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Ecosystems. Primary Vocabulary Terms o Ecosystem o Biomass o Law of Conservation of Energy o Law of...
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Transcript of Ecosystems. Primary Vocabulary Terms o Ecosystem o Biomass o Law of Conservation of Energy o Law of...
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Ecosystems
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Primary Vocabulary Terms
o Ecosystemo Biomasso Law of Conservation of
Energyo Law of Conservation of
Mattero Trophic levelso Detritus
o Producerso Consumers (primary,
secondary, tertiary)o Omnivoreso Detritovores
(Decomposers) o Calorie
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Additional Vocabulary Terms
o Ecologyo Trophic levelso Herbivoreso Carnivoreo Omnivoreso Chemotrophso Phototrophs
o Photosynthesiso Cellular Respirationo Chemosynthesiso How energy flows
through an ecosystemo Ecological pyramid
(numbers, biomass, energy)
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Overview of 8-3 Ecosystems
o Ecosystemo Classification of Organisms in an
Ecosystem• Trophic levels
o Biomasso Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems
• Producers, Consumers & Decomposers• Ecological Pyramid• Ecosystem Productivity
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Ecologyo Ecology• “eco” house & “logy” study of• The study of interactions among and
between organisms in their abiotic environment
• Broadest field in biologyo Biotic-
• living environment• Includes all organisms
o Abiotic- • non living or physical environment• Includes living space, sunlight, soil,
precipitation, etc.
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Ecology
o Biology is very organized
o Ecologists are interested in the levels of life above that of organism
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Ecosystems
o Ecosystem• All the organisms (living things) in a
given area and the abiotic (physical, non-living) environment
• Organisms and abiotic features interact in an ecosystem
• Ecosystems can vary in size • Ecosystems can overlap and organisms
can move between ecosystems
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Biotic Features
o Biotic Features• All the living things in a given area,
include:• Species
• A group of similar organisms whose members freely interbreed and produce fertile offspring
• Population• A group of organisms of the same species that
occupy that live in the same area at the same time
• Community• Al the populations of different species that live
and interact in the same area at the same time
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Abiotic Features
o Abiotic Features• All the non-living things in a given area,
include:• Weather• Water• Topography• Nutrients• Physical features• Atmosphere
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Thermodynamics
o Study of energy and its transformationso System- the object being studied
• Closed System- Does not exchange energy with surroundings (rare in nature)
• Open System- exchanges energy with surroundings
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Law of Conservation of Energy
o Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can change from one form to another• Ex: organisms cannot create energy they
need to survive- they must capture it from another source
o Also known as the 1st Law of Thermodynamics
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Law of Conservation of Energy
o However, • When energy is converted form one form to
another, some of it is degraded to heato Also known as the 2nd Law of
Thermodynamics
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Law of Conservation of Matter
o Matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can change from one form to another• Ex: plants convert carbon dioxide and
water into glucose and oxygen
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Solar Energy
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Energy Reactions in an Ecosystem
o Photosynthesis or Chemosynthesis – transform solar energy or chemical energy from inorganic substances into chemical energy that living things can use
o Respiration - releases energy trapped by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis in the cells of living things to do biological work
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Photosynthesis
o Biological process by which energy from the sun (radiant energy) is transformed into chemical energy of sugar molecules
o Energy captured by plants via photosynthesis is transferred to the organisms that eat the plants
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + radiant energy
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
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Cellular Respiration
o The process where the chemical energy captured in photosynthesis is released within cells of plants and animals
o This energy is then used for biological work• Creating new cells, reproduction,
movement, etc.
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy
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Trophic Levels
o Trophic Level- includes a group of organisms that obtain food in a similar manner• Producers• Herbivores• Carnivores• Omnivores• Detritivores
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Energy Flow
o Passage of energy in a one-way direction through an ecosystem• Producers• Primary
consumers• Secondary
consumers• Decomposers
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Food Chains- The Path of Energy Flow
o Energy from food passes from one organisms to another• Each “link” is called a trophic level
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Food webs represent interlocking food chains that connect all organisms in an
ecosystem
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Flow of nutrients in an ecosystem
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Ecological Pyramids
o Graphically represent the relative energy value of each trophic level• Important feature is that large amount of
energy are lost between trophic levels to heat
o Three main types• Pyramid of numbers• Pyramid of biomass• Pyramid of energy
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Pyramid of Numberso Illustrates the number of organisms at
each trophic level• Usually, organisms at the base of the
pyramid are more numerous• Fewer organisms
occupy each successive level
o Do not indicate the biomass of the organisms at each level or the amount of energy transferred between levels
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Pyramid of Biomasso Illustrates the total biomass at each
successive trophic level• Biomass: measure of the total amt of living
material (dry material)o Illustrates a
progressive reduction in biomass through trophic levels
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Biomass of a trophic level
Not consumed consumed
Digested
Body building growth
Gained by the next
trophic level
Released as:
Heat Inorganic nutrients
Undigested
Undigested fecal waste
Trophic detritus
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o Only uses samples from populations, so difficult to measure biomass exactly.
o Time of year that biomass is measured affects the result.
o Organisms of the same size do not necessarily have the same energy content.
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Pyramid of Energyo Illustrates how much energy is present at
each trophic level and how much is transferred to the next level• Most energy dissipates between trophic
levelso Explains why there are so few trophic levels• Energy levels get
too low to support life
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Energy of a trophic level
utilized
Producing food
Growth and development including regeneration
Not utilized about 10% for animals and 20% for plants
Stored as flesh (becomes part of the biomass)
Available for the next trophic level
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10% Law of Energy Transfer (Lindemann 1942)
During the transfer of energy from organic food from one trophic level to the next, only about ten percent of the of energy from organic matter is stored as flesh.
The remaining is lost during transfer, broken down in respiration, or lost to incomplete digestion by higher trophic levels.
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Only 10% of energy at a particular trophic level is incorporated to the next trophic level. Rapid loss of energy explains why food chain rarely has 5 links.
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General pyramid trends
o A healthy ecosystem will always have the most energy available in the first trophic level.
o The number of trophic levels are limited. At each trophic level, there is a dramatic reduction in energy.
o Eating at lower trophic levels means more resources available.
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QUICK REVIEW!
All organisms in an ecosystem need _______ from food to live. An energy ________ shows how much food energy is passed from one ________ to another through food chains. __________ have the largest spot at the base of the pyramid. Altogether, only about _____ of the food energy at each level gets passed up to the next level.
energypyrami
d
Producers 10%
organism