Edamame Production Practices and Potassium Physiology in China · 2018-06-27 · Edamame Production...
Transcript of Edamame Production Practices and Potassium Physiology in China · 2018-06-27 · Edamame Production...
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE
Edamame Production Practices and
Potassium Physiology in China
Zhang Qiuying Li Yansheng
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences
June 19, 2018
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE
√ Brief Introduction √ Practices in South China √ Practices in North China √ Practices in Northeast China √ Potassium and Yield/Quality √ Potassium Physiology √ Concluding Remarks
Outline
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Introduction
Edamame is the Japanese name
for green vegetable soybeans that
are immature, green form of
edible soybeans collected at R6-
R7 stages
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Introduction
Differ from grain soybeans by being
√ larger-seeded
√ milder-tasting
√ more tender
√ more digestible
√ higher percentage of sucrose
√ rich source of vitamin A,
carbohydrates, protein and iron
♣ It is more nutritious than vegetable
green peas.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Introduction
As early as 1620, the Chinese
people started to plant Edamame
Now China is the largest
production, consumption and
export country of vegetable
soybean in the world.
China’s export of frozen
Edamame accounted for 52% of
the world’s total frozen vegetable
soybean export in 2015
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Introduction
Although we have a long history
of Edamame cultivation, its
production was in a state of
farmer’s subsistence before
1970s.
Since 1980s, Edamame cultivars
were introduced from Taiwan,
and Japan, and scientists
started to pay more attention to
breeding cultivars adapted to
different ecological regions.
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NEIGAE Introduction
√1999-2014, 53 varieties were
released in China
√ 2010-2014, 5 varieties were
released in Northeast China,
among them, 2 varieties
were released by my group
√ The average annual sowing
acreage is 400,000ha, with
average yield of 5 t/ha.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Introduction
Because edamame
√ is a low input, high nutritional value,
short crop cycle, and soil-enriching
crop
√ offers quick economic return and
higher profit than grain soybean
♣ The Chinese government encourages
farmers to plant Edamame
♣ However most production of
Edamame are produced by small-
scale farms
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE
30°N
Northeast spring soybean region (50%)
summer soybean region (35%)
South multiple cropping soybean region
40°N
20°N
Soybean Production Distribution
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE
South multiple cropping region is the major Edamame producer in
China, including Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Fujian Provinces
South multiple cropping region
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Varieties
In this region Edamame are
planted from February to
August, thus varieties could be
divided into spring and summer
or fall Edamame, based on
planting dates.
Fresh vegetable soybean can
supply market 7 months a year
in Yangtze River Basin
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
√ Spring Edamame
This is the main type of Edamame in
the region, where Edamame are
planted from February to early
April. Fresh pods are harvested from
May to the end of June.
Spring edamame are widely adapted,
short-period growing and photo-
insensitive, some of them could also
be planted in summer and fall.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
√ Summer/fall Edamame
Summer Edamame are planted after winter crops, while fall Edamame are planted after early rice.
In general, those varieties are planted in the middle of July to early August. Fresh pods are harvested in the early October until early November.
Summer/fall Edamame are photo-sensitive,
and thus early planting
will not result in
early harvest.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Planting patterns:
Depending on the farmers’ land acreage, planting patterns
vary
√ The general patterns are
----monoculture
----intercropping
----field footpath cultivation
----high tunnel
----protected culture
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Intercropping:
√ Spring Edamame are usually intercropped with wheat, cotton,
cane, faba and spring corn
√ Summer/fall Edamame are intercropped with cotton, corn, peanut, sweet potato or other vegetables and fruits (grapevine)
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Field footpath cultivation:
√ Edamame cultivation in the footpath of rice field
(levee/rand cultivation) was the traditional way of
Edamame cultivation in Southern China
√ It was recorded that this practice started since 1441
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Field footpath cultivation:
√Footpath of rice field supplies sufficient light, nutrients and water, thus fine plant development and higher yield.
√ Now less footpath cultivation is available, because of herbicide application and fewer labor.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
√Seed selection: over 98% purity, 95% germination rate for
√Planting Edamame seeds when temperature at 5-cm soil depth is around 8℃
√Transplanting seedlings to field when simple primary leaves are fully expanded
High tunnel cultivation:
direct seeding and transplanting
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Effects of seedling ages on yield and yield components
Seedling age
(day)
Days to
flowering
Days of
whole
growth
period
Plant
height
(cm)
Branch
No.
Internode
No.
Pod
number
per plant
Pod weight
per plant
10 60 95 49 3 9 31 61.6
15 58 93 46 3 9 30 59.0
20 54 90 40 3 8 21 42.0
25 50 90 32 3 8 13 25.6
30 48 88 28 3 7 8 17.2
For transplanting, seedling ages from 10-15 days not only harvest pod
earlier but also higher yield, while seedling age over 20 days reduced pod
number and yield
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Comparison between direct seeding and transplanting at different patterns
Planting
pattern Treats
Days to
flower
Day of whole
growth
period
Plant
height
(cm)
Branch
No
Internode
No.
Pod No
Per plant
Pod
weight/
Plant (g)
High
tunnel
Direct
seeding 75 96 52 3 9 26 53.1
Trans-
planting 70 90 40 3 6 18 37.0
Field
cultivati
on
Direct
seeding 54 88 48 3 9 43 87.1
Trans-
planting 49 81 36 3 6 39 83.6
At same planting date, transplanting flowers earlier and shortens growth period,
harvests earlier and sale earlier due to restricted vegetative growth and accelerated
reproductive transformation.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
√Plastic film mulching is
popular in this region to
control weed, and for
earlier sale
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Key pointers for field cultivation: Soil and Preceding Crop
√ Well-drained and fertile soil is preferred.
√ Do not chose sunflower as the preceding crop because of the
frequent infection of soybean Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
√ Corn is the best preceding crop due to high fertilization rates.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
√Seedbed preparation:
1.8 m seedbed width with row spacing 25-30 cm, 6 rows in each bed
√ Fertilization:
Compost 15-30 t/ha, NPK compound fertilizer 300kg/ha after seedbed establishment
Applying urea of 150 kg/ha and potassium chloride of 75 kg/ha at three trifoliate stage
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Planting density:
√ 120,000 hills/ha
√ 2 seedlings for each hill
Plant No.
per hill Hill No/ha
Branch
No.
Pod No.
per plant
Pod weight
per plant 3-seed pod 2-seed pod 1-seed pod ton/ha
1 120000 4 42 83.6 11 27 4 10.03
2 120000 3 26 55.8 7 21 4 12.18
3 90000 2 15 27.8 4 9 3 7.51
4 90000 2 11 19.1 2 6 3 8.10
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Weed control:
√For direct seeding soybean, spray herbicide acetochlor before emergence or
√Foliar spray haloxytop-R-methyl 750 ml/ha+bentazone 2250 ml/ha at four-
trifoliate stage
√Annual gramineous, broad leaf and perennial grasses including barnyad
grass, green bristle grass, siberian cocklebur, dodder weed
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Disease control:
Foliar spray 25% Triadimefon or 58% Metalaxyl mancozeb to control soybean blight, rust, and powdery mildew
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in South China
Insect pest control:
Foliar spray deltamethrin to control aphid and 21% synergistic
fenvalerate malathion to control pod borer.
Weed and pest are controlled by herbicide and pesticide
aphid pod borer
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in North China
√Edamame rotated with fresh corn and Chinese cabbage is the common practice in Shandong Province, North China
√ This is a year around production system
√ Edamame is planted in the middle of March, and harvested in the early June
√ Fresh corn is then planted after Edamame, and harvested in the middle of August
√ The Chinese cabbage is planted in the late August, and harvested in early November
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in North China
√Early and cold resistant varieties are recommended
√Fertilization: 25-30 t/ha manure, NPK compound fertilizer of 375-450kg/ha
√Seedbed: width 1 m,height 10-15 cm
√Population: row space 30-35 cm,hill distance 15-20 cm
√Planting depth: 3 cm
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in North China
√Spraying herbicide after planting and then cover plastic film.
√Thinning each hill for 2 seedlings when plants are in the 3-trifoliate stage
√Plowing twice to increase soil temperature
√Irrigating twice at pod-setting stage
√Spraying 2%-3% calcium superphosphate or potassium dihydrogen phosphate
√For avoiding yellow leaf, occasionally plant ash is sprayed on the leaf surface.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in Northeast China
√ Edamame is commonly produced with row spacing of
65cm wide in Northeast China
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in Northeast China
√ Spring varieties are usually planted in early May, and harvested in the late August
√ Available varieites are CAS No.1, CAS No.2, CAS-117, CAS-1024 and Tai 292
√ Rotation with corn is practiced with planting population of 250,000 plants/ha
√ Planting depth is critical for emergence, 3-cm or less is preferred
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Production practices in Northeast China
√Fertilization:
15 t/ha cattle manure, 150 kg/ha diammonium phosphate and 50 kg/ha urea at seeding is the common practice.
Potassium sulphate 120 kg/ha at seeding and foliar spray of 4.5 kg/ha potassium after flowering is strongly recommended for Edamame production in this region
Why potassium?
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA Pottasium Nutrient
One of the major mineral nutrients
for plant growth (quality & yield)
Physiological attributes
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA
1. Enzyme activation
2. Protein synthesis
3. Photosynthesis
4. Osmoregulation
5. Phloem transport
6. Energy transfer
7. Cation-anion balance
8. Stress resistance
9. Plant growth and
composition
Pottasium Nutreint
physiological functions
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE
µ
¥Ö
êÏÊ
¼Ô
ÖØ
£¨g
/Ö꣩
fresh p
od w
eig
ht per
pla
nt
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
ÎÞÒ¶Åç
񦁍
c
aa
ab
bc
a
cc
K0 K1 K2 K3
Potassium and fresh pod yield
K application increased yield and highest yield was only achieved at 120 kg K/ha not
at 180 kg/ha.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Potassium and sucrose content
¿ª»¨ºó ÖÜ ÊýWeeks after flowering
2 4 6 8 10 12
Õá
ÌǺ¬
Á¿
(m
g/g
)S
ucro
se
co
nte
nt
0
10
20
30
40
50
60ëK0
ëK1
ëK2
ëK3
¿ª»¨ºó ÖÜÊýWeekss after flowering
2 4 6 8 10 12
Õá
ÌǺ¬
Á¿
(m
g/g
)S
ucro
se
co
nte
nt
0
10
20
30
40
50
60121K0
121K1
121K2
121K3
Sucrose content under different K application rate
Our investigation
with different K
application rates
indicated K
application
enhanced sucrose
content but highest
sucrose content was
only achieved at 120
kg K/ha not at 180
kg/ha.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Potassium and total soluble sugar
¿ª»¨ºó ÖÜ ÊýWeeks after flowering
2 4 6 8 10 12
¿É
ÈÜ
ÐÔ
×
Ü ÌÇ
º¬
Á¿
(g
/kg
) S
olu
ble
su
ga
r co
nte
nt
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
ëK0
ëK1
ëK2
ëK3
¿ª»¨ºó ÖÜÊýWeeks after flowering
2 4 6 8 10 12
¿É
ÈÜ
ÐÔ
×
Ü ÌÇ
º¬
Á¿
(g
/kg
) S
olu
ble
su
ga
r co
nte
nt
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
121K0
121K1
121K2
121K3
We got the similar results for soluble sugar content with
highest content at 120 kg K/ha not at 180 kg/ha.
This means that application of certain rate K is an approach
for vegetable soybean production
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA
3 4 5 6 7 8
0
10
20
30
40
c.v.121 2014
Weeks after flowering
4 5 6 7 8
Sucr
ose
conte
nt (m
g g
-1 D
W)
c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015
4 5 6 7 8
c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2014 c.v.121 2015
4 5 6 7 8 9
K0
K1
K2
Seed sucrose accumulation
K fertilization increased sucrose content in vegetable soubean seed (K2>K1>K0).
The highest sucrose content was found at 7 weeks after flowering (R6 stage).
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA
4 5 6 7 8
100
200
300
400
500
600
700c.v.121 2014
4 5 6 7 8
SP
S a
ctivity (
μm
ol su
cro
se
h-1
g-1
FW
) c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015
Weeks after flowering
4 5 6 7 8
c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2014 c.v.121 2015
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
K0
K1
K2
Changes of SPS activity
SPS activity may be one of the limiting factors for sucrose formation (Huber,
1982).
Elevated SPS activity under K fertilization in vegetable soybean seed likely
contributed to the increase in sucrose accumulation.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA
c.v.121 2014 c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015 c.v.121 2015
K0
K1
K2
c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2014
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
4 5 6 7 8
0
200
400
600
c.v.121 2014
Weeks after flowering
4 5 6 7 8
c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015
4 5 6 7 8
c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2014 C.V.121 2015
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
K0
K1
K2
SS
syn
thes
is d
irec
tion
act
ivit
y
(μm
ol
g-1
h-1
)
SS
dec
om
pes
itio
n d
irec
tion
act
ivit
y
(μm
ol
g-1
h-1
) Changes of SS activity
The response of SS activity in cultivars affected by K fertilization was different.
SS played important roles for the balance of sucrose in plant sink tissues (Koch, 1992;
Zrenner, 1995; Chen, 2012).
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA
0
100
200
300
c.v.121 2014 c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2014 c.v.121 2015
K0
K1
K2
4 5 6 7 8
0
100
200
300
c.v.121 2014
4 5 6 7 8
c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2015
Weeks after flowering
4 5 6 7 8
c.v.Zhongkemaodou 1 2014 c.v.121 2015
4 5 6 7 8 9
K0
K1
K2
AI
act
ivit
y (
μm
ol
g-1
h-1
) N
I a
ctiv
ity
(μ
mo
l g
-1 h
-1)
Changes of invertase activity
Inv activity was less sensitive under K treatments in vegetable soybean seed.
K fertilization decreased invertase activity at 4 weeks after flowering (R5 stage).
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA
c.v. 121 2015
4 5 6 7 8
c.v. 121 2015
K0
K1
K2
c.v. 121 2015
c.v. 121 2014
Weeks after folwering
4 5 6 7 8
c.v. 121 2014
c.v. 121 2014
c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1 2015
4 5 6 7 8
c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1 2015
c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1 2015
c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1 2014
3 4 5 6 7 8
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1 2014
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1 2014
Su
cro
se s
ynth
etic
direct
ion
act
ivity
(μm
ol s
ucr
ose
h-1
g-1
FW
)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Su
cro
se d
eco
mp
osi
tion d
ire
ctio
n a
ctiv
ity
(μm
ol s
ucr
ose
h-1
g-1
FW
) N
et
act
ivity
(μm
ol s
ucr
ose
h-1
g-1
FW
)
Changes of net activities
K fertilization generally influenced the activities of synthesis direction more than that
of decomposition direction.
The net activity of sucrose metabolism was toward to sucrose synthesis direction with
seed development.
Net Activity = (SPS + SS synthesis) – (AI+NI+SS decomposition)
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA
2015
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
10
20
30
40
2014
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
10
20
30
40c.v. 121
2015
Net activity of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
10
20
30
40
2014
-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Su
cro
se
co
nte
nt
0
10
20
30
40c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1
R=0.724**
R=0.873**
R=0.785**
R=0.625**
Correlation between the net activity of sucrose-
metabolism key enzymes and sucrose content
There was a significant positive
correlation between net activity of
sucrose-metabolizing enzymes and
sucrose content.
The slope of c.v. 121 was larger
than that of c.v. Zhongkemaodou 1,
indicating that the key enzymes
activity of sucrose metabolism was
more efficient in c.v. 121.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA Summary
Increased sucrose content by k fertilization in vegetable soybean seed are
due to increased SPS and SS activity but decreased Inv activity.
K fertilization also increased net activity of sucrose metabolizing enzymes
which is always regarded as an important factor maintaining sucrose
content in sink tissue.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
IGA Summary
K foliar application might benefit the source or transport tissues which caused
sink tissue to accumulate more sucrose.
We suggest that K fertilization stimulated the net activity of sucrose
metabolism toward the synthesis direction, and then enhanced the
capability of sucrose storage in vegetable soybean.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Pottasium and hormones
Potassium application on phytohormones dynamics in seed
Reduced ABA content by potassium application is conducive to the
accumulation of sucrose in vegetable soybean seed
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Concluding Remarks
√China is the largest production, consumption and export country
of vegetable soybean in the world.
√Most of the Edamame is produced in southern China by small-
scale farms.
√Main planting patterns are monoculture, intercropping, protected
culture and film plastic mulching.
√Crop rotation is recommended for taste quality and fresh pod
yield.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE Concluding Remarks
√Transplanting and high tunnel can have higher yield and early sale.
√Compost or manure application is essential for edamame production.
√Potassium fertilizer is strongly recommended for yield and sucrose content.
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE
Thank you
Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, CAS
NEIGAE
Thank you!
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