Ecotourism and Medical Tourismin Emerging Markets

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Welcome to class of Ecotourism and Medical Tourism in Emerging Markets by Dr. Satyendra Singh University of Winnipeg Canada www.uwinnipeg.ca/~ssingh5

Transcript of Ecotourism and Medical Tourismin Emerging Markets

Page 1: Ecotourism and Medical Tourismin Emerging Markets

Welcome to class of

Ecotourism and Medical Tourismin Emerging Markets

byDr. Satyendra Singh

University of WinnipegCanada

www.uwinnipeg.ca/~ssingh5

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Honk Kong attracted 28m international tourist in 2014

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London attracted 18m tourists (2 largest attraction in the world)

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Tourist arrival in Cuba, 2010

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Darbandsar, Iran…

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Darbandsar, Iran

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Why Study Tourism?• Attain peace and prosperity

– Freedom to travel, low passport control– EC (WWII), USSR, China (1978), Cuba, S. Africa (2004)

• Promotes understanding and trust– When travel get info about personality, beliefs,

aspirations, perspective, culture, politics… • Economic development very imp for EMs

– Creates jobs, foreign exchange, face-to-face contacts • Significant demand and consistent growth

– 500m int’l travelers, 10% of world’s GDP, $3 Trillion– Low-cost air travel, trading blocks, less barrier

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Why is Tourism Important now?• Need for exchanging ideas and exploration

– Environmentalists, developers, economists, movie producers, political leaders, professors…need to travel

• Need for cutting cost on defense– Cannot spend 15% of GDP on defense (USA used to),

and yet meet the need of domestic needs. – USA 1945 40% of world’s Economy. 1990 only

20%• Cannot remain in isolation need to share culture

– Isolation breeds distrust, uncompetitive climate• Tourism makes it possible to maintain Ecosystem

– Set aside land parks, reserve, sanctuary, trees (God)…– Indigenous people/dance/music/artifacts/heritage sites…

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Other Definitions of Ecotourism

• Travelling to undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas to study, admire, enjoy scenery, animals,

• Tourism activities in harmony with nature opposite of mass tourism

• Benefits to indigenous people• Conserves environment, sustains the local people• Conserves ecosystem and host communities• Foster respect for different culture & human rights

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UN, EM and Ecotourism• Several international agencies promote ecotourism

– UN Global Environment Facility (GEF) funds for environment-related projects, particularly in EMs

• 500 projects in 120 countries Worth > $2 billion– USAID (US Agency for International Aids)

• >100 projects worth > $2 billion

• In fact, most Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) for emerging markets contain an ecotourism component

• Also called Staff Monitored Program

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Types of Ecotourism

• Non-consumptive ecotourism– Ecotourism does not consume natural resources

• Tanzania (Serengeti) to observe Zebra• Nepal to climb mountain• Belize (Community Baboon sanctuary) to see monkeys

• Consumptive ecotourism– Ecotourism is based on renewal resources (debatable)

• Shooting elephants, rhinoceroses and antelope• $20,000 to shoot a single elephant in Zimbabwe• Leads to substantial revenue, and has minimal adverse impact

on local populations

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Convention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

www.cites.org

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Examples of Ecotourism in EM• Uganda Bwindi forest gorilla reserve

– $145/person for one hr of viewing gorilla– 100% of its capacity $400,000 annually

• Nepal Annapurna conservation area– Ecotourists lodges for trekkers– $12/person $500,000 annually

• Bolivia Chalalan ecolodge Madidi national park– Accomodates 24 visitors in hatch-roof cabins, local built

• Costa Rica Monteverde cloud forest reserve– Located in Tilaran mountains flora and fauna

• Cuba La Moka (UNESCO protected site)– Bioreserve harmony between people and nature

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Creativeeg UN World

heritage status

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Revenues and Pitfalls• Revenues

– Ecotourists are from developed countries– Willing to spend large sum of money to view abundant

and unique natural resources• Kenya (Masai Mara) $100,000 per month Entry fee $20 for

foreigners and $3 for Kenyans• S. Africa (Dukuduku community) $300,000 annually By

selling traditional Zulu baskets and sleeping mats• Cuba (La Moka) ecotourist resort $200/day room

• Pitfalls– Ecotourism can be problematic if not managed properly

• Ecotourism uproots native people from their normal habits of farming, hunting, mining, and forestry

• Income does not trickle-down to locals• 50% of the income goes to airline, hotels, tour operators

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Benefits of Ecotourism• Economic

– Direct revenue from ecotourists!– Direct employment– Ecotourists may patronize for add-ons culture show

• Environmental– Incentive to protect environment commitment ↑– Ecotourists assist in habitat enhancement

• Excessive tipping, donations, policing, maintenance

• Socio-cultural– Good public relations face-to-face contacts– Aesthetic/spiritual benefits– Fosters environment awareness among ecotourists and

local population slash and burn agriculture Finland

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Costs of Ecotourism• Economic

– Start up expenses• Acquisition of land/infrastructure, establishment of protected areas

– Ongoing expenses• Maintenance of infrastructure, promotion, wages

– Revenues Uncertain due to its nature

• Environmental– Environmental capacity is limited Rapid growth – Difficult in indentifying, measuring, monitoring impact of

ecotourism• Socio-cultural

– Intrusion upon local isolated areas– Displacement of local cultures by parks– Erosion of local control foreign experts!

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Travel abroad to obtain medical services

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Why do Countries Participate?• Increase GDP

• Upgrade medical facilities

• Create jobs

• Can create more tourism

• International relations

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What do Countries get?• Revenues can be reinvested to make medicine

affordable to citizens

• Upgraded facilities

• Different impacts depending upon the country’s policies

• Need to assure own citizens receive benefits

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What do patients get?• 1st class service at 3rd world price

• Not affordable in home country

• Desire privacy

• Avoid long waiting lines

• Can be more luxurious

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Medical Tourism• Argentina (cosmetic)• Brazil (cosmetics/plastic)• Cuba (all)• Costa Rica (cosmetic)• Hungary (surgery)• India (all)• Malaysia (cardiovascular, dental, eye)• Mexico (obesity, dental)• Panama (dental, eye)• Philippines (all – hospitals at beaches)• S. Africa (all)• Thailand (obesity, alternative medicine, gender alignment)

Singapore (all)• China (modern and traditional treatments)