policy Changes And Challenges II 64 12. Indo- Asean Delhi Dialogue II 72 13. BRICS Regional Aviation](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022060714/607ae8bdaa002e2b93705bce/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
Ph: 85890 60000 | [email protected] | www.amritaias.com | fb.com/amritacsa