SEMINARANJU.P

ROLL NO :3SIF CUSAT

ECOSYSTEM BASED FISHERIES

MANAGEMENT (EBFM)

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what is ecosystem based fisheries management?How it is different from conventional approach of

fisheries management? what is the need of EBFM?what is the principles of EBFM?What is the goal of EBFM? what all are the strategies of EBFM?what all are the tools for EBFM?how EBFM is implemented ? what all are the merits of EBFM? what all are the demerits of EBFM?what all are the examples in national levelwhat is example from international level

.The phrase 'Ecosystem Approach' was first coined in the early 80s, but found

formal acceptance at the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 where it became an underpinning concept of the Convention on Biological Diversity, and was later

described as:

'a strategy for the integrated management of land, water

and living resources that promotes conservation and

sustainable use in an equitable way.'

what is ecosystem based fisheries management?

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ecosystem

Fisheries

manageme

nt

EBFM

.• Aquatic ecosystems, including rivers, lakes and inland seas, flood plains, coastal lagoons and estuaries, coastal shelves and open oceans cover a very large part of the earth's surface and, among other amenities, goods and services, sustain the production of fisheries and aquaculture. They yield about 120 million tonnes of fish and fishery products per year - the largest source of wild protein - and provide a livelihood to as many as 140 million people. Fisheries and aquaculture exploit a large diversity or organisms ranging from algae, ascidians and sea-cucumbers to mollusks, crustaceans, fish and marine mammals.

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EBFM is defined by Ward et al. (2002) as "an extension of conventional fisheries management recognizing more explicitly the interdependence

between human well-being and ecosystem health and the need to maintain ecosystems productivity

for present and future generations, e.g. conserving critical habitats, reducing pollution and

degradation, minimizing waste, protecting endangered species". The Reykjavik FAO Expert

Consultation (FAO, 2003)

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The term has been defined (US National Research Council, 1998) as "an approach that takes major ecosystem components and services - both

structural and functional - into account in managing fisheries... It values habitat, embraces a multispecies perspective, and is committed to

understanding ecosystem processes... Its goal is to rebuild and sustain populations, species, biological communities and marine ecosystems at

high levels of productivity and biological diversity so as not to jeopardize a wide range of goods and services from marine ecosystems while providing

food, revenues and recreation for humans". The term puts the focus for management on the users. What is managed is the economic activity. The term did not meet with consensus at the 2001 FAO Reykjavik Conference, possibly because some countries took it as implying that the "ecosystem" would become the new "foundation" of fisheries management. This may

have been interpreted as giving to environmental considerations pre-eminence over socio-economic and cultural ones, raising concern about

equity, political as well as socio-economic costs and feasibility

An ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management addresses human activities and environmental factorsthat affect an ecosystem, the response of the ecosystem, and the outcomes in terms of benefits and impacts onhumans. Human activities include commercial and recreational activities from which coastal communities deriveincome, pleasure, and cultural identity. Human benefits and impacts can also include non-consumptive valuesarising from nature watching, or the value that an inland resident may place on knowing that an ecosystem ishealthy.

A quick recap of EBFM history1987 – NMFS Program Development Plan for Ecosystem Monitoring and Fisheries Management. (Died)1999 – Ecosystem Principles Advisory Panel (EPAP) Report at the request of Congress recommending that regional fishery management councils develop a Congress recommending that regional fishery management councils develop afisheries ecosystem plan (FEP) for every ecosystem under their jurisdiction.

2001 – The NOAA Marine Fisheries Advisory Panel considers EBM and recommends pilot projects to develop FEPs.2004 – Congress appropriates $2M for use by four Atlantic fisheries councils and commissions for EBM pilot workshops. (Summaries of each workshop available)2004 – Pew Ocean Commission and President’s Ocean Policy Task Force reports issued and EBM highlighted.2005 – NMFS proposed MSA reauthorization language for development of FEPs.2006 – Congress does not adopt specific EBFM provisions – NMFS focuses on ACL’s.2009-10 – With ACLs underway, NMFS Sustainable Fisheries is reviewing EBFM implementation again.

Relevant international agreements and frameworks1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance1972 Stockholm Declaration of the UN Conference on the Human Development1973 Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)1979 Bonn Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals1980 Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)1991 Global Environment Facility (GEF)1992 Declaration of the UN Conference on Environment and Development1992 Helsinki Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary WatercoursesUN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)1992 UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)1995 UN Agreement on Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible FisheriesConvention on Biological DiversityJakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biological DiversityUN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)UNEP Regional Seas Conventions2001 Reykjavik Declaration on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem2002 Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development.

How EBFM is different from conventional

approach of fisheries management?

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what is the need of EBFM?. FISHERIES IMPACT ON THE ECOSYSTEM Marine Pollution Drainage, Sewage, Eutrophication And Subsequent Oxygen Depletion (Jackson Et Al., 2001)From Aquaculture As Well As Sea Food Companies. Gear Loss And Ghost FishingOver Exploitation Release Excess Nutrients (E.G. Nitrates, Phosphorus) As Well As Contaminants (E.G. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Pcbs), Mercury, Dioxin), Radioactive Wastes, Oil, Antifouling Paints (Tributyl Tin)Blast Fishing" Is Still Common In Parts Of Asia, Africa, Caribbean And South Pacific Excessive Trawling Sea bed was disturbedPoor Selectivity, Bycatch And Discards dumping Human Pathogens (E.G. Cholera, Salmonella), Plastic And Other Debris

Conventional fisheries management focuses on a single species or stock and generally assumes that the productivity of that stock is a function only of its

inherent population characteristics. Following this model, fisheries management has, at best, only been partially successful. Major problems have emerged due to uncertainty ofthe status and dynamics of the stock; a tendency to give priority to

short-term social and economic needs versus long-term sustainability of the stock; and poorly defined and often conflicting objectives and institutional weaknesses . To address these concerns, discussions of marine ecosystems now recognize that

they are composed of both natural and human elements. Fish populations are one portion of complex marine ecosystems that are affected by many natural and

human induced factors. In turn, fisheries should be considered as systems in which social systems and ecological systems are in fact linked. This perspective calls for a

new way of managing fisheries, that is, through an ecosystem-based approach.

what is the principles of EBFM? Human and Ecosystem Well-being

Resource Scarcity Maximum Acceptable Fishing Level Maximum Biological Productivity

Impact Reversibility Impact Minimization

Rebuilding of Resources Ecosystem Integrity

Species Interdependence Institutional Integration

Uncertainty, Risk and Precaution Compatibility of Management Measures

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The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP)The User Pays Principle (UPP)

The Precautionary Principle and Precautionary Approach

Subsidiary, Decentralization and Participation Equity

The goal of ecosystem-based fisheries management

to maintain ecosystem health, integrity and sustainability.protect the productive potential of the system other than protecting an individual species or stock as a resource. sustainability means restorthose degraded parts of the ecosystem make decision regarding balancing human needs with resource productivity requirements. The ecosystem approach also recognizes the complexity and uncertainty in predicting responses to management Actions•Species sustainability Keeping biomass levels above levels where recruitment could be affected•Ecosystem sustainability Ensuring that any impacts on ecosystem structure and function are kept at acceptable levels•optimize the economic benefits to the community .• optimize the social amenity (i.e. non-economic benefits) derived by the community •minimize the Social impacts and negative attitudes associated the management of these resources .

what all are the strategies of EBFM?

For Enhancing Intra- and Inter-Agency Cooperation and Communication Integrate ecological, political, legal, and administrative information that is collected by the various local, state, and federal agencies in performing their missions and affects fishery management options through proactive interagency coordination and cooperation.

For Delineating Geographic Area(s) of the Ecosystem Identify and describe the geographical area of the ecosystem or eco-region subset to be addressed, using biological, chemical, and physical parameters to the extent possible

. for Preparation of Quantified Natural Resource Goals and Objectives (Description of Desired Future Conditions) · Use an open and public process to develop general goals and specific objectives that describe the “desired future condition” of the ecosystem and its major component parts (Sissenwine and Mace 2002). Identify and define tolerance limits for the evolving or functional ecosystem within an acceptable range of fluctuations similar to natural historic conditions. Develop a process for evolving policy, direction, and resource objectives as well as an institutional process for evolving implementation strategies, integrating inputs, and evaluating outcome

.For Identify and Apply Specific Indicators Identify specific indicators of ecosystem condition and integrity and evaluate their effectiveness in conserving ecosystems and their natural resources (FAO #8 1999; Jamieson et al. 2001). Those indicators are part of a precautionary approach that accommodates natural variability, our incomplete understanding of ecosystem structure and function, and the direct and indirect effects of fishing on natural ecosystems. Use this information to create an institutional definition and interpretation of the “precautionary approach” and how it should be employed in ecosystem based management approaches. Assess how (or whether) the precautionary approach currently is being employed and make recommendations to Congress on the need for legislation. For Socio-Economic Data to Evaluate Management Tradeoffs While conserving natural resources and protecting biodiversity, optimize social and economic benefits, and minimize negative social and economic impacts to communities through a better understanding and integration of the human dimension of fisheries management.

what all are the tools for EBFM

EBFM

ECOPATH

ECOSPACE

marine protected areas

ECOSIM

Ecosim

• What distinguishes ECOSIM from existing systems is its capability to allow an integrated quantitative and qualitative analysis of the environment in urban and industrial areas across different environmental domains and sub-domains. In addition to the state of the environment in each domain, the interrelations between the domains and their dynamic behavior is exploited. Therefore, the individual domains are linked together on large scales and the available multi-media data sources and modeling results are cross-calibrated.

• For instance, the system at each local site includes the following numerical modeling tools, which are connected on-line to the users individual monitoring networks:

• meteorological forecasting model;• air chemistry and dispersion model;• ground and surface water quality model;• coastal water pollution model.

ECOPATH

• Ecologists use path models to estimate the direction and strength of all factors that influence the way ecosystems function. The original ECOPATH model described energy flow through the coral reef food web. Starting at the top of the food chain, scientists tracked tiger sharks to determine what and how much they consumed. They extended their observations to other members of the food chain all the way down to algae, simple plants known as primary producers in the parlance of ecological science. Path models allow scientists to calculate direct and indirect effects from a multitude of ecosystem components, providing them with the first means to model an ecosystem’s true complexity.

ECOSPACE• Ecospace is a dynamic, spatial version of Ecopath, incorporating all key elements of

Ecosim. It relies on benthic habitat information derived from a geographic information system and explicit links between biomass groups and preferred habitat types. With the already established values of fishing, trophic and physical interactions in Ecopath and Ecosim, Ecospace allows the user to establish species-habitat associations, rates of dispersal and migration as well as examine how spatially-located marine managed areas affect biomasses through time. It works by dynamically allocating biomass across a user-defined grid map while accounting for:

• Symmetrical movements from a cell to its four adjacent cells modified by whether a cell is defined as “preferred habitat” or not

• User-defined increased predation risk and reduced feeding rate in non-preferred habitat

• A level of fishing effort that is proportional, in each cell, to the overall probability of fishing in that cell, and whose distribution is sensitive to spatial fishing costs

• Ecospace allows users to explore the potential role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and other spatially-explicit policies as tools to manage fisheries and the various ecosystem effects of fishing.

Marine protected areas

Marine Protected Areas of the World

What are Protected Areas?

According to the UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme )a protected area is defined as:

an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and of natural and associated cultural resources, managed through legal or other effective means. (http://www.unep-wcmc.org)

What is a Marine Protected Area?

The US Government defines a Marine Protected Area is defined as:any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by Federal, State, territorial, tribal, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein. (Executive Order 13158, May 26, 2000)

• The term MPA has been used in many ways.

• MPAs serve many different purposes and have been established for a variety of reasons under many different laws and programs.

• The perceptions on the value and use of MPAs also varies.

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.“An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection of biological diversity and natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means (IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature 1996).”

Benefits provided by protected areas– Conservation of ecosystems and biodiversity– Recreation– Prevention of erosion on watersheds– Provision of clean water to cities– Provision of clean air– Control of biological pests– Preservation of medicinal and genetic resources– Maintenance of harvestable resources– Soil regeneration– Nutrient cycling– Carbon sequestration/climatic regulation

IUCN’s* types of mpa

Category I. Strict Nature Reserve: managed for science or wildernessCategory II. National Park: managed primarily for ecosystem protection

and recreation Category III. Natural Monument: managed primarily for conservation of

specific natural featuresCategory IV. Habitat/Species Management Area: managed for

conservation through active interventionCategory V. Protected Landscape/Seascape: Managed for cultural and

scenic integrity, conservation, and recreation; human settlements and agricultural areas are accommodated

Category VI. Managed Resource Protected Area: Managed primarily for the sustainable use of ecosystems

IUCN = The World Conservation Union, previously known as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature

Implementation of MPA

Step 1. Select an ecologically meaningful unit (e.g. an ecoregion, a landscape, a watershed, etc.)

Step 2. Conduct an integrated assessment, consisting of:- An ecological assessment

a) Terrestrialb) Aquatic

- A Socio-economic assessment- An integrated analysis of the first two components

Step 3 Develop a range of management alternatives Determine the “Desired Future Condition”

Step 4. Select an alternative, then implement it.

Step 5. Monitor

Adap

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A Few Highlighted Achievements

• Co-existence of users with minimal conflict

• Increases in fish stocks in marine reserves and fishing areas and reflection of these increases in fishermen’s catches

• Self-sustainability with regards to operating costs

• International recognition

• Community support

• Enhanced awareness and sensitization

how it EBFM implemented?

implementation involves 5 steps, but 3 steps are explained because it is unique to the EBFM

Step 1— determine the scope of the assessmentStep 2—asset and issue identification

Step 3—prioritising issues

what all are the merits of EBFM?• Potential simplification of management in moving from a

large number of stock-based management plans to fewer integrated plans for ecologically defined areas

• More effective coordination of management actions for fisheries, protected resource species, biodiversity conservation, and habitat protection

• Direct accounting for fishery interactions (e.g., bycatch) and biological considerations (e.g., predation, biodiversity, habitat requirements, protected resources) along with climate change and environmental variability within a single framework

• Consideration of biological constraints on simultaneous efforts to rebuild stocks to long-term target levels and evaluation of compatibility with stock– specific recovery plans

• Increased stewardship from broader participation of stakeholders, wider sharing of ecological and fisheries knowledge, and greater opportunities for developing place-based governance approaches and co-management

• Potential for greater stability and predictability by focusing on higher-level ecosystem processes, resulting in more predictable planning horizons for the fishing industry

what all are the demerits of EBFM?EBFM is by no means a well-defined process with set protocols and formulas. The

complexity of ecosystems makes this impossible. Understanding how an ecosystem functions is an enormous challenge in itself - complex food webs are difficult to comprehend, natural fluctuations in temperature and currents affect population levels and distributions, and ecosystems vary greatly based on location and proximity to shore (Hayden and Conkling, 2007). Developing effective policies will remain difficult, since understanding ecosystem dynamics is extremely hard.

Another problem is that EBFM cannot work without up-to-date scientific data on population levels and ecosystem conditions.

involves heavy expenditure of money

EBFM is complicated by the fact that ecosystems do not follow jurisdictional boundaries that humans have established (Ecosystem Principles Advisory Panel, 1998). Marine policy is implemented in artificially bounded jurisdictional regions, while ecosystems readily cross these boundaries. Effective EBFM policy will require significant regional and international cooperation.

CASE STUDY

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ICELAND, WHALING AND ECOSYSTEM BASED FISHERIES

MANAGEMENT.

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Iceland people and fishery both are greatly depends up on fisheries sector most of the time the island fisheries seen to be healthy comparing to the world. because here the annual quotas for fishing are based on scientist assessment about stock. in recent years international council for exploration of the sea found out that Iceland cod,caplin and haddock are over exploited Iceland scientist found the statement as true after taking samples so the govt. reduced the fishing quota for cod and haddock

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UK marine conservation society took an independent decision to cut short cod and haddock quota delivering to British consumers. and tat is proven to be a very good step towards sustainability in 2006 the Iceland people restarted whaling with much lesser catching than fixed quota. in 2007 the boat owners said that the quota for whale hunting should be increased because whales are eating most of the remaining cod and haddock which are economically important the mink whaler association also the argument supported with scientific explanation.

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on July 2007 the quotas for culling of whale didn’t exceeded. They thought it is not ethical. they have collected field data, non manipulated study, and natural experiment . They applied classical fishery, biological oceanography traditional as well as scientific knowledge for decision making. after 2006 the number of mink whales are decreased but with that Icelandic dolphin and some fishes are also decreased but it’s a fact that the number of Icelandic haddock caplin and cod increased considerably.

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on 2010 they completely implemented EBFM in to their fisheries sector

they managed the fisheries in order to maintain ecosystem health

TROPHIC MODEL OF THE ARABIAN SEA OFF KARNATAKA ,

CMFRI

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after the conference on responsible fishery in marine ecosystem held in 2001. CMFRI took initiative of implementing EBFM the scientist are appointed for predicting sustainable catch rate 2 tools are used ECOPATH :- studies the interaction of species in an ecosystem, ECOSIM :- calculate the corresponding changes in biomass of each component when the fishing mortality of any particular group is altered.

ICAR have given the fund ewe software used and constructed in an area of 27000km2 and 24 functional ecological groups from the predators like marine mammals , shark to micro zooplankton.

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estimation is done for • biomass• biomass ratio•Consumption rate•Diet composition based on the gross efficiency value of the ecosystem . It can be classified as an ecosystem which has not yet reached or achieved the full maturity.

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by the realization that catch is going stagnant now a days so CMFRI now giving more push to change conventional fisheries on to the track of EBFM.

trawl ban become compulsory several programs organized to protect breeding and

nursery ground limit the marine pollution Giving more stress to aquaculture than capture

fisheries costal habitat conservation by the participation of

peopleMade catching rate for almost all species of

economically important fishes

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We can say EBFM is in an initial stage in India since Indian people are poor and they often doesn't understand the relevance for EBFM, with that

corruption in the system also plays a crucial role in the delay of implementation. Increase in the non

registered boats is an another problem .

conclusion

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.The ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management sees the linkages between human and natural systems and recognizes the need for management approaches that address these linkages. It is also an approach with a human face and a people focus – fishermen and fishing communities. It will require creativity and innovation. Combinations of both tried and true and new and unfamiliar management approaches will be used. There will be learning and adaptation. The communities of fishermen, resource managers and researchers will need to work together to decide the best combination of approaches to address their situation.

Fisheries scientists and managers are beginning to grasp the potential of ecosystem-based fishery management to improve the sustainability of fisheries resources. The benefits of adopting ecosystem-based fishery management and research are more sustainable fisheries and marine ecosystems, as well as more economically-healthy coastal communities

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REFERENCE

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http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-2518 http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2090e/i2090e.pdf www.ecopath.org

http://www.ess.co.at/ECOSIM/models.htmlhttp://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/ecopath/welcome.htmlhttp://www.envfor.nic.in/divisions/cs/mangroves/NSAP/Annexure%20IV.pdfhttp://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/reg_svcs/Councils/Training2012/O_Eco_FishManagement.pdfhttp://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2011/finalwebsite/solutions/fmanagement.shtml

http://people.stfx.ca/x2008/x2008ncw/2012/Marine%20Policy%20(2005-2011)/An%20evaluation%20of%20progress%20in%20implementing%20ecosystembased%20management%20of%20fisheries%20in%2033%20countries%20(2009).pdf

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http://www.journalogy.net/Publication/40560348/understanding-marine-ecosystem-based-management-a-literature-review

http://jem.forrex.org/index.php/jem/article/viewFile/142/460

http://www.meece.eu/highlights/balticcod.pdf http://www.packard.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Synthesis-Report-for-the-EBM-Initiative.pdf

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Ecosystem-based%20fisheries%20management.pdf

FISHERIES MANAGEMENT. Marine protected areas and fisheries FAO

GUILDLINE FOR RESPONSIBLE FISHERIES 4http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/4271/1/IJMS%2032(3)%20226-233.pdf

http://chesapeakebay.noaa.gov/images/stories/pdf/FEP_FINAL.pdf

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/sfa/EPAPrpt.pdf Ecosystem-based Fisheries Management Dr. Robert Pomeroy

University of Connecticut

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http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/ocs/mafac/meetings/2003_05/mafac_rev_5th_7Finalwref.pdf

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/sars/improvement/pdfs/meaning.pdf

http://cpps.dyndns.info/cpps-docs-web/subsec/proc-ord/docs/PO/info/03.05.DI.SPO%20An%20Ecosystem%20Based%20Fisheries%20Management%20framework.%20Fletcher.pdf

http://www.wamsi.org.au/sites/default/files/Project%204.1%20Ecosystem%20Based%20Fisheries%20Management%20case%20study%20report.pdf

SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES PERSPECTIVES ON AN ECOSYSTEM-BASED

APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT Sebastian MATHEWhttp://www.wamsi.org.au/sites/default/files/Project%204.1%20Ecosystem%20Based%20Fisheries%20Management%20case%20study%20report.pdf

www.fao.org

thank you for your kind attention