5.1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 5.2 The Cycling of Matter 5.3 How Ecosystems Change.
Ecosystems What is an ecosystem? Energy Flow in Ecosystems Cycling of matter.
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Transcript of Ecosystems What is an ecosystem? Energy Flow in Ecosystems Cycling of matter.
Ecosystems
• What is an ecosystem?• Energy Flow in Ecosystems• Cycling of matter
Why it matters…..
• Humans are apart of a community of organisms
• Humans are dependent on healthy ecosystems
• Humans can disrupt ecosystems harming the organisms and themselves
What is an ecosystem?
• An ecosystem includes a community of organisms and their physical environment.
• Web of relationships– Predator/prey– Symbiotic – Competition
• Biotic and Abiotic factors
• Habitat– Food, shelter, water, space
• Biodiversity– Variety of organisms in a given area– Abiotic factors– When biodiversity decreases in an ecosystem,
health of the ecosystem decreases.
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
• Trophic levels– Each step in the transfer of energy in an
ecosystem– Primary source, Sun– Producer– Consumer– Decomposer
Food Chain VS Food Web
• Food Chain– Producer to herbivore to carnivore – Omnivore
• Food Web– Interconnected food chains– Complicated– Loss of energy/10% Rule
Energy Pyramid• Demonstrates the amount of energy
transferred to each level• 10% Rule
Succession
• Replacement of one kind of community by another at a single place over a period of time– Change in an ecosystem– Volcano, fire, mudslides– Pioneer species
• Equilibrium– Ecosystems respond to change so that equilibrium
is restored
• Rock succession
Major Biological Communities
• Climate– Helps determine the types of organisms found in a
particular place– Average weather conditions in an area over a long
period of time (temp and precipitation)
• Biome– Large region characterized by specific climate,
plants, and animals
Terrestrial Biomes
• Tropical Biomes• Temperate Biomes• High – Latitude Biomes
Aquatic Ecosystems
• Freshwater• Wetlands• Estuaries• Marine ecosystems
Cycling of Matter
• Organisms are made up of– Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and
Phosphorus
• Matter needs to cycle through ecosystem – Water Cycle– Carbon and Oxygen Cycles– Nitrogen Cycle– Phosphorus Cycle
Water Cycle
Continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans•Condensation•Precipitation•Percolates•Evaporation•Transpiration
Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle• Continuous movement of carbon from
nonliving environment into living things and back
• Photosynthesis; carbon dioxide, organic molecules, water, oxygen
• Animals; oxygen, breakdown organic molecules, carbon dioxide
• Respiration is the exchange of O2 and CO2
• Combustion, burning of a substance
Nitrogen Cycle
• Process in which nitrogen cycles among the air, soil, water, and organisms in an ecosystem
• Organisms use nitrogen to make proteins• Atmosphere is about 78% Nitrogen gas• Nitrogen fixation is the process of combining
nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia– bacteria, lightning, combustion
Phosphorus Cycle
• Movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the surroundings to the organisms then back to the surroundings
• Found in soil, rocks which break down and plants absorb through roots
• Animals eat plants, when animals die phosphorus is released back into the soil