Prepared by :S. M. Zahid HasanID No : 1011023Department of Geography and Environmental Science,3rd year, 1st SemesterSession : 2010-11Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur

Prepared for:Mr. Md. Atiur Rahman

(Lecturer),Department of Geography

and Environmental Science,Begum Rokeya University,

Rangpur

Course code: GES 3101

Course Title: Bangladesh: geography and environment

• Introduction

• Aim and Objects

• Definition of Ecosystem

• Importance of Ecosystem

• Properties of Ecosystem

• Components of Ecosystem

• Types of Ecosystem

• Imbalancement of ecosystem and biodiversity

• Solves of Imbalancement of ecosystem and biodiversity

• Conclusion

• References

Data Collection

Related book

Atlas

Internet

Journals

Organizations

Course teacher

Newspapers

Banglapedia

Data presentation

Picture

Figure

Maps

Flow chart

Table

• To know the definition, Properties, Types, components of an ecosystem.

• Ecosystem and biodiversity of Bangladesh.

• Ecosystem imbalancement and it’s preventionperspective to Bangladesh.

Ecosystem is a system where plants, animals and other abiotic factors are interacted continuasly. It is controlled by nature. Every plants, animalsare a member of a ecosystem.

Biodiversity means the distribution of animal and plants. It is depended on ecosystem. Ex-Polar bear, penguins are found in cold desertecosystem.

‘’The ecosystem is comprised of two major parts viz. Biome (the wholecomplex of plants and animals of a particular spatial unit) and habitat(physical environment) and thus all parts of such and ecosstem organicand inorganic, biome and habitat may be regarded as interacting factorswhich, in a mature ecosystem, are in approximate equilibrium, it isthrough their interactions that the whole system is maintained.’’ (A. G.Tansley, 1935)

‘’Ecosystem is a functioning, interacting system composed of one or moreliving organisms and their effective environment, both physical andbiological.’’ (F. R. Fosberg)

‘’The term ecosystem applies to any system comosed of physical-chemical-biological processes, within a spacetime unit of any magnitude.’’(R. L. Linderman)

In all ecosystems green plants are the producer. Green plants are maintain equal balance of Oxygen and Carbon-di-oxide .

A balanced ecosystem maintains productivity of major areas of land.

Soil fertility can be maintained by ecosystem.

Flood and droughts balanced by Ecosystem.

Forest, wild life species and other natural biotic communities are maintained by ecosystem.

Biogeochemical cycle are maintained by Ecosystem.

A biome is a major vegetation type extending over a large area. Biome distributions are determined largely by temperature and precipitation patterns on the Earth's surface.

Energy is moved through an ecosystem via a food web, which is made up of interlocking food chains. Energy is first captured by photosynthesis (primary production). The amount of primary production determines the amount of energy available to higher trophic levels.

It is an open system

Elements – Energy, Biotic (Biome), Abiotic (Habitat)

Complex interaction between Biotic and Abiotic componentsthrough a sets of cycle. (water cycle, Carbon cycle, Nitrogencycle, energy flow etc.)

Relatively stable equibrillium

Solar is the most significant energy

It has own productivity

Ecosystem develop step by step. These steps are called sere.

Source:http://images.tutorvista.com/content/feed/tvcs/WaterCycle-optimized.jpg

Source:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Nitrogen_Cycle.svg

Source:http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_eco_11.png

It is an open system

Elements – Energy, Biotic (Biome), Abiotic (Habitat)

Complex interaction between Biotic and Abiotic componentsthrough a sets of cycle. (water cycle, Carbon cycle, Nitrogencycle, energy flow etc.)

Relatively stable equibrillium

Solar is the most significant energy

It has own productivity

Ecosystem develop step by step. These steps are called sere.

Fig: Ecological development

Co

mp

on

ents

Abiotic

Lithospheric Compnent

Land forms, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Iron, Carbon, Magnesium, Minerals, Rocks, Soil etc.

HydrosphericComponent

Surface water (ponds, lake, river, streams), Ground water, Oceanic water, wave, currents

etc.

Atmospheric Component

Ozone layer, temperature, air pressure, winds, humidity, pricipitations, airmasses etc.

Biotic

Plants Ferns, mosses, Cactus, Trees

Animals

Autotrophic Rabbits, Cow, Deer

Heterotrophic Snakes, tiger, Eagles

Decomposer Fungus, Bacteria, Virus

Energy Sun

Fig: relation of components of ecosystem

Ecosystem

On the basis of

Habitats

Terrestrial Ecosystem

Mountain Ecosystem

Lowland Ecosystem

Warm desert

ecosystem

Cold desert

ecosystem

Aquatic Ecosystem

Freshwater Ecosystem

River Ecosystem

Marsh and Bog

Ecosystem

Merine Ecosystem

Open ocean

Ecosystem

Coastal Estuarine

ecosystem

On the basis of Spatial scales

ContinantalEcosystem

Oceanic Ecosystem

On the basis of Uses

Cultivated Ecosystem

Non-cultivated Ecosystem

Source: Singh S. “Physical Geography”

Ecosystem of Bangladesh includes all living & non-living thingslike people, animal, forest, land, river, Bay of Bangle. Bangladeshhas a great ecosystem as its floodplains form one of the world'smost important wetlands. These wetlands are home to hundredsof species of unique plants, fish, birds and other wildlife. Peopleof Bangladesh are also dependent on these wetlands. Thesewetlands provide critical habitat for migrating birds and mostimportantly a source of income and nutrition for millions ofpeople in Bangladesh. The floodplain fishery plays a vital role incushioning rural poverty and supplying animal protein to thepoor and is an integral part of the culture and lifestyle of theBengali people.

Ban

glad

esh

eco

syst

em

Aquatic ecosystem

Marine

Fresh water

Pond/Lake

River

Terrestrial ecosystem

Natural Forest

Tropical evergreen forest

Tropical moist deciduous forest

Tidal forestMan made Crop field

Source: Banglapedia

covers an area of 47,201 sq. km, or 32% of the country, being thelandmass of 19 districts.

• 475 fish species of 133 genera (black jew, Coral fish, Lakkha fish, Loitta fish)

• 5 species of marine turtles, (Olive ridley turtle, green turtle, hawksbill turtle)

• 24 shrimp species of 5 families, ( Rice land prawn, Dimua prawn, Golda prawn, Bagda prawn)

• 50 species of crabs, (Giant mud crab, Swimming crab, Blue manna crab, Crucifix crub)

• 301 species of marine mollusks, (Nassarius nodiferus, Nassarius floviolatus)

• other 20 species.

Fig : Black jew Fig : Jiant mud crab Fig : Green turtle

Fresh water ecosystems covers at about 10,851 squre KMincluding rivers, streams, Haor, Baor, Ponds, Lakes. They arefound almost all over bangladesh.

Fish : African magur (Clarias gariepinus), Pangus (Pangasias sutchi), Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica), Thai sharputi (Puntius gorionotus), Grass carp (Clenopharyngodon idella), Silver carp(Hypopthalmichthys molitriliy), Labeo rohita, Labeo calbasu, Labeo gonius, Catla catla, Cirrhinamrigala, Wallago attu, Mystus tengra, Hilsha illsha.

Fig : Silvar carp

Fig : Hilsha illsha

Fig : Tangra

Wet Land type Area (Squre Kilometer)

Open Water

Permanent River and stream 7497

Beels and Haor 1142

Kaptai lake 688

Closed Water

Ponds 1469

Baors 55

Total 10851

Source: Environment of Bangladesh, BAPA

Source: Environment of Bangladesh, BAPA

List of Vulnerable, Endangered, Extremely Endangered, Extinc Fishes

Vulnerable Endangered Extremely Endangerd Extinc

Foly Chitol Bhagan Pila

Bamosh Tila Bata Shol

Tatlahi Kholsha Ghoa Pan ruhi

Ayer Kala bata Muikkha Nandina

Kajuli Ghomia Rita

Kuchia Vhole Bucha

Modhu pabda Pangus (Local)

Cheka Tila shol

Gojal

67,000 ha. Covering Sylhet, Chittagong, Chittagong Hill Tracts,Cox’s Bazar in the SE, and Maulvi Bazar in the NE.

Plants - Garjan (Dipterocarpus spp), Chapalish (Artocarpus chaplasha), Telsur (Hopea odorata),

Tali (Palaquium polyanthrum), Kamdeb (Callophyllum polyanthum), Uriam (Mangifera sylvatica),Jarul (Legarstromia speciosa), Civit (Swintonia floribunda), Toon (Cedrela toona), Bandorhola(Duabanga grandiflora) etc. Moreover there are bamboo, cane, climbers and fern etc. in theseforests.

Animals – Mammals: Elephant (Elephas maximus), monkey (Macaca mulatta), Wild Boar (Sus

scrofa), Barking Deer (Muntiacus muntjak), Samvar (Cervus unicolor), and Indian Leopard(Panthera pardus).

Reptiles: King cobra (Ophiophagus hanna) Monitor Lizard (Varanus salvator) andBengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis)

Fig : Garjan Fig : Chapalish Fig : Telsur

Fig : Elephant Fig : Monkey Fig : Barking deer

Dhaka, Mymensingh, Dinajpur and Comilla . Covering 107,000 ha

Plants - palash, haldu, jarul or shidah (Lagerstroemia parviflora), bazna, hargoja, ajuli (Dillenia

pentagyna), bhela, koroi, menda (Litsea monopetala), kushum, udhal, dephajam, bahera, kurchi,haritaki, pitraj, sheora, sonalu, assar, amlaki and adagash (Croton oblongifolius).

Animals – Mammals: Jackel (Canis aureus), Monkey (Macaca mulatta ), Wild cat (Felis chaus )

Reptiles: Monitor Lizard ( Varanus bengalensis ), common cobra

Fig : Dinajpur sal forestFig : Jackle

Khulna, Patuakhali, Noakhali and Chittagong regions along thecoastal region. Covering 520,000 ha.

Plants – Sundari (Heritiera fomes), Gewa (Excoecaria agallocha), Baen (Avecinnia offcecinalis),

Passur (Xylocarpur mekongensis), Keora (Sonneratia apetala )

Animals – Mammals: Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), Gangetic Dolphin (Platanista

gangetica), Monkey (Macaca mulatta), Indian Fishing cat (Felis viverrina), Indian Otter (Lutraperspicillata), Spotted Deer (Axis axis) etc.

Reptiles: Estuarine Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), Monitor Lizard (Varanussalvator), Rock Python (Python molurus) and Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Fig Shundari Fig : Royal bengal tiger

Source: http://www.sisef.it/iforest/papers/2012/Islam_578@image002.jpg/

Bangladesh is a agricultural country. At about 57% of total areacovered with crop fields.

Crops – Paddy is the main crop of Bangladesh. Beside it jute, wheat, potato, tobacco, Maize, Lentil,

Mustard, Onion, Sugercane, Peanut etc.

Fauna – Earthwams, Dhora snake, Toads, Insects, Rat

Need proper management and planning for Urbanization

Choose correct location of industry

Use bio pesticides and fertilizer in agriculture

Use alternative of wood

Tree plantation

Make awarness among the people

Ecosystem is a important part of environment. Atmospheric,Hydospheric, lithospheric, biospheric including human; allelement depends on each other. If one element is imbalanced,then whole system will be imbalanced. Nowadays humanreached a extreme stage of development, they can destroy theecosystem and they also can protect the ecosystem. Just theyneed conciousness. They shuld take proper steps to protectecosystem for their own protection. Because they are also aelement of ecosystem.