Edited by Jacques Ganoulis, Alice Aureli and Jean …...management of transboundary waters....

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Transboundary Water Resources Management Edited by Jacques Ganoulis, Alice Aureli and Jean Fried A Multidisciplinary Approach

Transcript of Edited by Jacques Ganoulis, Alice Aureli and Jean …...management of transboundary waters....

  • Transboundary Water Resources Management

    Edited by Jacques Ganoulis, Alice Aureli and Jean Fried

    A Multidisciplinary Approach

    57268File AttachmentCover.jpg

  • Edited by

    Jacques Ganoulis, Alice Aureli,

    and Jean Fried

    Transboundary Water

    Resources Management

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  • Edited byJacques Ganoulis, Alice Aureli, and Jean Fried

    Transboundary Water ResourcesManagement

    A Multidisciplinary Approach

  • The Editors

    Prof. Dr. Jacques GanoulisUNESCO Chair and Network INWEBAristotle University of ThessalonikiDepartment of Civil EngineeringDivision of Hydraulics and EnvironmentalEngineering54124 ThessalonikiGreece

    Dr. Alice AureliUNESCOInternational Hydrological Programme1, rue Miollis75732 ParisFrance

    Prof. Dr. Jean FriedUniversity of California IrvineSchool of Social EcologyIrvine, CA 92697-7050USA

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  • Foreword: Transboundary Water ManagementA Multidisciplinary Approach

    For centuries, political and strategic considerations have been the major driversbehind the delineation of boundaries across the globe. Mountains, rivers, lakes andentire ecosystems (not to mention human settlements) have been assigned to thejurisdiction of different states, provinces and other administrative entities with littleregard to their environmental cycles or effective management. Yet natural resources,and freshwater in particular, know no man-made boundaries, and indeed requireinternationally coordinated actions to be sustainably and effectively managed. It isonly in recent years that transboundary waters, both surface and groundwater, havetaken centre stage in international dialogue, as issues of water and food securityforce policy makers to take a more holistic view. Climate and global change arerapidly placing added pressures on the worlds water reserves and the time has cometo strengthen cooperation and build peace amongst states.

    UNESCOs mission to contribute to the building of peace, eradication of poverty,sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences,culture, communication and information is achieved fully through its internationalwater initiatives coordinated by the UNESCO International Hydrological Pro-gramme (IHP). UNESCO-IHP, established in 1975, is the only global scientificintergovernmental programme of the UN system devoted entirely to waterresources, emphasizing the formulation of policy-relevant strategies for their sus-tainable management. Through its ISARM (Internationally Shared AquiferResources Management) and PCCP (From Potential Conflict to Cooperation Poten-tial) programmes, UNESCO provides Member States with high level expertise andknowledge and assists them in the elaboration of policies for the sustainablemanagement of transboundary waters.

    Transboundary Water Management, edited by J. Ganoulis, A. Aureli and J. Fried, isthe result of several years of research in the field of international water resources.The UNESCO Chair that coordinates the International Network of Water-Environ-ment Centres for the Balkans played an important role in organizing both thecompilation of existing knowledge and the elaboration of sound policy recommen-dations. It is with great pleasure, therefore, that I welcome the publication ofthis title and commend it to Member States. A multidisciplinary approach to the

    V

  • management of shared natural resources is indeed paramount to finding solutionsto multi-faceted challenges and I trust that future water managers, policy-makersand academics will find pleasure in reading this publication as well as benefit fromits findings.

    Gretchen KalonjiUNESCO Assistant Director-Generalfor Natural Sciences

    VI Foreword

  • Contents

    Foreword VPreface XXIList of Contributors XXV

    1 Introduction and Structure of the Book 1Jacques Ganoulis1.1 Part I – A Global View 21.2 Part II – Physical, Environmental and Technical Approaches 21.3 Part III – Legal, Socio-Economic and Institutional Approaches 31.4 Part IV – Bridging the Gaps 4

    Part One A Global View 7

    2 Transboundary Water Resources Management: Needsfor a Coordinated Multidisciplinary Approach 9Jacques Ganoulis and Jean Fried2.1 Introduction 92.2 Assessment and Management of Transboundary Waters 14

    2.2.1 Hydrological and Hydrogeological Approaches 142.2.2 Environmental Issues 162.2.3 Legal Aspects 162.2.4 Socio-economic Issues 172.2.5 Institutional Considerations 18

    2.3 The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Process 192.4 Capacity Building and Human Potential: The Role of Education 202.5 Conclusions 23

    References 24

    3 Global Challenges and the European Paradigm 273.1 Towards Integrated Management of Transboundary River

    Basins over the World 27Jean-François Donzier3.1.1 Introduction: Towards a Worldwide Water Crisis? 27

    VII

  • 3.1.2 Water has no Boundary 283.1.3 Transboundary Cooperation should be Strengthened 293.1.4 Basin Management is Essential Everywhere in the World 313.1.5 The European Union is a Pioneer 333.1.6 Implementing Integrated Transboundary Water Resources

    Management Requires Political Will and Long-TermCommitments 33

    Further Reading 343.2 Antarctic Subglacial Lakes and Waters: The Challenge

    to Protect a Hidden Resource 35Lilian Del Castillo-Laborde3.2.1 Introduction 353.2.2 Antarctic Environmental Regime 353.2.3 Subglacial Lakes and Waters 363.2.4 The Vostok Subglacial Lake 363.2.5 Conclusion 38References 38Further Reading 38

    3.3 Progressive Development of International GroundwaterLaw: Awareness and Cooperation 39Raya Marina Stephan3.3.1 Introduction 393.3.2 Development, Evolution and Cooperation at the Global Level 40

    3.3.2.1 The Process at the UN ILC 403.3.2.2 Cooperation of Two UN Bodies: The UN ILC

    and UNESCO-IHP 413.3.3 Cooperation and Awareness 42

    3.3.3.1 Existing Legal Frameworks 423.3.3.2 Legal Component in Projects 44

    3.3.4 Conclusion 44References 45

    3.4 The Role of Key International Water Treaties in theImplementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity 45Sabine Brels, David Coates and Flavia Rocha Loures3.4.1 Introduction 453.4.2 Water Conventions and the Protection and Sustainable

    Use of Aquatic Biodiversity 463.4.3 Conclusions 51References 51Further Reading 52

    3.5 The European Union Water Framework Directive, a Driving Forcefor Shared Water Resources Management 52Elpida Kolokytha3.5.1 Introduction 523.5.2 The EU WFD 53

    VIII Contents

  • 3.5.3 Shared Water Management According to the EU WFD 543.5.4 WFD: A Driving Force for Cooperation 543.5.5 International Cooperation – Transboundary Cooperation 563.5.6 Improvement of the Nestos/Mesta GR-BUL Shared

    Basin Agreement 583.5.7 Conclusions 59References 59Further Reading 60

    3.6 Transfer of Integrated Water Resources Management Principlesto Non-European Union Transboundary River Basins 61Katharina Kober, Guido Vaes, Natacha Jacquin, Jacques Ganoulis,Francesca Antonelli, Kamal Karaa, Samir Rhaouti and Pierre Strosser3.6.1 Litani River Basin within Lebanon 613.6.2 Objectives of the Working Group on IWRM Knowledge

    Transfer 613.6.3 Description of Results 62

    3.6.3.1 Review of Recent EUWI/WFD Joint Process Activitiesand Related Practices 62

    3.6.3.2 Detailed Description of Pilot River Basin Organizationsand Identification of Weaknesses 62

    3.6.3.3 Matching WFD RTD Solutions to the RiverBasins Needs 63

    3.6.3.4 Development of Recommendations 643.6.4 Conclusions 66References 66

    3.7 Implementation of the Water Framework DirectiveConcepts at the Frontiers of Europe for TransboundaryWater Resources Management 67Didier Pennequin and Hubert Machard de Gramont3.7.1 The EU Water Framework Directive 673.7.2 The EU Water Framework Directive and Transboundary

    Water Resources 683.7.3 Applying the WFD Concept at the Frontiers of Europe

    for a Transboundary Lake and Underlying Aquifer System 693.7.4 Discussion and Conclusion 73References 74Further Reading 75

    3.8 Implementation of the European Union Water FrameworkDirective in Non-EU Countries: Serbia in the DanubeRiver Basin 75Dragana Ninković, Marina Babić Mladenović, Miodrag Milovanović,Milan Dimkić and Dragana Milovanović3.8.1 Introduction 753.8.2 Territorial and Institutional Scope 763.8.3 Political Background and Legal Basis 77

    Contents IX

  • 3.8.4 The WFD as a New ‘Water Philosophy’ – Challengesand Difficulties 78

    3.8.5 Steps in Implementation of the WFD – Participants,Step-by-Step Approach, Capacity Building 78

    3.8.6 Serbias Contribution to the First Danube River BasinManagement Plan 79

    3.8.7 Final Considerations 79References 80

    3.9 Basic Problems and Prerequisites Regarding TransboundaryIntegrated Water Resources Management in South East Europe:The Case of the River Evros/Maritza/Meriç 80Stylianos Skias, Andreas Kallioras and Fotis Pliakas3.9.1 Introduction: The Way Towards Implementing IWRM 803.9.2 The Transboundary Dimension of IWRM: Problems, Principles

    and Goals 813.9.3 Transboundary IWRM, EU WFD and Cooperation

    in SE Europe 823.9.4 The River Evros/Maritza/Meriç Case: Problems and

    Recommendations 84References 85

    Part Two Physical, Environmental and Technical Approaches 87

    4 Transboundary Aquifers 894.1 Towards a Methodology for the Assessment of Internationally

    Shared Aquifers 89Neno Kukuric, Jac van der Gun and Slavek Vasak4.1.1 Introduction 894.1.2 Principles and Basis Steps 894.1.3 Elaboration of the Basic Steps 91

    4.1.3.1 Delineation 914.1.3.2 Description 914.1.3.3 Classification 924.1.3.4 Diagnostic Analysis 924.1.3.5 Zoning 924.1.3.6 Data Harmonization and Information

    Management 934.1.4 Final Remarks 94References 95Further Reading 95

    4.2 Challenges in Transboundary Karst Water ResourcesManagement – Sharing Data and Information 95Ognjen Bonacci4.2.1 Introduction 954.2.2 Specific Characteristics of Karst 96

    X Contents

  • 4.2.3 Three Cases of Karst Transboundary Water ResourcesManagement 97

    4.2.4 Conclusion 100References 101

    4.3 The Importance of Modelling as a Tool for AssessingTransboundary Groundwaters 101Irina Polshkova4.3.1 Introduction 1014.3.2 Methodology and Instrument 1024.3.3 Numerical Models 1044.3.4 Conclusions 108References 109

    4.4 Hydrogeological Characterization of the Yrenda–Toba–TarijeñoTransboundary Aquifer System, South America 109Ofelia Tujchneider, Marcela Perez, Marta Paris and Mónica DElia4.4.1 Introduction 1094.4.2 Groundwater Model Design and Main Results 1114.4.3 Conclusion 114References 115

    4.5 The State of Understanding on Groundwater Recharge for theSustainable Management of Transboundary Aquifersin the Lake Chad Basin 116Benjamin Ngounou Ngatcha and Jacques Mudry4.5.1 Introduction 1164.5.2 Hydrogeological Contexts 1164.5.3 Methods for Groundwater Recharge Investigation in

    the Lake Chad Basin 1164.5.4 Groundwater Recharge in the Lake Chad Basin 1184.5.5 Conclusions and Further Research 121References 121

    4.6 Development, Management and Impact of Climate Changeon Transboundary Aquifers of Indus Basin 123Devinder Kumar Chadha4.6.1 Introduction 1234.6.2 Indus Basin 1234.6.3 Groundwater Potential and Development 1254.6.4 Aquifer System 1254.6.5 Satluj Sub-basin 1274.6.6 Beas Sub-basin 1284.6.7 Groundwater Management 1294.6.8 Impact of Climate Change 1294.6.9 Problems Related to Transboundary Aquifers 1294.6.10 Conclusions 130References 130

    Contents XI

  • 4.7 Natural Background Levels for Groundwater in the UpperRhine Valley 131Frank Wendland, Georg Berthold, Adriane Blum, Hans-Gerhard Fritsche,Ralf Kunkel and Rüdiger Wolter4.7.1 Introduction 1314.7.2 General Applicable Approach for Deriving NBLs and TVs 1314.7.3 Application to the Case Study Area Upper Rhine Valley 1324.7.4 Conclusion and Discussion 134References 135Further Reading 136

    4.8 Hydrogeological Study of Somes-Szamos TransboundaryAlluvial Aquifer 136Radu Drobot, Peter Szucs, Serge Brouyere, Marin-Nelu Minciuna,Lászlò Lenart and Alain Dassargues4.8.1 Introduction 1364.8.2 Transboundary Project Activities to Achieve Sustainable

    Groundwater Management 1374.8.3 Conclusion 1424.8.4 Acknowledgments 142References 142

    4.9 Towards Sustainable Management of TransboundaryHungarian–Serbian Aquifer 143Zoran Stevanović, Péter Kozák, Milojko Lazić, János Szanyi, Du4san Polom4cić,Balázs Kovács, József Török, Sa4sa Milanović, Bojan Hajdin and Petar Papic4.9.1 Introduction 1434.9.2 Study Area 1434.9.3 Groundwater Distribution and Use 1454.9.4 Proposed Measures for Sustainable Utilization of the

    Aquifer Systems 1464.9.5 Conclusion 148References 149

    4.10 Transboundary Groundwater Resources Extending overSlovenian Territory 149Petra Megli4c and Joerg Prestor4.10.1 Introduction 1494.10.2 Transboundary Groundwater Resources 1494.10.3 Conclusions 152References 153

    5 Transboundary Lakes and Rivers 1555.1 Do We Have Comparable Hydrological Data for Transboundary

    Cooperation? 155Zsuzsanna Buzás5.1.1 Introduction 1555.1.2 Institutional Background 155

    XII Contents

  • 5.1.3 Survey Based on a Questionnaire 1565.1.4 Conclusions 158Annex 1: WMO and ISO Strengthen Partnership on InternationalStandardization 159

    References 1595.2 Limnological and Palaeolimnological Research on Lake Maggiore

    as a Contribution to Transboundary Cooperation BetweenItaly and Switzerland 160Rosario Mosello, Roberto Bertoni and Piero Guilizzoni5.2.1 Introduction 1605.2.2 Results and Discussion 1625.2.3 Conclusion 165References 166

    5.3 Monitoring in Shared Waters: Developing a TransboundaryMonitoring System for the Prespa Park 167Miltos Gletsos and Christian Perennou5.3.1 Introduction 1675.3.2 A Workflow Process for Setting-Up an Environmental

    Monitoring System 1695.3.3 Methods Applied During the Preparatory Stage of the

    Prespa TMS 1695.3.4 Results Obtained 1705.3.5 Preliminary Assessment of the Difficulties of Transboundary

    Cooperation 1725.3.6 Next Stage Towards the Development of a Monitoring System 1725.3.7 Conclusions 173References 173

    5.4 Integrated Remote Sensing and Geographical InformationSystem Techniques for Improving Transboundary WaterManagement: The Case of Prespa Region 174Marianthi Stefouli, Eleni Charou, Alexei Kouraev and Alkis Stamos5.4.1 Introduction 1745.4.2 Data and Methods 175

    5.4.2.1 Catchment Characterization, Land Cover Mapping 1755.4.2.2 Surface Water Monitoring 1755.4.2.3 Supporting Geology and Groundwater Surveys 178

    5.4.3 Conclusion 179References 179

    5.5 Transboundary Integrated Water Management of the KobiljeStream Watershed 180Mitja Brilly, Stanka Koren, Joẑef Novak and Zsuzsanna Engi5.5.1 Introduction 1805.5.2 The Kobilje Stream Floods 1815.5.3 Project Development 181

    Contents XIII

  • 5.5.4 Conclusions 184References 185

    5.6 Climate Change Impacts on Dams Projects in TransboundaryRiver Basins. The Case of the Mesta/Nestos River Basin, Greece 185Charalampos Skoulikaris, Jean-Marie Monget and Jacques Ganoulis5.6.1 Introduction 1855.6.2 Numerical Models and Tools 186

    5.6.2.1 MODSUR-NEIGE Runoff Model 1865.6.2.2 Dams Simulation Model 1875.6.2.3 CLM Climate Model 188

    5.6.3 Simulation Results 1885.6.3.1 Reference Climate (RF) 1885.6.3.2 Climate Scenario A1B 1895.6.3.3 Climate Scenario B1 189

    5.6.4 Conclusions 189References 190Further Reading 191

    5.7 Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Water Resourcesin the Vjosa Basin 191Miriam Ndini and Eglantina Demiraj5.7.1 Introduction 1915.7.2 Surface Water Assessment 1925.7.3 Vulnerability Assessment of Surface Water 193

    5.7.3.1 Evaluation of Impact of Climate Change on the MeanAnnual River Runoff 193

    5.7.3.2 Evaluation of Impact of Climate Change on the SeasonalRiver Runoff 196

    5.7.4 Conclusions 197References 198

    5.8 Identification and Typology of River Water Bodies in theHellenic Part of the Strymonas River Basin, as aTransboundary Case Study 199Ioannis Chronis, Maria Lazaridou, Efthalia Lazaridou,Thomas K. Alexandridis, George Zalidis and Nikolaos Tsotsolis5.8.1 Introduction 199

    5.8.1.1 Study Area 2005.8.2 Methodology 2015.8.3 Results 2025.8.4 Conclusions and Discussion 203References 204Further Reading 205

    5.9 Calculation of Sediment Reduction at the Outlet of theMesta/Nestos River Basin caused by the Dams 205Manolia Andredaki, Vlassios Hrissanthou and Nikolaos Kotsovinos5.9.1 Introduction 205

    XIV Contents

  • 5.9.2 Description of the Simulation Model 2055.9.3 Application of the Simulation Model 2065.9.4 Model Testing 2085.9.5 Main Computations 2085.9.6 Conclusion 213References 213

    5.10 Methodologies of Estimation of Periodicities of River Flowand its Long-Range Forecast: The Case of the TransboundaryDanube River 214Alexey V. Babkin5.10.1 Introduction 2145.10.2 Methodology for Presenting Periodicities in Time Series

    of River Runoff 2155.10.3 Long-Range Forecast of Runoff from the Danube

    River 2165.10.4 Conclusion 219References 219

    Part Three Legal, Socio-Economic and Institutional Approaches 221

    6 Legal Approaches 2236.1 The Law of Transboundary Aquifers: Scope and Rippling Effects 223

    Lilian Del Castillo-Laborde6.1.1 Introduction 2236.1.2 Legal Principles for Transboundary Aquifers 2236.1.3 The Scope of the Draft Adopted by the UN General Assembly 2246.1.4 Provisions Concerning Access 2256.1.5 Provisions Concerning Utilization 2256.1.6 Provisions Concerning Protection, Preservation and

    Management 2266.1.6.1 Provisions on Duties 2266.1.6.2 Provisions on Implementation Mechanisms 227

    6.1.7 Provisions Concerning Technical Cooperation, EmergencySituations and Armed Conflict 227

    6.1.8 Other Rules Applicable to Transboundary Shared Resources 2276.1.9 Case study: The Guarani Aquifer System 2286.1.10 Conclusions 230References 230Further Reading 231

    6.2 Water Management Policies to Reduce over Allocation of WaterRights in the Rio Grande/Bravo Basin 231Samuel Sandoval-Solis, Daene C. McKinney and Rebecca L. Teasley6.2.1 Introduction 2316.2.2 Buying Back of Water Rights 2316.2.3 Scenarios 232

    Contents XV

  • 6.2.4 Simulation Model 2326.2.5 Performance Criteria 2336.2.6 Results 2346.2.7 Conclusions 236References 236Further Reading 237

    6.3 Interstate Collaboration in the Aral Sea Basin – Successesand Problems 237Viktor A. Dukhovny and Galina Stulina6.3.1 Introduction 2376.3.2 Achievement of Collaboration 2386.3.3 Future of the Region 240

    6.4 Kidron Valley/Wadi Nar International Master Plan 242Richard Laster6.4.1 Introduction 2426.4.2 Development of the Master Plan 2426.4.3 Descriptions of the Master Plan and its Effectiveness 2436.4.4 Conclusions 245Further Reading 246

    6.5 The Development of Transboundary Cooperation in the PrespaLakes Basin 247Daphne Mantziou and Miltos Gletsos6.5.1 Introduction 2476.5.2 Prespa Park: The Early Years of Transboundary

    Cooperation 2486.5.3 Advances on Integrated Water Management 2496.5.4 The Prespa Park International Agreement 2506.5.5 Supporting Trilateral Cooperation: Other Actors 2516.5.6 Conclusion 252References 252

    6.6 International Relations and Environmental Security: Conflictor Cooperation? Contrasting the Cases of the Maritza-Evros-Meriçand Mekong Transboundary Rivers 253Sotiris Petropoulos and Anastasios Valvis6.6.1 Introduction – Conflict or Cooperation in Transboundary

    River Basins? 2536.6.2 The Maritza-Evros-Meriç Case 254

    6.6.2.1 The Evros River and its Importance 2546.6.2.2 International Management of the Evros River 2556.6.2.3 Main Issues in Managing the Evros River 255

    6.6.3 The Mekong–Lancang River Case 2566.6.3.1 The Mekong River and its Importance 2566.6.3.2 International Management of the Mekong

    River 2576.6.3.3 Main Issues on Managing the Mekong River 257

    XVI Contents

  • 6.6.4 Comparing the two Regions 2586.6.5 Conclusion 259References 260Further Reading 261

    6.7 Delineation of Water Resources Regions to Promote IntegratedWater Resources Management and Facilitate Transboundary WaterConflicts Resolution 261Ana Carolina Coelho, Darrell Fontane, Evan Vlachos and Rodrigo Maia6.7.1 Introduction 2616.7.2 IWRM and Water Resources Regions 2626.7.3 Comparative Analysis: Water Resources Regions in Europe

    and America 2636.7.4 Recognition of More Comprehensive Aspects 2636.7.5 Conclusion 266References 267

    6.8 Transboundary Water Resources and Determination of HydrologicPrefectures in Greece 268Evangelos A. Baltas6.8.1 Introduction 2686.8.2 Difficulties in Implementing the Directive 2696.8.3 Determination of the Hydrologic Prefectures 2716.8.4 Conclusions 272References 272

    7 Socio-Economic and Institutional Approaches 2757.1 Social–Ecological Resilience of Transboundary Watershed

    Management: Institutional Design and Social Learning 275Anne Browning-Aiken and Barbara J. Morehouse7.1.1 Introduction 2757.1.2 Issues for Transboundary Institutional Mechanisms 2767.1.3 Social Learning 2777.1.4 Conclusion: Potential for Transboundary Collaboration 278References 278Further Reading 280

    7.2 How Stakeholder Participation and Partnerships Could ReduceWater Insecurities in Shared River Basins 280Elena Nikitina, Louis Lebel, Vladimir Kotov and Bach Tan Sinh7.2.1 Introduction 2807.2.2 Stakeholder Engagement 2807.2.3 Stakeholder Roles and Participation 2817.2.4 Stakeholder Coordination and Partnerships 2827.2.5 International–Domestic Linkages 2837.2.6 Conclusion 285References 285Further Reading 286

    Contents XVII

  • 7.3 Transboundary Stakeholder Analysis to Develop the NavigationalSector of the Parana River 287André Hernandes7.3.1 Introduction 2877.3.2 Objectives 287

    7.3.2.1 Home Organization 2887.3.2.2 The Transboundary Context 288

    7.3.3 Key Stakeholder Analysis 2897.3.3.1 Methodology 2897.3.3.2 Results 290

    7.3.4 The Way Forward: Suggested Actions for Improvements 291References 292

    7.4 Cooperation in the Navigable Course of the Sava River 292Dragan Dolinaj and Milana Pantelić7.4.1 Introduction 2927.4.2 Navigable Course and Cooperation 2937.4.3 Proposal for Further Actions 2977.4.4 Conclusion 298References 299

    7.5 Transboundary Cooperation through the Management of SharedNatural Resources: The Case of the Shkoder/Skadar Lake 299Djana Bejko and Brilanda Bushati7.5.1 Introduction 299

    7.5.1.1 Ecological Values of the Lake Shkodra/Skadar 2997.5.2 Working Method 3017.5.3 Conclusions 302References 304

    7.6 How Far is the Current Status of the Transboundary ShkodraLake from Requirements for Integrated River BasinManagement? 304Spase Shumka, Udaya Sekhar Nagothu, Eva Skarbøvik,Andrej Perovic and Sotir Mali7.6.1 Introduction 3047.6.2 Survey Methods 3067.6.3 Results and Discussion 3067.6.4 Conclusions 309References 309Further Reading 310

    7.7 Economic Governance and Common Pool Managementof Transboundary Water Resources 311Bo Appelgren7.7.1 Introduction 3117.7.2 Economic Governance of Transboundary Water Management

    Systems 312

    XVIII Contents

  • 7.7.3 Economic Governance Approaches to TransboundaryWater Management 313

    7.7.4 Conclusions 316References 316Further Reading 316

    7.8 Water Resources Management in the Rio Grande/BravoBasin Using Cooperative Game Theory 317Rebecca L. Teasley and Daene C. McKinney7.8.1 Introduction 3177.8.2 The Water Demand Reduction Cooperative Game 3187.8.3 Results 3207.8.4 Conclusions 321References 322

    7.9 Conflict Resolution in Transboundary Waters:Incorporating Water Quality in Negotiations 323Eleni Eleftheriadou and Yannis Mylopoulos7.9.1 Introduction 3237.9.2 Game Theory in Water Resources 3237.9.3 Methodology 3247.9.4 Results 3257.9.5 Conclusions 327References 328

    7.10 The Johnston Plan in a Negotiated Solution for theJordan Basin 329Majed Atwi Saab and Julio Sánchez Chóliz7.10.1 Introduction 3297.10.2 Key Elements of the Negotiation Game and

    Fairness Criteria 3307.10.2.1 Utility or Payment Functions for Arabs

    and Israelis 3307.10.2.2 Negotiation Set 3327.10.2.3 Fairness Criteria 3337.10.2.4 Johnston Plan (1953–1955) 333

    7.10.3 Three Significant Game Solutions between Israeland the Arabs 3347.10.3.1 Regular Nash Solution without Lateral Payments

    and Break-off at (0;0) 3347.10.3.2 Nash Solution with Lateral Payments and

    Break-off at (0;0) 3367.10.3.3 Raiffa–Kalai–Smorodinsky Solution with

    Break-off at (0;0) 3367.10.3.4 Other Solutions 337

    7.10.4 Conclusions 337References 338Further Reading 339

    Contents XIX

  • Part Four Bridging the Gaps 341

    8 Capacity Building and Sharing the Risks/Benefits for ConflictResolution 3438.1 Capacity Building and Training for Transboundary Groundwater

    Management: The Contribution of UNESCO 343Jean Fried8.1.1 Field Experience or Specific Training? 343

    8.1.1.1 Training Objectives 3448.1.2 Training Target Groups 3458.1.3 Communication as a Basis of a Transboundary Groundwater

    Curriculum 3468.1.4 Experimenting Transboundary Groundwater Curricula

    and Pedagogy: Two Pilot Courses 3478.1.5 An Instrument for Training: a Manual Gathering the

    Contributions to the Pilot Courses 3488.2 A Risk-Based Integrated Framework for Conflict

    Resolution in Transboundary Water Resources Management 352Jacques Ganoulis and Lena Salame8.2.1 Managing Transboundary Water Resources: Quantity and

    Quality 3528.2.2 The Risk Analysis Framework in TWRM 355

    8.2.2.1 Aleatory Uncertainties or Randomness 3558.2.2.2 Epistemic or Man-Induced Uncertainties 3558.2.2.3 Risk Assessment and Management 3568.2.2.4 Institutional and Social Issues 359

    8.2.3 Towards an Integrated Risk-Based SustainableTWRM Approach 360

    8.2.4 Modelling Transboundary Water-Related Conflicts 3618.2.5 Hydro-Politics for Conflict Resolution: The UNESCO

    PC-CP Initiative 3638.2.5.1 Examples of Track II Initiatives 365

    8.2.6 Conclusions 366References 367

    9 The Thessaloniki Statement 369

    Index 371

    XX Contents

  • Preface

    This book uses the term transboundary waters, as in Transboundary WatersResources Management (TWRM), to mean waters crossing the borders of differentriparian countries, which therefore are by definition countries sharing commonsurface and/or groundwater resources. The term is synonymous withinternationally shared waters and is in accordance with the terminology used byUNESCO in its international hydrological initiatives, such as the UNESCO/ISARM(Internationally Shared-Transboundary-Aquifer Resources Management) and theUNESCO/PC-CP (Potential Conflict-Cooperation Potential) programmes. It is con-sidered to be a better choice than other similar expressions such as internationalwaters, multinational waters or regional waters, and avoids misunderstandingsdue to political sensitivities over national sovereignty in regions located near theborders.

    Boundaries may also exist with different connotations between administrativeregions or between cultural or ethnic entities located within the same country. Inthese cases both surface waters (rivers and lakes) and groundwaters (aquifers) mayinvolve different administrations or various communities and their shared manage-ment should aim to resolve issues of potential regional or local conflicts in terms ofwater needs, water quality, environmental preservation or differences in legislationand economic issues. When the boundary is international and waters cross theborders of different riparian countries, then TWRM faces the major challenge ofpotential political conflicts and even war. The main issue in this case is how toconvert these potential conflicts into collaborative actions. Such global TWRMchallenges and general tools with which they may be addressed are explained inPart I: A Global View.

    The book aims to serve as a practical guide for enhancing models of collaborativeactivities between riparian countries. In this context collaboration means the activeinvolvement of partners and institutions from both sides of the border, whichincludes exchange of information, interaction and dialogue between partners, inorder to reach common decisions and find unified solutions to TWRM problems. Inthis sense, collaboration is considered to be a more advanced stage of cooperationor coordination. The first step in cooperation can be achieved by a simple exchangeof information with no further interaction between partners; this may be calledpassive cooperation. A more advanced second step is engaging in dialogue and

    XXI

  • developing a consultation process; this may be called coordinated cooperation andis a prerequisite condition for the third step, which is active collaboration. Onlywith active and effective collaboration can sustainable governance of transboundarywater resources be achieved.Since there is no single universal model for a collaborative approach to TWRM,

    this book presents an analysis of various effective models illustrated by case studiesfrom around the world. Even though case studies are particular and not easilytransferred to different situations, they are very helpful in showing relationshipsbetween different more or less independent variables, such as physical, hydrologic,hydrogeological, ecological, socio-economic conditions, institutional structures, sta-keholders participation, legal agreements and political willingness. Themain depen-dent variable that emerges from this process is the need for active collaboration andeffective governance in TWRM.Models of collaborative actions in TWRM depend on the approach used, for

    example, whether the model is developed by a particular scientific discipline, by aprofessional community or by different kinds of scientists.For engineers, hydrologists, hydrogeologists or environmental professionals

    emphasis is placed on modelling the physical and ecological transboundaryhydro-systems in terms of (i) delineating their natural borders (hydrologic basinsfor transboundary rivers and lakes or hydrogeological boundaries for groundwateraquifers), (ii) analysing relationships between physical and ecological variables suchas precipitation, river flow, pollutant inputs, lake water quality, biodiversity orgroundwater recharge and (iii) suggesting structural or non-structural measuresin order to obtain solutions and improve TWRM. These models, conceptual ormathematical, are more or less accurate subject to data availability and precision andvarious assumptions and simplifications in modelling. They are useful for under-standing how the physical and ecological transboundary systems behave undernatural and anthropogenic inputs in terms of water quantity and environmentalimpacts. These kinds of models for transboundary aquifers, lakes and rivers arepresented in Part II: Physical, Environmental and Technical Approaches.For lawyers and social scientists (geographers, economists, sociologists) emphasis

    is placed on human factors, which can be very complex and difficult to analyse orpredict, such as institutional cooperation, stakeholder participation and negotiationstrategies. For lawyers the emphasis is on regulating provisions and duties ofriparian countries in terms of access, utilization, protection, preservation andmanagement of transboundary waters. The codification of such legal rules is veryuseful to the international community, even though this process may be somewhatgeneral and unable to cover all specific cases. The main challenge is whetherdifferent national administrations will agree to implement international rules atthe national level and at the same time coordinate their activities with ripariancountries through bilateral or regional collaborative agreements. This challengemaybe faced by raising public and stakeholders awareness in participatory processesinvolving national institutions, academic partners and international organizations.All these approaches are presented in Part III: Legal, Socio-Economic and InstitutionalApproaches.

    XXII Preface

  • In the real world all the above issues and approaches coexist and are interrelated.To achieve effective TWRM these models, whether descriptive or prescriptive,should merge. In Chapter 8 of Part IV: Bridging the Gaps, two main strategies forachieving such integration are presented: (i) through effective capacity building andtraining in TWRM and (ii) by analysing a general framework of conflict resolution,based on how riparian countries may share benefits and risks. Both these strategiesare supported by UNESCOs ISARM and PC-CP programmes.

    The main contents of the book are based on updated papers first presented at theIV International Symposium on Transboundary Water Management, Thessaloniki,Greece, October 2008. Recommendations of this Conference on how to bridgethe gaps are summarized in the Thessaloniki Statement, which is reported inChapter 9 of Part IV.

    I am very grateful to all authors and contributors to this book for their excellentcollaboration during and after the conference. Personally and on behalf of my co-editors, Alice Aureli and Jean Fried, I would like to thank Dr. Frank Weinreich,manager ofWiley-VCHWater & Environmental books programme, for giving us theopportunity to publish this book, and to Lesley Belfit, Project Editor at Wiley-VCH,for her help with the publication process. My appreciation and special thanks go toKatie Quartano at the UNESCO Chair, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, for herprofessional contribution to the reviewing and proofreading processes.

    Thessaloniki, Greece Jacques GanoulisJanuary 2011

    Preface XXIII

  • List of Contributors

    XXV

    Thomas K. AlexandridisAristotle University of ThessalonikiSchool of AgricultureLaboratory of Applied Soil ScienceThessalonikiGreece

    Manolia AndredakiDemocritus University of ThraceDepartment of Civil EngineeringVas. Sofias 1267100 XanthiGreece

    Francesca AntonelliWorld Wildlife FundEuropean Policy OfficeVia PO, 25/C00198 RomeItaly

    Bo AppelgrenUNESCO International HydrologicalProgrammeN. Colesanti 1301023 BolsenaItaly

    and

    UNESCO International HydrologicalProgramme1 rue Miollis75732 ParisFrance

    Majed Atwi SaabUniversity of ZaragozaFaculty of Economics and BusinessAdministrationDepartment of Economic AnalysisGran Vía 250005 ZaragozaSpain

    Marina Babić MladenovićJaroslav Cerni Institute for theDevelopment of Water ResourcesJaroslava Cernog 8011226 BelgradeSerbia

    Alexey V. BabkinState Hydrological InstituteLaboratory of Water Resourcesand Water BalanceSecond Line, 23 V.O.199053 St. PetersburgRussia

    Evangelos A. BaltasAristotle University of ThessalonikiSchool of AgricultureDepartment of Hydraulics, Soil Scienceand Agricultural EngineeringLaboratory of General and AgriculturalHydraulics and Land Reclamation54124 ThessalonikiGreece

  • Djana BejkoUniversity Luigj GurakuqiFaculty of Natural SciencesSheshi 2 PrilliL. Qemal Stafa, Rr. Vasil Shanto, Nr 214001 ShkoderAlbania

    Georg BertholdHessian Agency for Environmentand Geology (HLUG)Rheingaustraße 18665203 WiesbadenGermany

    Roberto BertoniC.N.R. Institute of Ecosystem StudyLargo Tonolli 5028922 Verbania PallanzaItaly

    Adriane BlumBureau de Recherches Géologiques etMinières (BRGM)3 avenue Claude-Guillemin45060 OrléansFrance

    Ognjen BonacciUniversity of SplitFaculty of Civil Engineeringand ArchitectureMatice hrvatske 1521000 SplitCroatia

    Sabine BrelsUniversity of LavalFaculty of Law2325 rue de lUniversité QuébecQuébec City, QuébecCanada G1V 0A6

    Mitja BrillyUniversity of LjubljanaFaculty of Civil and GeodeticEngineeringJamova 21000 LjubljanaSlovenia

    Serge BrouyereUniversity of LiègeHG-GeomaC4000 Sart Tilman, LiègeBelgium

    Anne Browning-AikenUniversity of ArizonaUdall Centre for Studies in Public PolicyTucson, AZUSA

    Brilanda BushatiUniversity Luigj GurakuqiFaculty of Economic SciencesSheshi 2 PrilliL. Qemal Stafa, Rr. Zog i Pare, Nr. 374001 ShkoderAlbania

    Zsuzsanna BuzásMinistry for Environment and WaterFo}utca 44-501011 BudapestHungary

    Devinder Kumar ChadhaGlobal Hydrogeological SolutionsG-66 (Ground Floor)VikaspuriNew Delhi - 110 018India

    XXVI List of Contributors

  • Eleni CharouNational Centre for Scientific Research‘‘Demokritos’’Institute of Informatics &Telecommunications153 10 Aghia ParaskeviGreece

    Ioannis ChronisAristotle University of ThessalonikiSchool of AgricultureLaboratory of Applied Soil ScienceThessalonikiGreece

    David CoatesSecretariat of the Conventionon Biological Diversity413 Saint Jacques StreetMontreal, QuébecCanada QC H2Y 1N9

    Ana Carolina CoelhoColorado State UniversityDepartment of Civil EngineeringEngineering Building - CampusDelivery 1372Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372USA

    Alain DassarguesUniversity of LiègeDepartmentArGEnCo4000 Sart Tilman, LiègeBelgium

    Hubert Machard de GramontBRGMWater Division3 avenue Claude GuilleminBP 36009-45060 OrléansFrance

    Lilian Del Castillo-LabordeUniversity of Buenos AiresSchool of LawAv. Figueroa Alcorta 22631425 Buenos AiresArgentina

    Mónica DEliaNational University of El LitoralFaculty of Engineering and WaterSciencesCiudad UniversitariaRuta Nacional 168-Km 472S3000 Santa FeArgentina

    Eglantina DemirajPolytechnic University of TiranaInstitute of Energy, Water andEnvironmentDurresi Street 219TiranaAlbania

    Milan DimkićJaroslav Cerni Institute for theDevelopment of Water ResourcesJaroslava Cernog 8011226 BelgradeSerbia

    Dragan DolinajUniversity of Novi SadFaculty of Natural Sciences andMathematicsClimatology and Hydrology ResearchCentreTrg Dositeja Obradovica 321000 Novi SadSerbia

    List of Contributors XXVII

  • Jean-François DonzierInternational Network of BasinOrganizationsc/o International Office for Water21 rue de Madrid75008 ParisFrance

    Radu DrobotTechnical University of CivilEngineeringBd. Lacul Tei 124, Sector 2020396 BucharestRomania

    Viktor A. DukhovnyScientific Information Centreof Interstate Coordination WaterCommission of Aral Sea Basin(SIC ICWC)Massiv Karasu 4, Building 11100187 TashkentUzbekistan

    Eleni EleftheriadouAristotle University of ThessalonikiCivil Engineering DepartmentHydraulics Laboratory54124 ThessalonikiGreece

    Zsuzsanna EngiWest-Transdanubian Environmentaland Water Directorate[JA20]Department for Prevention andProtection from Water DamagesGyorHungary

    Darrell FontaneColorado State UniversityDepartment of Civil EngineeringFort Collins, CO 80523USA

    Jean FriedUniversity of CaliforniaSchool of Social EcologyDepartment of Planning, Policy andDesignIrvine, CA 92697USA

    and

    UNESCOParisFrance

    Hans-Gerhard FritscheHessian Agency for Environment andGeology (HLUG)Rheingaustraße 18665203 WiesbadenGermany

    Jacques GanoulisUNESCO Chair and Network INWEBAristotle University of ThessalonikiDepartment of Civil EngineeringDivision of Hydraulics andEnvironmental Engineering54124 ThessalonikiGreece

    Miltos GletsosSociety for the Protection of Prespa530 77 Aghios GermanosGreece

    Piero GuilizzoniC.N.R. Institute of Ecosystem StudyLargo Tonolli 5028922 Verbania PallanzaItaly

    Bojan HajdinUniversity of BelgradeFaculty of Mining & GeologyDepartment of HydrogeologyDjusina 711000 BelgradeSerbia

    XXVIII List of Contributors