ecosystem services in tropical timber value chains
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Transcript of ecosystem services in tropical timber value chains
Innovations in integrating ecosystem services
into tropical timber value chains with Dutch links
Ecosystem Services Workshop, University of Kiel, Germany
6-8 May 2013
Verina Ingram1, Jolanda van den Berg1, Mark van Oorschot2 and Marcel Kok2
1 Agricultural Economics Institute, (LEI) Wageningen University & Research centres,
2 Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL)
Aim & scope
Aim:
● Inventory governance “steering” mechanisms for Dutch government to stimulate sustainable use and maintenance of ecosystem services through international value chains.
Scope:
● International chains for tropical timber, relevant to the Netherlands (consumers, enterprises, NGOs etc.)
● Analyse trade from/for Dutch policy perspective.
Methodology
1. Develop and test analytical framework
a) Literature study
b) Conceptual & analytic framework
c) Policy and practice discourse analysis (using ES definition/framework
from MEA)
2. Select case studies: innovations in international tropical timber
a) Literature review
b) Interviews
3. Develop recommendations for intervention possibilities
4. Next step: workshop to test results and recommendations
PROCESS DYNAMICS Relationships Institutions
Actors Processies
Harv
este
rs
Resource
Pro
cessors
Production & processing
Tra
ders
Wholesale
Reta
ilers
Retail
Consum
ers
Consumption
FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS Regulation
Business operating environment Demand
Political system Infrastructure
Chain platform
CSOs & NGOs
Research Government Enabling
e.g. certification
Analytical framework
POLITICAL ECOLOGY INNOVATION SYSTEMS VALUE CHAINS
- Links locations and landscapes also demand and supply - Embodies economic but also other forms of value - links products and ESS associated with their extraction, production & use - Links different actors - Embraces (plural) governance (formal, informal, market-based) & management systems
Timber companiesConstruction companies
Furniture companies
Carpentary & Joinery companies
Packaging companies
Paper & pulp companies
Energy production companies
Sawn woodSawn wood Panel productsPanel productsVeneerVeneer PlywoodPlywood Paper products
PulpPulp
Biomass energy
Biomass energy
Government landowners
LogsLogs BiomassBiomass
Concession holdersSmall scale &
plantation ownersLogging companiesIllegal loggers
Forests & Trees
Consumer Private sector
Consumer Individuals
Consumer government sector
Wood residuesWood residues
Paper MillsPulp MillsSaw mills Veneer plants Plywood mills Energy plant
Natural forest
PlantationsEnriched natural forest
Agroforestry & Individual
trees
Local individuals & communities
Timber value chain
Results Discourse analysis
1. ES not defined in Dutch policy: vague, container term
2. ES used to connect economics and ecology, emphasising the economic
use of natural resources and biodiversity
3. Couched in terms of economic value, strong emphasis on market
mechanisms to ensure sustainable use and maintenance of ES
4. Biodiversity “valuable” frequently associated with conservation, new
market-based initiatives & financial instruments to maintain it
5. Dutch sustainability agenda strongly internationally driven- emphasise
Dutch competiveness
6. Business partners stimulated to lead, government facilitating,
stimulating and supporting role – creating space for enterprises to
take sustainability initiatives and develop innovations
Results Selected cases of chain innovations
Case Driver Focus Innovation Learning
Sustainable
Trade Action
Plan 2011-2015
Dutch
government
Multi-stakeholder
partnerships and platform
Institutional
framework,
finance (€105
million 5 years)
Explicit in IDH
business model
Forest
Stewardship
Council (FSC)
certification
(International
and Dutch)
Private sector
Certification for sustainable
operations, specific
expanding certification to
ecosystem services
Include
ecosystem
services in
certification,
process
orientated
Pilot, ForCES
multi-
stakeholder,
learning explicit
Dutch Public
Procurement
Policy
EU &
Government
driven
GFTN and TPAC as a multi-
stakeholder platforms
Framework
conditions,
regulations to
drive innovations
in chains
Linked to FSC
and PEFC
certification
standards
REDD International,
NGOs, national
policy
Multi-stakeholder platforms Novel mix of
finance, policy
practice &
research,
resource focused
Pilots learning
orientated,
Specific mention
ecosystem
services
IDH & Action Plan for Sustainable Trade
2011-2015
ES not explicit in IDH & STAP model and not mentioned in its literature or
interviews:
IDH stimulates “trade in certified sustainably produced timber and other forest
products is a proven mechanism for promoting sustainable forest
management”. STAP stimulates certification, especially FSC, seeks to increase
demand for certified timber in Netherlands & Europa.
Innovations: chain wide, PPP matching system stimulates innovations and
‘tried & tested’’ approach, focus on sustainability problems central. Platform
and network approach
Stakeholders: all actors – but excludes some (CSOs, research), accent on
business, government role indirect as IDH executes Dutch government policy
PROCESS DYNAMICS
Harv
este
rs
Resource
Pro
cessors
Production & processing T
raders
Wholesale
Reta
ilers
Retail
Consum
ers
Consumption
FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS Stimulating PPP
Chain platform
CSOs & NGOs
Research Government Enabling e.g. certification
Sustainable Trade Action Plan & IDH ESS addressed:
- Provisioning goods (timber)
Via FSC
- Goods (timber, non-timber)
- Regulating functions
- Support functions
- Cultural functions
+
- Biodiversity
Forest Stewardship Council
All ESS explicit (some implicit) in FSC standards & principles
Further being developed in FoRCES “Expanding FSC Certification
to Ecosystem Services” pilot project – bundles ESS
Innovations: chain breed (traceability), emphasis on ES
production level (forest) & consumer, multi-stakeholder, only
certification organisation to look at multiple ES products and
services - other schemes (e.g. carbon) look at just one.
Stakeholders: companies (timber companies/ timber concession
holders , transporters, processers, retailers) & NGOs (WWF,
Greenpeace, SMN, ICCO)
Roles: joint development and implementation of standard, criteria
and system
PROCESS DYNAMICS
Harv
este
rs
Resource
Pro
cessors
Production & processing T
raders
Wholesale
Reta
ilers
Retail
Consum
ers
Consumption
FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS Voluntary
Market-based
Chain platform
CSOs & NGOs
Research Government Enabling
e.g. certification
Forest Stewardship Council ESS addressed:
- Provisioning goods (timber,
non timber, carbon in
ForCES)
- Regulating functions
- Support functions
- Cultural functions
+
- Biodiversity
Dutch sustainable procurement
ES largely implicit in Dutch 2008 procurement criteria for timber
(TPAC), although forest regulation function explicitly stated.
Innovations in chain: example and target setting by government as
buyer, tests use of certification (FSC, PEFC) as way of meeting 100%
sustainable procurement by 2010, code of conduct, controls &
sanctions by business association VVNH.
Stakeholders: government buyers, construction & timber company
suppliers, Association Dutch timber companies, NGOs
(Milieudefensie), SMK/TPAC, Dutch Agency, research bodies, customs.
Roles: central government ‘steers’ (via financing), policy
implementation by SMK/TPAC, independent testing by TPAC trade
mark, self-regulation (enforcement) timber sector (via association),
import authorities.
PROCESS DYNAMICS
Harv
este
rs
Resource
Pro
cessors
Production & processing T
raders
Wholesale
Reta
ilers
Retail
Consum
ers
Consumption
FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS Regulation
Chain platform
CSOs & NGOs
Research Government Enabling
e.g. certification
Public procurement ESS addressed:
- Provisioning goods (timber)
Via FSC
- Provisioning goods (timber,
non-timber)
- Regulating functions
- Support functions
- Cultural functions
+
- biodiversity
REDD+ in Indonesia
ES only implicit in REDD+ pilot projects. CO2-reduction and
biodiversity protection only ES that are specific.
Innovations: new legal and institutional setting (new actors: REDD+
Commission, Bappenas, UKP4, REDD+ Task Force) for REDD+ in
Indonesia.
Stakeholders: Ministries Foreign Affairs & Economic Affairs, Dutch
Ambassador, NGOs (WWF, Greenpeace), FSC Nederland, IDH Borneo
Initiative, IUCN-NL, NL REDD+ platform, researchers.
Roles: Dutch (indirect) financing of FCPF-World Bank en direct ODA
support (for REDD+), Dutch ambassadorial support and from bilateral
support to Indonesian government, NGO’s & enterprises.
PROCESS DYNAMICS
Harv
este
rs
Resource
Pro
cessors
Production & processing T
raders
Wholesale
Reta
ilers
Retail
Consum
ers
Consumption
FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS Voluntary
Global convention
Chain platform
CSOs & NGOs
Research Government Enabling
e.g. certification
REDD ESS addressed:
- Provisioning goods (timber,
carbon)
- Regulating (climate)
+
- biodiversity
Multiple chain stakeholder involvement seen as critical to success
ES have been largely not made explicit in cases, instead
sustainability and biodiversity
Exception is FSC certification –driver to integrate ES in 3 cases
Drivers vary per cases- mandating, facilitating, partnering and
endorsing
Framework conditions triggered innovations - but created barriers
Differing extent to which civil society and consumers (private,
corporate or public)
Power and control of the chain, especially access to information and
institutional building, important to how innovation introduced and
its impact.
Commonalities & differences
Conclusions 4 cases illustrate studies dependence upon 2 governance or steering
mechanisms: market based & regulatory
Actors remarked that ES concept is not clear and is too complex -
confusion with concepts of biodiversity and sustainability
Timber certification forms basis of innovations in all 3 cases
Paradox: Dutch government does not intervene in FSC standard
(companies & NGOs in lead) → role limited for Dutch government to
promote FSC certified timber (procurement policy & financing IDH)
so Dutch government only indirectly able to promote ES via FSC
certification (FSC & IDH members). Risk of derailing by interests of
other chain actors and other initiatives with more control in chain
ESS Cascade (Potschin & Haynes-Young, modified)
Governance and
management
institutions/systems
for public and private
goods & services
Governance and
management institutions
for public and private
goods & services
1. Simplify terminology
2. Move up from concession and chain to landscape level
3. Lengthen temporal focus further than just ‘since certification’
4. Refocus on ES at other chain stages- not just production
5. Move towards evidence based policy making on impact of certification on ES
6. Make ES conservation through certification more explicit
7. Develop & use (internationally accepted) impact indicators for ES assessment to “see through the trees” of multiple certification schemes and sustainable forest management initiatives
Recommendations