Ecosystem atmosphere interactions and states of the ... · Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and...

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Ecosystematmosphere interactions and states of the (terrestrial) biosphere Miguel Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais, Martin Jung, Enrico Tomelleri Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany Oct. 31, 2011

Transcript of Ecosystem atmosphere interactions and states of the ... · Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and...

Page 1: Ecosystem atmosphere interactions and states of the ... · Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and states of the (terrestrial) biosphere Miguel Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais,

Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and states of the (terrestrial) biosphere

Miguel Mahecha, Markus Reichstein,Nuno Carvalhais, Martin Jung, Enrico Tomelleri

Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany

Oct. 31, 2011

Page 2: Ecosystem atmosphere interactions and states of the ... · Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and states of the (terrestrial) biosphere Miguel Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais,

Interlinked land surface processes  

State‐of‐the‐art concept of relevant land surface dynamics (incl. biogeophysics, biogeochemistry, and biogeo‐graphy)

Bonan, G. (2008) Science, 320, 1444‐1449

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C fluxes

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Terminology …

NEE = Net Ecosystem ExchangeGPP = Gross Primary ProductivityTER= Terrestrial Ecosystem Respiration

Schulze, E.D. et al. (2000) Science, 289, 2058‐2059.

UNCERTAIN

UNCERTAIN

Highly UNCERTAIN

UNCERTAIN

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Uncertain biosphere‐atmosphere fluxes 

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Gaps in state‐of‐the‐art knowledge  Uncertainty on future effect global change

Terrestrial ecosystems: C sink

C source

Figure redrawn after: Friedlingstein et al. (2006) Climate–Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the C4MIP Model Intercomparison. J. Climate, 19, 3337–3353.

Page 5: Ecosystem atmosphere interactions and states of the ... · Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and states of the (terrestrial) biosphere Miguel Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais,

How can we infer regional/global ecosystem‐atmosphere fluxes? 

Can we constrain the dynamics of land‐surface processes?

Functional dependencies

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CO2 fluxes reflect a series of complex interactions:

; ; . ; … ;

; ; ;

; ; : , , , …

Page 6: Ecosystem atmosphere interactions and states of the ... · Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and states of the (terrestrial) biosphere Miguel Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais,

How can we infer regional/global ecosystem‐atmosphere fluxes? 

Can we constrain the dynamics of land‐surface processes?

Functional dependencies

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CO2 fluxes reflect a series of complex interactions:

; ; . ; … ;

; ; ;

; ; : , , , …

Fluxnet‐Canada

Ameriflux

LBA

CarboAfricaAfriflux

Carboeurope/NECCTCOS

AsiafluxKoFlux

Ozflux

ChinafluxUSCCC

FLUXNET:  fluxdata.org 

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In situ 

Flux monitoring: Covarying (explanatory) variables

Ecosystem‐atmosphere Metrologyexchanges of GHGs  Vegetation type 

Phenology 

“Think Globally, Fit Locally”

Training mapping algorithm

Validating

Title from Saul et al. (2003)  Journal of Machine Learning Research, 4, 119‐155,

Page 8: Ecosystem atmosphere interactions and states of the ... · Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and states of the (terrestrial) biosphere Miguel Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais,

In situ Global

Flux monitoring: Empirical “upscaling” Covarying (explanatory) variables

Ecosystem‐atmosphere Metrologyexchanges of GHGs  Vegetation type 

Phenology 

Temperature: CRU‐PIKPrecipitation: GPCPFPAR: harmonized AVHRR, SeaWIFS, MERIS productVegetation map: SYNMAP  

(Partly) overcomes site‐pecularities, point‐to‐grid scale mismatch and representativeness

“Think Globally, Fit Locally”

Application

Title from Saul et al. (2003)  Journal of Machine Learning Research, 4, 119‐155,

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Global estimation of ecosystem‐atmosphere fluxes • gross primary productivity, GPP• terrestrial ecosystem respiration, TER, • (in principle: net ecosystem exchange, NEE)• latent energy, LE• sensible heat, H

Upscaling of fluxes Jung et al. (2011) Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, G00J07

See also 

Beer et al. (2010) Science, 329, 834‐838

Jung et al. (2010) Nature, 467, 951‐954. 

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Ensemble median map

GPP [gC m‐2 yr‐1]

Global estimation of terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP)

Global total: 123 +‐8 Pg/yr

Light‐use eff. ignores C4 veg (> 20 Pg)

Beer et al. (2010) Science, 329, 834‐838

Model treeensembles

ANN

Semi‐empirical

Water‐use 

Light‐use eff.

Machine learning

PFT+Clim

Upscaling of fluxes

Page 11: Ecosystem atmosphere interactions and states of the ... · Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and states of the (terrestrial) biosphere Miguel Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais,

Ensemble median map

GPP [gC m‐2 yr‐1]

Global estimation of terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP)

Global total: 123 +‐8 Pg/yr

Light‐use eff. ignores C4 veg (> 20 Pg)

Beer et al. (2010) Science, 329, 834‐838

Model treeensembles

ANN

Semi‐empirical

Water‐use 

Light‐use eff.

Machine learning

PFT+Clim

Upscaling of fluxes

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Latitudinal patterns of GPP as model constraint

Process models:CLM‐CNLPJ‐DGVMLPJmLSDGVMORCHIDEE

All 1° resolution orhigher

Beer et al. (2010) Science,329, 834‐838

Upscaling of fluxes

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Rationale:  An “upscaled field” is more than a unit‐transformed vegetation index:

Upscaling of fluxes

Comparing interannual variability of EVI and upscaled GPP (different upscaling approach)

Page 14: Ecosystem atmosphere interactions and states of the ... · Ecosystem‐atmosphere interactions and states of the (terrestrial) biosphere Miguel Mahecha, Markus Reichstein, Nuno Carvalhais,

Sensible heat (H)

Evap. fraction HLELE

GPP

Water‐use effic. (GPP/AET)

Energy‐flux related patterns Carbon‐flux related patterns

Upscaling of fluxesInsights to “Global Ecosystem Properties”

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Forest carbon stocks (i.e. above ground living biomass) in the tropicsSaatchi et al. (2011) PNAS, 108, 9899–9904

“Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), onboard … ICESat in combination with other remote sensing data bases and ground data” … “4079 in situ inventory plots and satellite light detection and ranging (Lidar) samples of forest structure to estimate carbon storage, plus optical and microwave imagery (1‐km resolution)”

Ideally we would have time‐series of these data!

Upscaling of static variables is established:

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Integrating more physically relevant variables (i.e. for reducing uncertainties in TER)

Describing terrestrial C cycle requires more than vegetation indices

Water cycle variables should be considered (soil moisture, interception, LST, … ).(… e.g. also to estimate dissolved organic matter losses)

Acknowledging changes in physiognomic states‐of‐the biosphere (for full C balance)

Land use and land cover change

C losses via fire,

Changes in stand structure due to wind throw, 

Insect outbreaks 

Future integration of EO and C‐cycle studies

Solberg et al. (2010) IEEE Trans. Geosc. Rem. Sens. 

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… extension to other GHGs

Most importantly: fluxes of CH4 would require considering water‐related variables, i.e

• Soil moisture, e.g. Liu et al. (2011) Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 425–436• Wetland extend, e.g. Prigent et al. (2007) J. Geophys. Res., 112, D12107• LST

Papa et al. (2011) J. Geophys. Res., 115, D12111

Future integration of EO and C‐cycle studies

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Seeking supporting lines of evidence with better interpretable remote sensing indicators

Frankenberg et al. (2011) GRL, 38, L17706

Solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence

(FLEX satellite mission, … )

Space for improvement

Good agreement between the upscaledGPP and Fs

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Final remarks

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Considering water‐variables for inferring C‐fluxes (e.g. CH4)

C‐ cycle operates from seconds to centennial scales… … Warranting consistency with previous missions… Maximal mission extension

Full transparency on data uncertainty, critical for upscaling, model‐data fusion

Desirable to establish links between sentinel data streams and in‐situ monitoring networks 

Thank you