Economics 172 Issues in African Economic Development Lecture 25 April 25, 2006.
Economics 172 - University of California, Berkeley
41
Economics 172 Issues in African Economic Development Professor Ted Miguel Department of Economics University of California, Berkeley
Transcript of Economics 172 - University of California, Berkeley
Econ
omic
s 17
2Is
sues
in A
frica
n E
cono
mic
Dev
elop
men
t
Pro
fess
or T
ed M
igue
lD
epar
tmen
t of E
cono
mic
sU
nive
rsity
of C
alifo
rnia
, Ber
kele
y
Econ
omic
s 17
2Is
sues
in A
frica
n E
cono
mic
Dev
elop
men
t
Lect
ure
18 –
Mar
ch 2
0, 2
007
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
3
•Th
e m
idte
rm e
xam
will
be
grad
ed a
fter s
prin
g br
eak
•R
eade
r #2
has
been
sen
t to
Cop
y C
entra
l and
will
be
avai
labl
e to
day
or to
mor
row
(sor
ry fo
r the
slig
ht d
elay
)
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
4
•Th
e m
idte
rm e
xam
will
be
grad
ed a
fter s
prin
g br
eak
•R
eade
r #2
has
been
sen
t to
Cop
y C
entra
l and
will
be
avai
labl
e to
day
or to
mor
row
(sor
ry fo
r the
slig
ht d
elay
)
•G
uest
lect
ure
this
Thu
rsda
y by
Jes
sica
Lei
no, a
B
erke
ley
Ph.
D. s
tude
nt in
Eco
nom
ics,
on
sprin
g w
ater
m
anag
emen
t in
rura
l Ken
ya
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
5
Nex
t top
ic: e
nviro
nmen
tal a
nd d
evel
opm
ent
•W
hat w
ill h
appe
n to
Afri
ca a
s a
resu
lt of
clim
ate
chan
ge?
Wha
t if g
loba
l tem
pera
ture
s ke
ep ri
sing
?
•O
ne im
porta
nt is
sue
is w
ater
sca
rcity
, if t
empe
ratu
res
rise
and
drou
ghts
bec
ome
mor
e co
mm
on
•Th
e ca
se o
f Cha
d: L
ake
Cha
d, o
nce
the
wor
ld’s
6th
larg
est l
ake,
but
it is
dry
ing
up. I
t is
curr
ently
onl
y 10
-20
% o
f its
form
er s
ize.
For
mer
fish
ing
tow
ns a
re d
eser
t
•D
eser
tific
atio
n, p
lus
dam
min
g of
rive
rs fo
r hyd
ro-
elec
tric
pow
er, a
re b
oth
to b
lam
e
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
6
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
7
Drin
king
wat
er in
rura
l Ken
ya•
Wat
er a
cces
s is
a c
ritic
al is
sue
thro
ugho
ut A
frica
•D
rinki
ng w
ater
is o
ften
from
sou
rces
whe
re it
is e
xpos
ed
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t bef
ore
colle
ctio
n•
Nat
ural
ly o
ccur
ring
sprin
gs
•S
hallo
w w
ells
•In
rura
l are
as p
eopl
e liv
e on
thei
r ow
n fa
rms,
not
in
villa
ges/
tow
ns, m
akin
g pi
ped
wat
er e
xpen
sive
•In
fant
mor
talit
y in
Ken
ya is
hig
h at
68
per 1
000
live
birth
s (2
001)
, and
eve
n hi
gher
in ru
ral a
reas
–D
iarr
hea
from
con
tam
inat
ed w
ater
is a
lead
ing
caus
e
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
8
Spr
ing
“pro
tect
ion”
•P
rote
ctin
g a
sprin
g in
volv
es: e
xcav
atin
g th
e “e
ye” o
f the
sp
ring,
inst
allin
g pi
pes
for t
he w
ater
, and
con
cret
e ca
sing
fo
r pro
tect
ion
and
drai
nage
•P
rote
ctio
n do
es n
ot p
reve
nt a
ll co
ntam
inat
ion
at th
e so
urce
(i.e
., gr
ound
wat
er c
onta
min
atio
n)–
Con
tam
inat
ion
in tr
ansp
ort,
stor
age
still
pos
sibl
e
•A
naly
tical
ly c
onve
nien
t: sp
ring
prot
ectio
n im
prov
es w
ater
qu
ality
with
out c
hang
ing
quan
tity
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
9
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
10
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
11
Spr
ing
Pro
tect
ion
Pro
ject
Com
pone
nt•
200
natu
ral s
prin
gs id
entif
ied
in 2
004
–S
prin
gs s
tratif
ied
by b
asel
ine
wat
er c
onta
min
atio
n,
divi
ded
into
four
trea
tmen
t gro
ups
–16
spr
ings
late
r dro
pped
as
unsu
itabl
e fo
r pro
tect
ion
(e.g
., se
ason
al w
ater
onl
y)–
Ord
er o
f pro
tect
ion
dete
rmin
ed ra
ndom
ly
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
12
Spr
ing
Pro
tect
ion
Pro
ject
Com
pone
nt•
200
natu
ral s
prin
gs id
entif
ied
in 2
004
–S
prin
gs s
tratif
ied
by b
asel
ine
wat
er c
onta
min
atio
n,
divi
ded
into
four
trea
tmen
t gro
ups
–16
spr
ings
late
r dro
pped
as
unsu
itabl
e fo
r pro
tect
ion
(e.g
., se
ason
al w
ater
onl
y)–
Ord
er o
f pro
tect
ion
dete
rmin
ed ra
ndom
ly
•A
cros
s th
ree
surv
ey ro
unds
(200
4, 2
005,
200
6), t
here
ar
e 17
5 sp
rings
with
com
plet
e w
ater
and
hou
seho
ld d
ata
•O
ne q
uarte
r of b
asel
ine
sam
ple
phas
ed in
to s
prin
g pr
otec
tion
in e
arly
200
5, o
ne q
uarte
r in
late
200
5
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
13
Sou
rce
wat
er q
ualit
y in
vest
men
ts
•In
the
case
of s
prin
g pr
otec
tion:
1) D
o so
urce
wat
er q
ualit
y ga
ins
trans
late
into
hom
e w
ater
qu
ality
impr
ovem
ents
? A
re th
ese
impr
ovem
ents
larg
er
for h
ouse
hold
s w
ith b
ette
r hyg
iene
, san
itatio
n?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
14
Sou
rce
wat
er q
ualit
y in
vest
men
ts
•In
the
case
of s
prin
g pr
otec
tion:
1) D
o so
urce
wat
er q
ualit
y ga
ins
trans
late
into
hom
e w
ater
qu
ality
impr
ovem
ents
? A
re th
ese
impr
ovem
ents
larg
er
for h
ouse
hold
s w
ith b
ette
r hyg
iene
, san
itatio
n?
2) W
hat a
re th
e ch
ild h
ealth
and
nut
ritio
n im
pact
s of
thes
e w
ater
qua
lity
gain
s?
3) H
ow m
uch
do h
ouse
hold
s va
lue
wat
er q
ualit
y ga
ins?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
15
Mai
n re
sults
of s
prin
g pr
otec
tion
proj
ect
•S
prin
g pr
otec
tion
led
to la
rge
sour
ce w
ater
qua
lity
gain
s (7
2-77
% re
duct
ion
in c
onta
min
atio
n)
•M
oder
ate
hom
e w
ater
qua
lity
gain
s (5
0% re
duct
ion
in
cont
amin
atio
n). H
ome
gain
s no
larg
er fo
r HH
’sw
ith
bette
r hyg
iene
, san
itatio
n
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
16
Mai
n re
sults
of s
prin
g pr
otec
tion
proj
ect
•S
prin
g pr
otec
tion
led
to la
rge
sour
ce w
ater
qua
lity
gain
s (7
2-77
% re
duct
ion
in c
onta
min
atio
n)
•M
oder
ate
hom
e w
ater
qua
lity
gain
s (5
0% re
duct
ion
in
cont
amin
atio
n). H
ome
gain
s no
larg
er fo
r HH
’sw
ith
bette
r hyg
iene
, san
itatio
n
•B
ut n
o ev
iden
ce (a
fter 1
8 m
onth
s) o
f any
siz
eabl
e ch
ild
heal
th o
r nut
ritio
n ga
ins
from
spr
ing
prot
ectio
n!
•H
igh
initi
al h
ouse
hold
val
uatio
n fo
r spr
ing
prot
ectio
n, b
ut
this
falls
ove
r tim
e –
prob
ably
bec
ause
hou
seho
lds
lear
n th
at c
hild
hea
lth g
ains
are
non
-exi
sten
t
•M
ore
disc
ussi
on o
n Th
ursd
ay w
ith J
essi
ca’s
lect
ure
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
17
Tran
sitio
n to
the
seco
nd h
alf o
f the
cou
rse
Out
line:
“His
tory
, ins
titut
ions
, and
pol
itics
”(1
)Int
rodu
ctio
n to
Par
t II o
f the
cou
rse
–w
hy is
Afri
ca s
o ec
onom
ical
ly u
nder
deve
lope
d?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
18
Tran
sitio
n to
the
seco
nd h
alf o
f the
cou
rse
Out
line:
“His
tory
, ins
titut
ions
, and
pol
itics
”(1
)Int
rodu
ctio
n to
Par
t II o
f the
cou
rse
–w
hy is
Afri
ca s
o ec
onom
ical
ly u
nder
deve
lope
d?
(2)S
lave
ry a
nd s
lave
trad
es in
Afri
can
hist
ory
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
19
Sch
emat
ic O
utlin
e of
the
Cou
rse
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
20
Sch
emat
ic O
utlin
e of
the
Cou
rse
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
21
Sch
emat
ic O
utlin
e of
the
Cou
rse
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
22
Sch
emat
ic O
utlin
e of
the
Cou
rse
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
23
Sla
very
in A
frica
n hi
stor
y
•La
rge
num
bers
of A
frica
ns w
ere
forc
ibly
ens
lave
d du
ring
the
15th-1
9th
cent
urie
s, s
tarti
ng w
ith th
e P
ortu
gues
e in
Con
go in
the
15th
cent
ury
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
24
Map
of A
frica
Kon
goK
ingd
om
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
25
Sla
very
in A
frica
n hi
stor
y
•La
rge
num
bers
of A
frica
ns w
ere
forc
ibly
ens
lave
d du
ring
the
15th-1
9th
cent
urie
s, s
tarti
ng w
ith th
e P
ortu
gues
e in
Con
go in
the
15th
cent
ury
•K
ing
Afo
nso
rule
d th
e K
ongo
king
dom
from
150
6-15
43
•La
rge
num
bers
of K
ongo
peop
le w
ere
capt
ured
and
se
nt to
wor
k as
sla
ves
on P
ortu
gues
e pl
anta
tions
on
the
Atla
ntic
isla
nds
of S
ao T
ome
or C
ape
Ver
de
•H
ow d
id th
e sl
ave
trade
affe
ct e
cono
mic
, soc
ial,
and
polit
ical
dev
elop
men
t in
Sub
-Sah
aran
Afri
ca?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
26
The
Afri
can
slav
e tra
de(s
)
•Th
ere
wer
e th
ree
dist
inct
, lar
ge-s
cale
sla
ve tr
adin
g ro
utes
thro
ugh
the
end
of th
e 19
thce
ntur
y:
Atla
ntic
Oce
an tr
ade
11-1
3 m
illio
nS
ahar
a, R
ed S
ea tr
ade
5 m
illio
nIn
dian
Oce
an tr
ade
2 m
illio
nTO
TAL
18-2
0 m
illio
n en
slav
ed
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
27
Map
of A
frica
Zanz
ibar
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
28
Dat
a on
the
Atla
ntic
Sla
ve T
rade
•A
t the
pea
k of
the
trade
in th
e 18
thce
ntur
y, h
uge
num
bers
of A
frica
ns w
ere
bein
g ca
ptur
ed e
very
yea
r:#
peop
le /
year
(ran
ge)
1450
-160
02,
500-
7,44
116
01-1
700
13,3
24-1
8,68
017
01-1
800
61,3
00-9
7,46
9La
te 1
800s
33,3
00-5
0,23
0
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
29
The
Atla
ntic
Sla
ve T
rade
•M
ost s
lave
raid
ing
was
car
ried
out b
y A
frica
ns, w
ho
sold
cap
ture
d pe
ople
to E
urop
ean
trade
rs a
t coa
stal
po
rts(in
toda
y’s
Gha
na, N
iger
ia, C
ongo
, Lib
eria
, Sie
rra
Leon
e, B
enin
, Sen
egal
, Cam
eroo
n, A
ngol
a, …
)
•E
urop
eans
trad
ed s
lave
s fo
r hor
ses,
text
iles,
met
al
good
s an
d to
ols,
and
mos
t im
porta
ntly
gun
s. It
is
estim
ated
that
20
mill
ion
guns
wer
e tra
ded
in a
ll
•M
ilita
ry p
ower
bro
ught
them
mor
e sl
aves
and
mor
e po
litic
al p
ower
. Sla
ve tr
ader
s be
cam
e th
e m
ost
wea
lthy
and
polit
ical
ly in
fluen
tial i
ndiv
idua
ls in
muc
h of
co
asta
l Wes
t Afri
ca
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
30
Why
was
Afri
ca ta
rget
ed b
y sl
ave
trade
rs?
•Lo
catio
n re
lativ
ely
clos
e to
the
Am
eric
as, w
ith it
s bo
omin
g su
gar p
lant
atio
ns
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
31
Why
was
Afri
ca ta
rget
ed b
y sl
ave
trade
rs?
•Lo
catio
n re
lativ
ely
clos
e to
the
Am
eric
as, w
ith it
s bo
omin
g su
gar p
lant
atio
ns
•P
re-e
xist
ing
inte
rnal
sla
ve n
etw
orks
: in
the
late
180
0s,
18-4
4% o
f Afri
cans
wer
e sl
aves
of o
ther
Afri
cans
(b
ased
on
early
Eur
opea
n co
loni
al s
urve
ys)
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
32
Why
was
Afri
ca ta
rget
ed b
y sl
ave
trade
rs?
•Lo
catio
n re
lativ
ely
clos
e to
the
Am
eric
as, w
ith it
s bo
omin
g su
gar p
lant
atio
ns
•P
re-e
xist
ing
inte
rnal
sla
ve n
etw
orks
•Le
ss m
ilita
ry m
ight
(e.g
., co
mpa
red
to A
sia)
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
33
Why
was
Afri
ca ta
rget
ed b
y sl
ave
trade
rs?
•Lo
catio
n re
lativ
ely
clos
e to
the
Am
eric
as, w
ith it
s bo
omin
g su
gar p
lant
atio
ns
•P
re-e
xist
ing
inte
rnal
sla
ve n
etw
orks
•Le
ss m
ilita
ry m
ight
(e.g
., co
mpa
red
to A
sia)
•O
ther
s?
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
34
•Fo
r nex
t tim
e: re
adin
gs o
n w
ater
, and
the
hist
oric
al
lega
cies
of s
lave
ry a
nd c
olon
ialis
m
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
35
Whi
tebo
ard
#1
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
36
Whi
tebo
ard
#2
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
37
Whi
tebo
ard
#3
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
38
Whi
tebo
ard
#4
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
39
Whi
tebo
ard
#5
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
40
Map
of A
frica
Eco
nom
ics
172:
Lec
ture
18
41
Map
of A
frica
