Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.
-
Upload
gervais-norman -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.
![Page 1: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ecosystems and CommunitiesChapter 4
![Page 2: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
4–1 The Role of Climate
![Page 3: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Objectives• Identify the causes of climate
• Explain how Earth’s temperature is maintained
• Identify Earth’s three main climate zones
![Page 4: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Weather
• The day to day condition of earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place
![Page 5: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Climate • The average, year after year
condition of temperature and precipitation in a particular region
• Caused by an interplay of many factors especially incoming sunlight
![Page 6: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Greenhouse Effect• Carbon dioxide, methane, water
vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range.
• Just as the glass keeps the greenhouse plants warm, so these gases trap the heat energy of sunlight inside Earth’s atmosphere.
![Page 7: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Greenhouse effect • The natural situation in which
heat is retained by this layer of greenhouse gases
![Page 8: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Greenhouse effect
![Page 10: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Infrared Radiation
Sun Rays
Atmosphere Containing Green House Gasses
The Sun
Temp within limits for life
![Page 11: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Infrared Radiation
Sun Rays
Atmosphere Containing Extra Green House Gasses
*
![Page 12: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Effect of Latitude on Climate
• Because Earth is a sphere that is tilted on its axis, solar radiation strikes different parts of Earth’s surface at an angle that varies throughout the year.
![Page 13: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Effect of Latitude on Climate
![Page 14: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Effect of Latitude on Climate
• As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones: polar, temperate, and tropical.
The more direct the rays are the ________________ an area of land will heat up.
More
![Page 15: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
![Page 16: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Objectives• Explain how biotic and abiotic
factors influence an ecosystem
• Identify the interactions that occur within communities
• Describe how ecosystems recover from a disturbance
![Page 17: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
biotic• Living factors of an environment
![Page 18: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
abiotic• The non-living factors of an
environment
Ex.) water, soil, air
• Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem in which the organism lives
![Page 19: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Habitat• Where an organism lives
![Page 20: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Squirrel in tree
![Page 21: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Fish in stream
![Page 22: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Niche• The role an organism plays in its
environment
• A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.
• No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat
![Page 23: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Community Interactions• Community interactions, such as
competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis, can powerfully affect an ecosystem.
![Page 25: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Competition• Competition occurs when organisms
of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time
• Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive
![Page 26: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Competitive exclusion principle
• States that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
![Page 27: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Predation• When one organism captures and
feeds on another organism
• The organism that does the killing and eating is called the Predator, and the food organism is the Prey.
![Page 28: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Symbiosis• Any relationship in which two
species live closely together
• Biologists recognize three main classes of symbiotic relationships in nature
![Page 29: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Mutualism
• When both members benefit
![Page 30: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ant – Acacia Tree
![Page 32: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Commensalism• When one member benefits and
the other is neither helped nor harmed
![Page 33: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Clownfish – Sea Anemone
![Page 34: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Parasitism• When one member benefits and
the other is harmed
![Page 36: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Humans - Tapeworms
![Page 37: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Ecological Succession• Ecosystems are constantly changing
in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing further changes in the community.
• The series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time
![Page 38: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Primary Succession
• Succession that occurs on new land where no soil exists
Ex.) volcanic islands, bare exposed rock when glaciers melt
![Page 39: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
pioneer species
• The first species to populate an area
Ex.) lichen, algae, mosses
![Page 40: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Secondary Succession
• When a disturbed area grows back to normal
Ex.) natural disaster areas
![Page 42: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
4–3 Land Biomes
![Page 43: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Objectives• Identify the characteristics of
major land biomes
![Page 44: Ecosystems and Communities Chapter 4. 4–1 The Role of Climate.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033103/56649f065503460f94c1c735/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Biomes • Large geographical areas that
have similar climates and characteristics