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Chapter 9Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions

9.1 The Bank Balance Sheet

1) Which of the following statements are true?

A) A bankʹs assets are its sources of funds.

B) A bankʹs liabilities are its uses of funds.

C) A bankʹs balance sheet shows that total assets equal total liabilities plus equity capital.

D) A bankʹs balance sheet indicates whether or not the bank is profitable.

Answer: CQues Status: Revised

2) Which of the following statements is false?

A) A bankʹs assets are its uses of funds.

B) A bank issues liabilities to acquire funds.

C) The bankʹs assets provide the bank with income.

D) Bank capital is recorded as an asset on the bank balance sheet.

Answer: DQues Status: Revised

3) Which of the following are reported as liabilities on a bankʹs balance sheet?

A) Reserves

B) Checkable deposits

C) Loans

D) Deposits with other banks

Answer: BQues Status: Previous Edition

4) Which of the following are reported as liabilities on a bankʹs balance sheet?

A) Discount loans

B) Reserves

C) U.S. Treasury securities

D) Loans

Answer: AQues Status: Revised

Chapter 9 Banking and the Management of Financial Institutions 209

5) The share of checkable deposits in total bank liabilities has

A) expanded moderately over time.

B) expanded dramatically over time.

C) shrunk over time.

D) remained virtually unchanged since 1960.

Answer: CQues Status: Previous Edition

6) Which of the following statements is false?

A) Checkable deposits are usually the lowest cost source of bank funds.

B) Checkable deposits are the primary source of bank funds.

C) Checkable deposits are payable on demand.

D) Checkable deposits include NOW accounts.


7) In recent years the interest paid on checkable and time deposits has accounted for around________ of total bank operating expenses, while the costs involved in servicing accounts havebeen approximately ________ of operating expenses.

A) 45 percent; 55 percent

B) 55 percent; 4 percent

C) 25 percent; 50 percent

D) 50 percent; 30 percent


8) Which of the following statements are true?

A) Checkable deposits are payable on demand.

B) Checkable deposits do not include NOW accounts.

C) Checkable deposits are the primary source of bank funds.

D) Demand deposits are checkable deposits that pay interest.


210 Mishkin · Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, Eighth Edition

9) Which of the following are transaction deposits?

A) Savings accounts

B) Small-denomination time deposits

C) Negotiable order of withdraw accounts

D) Certificates of deposit


10) Which of the following is not a nontransaction deposit?

A) Savings accounts

B) Small-denomination time deposits

C) Negotiable order of withdrawal accounts

D) Certificate of deposit


11) Large-denomination CDs are ________, so that like a bond they can be resold in a ________market before they mature.

A) nonnegotiable; secondary

B) nonnegotiable; primary

C) negotiable; secondary

D) negotiable; primary


12) Because checking accounts are ________ liquid for the depositor than passbook savings, theyearn ________ interest rates.

A) less; higher

B) less; lower

C) more; higher

D) more; lower

Answer: DQues Status: Previous Edition


13) Because ________ are less liquid for the depositor than ________, they earn higher interestrates.

A) money market deposit accounts; time deposits

B) checkable deposits; passbook savings

C) passbook savings; checkable deposits

D) passbook savings; time deposits


14) Because ________ are less liquid for the depositor than ________, they earn higher interestrates.

A) passbook savings; time deposits

B) money market deposit accounts; time deposits

C) money market deposit accounts; passbook savings

D) time deposits; passbook savings


15) Banks acquire the funds that they use to purchase income-earning assets from such sources as

A) cash items in the process of collection

B) savings accounts.

C) reserves.

D) deposits at other banks.

Answer: BQues Status: Revised

16) Bank loans from the Federal Reserve are called ________ and represent a ________ of funds.

A) discount loans; use

B) discount loans; source

C) fed funds; use

D) fed funds; source



17) Which of the following is not a source of borrowings for a bank?

A) Federal funds

B) Eurodollars

C) Transaction deposits

D) Discount loans

Answer: CQues Status: New

18) Bank capital is equal to ________ minus ________.

A) total assets; total liabilities

B) total liabilities; total assets

C) total assets; total reserves

D) total liabilities; total borrowings

Answer: AQues Status: New

19) Bank capital is listed on the ________ side of the bankʹs balance sheet because it represents a________ of funds.

A) liability; use

B) liability; source

C) asset; use

D) asset; source


20) Bank reserves include

A) deposits at the Fed and short-term treasury securities.

B) vault cash and short-term Treasury securities.

C) vault cash and deposits at the Fed.

D) deposits at other banks and deposits at the Fed.



21) The fraction of checkable deposits that banks are required by regulation to hold are

A) excess reserves.

B) required reserves.

C) vault cash.

D) total reserves.


22) Which of the following are reported as assets on a bankʹs balance sheet?

A) Borrowings

B) Reserves

C) Savings deposits

D) Bank capital


23) Which of the following are not reported as assets on a bankʹs balance sheet?

A) Cash items in the process of collection

B) Deposits with other banks

C) U.S. Treasury securities

D) Checkable deposits


24) Through correspondent banking, large banks provide services to small banks, including

A) loan guarantees.

B) foreign exchange transactions.

C) issuing stock.

D) debt reduction.



25) The largest percentage of banksʹ holdings of securities consist of

A) Treasury and government agency securities.

B) tax-exempt municipal securities.

C) state and local government securities.

D) corporate securities.


26) Which of the following bank assets is the most liquid?

A) Consumer loans

B) Reserves

C) Cash items in process of collection

D) U.S. government securities


27) Secondary reserves include

A) deposits at Federal Reserve Banks.

B) deposits at other large banks.

C) short-term Treasury securities.

D) state and local government securities.


28) Because of their ________ liquidity, ________ U.S. government securities are called secondaryreserves.

A) low; short-term

B) low; long-term

C) high; short-term

D) high; long-term



29) Secondary reserves are so called because

A) they can be converted into cash with low transactions costs.

B) they are not easily converted into cash, and are, therefore, of secondary importance tobanking firms.

C) 50% of these assets count toward meeting required reserves.

D) they rank second to bank vault cash in importance of bank holdings.


30) Banksʹ asset portfolios include state and local government securities because

A) their interest payments are tax deductible for federal income taxes.

B) banks consider them helpful in attracting accounts of Federal employees.

C) the Federal Reserve requires member banks to buy securities from state and localgovernments located within their respective Federal Reserve districts.

D) there is no default-risk with state and local government securities.


31) Bankʹs make their profits primarily by issuing ________.

A) equity

B) negotiable CDs

C) loans

D) NOW accounts


32) The most important category of assets on a bankʹs balance sheet is

A) discount loans.

B) securities.

C) loans.

D) cash items in the process of collection.



9.2 Basic Banking

1) Banks earn profits by selling ________ with attractive combinations of liquidity, risk, andreturn, and using the proceeds to buy ________ with a different set of characteristics.

A) loans; deposits

B) securities; deposits

C) liabilities; assets

D) assets; liabilities


2) In general, banks make profits by selling ________ liabilities and buying ________ assets.

A) long-term; shorter-term

B) short-term; longer-term

C) illiquid; liquid

D) risky; risk-free


3) Asset transformation can be described as

A) borrowing long and lending short.

B) borrowing short and lending long.

C) borrowing and lending only for the short term.

D) borrowing and lending for the long term.


4) When a new depositor opens a checking account at the First National Bank, the bankʹs assets________ and its liabilities ________.

A) increase; increase

B) increase; decrease

C) decrease; increase

D) decrease; decrease

Answer: AQues Status: Previous Edition


5) When Jane Brown writes a $100 check to her nephew (who lives in another state), Ms. Brownʹsbank ________ assets of $100 and ________ liabilities of $100.

A) gains; gains

B) gains; loses

C) loses; gains

D) loses; loses


6) When you deposit a $50 bill in the Security Pacific National Bank,

A) its liabilities decrease by $50.

B) its assets increase by $50.

C) its reserves decrease by $50.

D) its cash items in the process of collection increase by $50.


7) When you deposit $50 in currency at Old National Bank,

A) its assets increase by less than $50 because of reserve requirements.

B) its reserves increase by less than $50 because of reserve requirements.

C) its liabilities increase by $50.

D) its liabilities decrease by $50.


8) Holding all else constant, when a bank receives the funds for a deposited check,

A) cash items in the process of collection fall by the amount of the check.

B) bank assets increase by the amount of the check.

C) bank liabilities decrease by the amount of the check.

D) bank reserves increase by the amount of required reserves.



9) When a $10 check written on the First National Bank of Chicago is deposited in an account atCitibank, then

A) the liabilities of the First National Bank increase by $10.

B) the reserves of the First National Bank increase by $ 10.

C) the liabilities of Citibank increase by $10.

D) the assets of Citibank fall by $10.


10) When a $10 check written on the First National Bank of Chicago is deposited in an account atCitibank, then

A) the liabilities of the First National Bank decrease by $10.

B) the reserves of the First National Bank increase by $10.

C) the liabilities of Citibank decrease by $10.

D) the assets of Citibank decrease by $10.


11) When you deposit $50 in your account at First National Bank and a $100 check you havewritten on this account is cashed at Chemical Bank, then

A) the assets of First National rise by $50.

B) the assets of Chemical Bank rise by $50.

C) the reserves at First National fall by $50.

D) the liabilities at Chemical Bank rise by $50.


12) When $1 million is deposited at a bank, the required reserve ratio is 20 percent, and the bankchooses not to hold any excess reserves but makes loans instead, then, in the bankʹs finalbalance sheet,

A) the assets at the bank increase by $800,000.

B) the liabilities of the bank increase by $1,000,000.

C) the liabilities of the bank increase by $800,000.

D) reserves increase by $160,000.



13) When $1 million is deposited at a bank, the required reserve ratio is 20 percent, and the bankchooses not to make any loans but to hold excess reserves instead, then, in the bankʹs finalbalance sheet,

A) the assets at the bank increase by $1 million.

B) the liabilities of the bank decrease by $1 million.

C) reserves increase by $200,000.

D) liabilities increase by $200,000.


14) Using T-accounts show what happens to reserves at Security National Bank if one individualdeposits $1000 in cash into her checking account and another individual withdraws $750 incash from her checking account.

Answer: Security National BankAssets LiabilitiesReserves +$250 Checkable deposits +$250

Ques Status: New

9.3 General Principles of Bank Management

1) Which of the following are primary concerns of the bank manager?

A) Maintaining sufficient reserves to minimize the cost to the bank of deposit outflows

B) Extending loans to borrowers who will pay low interest rates, but who are poor creditrisks

C) Acquiring funds at a relatively high cost, so that profitable lending opportunities can berealized

D) Maintaining high levels of capital and thus maximizing the returns to the owners.


2) If a bank has $100,000 of checkable deposits, a required reserve ratio of 20 percent, and it holds$40,000 in reserves, then the maximum deposit outflow it can sustain without altering itsbalance sheet is

A) $30,000.

B) $25,000.

C) $20,000.

D) $10,000.



3) If a bank has $200,000 of checkable deposits, a required reserve ratio of 20 percent, and it holds$80,000 in reserves, then the maximum deposit outflow it can sustain without altering itsbalance sheet is

A) $50,000.

B) $40,000.

C) $30,000.

D) $25,000.


4) If a bank has $10 million of checkable deposits, a required reserve ratio of 10 percent, and itholds $2 million in reserves, then it will not have enough reserves to support a deposit outflowof

A) $1.2 million.

B) $1.1 million.

C) $1 million.

D) $900,000.


5) If a bank has excess reserves greater than the amount of a deposit outflow, the outflow willresult in equal reductions in

A) deposits and reserves.

B) deposits and loans.

C) capital and reserves.

D) capital and loans.


6) A $5 million deposit outflow from a bank has the immediate effect of

A) reducing deposits and reserves by $5 million.

B) reducing deposits and loans by $5 million.

C) reducing deposits and securities by $5 million.

D) reducing deposits and capital by $5 million.



7) If, after a deposit outflow, a bank has a reserve deficiency of $ 3 million, it can meet its reserverequirements by

A) reducing deposits by $3 million.

B) increasing loans by $3 million.

C) selling $3 million of securities.

D) repaying its discount loans from the Fed.


8) A bank with insufficient reserves can increase its reserves by

A) lending federal funds.

B) calling in loans.

C) buying short-term Treasury securities.

D) buying municipal bonds.


9) Of the following, which would be the first choice for a bank facing a reserve deficiency.

A) call in loans.

B) borrow from the Fed.

C) sell securities.

D) borrow from other banks.


10) In general, banks would prefer to meet deposit outflows by ________ rather than ________.

A) selling loans; selling securities

B) selling loans; borrowing from the Fed

C) borrowing from the Fed; selling loans

D) ʺcalling inʺ loans; selling securities



11) ________ may antagonize customers and thus can be a very costly way of acquiring funds tomeet an unexpected deposit outflow.

A) Selling securities

B) Selling loans

C) Calling in loans

D) Selling negotiable CDs


12) Bankersʹ concerns regarding the optimal mix of excess reserves, secondary reserves,borrowings from the Fed, and borrowings from other banks to deal with deposit outflows is anexample of

A) liability management.

B) liquidity management.

C) managing interest rate risk.

D) managing credit risk.


13) Banks hold excess and secondary reserves to

A) reduce the interest-rate risk problem.

B) provide for deposit outflows.

C) satisfy margin requirements.

D) achieve higher earnings than they can with loans.


14) A bank will want to hold more excess reserves (everything else equal) when

A) it expects to have deposit inflows in the near future.

B) brokerage commissions on selling bonds increase.

C) the cost of selling loans falls.

D) the discount rate decreases.



15) As the costs associated with deposit outflows ________, the banks willingness to hold excessreserves will ________.

A) decrease; increase

B) increase; decrease

C) increase; increase

D) decrease; not be affected


16) Which of the following would a bank not hold as insurance against the highest cost of depositoutflow-bank failure?

A) excess reserves

B) secondary reserves

C) bank capital

D) mortgages


17) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the task of bank assetmanagement?

A) Banks seek the highest returns possible subject to minimizing risk and making adequateprovisions for liquidity.

B) Banks seek to have the highest liquidity possible subject to earning a positive rate ofreturn on their operations.

C) Banks seek to prevent bank failure at all cost; since a failed bank earns no profit, liquidityneeds supersede the desire for profits.

D) Banks seek to acquire funds in the least costly way.


18) The goals of bank asset management include

A) maximizing risk.

B) minimizing liquidity

C) lending at high interest rates regardless of risk.

D) purchasing securities with high returns and low risk.



19) Banks that suffered significant losses in the 1980s made the mistake of

A) holding too many liquid assets.

B) minimizing default risk.

C) failing to diversify their loan portfolio.

D) holding only safe securities.


20) Which of the following has not resulted from more active liability management on the part ofbanks?

A) Increased bank holdings of cash items

B) Aggressive targeting of goals for asset growth by banks

C) Increased use of negotiable CDs to raise funds

D) An increased proportion of bank assets held in loans


21) Banks that actively manage liabilities will most likely meet a reserve shortfall by

A) calling in loans.

B) borrowing federal funds.

C) selling municipal bonds.

D) seeking new deposits.


22) Modern liability management has resulted in

A) increased sales of certificates of deposits to raise funds.

B) increase importance of deposits as a source of funds.

C) reduced borrowing by banks in the overnight loan market.

D) failure by banks to coordinate management of assets and liabilities.



23) A bank failure occurs whenever

A) a bank cannot satisfy its obligations to pay its depositors and have enough reserves tomeet its reserve requirements.

B) a bank suffers a large deposit outflow.

C) a bank has to call in a large volume of loans.

D) a bank is not allowed to borrow from the Fed.


24) A bank is insolvent when

A) its liabilities exceed its assets.

B) its assets exceed its liabilities.

C) its capital exceeds its liabilities.

D) its assets increase in value.


25) Holding large amounts of bank capital helps prevent bank failures because

A) it means that the bank has a higher income.

B) it makes loans easier to sell.

C) it can be used to absorb the losses resulting from a deposit outflow.

D) it makes it easier to call in loans.


26) Net profit after taxes per dollar of assets is a basic measure of bank profitability called

A) return on assets.

B) return on capital.

C) return on equity.

D) return on investment.



27) Net profit after taxes per dollar of equity capital is a basic measure of bank profitability called

A) return on assets.

B) return on capital.

C) return on equity.

D) return on investment.


28) The amount of assets per dollar of equity capital is called the

A) asset ratio.

B) equity ratio.

C) equity multiplier.

D) asset multiplier.


29) For a given return on assets, the lower is bank capital,

A) the lower is the return for the owners of the bank.

B) the higher is the return for the owners of the bank.

C) the lower is the credit risk for the owners of the bank.

D) the lower the possibility of bank failure.


30) In the absence of regulation, banks would probably hold

A) too much capital, reducing the efficiency of the payments system.

B) too much capital, reducing the profitability of banks.

C) too little capital.

D) too much capital, making it more difficult to obtain loans.



31) Conditions that likely contributed to a credit crunch in 1990-92 include:

A) a decrease in the equity multiplier caused by loan losses due to falling real estate prices.

B) regulated hikes in bank capital requirements.

C) falling interest rates that raised interest rate risk, causing banks to choose to hold morecapital.

D) increases in reserve requirements.


32) Which of the following would not be a way to increase the return on equity?

A) Buy back bank stock

B) Pay higher dividends

C) Acquire new funds by selling negotiable CDs and increase assets with them

D) Sell more bank stock

Answer: DQues Status: New

33) If a bank needs to raise the amount of capital relative to assets, a bank manager might chooseto

A) buy back bank stock.

B) pay higher dividends.

C) shrink the size of the bank.

D) sell securities the bank owns and put the funds into the reserve account.


34) Your bank has the following balance sheet:

Assets LiabilitiesReserves $ 50 million Checkable deposits $200 millionSecurities 50 millionLoans 150 million Bank capital 50 million

If the required reserve ratio is 10%, what actions should the bank manager take if there is anunexpected deposit outflow of $50 million?

Answer: After the deposit outflow, the bank will have a reserve shortfall of $15 million. Thebank manager could try to borrow in the Federal Funds market, take out a discountloan from the Federal Reserve, sell $15 million of the securities the bank owns, sell off$15 million of the loans the bank owns , or lastly call-in $15 million of loans. All of theactions will be costly to the bank. The bank manager should try to acquire the fundswith the least costly method.

Ques Status: New


9.4 Managing Credit Risk

1) Banks face the problem of ________ in loan markets because bad credit risks are the ones mostlikely to seek bank loans.

A) adverse selection

B) moral hazard

C) moral suasion

D) intentional fraud


2) If borrowers with the most risky investment projects seek bank loans in higher proportion tothose borrowers with the safest investment projects, banks are said to face the problem of

A) adverse credit risk.

B) adverse selection.

C) moral hazard.

D) lemon lenders.


3) Because borrowers, once they have a loan, are more likely to invest in high-risk investmentprojects, banks face the

A) adverse selection problem.

B) lemon problem.

C) adverse credit risk problem.

D) moral hazard problem.


4) In order to reduce the ________ problem in loan markets, bankers collect information fromprospective borrowers to screen out the bad credit risks from the good ones.

A) moral hazard

B) adverse selection

C) moral suasion

D) adverse lending

Answer: BQues Status: New


5) In one sense ________ appears surprising since it means that the bank is not ________ itsportfolio of loans and thus is exposing itself to more risk.

A) specialization in lending; diversifying

B) specialization in lending; rationing

C) credit rationing; diversifying

D) screening; rationing


6) From the standpoint of ________, specialization in lending is surprising but makes perfectsense when one considers the ________ problem.

A) moral hazard; diversification

B) diversification; moral hazard

C) adverse selection; diversification

D) diversification; adverse selection


7) Provisions in loan contracts that prohibit borrowers from engaging in specified risky activitiesare called

A) proscription bonds.

B) restrictive covenants.

C) due-on-sale clauses.

D) liens.


8) Long-term customer relationships ________ the cost of information collection and make iteasier to ________ credit risks.

A) reduce; screen

B) increase; screen

C) reduce; increase

D) increase; increase



9) Unanticipated moral hazard contingencies can be reduced by

A) screening.

B) long-term customer relationships.

C) specialization in lending.

D) credit rationing.

Answer: BQues Status: New

10) A bankʹs commitment to provide a firm with loans up to pre-specified limit at an interest ratethat is tied to a market interest rate is called

A) an adjustable gap loan.

B) an adjustable portfolio loan.

C) loan commitment.

D) pre-credit loan line.


11) A bank that wants to monitor the check payment practices of its commercial borrowers, so thatmoral hazard can be prevented, will require borrowers to

A) place a bank officer on their board of directors.

B) place a corporate officer on the bankʹs board of directors.

C) keep compensating balances in a checking account at the bank.

D) purchase the bankʹs CDs.


12) Of the following methods that banks might use to reduce moral hazard problems, the one notlegally permitted in the United States is the

A) requirement that firms keep compensating balances at the banks from which they obtaintheir loans.

B) requirement that firms place on their board of directors an officer from the bank.

C) inclusion of restrictive covenants in loan contracts.

D) requirement that individuals provide detailed credit histories to bank loan officers.



13) Property promised to the lender as compensation if the borrower defaults is called ________.

A) collateral

B) deductibles

C) restrictive covenants

D) contingencies


14) When a lender refuses to make a loan, although borrowers are willing to pay the statedinterest rate or even a higher rate, the bank is said to engage in

A) coercive bargaining.

B) strategic holding out.

C) credit rationing.

D) collusive behavior.


15) A Federal Reserve survey of bankers done in early 1991 revealed that depressed conditions incommercial real estate markets had prompted many banks simply to stop lending. Thisresponse to potential adverse selection problems is referred to as

A) screening.

B) monitoring.

C) specialized lending.

D) credit rationing.


16) When banks offer borrowers smaller loans than they have requested, banks are said to

A) shave credit.

B) rediscount the loan.

C) raze credit.

D) ration credit.



17) Credit risk management tools include:

A) deductibles.

B) collateral.

C) interest rate swaps.

D) duration analysis.


18) How can specializing in lending help to reduce the adverse selection problem in lending?

Answer: Reducing the adverse selection problem requires the banks to acquire information toscreen bad credit risks from good credit risks. It is easier for banks to obtaininformation about local businesses. Also if the bank lends to firms in a few specificindustries they will become more knowledgeable about those industries and a betterjudge of creditworthiness in those industries.

Ques Status: New

9.5 Managing Interest-Rate Risk

1) Risk that is related to the uncertainty about interest rate movements is called

A) default risk.

B) interest-rate risk.

C) the problem of moral hazard.

D) security risk.


2) All else the same, if a bankʹs liabilities are more sensitive to interest rate fluctuations than areits assets, then ________ in interest rates will ________ bank profits.

A) an increase; increase

B) an increase; reduce

C) a decline; reduce

D) a decline; not affect



3) If a bank has ________ rate-sensitive assets than liabilities, then ________ in interest rates willincrease bank profits.

A) more; a decline

B) more; an increase

C) less; an increase

D) fewer; a surge


4) If a bank has ________ rate-sensitive assets than liabilities, a ________ in interest rates willreduce bank profits, while a ________ in interest rates will raise bank profits.

A) more; rise; decline

B) more; decline; rise

C) fewer; decline; decline

D) fewer; rise; rise


5) The difference of rate-sensitive liabilities and rate-sensitive assets is known as the

A) duration.

B) interest-sensitivity index.

C) rate-risk index.

D) gap.


6) If the First National Bank has a gap equal to a negative $30 million, then a 5 percentage pointincrease in interest rates will cause profits to

A) increase by $15 million.

B) increase by $1.5 million.

C) decline by $15 million.

D) decline by $1.5 million.



7) Measuring the sensitivity of bank profits to changes in interest rates by multiplying the gaptimes the change in the interest rate is called

A) basic duration analysis.

B) basic gap analysis.

C) interest-exposure analysis.

D) gap-exposure analysis.


8) Measuring the sensitivity of bank profits to changes in interest rates by multiplying the gap forseveral maturity subintervals times the change in the interest rate is called

A) basic gap analysis.

B) the maturity bucket approach to gap analysis.

C) the segmented maturity approach to gap analysis.

D) the segmented maturity approach to interest-exposure analysis.


First National BankAssets Liabilities

Rate-sensitive $20 million $50 millionFixed-rate $80 million $50 million

9) If interest rates rise by 5 percentage points, say, from 10 to 15%, bank profits (measured usinggap analysis) will

A) decline by $0.5 million.

B) decline by $1.5 million.

C) decline by $2.5 million.

D) increase by $1.5 million.


10) Assuming that the average duration of its assets is five years, while the average duration of itsliabilities is three years, then a 5 percentage point increase in interest rates will cause the networth of First National to decline by ________ of the total original asset value.

A) 5 percent

B) 10 percent

C) 15 percent

D) 25 percent



First National BankAssets Liabilities

Rate-sensitive $40 million $50 millionFixed-rate $60 million $50 million

11) If interest rates rise by 5 percentage points, say from 10 to 15%, bank profits (measured usinggap analysis) will

A) decline by $0.5 million.

B) decline by $1.5 million.

C) decline by $2.5 million.

D) increase by $2.0 million.


12) Assuming that the average duration of its assets is four years, while the average duration of itsliabilities is three years, then a 5 percentage point increase in interest rates will cause the networth of First National to _________ by ________ of the total original asset value.

A) decline; 5 percent

B) decline; 10 percent

C) decline; 15 percent

D) increase; 20 percent


13) Duration analysis involves comparing the average duration of the bankʹs ________ to theaverage duration of its ________.

A) securities portfolio; non-deposit liabilities

B) assets; liabilities

C) loan portfolio; deposit liabilities

D) assets; deposit liabilities


14) Because of an expected rise in interest rates in the future, a banker will likely

A) make long-term rather than short-term loans.

B) buy short-term rather than long-term bonds.

C) buy long-term rather than short-term bonds.

D) make either short or long-term loans; expectations of future interest rates are irrelevant.



15) If a banker expects interest rates to fall in the future, her best strategy for the present is

A) to increase the duration of the bankʹs liabilities.

B) to buy short-term bonds.

C) to sell long-term certificates of deposit.

D) to increase the duration of the bankʹs assets.


16) Bruce the Bank Manager can reduce interest rate risk by ________ the duration of the bankʹsassets to increase their rate sensitivity or, alternatively, ________ the duration of the bankʹsliabilities.

A) shortening; lengthening

B) shortening; shortening

C) lengthening; lengthening

D) lengthening; shortening


17) Your bank has the following balance sheet

Assets LiabilitiesRate-sensitive $100 million Rate-sensitive $75 millionFixed-rate 100 million Fixed-rate 125 million

What would happen to bank profits if the interest rates in the economy go down? Is thereanything that you could do to keep your bank from being so vulnerable to interest ratemovements?

Answer: The bankʹs profits would go down because it has more interest-rate sensitive assetsthan liabilities. In order to reduce interest-rate sensitivity, the bank manager could usefinancial derivatives such as interest-rate swaps, options, or futures. The bank managercould also try to adjust the balance sheet so that the bankʹs profits are not vulnerable tothe movement of the interest rate.

Ques Status: New


9.6 Off-Balance-Sheet Activities

1) Examples of off-balance-sheet activities include

A) loan sales.

B) extending loans to depositors.

C) borrowing from other banks.

D) selling negotiable CDs.


2) All of the following are examples of off-balance sheet activities that generate fee income forbanks except

A) foreign exchange trades.

B) guaranteeing debt securities.

C) back-up lines of credit.

D) selling negotiable CDs.


3) Which of the following is not an example of a backup line of credit?

A) loan commitments

B) overdraft privileges

C) standby letters of credit

D) mortgages


4) Off-balance sheet activities involving guarantees of securities and back-up credit lines

A) have no impact on the risk a bank faces.

B) greatly reduce the risk a bank faces.

C) increase the risk a bank faces.

D) slightly reduce the risk a bank faces.



5) When banks involved in trading activities attempt to outguess markets, they are

A) forecasting.

B) diversifying.

C) speculating.

D) engaging in riskless arbitrage.


6) Traders working for banks are subject to the

A) principal-agent problem.

B) free-rider problem.

C) double-jeopardy problem.

D) exchange-risk problem.


7) A reason why rogue traders have bankrupt their banks is due to

A) the separation of trading activities from the bookkeepers.

B) stringent supervision of trading activities by bank management.

C) accounting errors.

D) a failure to maintain proper internal controls.


8) The principal-agent problem that exists for bank trading activities can be reduced through

A) creation of internal controls that combine trading activities with bookkeeping.

B) creation of internal controls that separate trading activities from bookkeeping.

C) elimination of regulation of banking.

D) elimination of internal controls.



9) Banks develop statistical models to calculate their maximum loss over a given time period.This approach is known as the

A) stress-testing approach.

B) value-at-risk approach.

C) trading-loss approach.

D) doomsday approach.


10) When banks calculate the losses the institution would incur if an unusual combination of badevents happened, the bank is using the ________ approach.

A) stress-test

B) value-at-risk

C) trading-loss

D) maximum value


9.7 Web Appendix 1: Duration Gap Analysis

1) Assume a bank has $200 million of assets with a duration of 2.5, and $190 million of liabilitieswith a duration of 1.05. If interest rates increase from 5 percent to 6 percent, the net worth ofthe bank falls by

A) $1 million.

B) $2.4 million.

C) $3.6 million.

D) $4.8 million.


2) Assume a bank has $200 million of assets with a duration of 2.5, and $190 million of liabilitieswith a duration of 1.05. The duration gap for this bank is

A) 0.5 year.

B) 1 year.

C) 1.5 years.

D) 2 years.



3) If interest rates increase from 9 percent to 10 percent, a bank with a duration gap of 2 yearswould experience a decrease in its net worth of

A) 0.9 percent of its assets.

B) 0.9 percent of its liabilities.

C) 1.8 percent of its liabilities.

D) 1.8 percent of its assets.


9.8 Web Appendix 2: Measuring Bank Performance

1) When a bank suspects that a $1 million loan might prove to be bad debt that will have to bewritten off in the future the bank

A) can set aside $1 million of its earnings in its loan loss reserves account.

B) reduces its reported earnings by $1, even though it has not yet actually lost the $1million.

C) reduces its assets immediately by $1 million, even though it has not yet lost the $1million.

D) reduces its reserves by $1 million, so that they can use those funds later.


2) For banks,

A) return on assets exceeds return on equity.

B) return on assets equals return on equity.

C) return on equity exceeds return on assets.

D) return on equity is another name for net interest margin.


3) The quantity interest income minus interest expenses divided by assets is a measure of bankperformance known as

A) operating income.

B) net interest margin.

C) return on assets.

D) return on equity.


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