Economic’reforms’and’UNGASS:’’ Micro’&’Macroeconomics’of ...€¦ ·...

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Economic reforms and UNGASS: Micro & Macroeconomics of the SupplySide Dr. John Collins Coordinator, LSE IDEAS InternaDonal Drug Policy Project

Transcript of Economic’reforms’and’UNGASS:’’ Micro’&’Macroeconomics’of ...€¦ ·...

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Economic  reforms  and  UNGASS:    Micro  &  Macroeconomics  of  the  

Supply-­‐Side  Dr.  John  Collins  

Coordinator,  LSE  IDEAS  InternaDonal  Drug  Policy  Project  

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Opening  Points  •  EffecDve  internaDonal  cooperaDon?  •  Current  framework  unsustainable:  

–  failures  –  own  goals  –  IrraDonaliDes  –  Costs;  –  disproporDonaliDes;  

•  PoliDcal  unsustainability  •  Global  Strategy  IS  changing.  

–  Can  we  guide  in  more  raDonal  approach.  •  Trajectories  of  control  

–  Past:  poliDcal  will  !  ProhibiDon  without  limits.  –  Future:  CommericialisaDon  Q  

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10  Point  Framework  

•  LSE  Expert  Group  on  the  Economics  of  Drug  Policy  –  Chair:  Professor  Danny  Quah.  

•  5  Nobel  Prize  Winning  Economists;  World  leading  drug  policy  experts;  human  rights  experts;  world  leaders.  

•  ‘It  is  Dme  to  end  the  ‘war  on  drugs’  and  massively  redirect  resources  towards  effecDve  evidence-­‐based  policies  underpinned  by  rigorous  economic  analysis.’  

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1912-­‐1970s  •  Ba`le:  –  ConstrucDng  a  system  that  balances:  

•  ProhibiDonist’  geang  to  ‘zero’s  with:  •  RegulaDon:  planned  global  economy    

•  RegulaDon  won.    –  Highly  imperfect  model:  1961  ConvenDon  

•  Seized  by  ascendant  prohibiDonist  ideology  1970s  onwards.    •  convenDon  system  +  bilateral  diplomacy  to  internaDonalise  •  1998  final  iteraDon  of  “Drug  Free  World”  •  2008  onwards:  emergence  of  public  health  and  human  rights  

paradigm.  

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Part  2:  System’s  Regulatory  Flaws  

EradicaDng  illicit  market  

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Eradicate  Illicit  Market  

•  Most  recent  grand  strategic  elaboraDon:  UNGASS  Decade:  –  ‘A  drug  free  world’  i.e.  illicit  supply  to  zero.  – Whether  actual  or  aspiraDon:    

•  prioriDes  &  resource  allocaDon.  

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Microeconomics:  Supply  IntervenDons  

•  ProhibiDon  raises  prices.  – Consumers  pay  markup  to  illicit  market  actors.  – BUT  

•  Marginal  Supply  intervenDons;  footloose;  inelasDc  D:  – S  disrupDon  at  E1  where  D  =  k  !  "S  !  #P  !  #S  !  "P  !  

– E2  ≈  E1.  – New  violence  equilibrium?  

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Marginal  Level  

•  Marginal  spend  ineffecDve/negaDve?    – Reuter  &  Pollack,  2014.  

•  Metric  for  opDmal  spend?  •  Huge  implicaDons  for  enforcement  and  policy  prioriDes.  (see  later)  

•  E.g.  Cut  enforcement  intensity  in  US  by  50%  and  see  no  increase  in  consumpDon.  – Reuter  and  Caulkins,  2004.  

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Macroeconomics:  Commodity  Prices  

•  SO,  iniDal  spend  effecDve  at  raising  prices  to  a  point.  •  Therefore,  presumably  reducing  consumpDon?  –  Depends  on  substance;  Age  of  market;  elasDcity  etc.  

•  I.e.  for  high  value/weight  raDo  products  drasDcally  increases  price.  E.g.  Cocaine.  –  E.g.  Cocaine:  markup  >  possible  taxaDon  –  E.g.  Cannabis:  TaxaDon  possible  to  subsDtute  for  black  market.  

–  Opium:  different  criteria.  •  Focus  on  medicalising  consumer  country.  •  Minimising  price  distorDons  at  farmgate.  •  TargeDng  cross  border  flows  and  containing  commodity  chain?  

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Macro  II:  Geography  and  ExternaliDes  

•  US  and  Europe  can  claim  supply  side  policies  in  LatAm  reduce  health  their  costs.  E.g.  cocaine.  

•  BUT  Global  jusDce  dimension:  does  not  apply  to  producer  &  transit  countries  –  “outsourcing”  –  Quah  2014.  

•  Where  is  aggregate  price  increase  distribute:  poliDcal  and  violent  capital  intensive  factors  yield  highest  returns  !  rewards  go  to  bribing  poliDcians  and  buying  weapons.  –  Cocaine  markup  on  Wall  Street  results  in  corrupDon  in  South  and  Central  America.  

–  NOT  as  result  of  commodity,  but  in  regulatory  framework  !  benefits  to  violent  and  corrosive  forces.  

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Key  Take-­‐away:  Fundamental  paradox  at  base  of  current  strategy.  

   Tac;cal  Victory  !  Strategic  failure  

 

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Policy  Responses?    

•  Shiu  towards  targeted  interdicDon  Policies.  •  Decriminalise  front  end  of  the  commodity  Chain.  – How  far?  

•  Experiment  with  regulaDng  parts  of  commodity  chain.  – Not  necessarily  fully  legalised  commodity  chain?  – How  do  issues  of  commercialisaDon  apply?  

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Key  Economic  Issues  in  Drug  Policy  Reform  

•  Spending  Imbalance:  – Enforcement  vs.  Public  health.  – Marginal  returns  on  investment:  

•  Enforcement:  Zero  or  NegaDve.  •  Harm  ReducDon:  excepDonally  high  CBA  +  low  Investment  baseline  !  high  returns.  •  Treatment  services.  

–  Increase  returns  on  investment  through  decrim  and  reducing  policy  costs.  

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Policy  Goals  Clear  

•  Minimise  the  harms  of  consumpDon  •  Minimise  the  harms  of  drug  policy  •  Minimise  the  harms  of  illicit  markets  •  Experiment  with  regulated  markets  •  Focus  on  price  effects  •  Move  beyond  prohibiDonist  framework  •  Adopt,  Learn,  adapt,  improve  new  policies  •  Manage  internaDonal  drug  issues  

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ImplementaDon:  UNGASS?  

•  Major  reforms  feasible.  Overt  or  deeper  processes:  –  InterpreDve  reform…  – as  precursor  to  wri`en  reform?  – Role  of  Expert  Commission.  

•  Need  to  see  a  normaDve  shiu.    •  Happening?  • !  resource  shiu?  

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From  InternaDonalism  to  Regionalism    

•  UN  vs.  OAS  vs.    •  ASEAN    •  Russia.    •  !  UN  Commission  on  NarcoDc  Drugs  (CND)  becoming  a  discussion  forum  rather  than  enforcement  forum.  

•  Era  of  “Policy  Pluralism”  (Collins,  2014).  •  Issue  diversificaDon.  –  Components:  health;  access  to  medicines;  human  rights;  security;  governance;  realpoliDk.  Etc.  etc.  

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Treaty  InterpreDve  Widening  

Currently  Three  Models  

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I:  Resource/State  Capacity  LimitaDons:  SelecDve  Enforcement  Model  (USA)  

•  “ConsDtuDonal  LimitaDons”  – E.g.  Art.  35,  1961  ConvenDon:  ‘Having  due  regard  to  their  consDtuDonal,  legal  and  administraDve  systems  the  ParDes  shall…’    

•  State  vs.  Federal:    –  realisDc  implementaDon  !  selecDve  prioriDes  and  enforcement.  

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II:  Supremacy  of  Human  Rights  

•  Uruguay  =  key  proponent,  but  emerging  LaDn  American  jurisprudence.  

•  UN  Charter  human  rights  obligaDons.  – Art  103:  “in  the  event  of  a  conflict  between…the  present  Charter  and…any  other  internaDonal  agreement…the  present  Charter  shall  prevail.”    

•  Uruguay:  “has  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  law  and  obligaDons  assumed  by  the  country  not  only  in  the  sphere  of  the  Drug  ConvenDons…but  also  in  the  field  of  the  protecDon  of  human  rights”  

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Supremacy  of  Human  Right  II  

•  Uruguay:  – “given  two  possible  interpretaDons  of  the  provisions  of  the  ConvenDon,  the  choice  should  be  for  the  one  that  best  protects  the  human  right  in  quesDon,  as  stated  in  ArDcle  29  of  the  American  ConvenDon  on  Human  Rights.”  

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III:  Expanded  DefiniDon  of  “Medical  and  ScienDfic”  via  ExperimentaDon  

•  Single  ConvenDon  Commentary:  – “the  term  “medical  purposes”  does  not  necessarily  have  exactly  the  same  meaning  at  all  Dmes  and  under  all  circumstances.”    

– E.g.  Quasi-­‐medical  use  prior  to  1961.  – Heroin  Maintenance  and  other  OST.  

•  Envisioning  regulatory  experimentaDon  as  precursor  to  treaty  reform?  

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Closing  Points  

•  NaDonal  changes  !  reverberated  &  destabilised  UN  system  !    

•  InternaDonal  normaDve  shiu  !  – Feeding  back  to  naDonal  levels  globally.  

•  Post-­‐UNGASS:  regional,  naDonal  and  subnaDonal  levels.  !  

•  Eventually  feed  back  up  to  UN  level?  – Empiricism  will  likely  win  out.  E.g.  Harm  reducDon.  

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Thank  you.  

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