Acid rain – rainwater that contains chemicals resulting from the burning of fossil fuels Adapt – vegetation and animals have had to learn to live with their environment e.g. hot, cold, dry, wet etc. Amerindian – indigenous (native) people of South America Biodiversity – the number and range of plants and animals in one ecosystem, greatest in tropical rainforests Biome – a very large ecosystem such as the rainforest or coniferous forest Buttress roots – roots that stand above the ground to support large trees Canopy – an almost unbroken top layer of trees that acts like a roof over a tropical rainforest Climate – the average weather conditions of a place taken over many years Climate change – increase in world temperature – global warming Convectional rainfall – rainfall produced when air rises after being warmed by the ground

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Deciduous – plants that lose their leaves in autumn Decomposition – the process of bacteria such as worms and mushrooms, which break down dead material Deforestation – the cutting down or burning of trees to clear large areas of land Cattle ranching – grazing cows for beef Climograph – diagram containing a bar graph displaying precipitation and a line graph displaying temperature Coniferous – plants and trees that don’t lose their leaves such as pine trees Consumers – herbivores (plant eaters) and carnivores (meat eaters) Ecosystem – the living community of plants and animals and the physical factors upon which they depend on, such as climate and soil Eco tourism – a sustainable form of green tourism aimed at protecting the environment and local cultures Evergreen – deciduous plants that don’t lose all their leaves at once in the autumn but lose a few leaves daily so trees are green all year round Equator – imaginary horizontal line that runs around the middle of the earth, it is the hottest part of the world and lies between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, therefore tropical Food chain (web)– the transfer of energy through an ecosystem from primary producers to consumers and decomposers Global warming – the increase in the worlds average temperature, believed to be a result of the release of carbon dioxide and other gasses into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels Hardwood – a very expensive type of wood that is very had such as mahogany, green heart and rosewood

2

Hydro – electricity – energy from water in a reservoir flowing through a dam Liana – vine like plants that climb up trunks of trees before hanging downwards from the branches Living environment – the part of the environment that includes plants, insects and animals Logging – cutting down trees to sell for profit Mining – extracting minerals from deep in the earth Non-living environment – the part of the environment that includes features such as solar energy, water, air and rocks Nutrient recycling – the process by which minerals necessary for plant growth are taken up from the soil and returned when the plant sheds their leaves or die Photosynthesis – the process by which green plants take in sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce energy and oxygen Producers – plants use energy from the sun through photosynthesis e.g. leaves Rainforest – jungle or forests found along the equator Slash and burn – the cutting down of small areas of rainforest and burning it to clear the ground fro growing crops Soil erosion – soil is washed away without vegetation to protect it from heavy rain Soil fertility – how nutrient rich the soil is Species – groups of plants or animals e.g. a species of dog is a Spaniel Sustainable – able to be used for many years into the future without harming the environment and depleting reserves

3

Tropic of Cancer – line of latitude that runs 23 ½ north of the equator

Tropic of Capricorn – line of latitude that runs 23 ½ south of the

equator Tropics – a band circling the earth between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn containing hot and wet tropical rainforests along the equator and hot and dry tropical deserts north and south of the equator

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NEW KEY GEOGRAPHY Interactions Teacher’s Resource © Nelson Thornes 200731

Ecosystems NEW KEY GEOGRAPHY Interactions pages 10–11

What is an ecosystem?

1.7

An ecosystem is a community of plants and animals whose lives are closely

linked to each other and to the climate and soil of the area in which they

grow or live.

Copy the labels below onto the correct arrow in the diagram above.

Be careful! Some labels match two arrows.

�2 Using the diagram above, write a short summary to describe and

explain the impact that human activity has had on a rainforest

ecosystem. You could use a word-processing program to draft and

redraft your thoughts. Include the following information:

� Name and location of ecosystem

� Change brought about by human activity

� Effects on climate

�1 The diagram below shows how the four parts of an ecosystem depend

on each other and are closely interconnected.

CLIMATE

Leaves decay and rot Insects pollinate flowers

Water evaporates from the soil Animals breathe out carbon dioxide

Reptiles need warmth to survive

Rain falls onto the ground Dead animals decompose Plants take up nutrients

The sun gives energy to plantsPlants give out oxygen Soil is food to worms

Animals eat plants

ANIMALS PLANTS

SOIL

� Effects on animals

� Effects on plants

� Effects on soil. 7

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LESSON 1; 1. Pack p10/11 Locations

2. Research a biome; information, map and pictures, see examples p12 and 13

DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:

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Ecosystems NEW KEY GEOGRAPHY Interactions pages 12–13

What is the equatorial climate?

1.11

NEW KEY GEOGRAPHY Interactions Teacher’s Resource © Nelson Thornes 200736

Due to its latitude the equatorial climate is hot and wet throughout the year.

The weather pattern described below is likely to be repeated day after day

for most of the year.

�1 Write the letters of the following weather conditions, in the correct order,

against the times of the day on the clock face. It has been started for you.

�2 Find out more about the equatorial climate from a variety of sources

(books, CD-ROMs, videos, magazines) including information obtained

from the Key Geography website:

www.nelsonthornes.com/keygeography

�3 Working in a small group, compile a desktop-published leaflet about

the equatorial climate, from a variety of sources including information

obtained via the internet, for example the Rainforest Action Network

website, which can also be accessed from the Key Geography website.

Temperature continues to rise.

Storm continues.

Storm ends. Clouds beginto break up.

Sun rises as always at thistime. No clouds in sky.

Sun sets. The night isclear and calm.

It becomes very hot,as the sun gets higher

in the sky.

Gets warmer.Very little wind.

Temperature 25ºC, as warm as asummer afternoon in England.Hot air rises. Water from

rivers, swamps andvegetation evaporates.

Temperature reaches 33ºC.Sun overhead. Hot air

continues to rise.

Torrential rainstorm withthunder and lightning.

Clouds increase in size andheight. They turn into towering

dark grey cumulonimbus clouds.

Water vapour carried high intothe sky. Cools and condenses to

form white cumulus clouds.

12:00 midday

12:00 midnight

3:00 pm

6:00 pm

9:00 pm

6:00 am

3:00 am

9:00 am

.D

A B C

DE

F

G

H I J

KL M

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Background Worksheets > Before your visit

What's the weather like? 1

www.livingrainforest.org

How does our climate compare with that of a typical rainforest?Using the information provided, answer the questions to find out.

Average monthly climate statistics for London and Manaus (in the heart of the Brazilian rainforest):

Using the figures in the table above, draw two climate graphs, one for London and one for Manaus. Remember to show the rainfall as a bar chart and the temperature as a line graph.

Colour the rainfall bars in blue and the temperature lines red. Don't forget to label the graphs.

London

Temperature (oC)

Rainfall (mm)

Jan DecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFeb

4 56.510.51416.51715128.55.54

49 5159655260594847413939

Manaus

Temperature (oC)

Rainfall (mm)

Jan DecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFeb

26 26.52727.527.52726.526.526262626

264 220161111634667103204283298262

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Background Worksheets > Before your visit

What's the weather like? 2

www.livingrainforest.org

Complete the table below using the information from your graphs.

Would you prefer to live in London or Manaus? Explain your answer.

Extra time? Write a short paragraph explaining the differences between the climate

in London and central Brazil.

London

Which is the wettest month?

How much rain fell in the wettest month?

What is the total rainfall?

Which is the hottest month?

How hot is the hottest month?

Manaus

How cold is the coldest month?

What is the difference between the hottestand coldest months?

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LESSON 2; 1. Find pictures of the flora and fauna of

tropical rainforest , at least five of each, extra merit if you label them correctly! 2. Doddle; Rainforests mini quiz

DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:

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Background Worksheets > Before your visit

Rainforest layers

www.livingrainforest.org

Complete the labels for each layer of the forest. Choose from the following words:

forest floorcanopyunderstoreyemergents

Some very tall trees tower

above the main forest layer.

These are called

This layer is called

the .

Many birds, monkeys and

other animals live here.

Here it is more airy, and

climbing plants can be found.

This is the .

On the

it is dark, hot and humid.

.

Now colour in your picture.

Extra time? Add some rainforest animals to your picture.

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BECOSYSTEMS REVIEW PUPIL’S BOOK PAGES 1–22

Tropical rainforestName ________________________________________________________________________________

Your task1 Describe what the term ecosystem means.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

2 Look at the drawing below. Label each of the features shown by thelines.

3 Explain each of the following characteristics of tropical rainforest:

a) The trees are tall because

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

b) The plants are evergreen because

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) Few plants grow on the forest floor because

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

© JOHN MURRAY earthworks 2 teacher’s resource book 53

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NEW KEY GEOGRAPHY Interactions Teacher’s Resource © Nelson Thornes 200738

Ecosystems NEW KEY GEOGRAPHY Interactions pages 14–15

What are tropical rainforests?

1.13

The tropical rainforests have more species of trees and wildlife than anywhere

else on earth. All plants and wildlife have had to adapt to the hot and wet

environment.

START BangladeshVine-type ofplant foundin rainforest

CanopySTART BangladeshName givento large tree

roots

Mahogany,Greenheart START BangladeshBrazil

Layer of denseplant growthcontainingshrubs and

ferns

START Bangladesh

Layer oftrees thatblocks out

the sun fromthe lower

layers

Forest floor START BangladeshSTART

The Amazonrainforest is

in thiscountry

START BangladeshHardwood

trees

Type ofweatherfound inrainforest

START Bangladesh

The way inwhich plantsand animalssurvive in

the rainforest

FINISH START Bangladesh

Usually darkand damp:

it contains alayer of

rotting leaves

Emergent

START Bangladesh

Name givento the tallesttrees in therainforest

Evergreen

START Bangladesh

Appearanceof the

rainforest allyear round

Adaptation

START BangladeshEquatorial

climateLianas START BangladeshShrub layer

Under-canopy START Bangladesh

A layer ofbare treesand lianas

found underthe canopy

Buttressroots

�1 Cut out the dominoes below and study the key words written on them.

�2 Working in pairs, set out all the dominoes in a straight line. There is only

one correct order!

�3 Stick the dominoes in your book or file in the correct order.

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REMEMBER TITLE AND DATE LESSON 1

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REMEMBER TITLE AND DATE LESSON 1

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LESSON 3; 1. Pack p31 Dominoes

2. Write a story about spending the night in the jungle (tropical rainforest), what do you see, hear and smell?

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REMEMBER TITLE AND DATE LESSON 1

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1.10ECOSYSTEMS WORKSHEET PUPIL’S BOOK PAGE 9

The nutrient cycleName ________________________________________________________________________________

Your task1 Cut out each of the circles and arrows below. They represent the

stores and transfers in the nutrient cycle.

2 Make a large copy of the drawing of a cross-section of tropicalrainforest from page 7 of the Pupil’s Book.Arrange the circles and arrows on it to make the nutrient cycle. (Try todo this without help but, if you need to, look at Diagram D on page 9of the Pupil’s Book.)

3 Write a paragraph to describe how the nutrient cycle works.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

36 earthworks 2 teacher’s resource book © JOHN MURRAY

Nutrientscontained in the

humus

Leaves fallto theground

and decayinto humus

Rain washesnutrientsfrom the

humus intothe soil

Nutrientscontained in the

soil

Rain washesnutrientsfrom the

soil

Rocksbreak down

to formsoil

Nutrientscontained in the

trees

Tree rootstake up

nutrientsfrom the

soil

Sunshineand rainfallhelp treesto producenutrients

EARTHWORKS TRB2 (B1 [F] TP) 12/8/00 4:43 pm Page 36

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Ecosystems NEW KEY GEOGRAPHY Interactions pages 4–51.1

NEW KEY GEOGRAPHY Interactions Teacher’s Resource © Nelson Thornes 200725

How are ecosystems at risk?An ecosystem is a community of plants and animals whose lives are

closely linked to each other and to the climate and soil of the area in

which they grow or live. Ecosystems may be changed by human activity.

Fewer clouds areformed.

Rain can now falldirectly onto the ground.

Tree canopy will nolonger protect soil

from rain.

Fewer leaves fall to theground.

Heavy logging machinerydamages the soil.

Weather becomes much drier.

Soil is more easilyeroded.

More carbon dioxide inthe air.

Soil is compacted and ahard crust forms as it

dries out.

Fewer nutrients entersoil and it becomes less

fertile.

The moisture given offby trees keeps the

air cool.

Trees catch rainfallbefore it reaches the

ground.

Burning rainforests addsgreenhouse gases to the

atmosphere and increasesglobal warming.

Trees hold the soiltogether.

Each tree cut down isone less that can

convert harmful gases tothe oxygen we breathe.

The loss of forest haschanged the ecosystem.

Rivers are more likely toflood downstream and

on floodplains.

Less carbon dioxide willbe absorbed from the

atmosphere.

The air becomes drierand temperatures rise.

Half the world’s treesare in the rainforests.

The fertile layer of soilbecomes much thinner.

Large areas of therainforest have been

destroyed.

Less heat can escapefrom the ground.

More water will run offthe ground surface.

Trees and the soil willabsorb less water.

The climate becomeswarmer.

Without tree roots tobind it, soil is washedaway by rain choking

rivers and causing floods.

Roots of trees take upmoisture from the soil

and this helps toprevent flooding.

Trees help to keep theclimate in balance. Theyare an important part of

the water cycle thatproduces rain.

The soil is poor so treeroots grow close to the

surface, to gathernutrients.

Trees take in carbon dioxide from the air and giveout oxygen. This controls the amount of carbon

dioxide in the air and helps us to breathe.

�1 Working with a partner, cut out and read the statements below.

�2 Sort the statements into two groups linked to:

� local flooding

� global climate change.

Be careful! Some statements could fit in

either group.

�3 Arrange the statements into a spider diagram

with the word Deforestation in the middle.

Draw arrows to show links between the

statements and say why they are connected.

Your diagram should explain how

deforestation could result in local flooding and

global climate change. 55

REMEMBER TITLE AND DATE LESSON 1

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REMEMBER TITLE AND DATE LESSON 1

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LESSON 4; 1. Pack p48 Ex 1, 2 and 3 (WWF leaflet as a

separate piece to go on the wall) 2. Pack p55 How are ecosystems at risk?

DATE MARKED: GRADE: A B C D MERIT: 1 2 ORDER MARK: DETENTION: COMMENT: TARGET:

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B A

C

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DECOSYSTEMS REVIEW PUPIL’S BOOK PAGES 1–22

DeforestationName ________________________________________________________________________________

Your task1 Look at the drawing. It shows an area of tropical rainforest that is

changing.List six human activities that are changing the forest.

I ________________________ 4 ___________________________

2 ________________________ 5 ___________________________

3 ________________________ 6 ___________________________

2 a) Which of the activities has least effect on the forest do you think? _________________________________

b) Explain why.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

c) Which of the activities has most effect on the forest do you think?_________________________________

d) Explain why.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

3 Imagine that you are part of the government in a country that has alarge area of rainforest. Your country is relatively poor and still hasmany groups of people who depend on the forest for their survival.Write a report in your workbook to recommend how the forest shouldbe exploited. Mention how you would meet the needs of people livingin the forest, and what you would do to conserve areas of forest.

© JOHN MURRAY earthworks 2 teacher’s resource book 55

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LESSON 5; Doddle;

Developing Rainforests mini quiz, Resources and rainforests super quiz, Eco-tourism extension quiz

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© JOHN MURRAY earthworks 2 teacher’s resource book 57

ECOSYSTEMS SELF-ASSESSMENT SHEET PUPIL’S BOOK PAGES 1–22

Ecosystems self-assessment

Name ________________________________________________________________________________

When you have completed the Ecosystems unit, assess how well youare able to do the following things.

Not at all With help Quite well Very well

– identify different types of ecosystem in your area

– carry out a simple plant survey

– describe the global distribution of tropical rainforest

– describe and draw the main features of rainforest

– explain how rainforest is adapted to the climate

– use diagrams to explain the natural cycles in rainforest

– understand how people adapt their lifestyle to the environment

– describe the impact of human activities on the rainforest

– interpret satellite images

– explain how human actions in one place can affect people elsewhere

What have you enjoyed in this unit? _______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

What have you found easy in this unit? ____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

What have you found difficult in this unit? __________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

What do you aim to improve in the next unit? ______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

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ECOSYSTEMS AND TROPICAL RAINFOREST HOMEWORK

Lesson 1; 1. Pack p10/11 Locations 2. Research a biome; information, map and pictures, see examples p12 and 13 Lesson 2; 1. Find pictures of the flora and fauna of tropical

rainforests; at least five of each, extra merit if you label them correctly 2. Doddle; Rainforests mini quiz

Lesson 3; 1. Pack p31 Dominoes 2. Write a story about spending the night in the jungle (tropical rainforest); What do you see, hear and smell? Lesson 4; 1. Pack p48 Ex 1, 2 and 3 (WWF leaflet as a separate piece to go on the wall) 2. Pack p55 How are ecosystems at risk? Lesson 5; Doddle;

Developing Rainforests mini quiz, Resources and rainforests super quiz, Eco-tourism extension quiz

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