Tuesday May 1, 2012 (Possible Consequences of Global Warming)
ECOSYSTEM CONSEQUENCES OF SOil WARMING
Transcript of ECOSYSTEM CONSEQUENCES OF SOil WARMING
ECOSYSTEM CONSEQUENCES OF SOil WARMING Microbes, vegetation, fauna, and soil biogeochem istry
Edited by
JACQUELINE E. MOHAN Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens,
GA, United States
CONTENTS
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Foreword and introduction: Past, present & future
1. Reflections on 27 years of manipulated ecosystem warming in a subalpine meadow
John Harte
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lntroduction 2
Overview of the Rocky Mountain biological laboratory climate warming
experiment and auxiliary gradient studies 3
Major findings 5
Some considerations in the design of climate-warming experiments 17
Pluralistic approa€hes overcome obstacles to prediction 20
A population perspective 22
Feedback 23
Keeping it going 24
References 25
Further reading 27
2. Evolutionary consequences of climate change 29
Susana M. Wadgymar, Rachel MacTavish, Jill T. Anderson
Evolutionary responses to climatic changes
Species interactions and coevolution
Summary
References
Further reading
3. Plant reproductive fitness and phenology responses to climate warming: Results from native populations, communities,
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and ecosystems 61
Jacqueline E. Mohan, Susana M. Wadgymar, Daniel E. Winkler, Jill T. Anderson,
Paul T. Frankson, Robert Hannifin, Katherine Benavides, Lara M. Kueppers,
Jerry M. Melillo
lntroduction
The responses of plant fäness components to soil warming
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vi Contents
Case study 1: Ternperate forest flowering/fruiting responses to 5°( soil
warrning 66 Case study 2: Low Arctic fruiting responses to 5°( soil and air warrning 70
Phenological traits as biological indicators of clirnate change 81
Case study 3: Tue effects of clirnate warming on desert and dryland systems 87
Conclusions and future efforts 90 References 93
4. Potential rotes of plant biochemistry in mediating ecosystem responses to warming and drought 103
Vidya Suseela
lntroduction 103
Effect of climatic stress on plant tissue quality at its formative stages 105
Effect of clirnatic stress on the resorption of plant rnetabolites 113
Bioavailability of carbon and nitrogen frorn climatically stressed litter 114
References 118
Further reading 124
5. Direct and indirect influences of warming on leaf endophytic fungi: A physiological and compositional approach 125
Stephanie N. Kivlin, Jennifer A. Rudgers
lntroduction 125
Testing the relative influences of warrning on fungal physiology and
cornposition 129
Discussion 134
Conclusions 137
References 138
Further reading 140
6. Microbial responses to experimental soil warming: Five testable hypotheses 141
Kristen M. DeAngelis, Priyanka Roy Chowdhury, Grace Pold, Adriana Romero-Olivares, Serita Frey
lntroduction 141
Hypothesis 1: Temperature sensitivity of rnicrobial functions increases
with declining soil carbon quality over the course of long-terrn warming 143
Hypothesis 2: Moisture limitation associated with warrning alters
microbial carbon cycling via changes in microbial biomass, activity, and
community cornposition 145
Hypothesis 3: Warming-induced changes in aboveground plant
communities drive belowground microbial responses to warrning 146
Contents vii
Hypothesis 4: Warming affects microbial community structure in the short
term, with temperature effects declining over the long term 147
Hypothesis 5: Evolutionary adaptation is a streng driver of microbial
feedbacks to warming 149
Conclusions and future directions 151
References 152
7. Mycorrhizal mediation of plant and ecosystem responses to soil warming 157
Charles C. Cowden, Richard P. Shefferson, Jacqueline E. Mohan
lntroduction 157
Soil nitrogen cycles 159
Soil carbon cycles 161
Plant water stress 163
Biological interactions 164
Synthesis and concerns 166
References 167
Further reading 173
8. Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon 175
Jianwu Tang, Mark A. Bradford, Joanna Carey, Thomas W. Crowther, Megan B. Machmuller, Jacqueline E. Mohan, Katherine Todd-Brown
lntroduction 175
A conceptual model of the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration 177
Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon 179
Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration 183
Temperature sensitivity of soil microbes 186
Temperature sensitivity of enzymes 189
Temperature sensitivity of mycorrhiza 192
Temperature sensitivity of root respiration 194
Modeling temperature sensitivity 197
Summary and recommendations 200
References 201
9. The role of the physical properties of soil in determining biogeochemical responses to soil warming 209
Fernanda Santos, Rebecca Abney, Morgan Barnes, Nathaniel Bogie, Teamrat A. Ghezzehei, Lixia Jin, Kimber Moreland, Benjamin N. Sulman, Asmeret Asefaw Berhe
lntroduction 210
Factors that affect soil temperature 212
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Oirect changes to the physical properties of soil and biogeochemical processes 216
Factors and feedbacks that indirectly affect the physical properties of soil 221
lmplications of atmospheric warming for the biogeochemical cycling of
carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Synthesis
References
10. Soil warming and winter snowpacks: lmplications for northern forest ecosystem functioning
Rebecca Sanders-DeMott, John L Campbell, Peter M. Groffman, Lindsey E. Rustad, Pamela H. Templer
lntroduction
Site description
Soil warming and winter snowpack studies
lmplications and future directions
References
11 . Soil fauna and their potential responses to warmer soils
Bruce A. Snyder, Mac A. Callaham, Jr.
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lnvertebrates in soil 279
What about warming? 283
Responses 287
Conclusion 291
References 293
12. Responses of alpine plant communities to climate warming 297
Daniel E. Winkler, Kaitlin C. Lubetkin, Alyssa A. Carrell, Meredith D. Jabis, Van Yang, Lara M. Kueppers
lntroduction 298
A changing alpine environment 301
Climate-warming effects on alpine plant physiology and phenology 307
Climate-warming effects on biotic interactions in alpine ecosystems 312
Climate-warming effects on alpine plant community composition and
distributions 316
Climate-warming effects on alpine ecosystem processes 324
Conclusions and future directions 328
Acknowledgements 330
References 331
Further reading 345
Contents ix
13. Responses of grasslands to experimental warming 347
Lifen Jiang, Junjiong Shao, Zheng Shi, Xuhui Zhou, Zhenghu Zhou, Yiqi Luo
lntroduction
Summary
References
14. Soil warming effects on tropical forests with highly weathered soils
Tana E. Wood, Molly A. Cavaleri, Christian P. Giar::lina, Shafkat Khan, Jacqueline E. Mohan, Andrew T. Nottingham, Sasha C. Reed, Martijn Slot
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Diversity of tropical ecosystems 386
Tropical versus higher latitude responses to a warming world 387
Methods of measuring changing temperature effects in the tropics 390
Tropical soil responses to warming 397
Warming effects on tropical vegetation 408
Conclusions and future directions 41 7
Acknowledgments 421
References 421
Q~ry m
1 S. Long-term warming research in high-latitude ecosystems: Responses from polar ecosystems and implications for future climate 441
Natasja van Gestel, Sue Natali, Walter Andriuzzi, F. Stuart Chapin III, Sarah Ludwig, John C. Moore, Yamina Pressier, Verity Salmon, Ted Schuur, Rodney Simpson, Diana H. Wall
High-latitude ecosystems
The Arctic
Antarctica (Andriuzzi, van Geste!, Wall)
Parallels and differences between warming responses in the Arctic and
Antarctic
References
Further reading
Author Index
Subject Index
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