Humboldt State UniversityDigital Commons @ Humboldt State University

Botanical Studies Open Educational Resources and Data

1-2017

Economically Important Plants ArrangedSystematicallyJames P. Smith JrHumboldt State University, james.smith@humboldt.edu

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps

Part of the Botany Commons

This Economic Botany - Ethnobotany is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Educational Resources and Data at Digital Commons @Humboldt State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Botanical Studies by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ HumboldtState University. For more information, please contact cyril.oberlander@humboldt.edu.

Recommended CitationSmith, James P. Jr, "Economically Important Plants Arranged Systematically" (2017). Botanical Studies. 48.http://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/botany_jps/48

ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTSARRANGED SYSTEMATICALLY

Compiled byJames P. Smith, Jr.

Professor Emeritus of BotanyDepartment of Biological Sciences

Humboldt State UniversityArcata, California

30 January 2017

This list began in 1970 as a handout in the Plants and Civilization course that I taught at HSU. It was anupdating and expansion of one prepared by Albert F. Hill in his 1952 textbook Economic Botany... and itsimply got out of hand. I also thought it would be useful to add a brief description of how the plant is usedand what part yields the product. There are a number of more or less encyclopedic references on this subject.The number of plants and the details of their uses is simply overwhelming. In the list below, I have attemptedto focus on those plants that are of direct economic importance to us. I have not included ornamentals,weeds, forage/fodder plants, or toxic plants (unless we knowingly use them to kill something or someone),The various dictionaries of economic plants also include, on a hit-and-miss basis, plants that are sometimeseaten only locally or that have been used medicinally in some fashion. I have included only those food plantsthat enjoy wider use and those medicinal plants that have demonstrated properties.

The list of nonvascular plants, ferns, and their allies is short enough to scan quickly. The much moreextensive coverage of gymnosperms and flowering plants is arranged by plant family. If you are not familiarwith their technical names, I have added a “conversion table” at the end of the list. I have included a selectedreferences section. Of these, I especially recommend the book by David Mabberley.

Scientific Name • Common Name Product or Use • Plant Part

BACTERIA

Acetobacter aceti Used to make vinegar • allBrevibacterium linens Used to make limburger cheese • allLactobacillus acidophyllus Used in milk fermentation • allLactobacillus bulgaricus Used to make yogurt • allLactobacillus casei Used to make a variety of cheeses • allLeuconostoc kimchi Used to ferment cabbage to yield kimchi • allPropionobacterium freudenreichii Used to make Swiss cheese • allStreptococcus spp. Used to make yogurt, sour cream, butter, buttermilk • allXanthomonas campestris Source of xanthum gum used in food products • all

ALGAE

Alaria esculenta • Murlin Food • plant bodyAscophyllum nodosum • Knotted wrack Gum (algin) • plant bodyChondrus crispus • Irish-moss Gum (carrageenan) • plant bodyEisenia bicyclis • Arame Food • plant bodyFurcellaria fastigiata Gum (furcellaran) • plant bodyGelidium spp. • Agar-agar Gum (agar) • plant body

-1-

Hijikia fusiformis • Hijiki Medicine (goiter, high blood pressure) • plant bodyLaminaria digitata • Kelp Food • plant bodyLaminaria saccharina • Kelp, sugar wrack Food • plant bodyLaminaria spp. • Kombu, oar weed Gum (algin) • plant bodyMacrocystis pyrifera • Kelp Food • plant bodyNereocystis luetkeana • mermaid’s bladder, edible kelp Food, source of alginates • plant bodyNostoc spp. Food • plant bodyPalmaria palmata • Dulse Food, salt substitute • plant bodyPorphyra umbilicalis • Nori, laver Food; wrap sushi • plant bodySpirulina spp. • Spirulina Food • plant bodyUlva lactuca • Sea-lettuce, green laver Food • plant bodyUndaria pinnatifida • Wakame Food; medicine (suppress tumors) • plant body

FUNGI

Agaricus bisporus • Button, field, or portobello mushroom Food • sporocarpAgaricus campestris • Meadow mushroom Food • sporocarpAmanita muscaria • Fly agaric, soma Psychoactive • sporocarpAspergillus flavus • Bread mold Fermentation (sake and soy sauce) • allAspergillus oryzae • Yellow koji mold Fermentation: sake • allAuricularia auricula-judae • Wood ear, Judas's ear Food • sporocarpBipolaris maydis Cause of southern corn leaf blight • sporesBoletus spp. • Boletes Food • sporocarpCandida albicans Cause of thrushCantharellus cibarius • Chanterelle Food • sporocarpClaviceps purpurea • Ergot fungus Medicine (vasoconstrictor), psychoactive • sclerotiumCoccidioides immitis Cause of coccidioidomycosis (valley fever)Conocybe spp. • Sacred mushroom, teonanacatl Psychoactive • sporocarpCortinellus edodes • Shitake Food • sporocarpFlammulina velutipes • Enoki mushroom, velvet shank Food • sporocarpFusarium graminearum Cause of wheat head blight diseaseFusarium oxysporum Cause of Panama disease in the bananaHistoplasma capsulatum Cause of histoplasmosisLactarius deliciosus • Orange agaric Food • sporocarpLentinus edodes • Shitake mushroom Food • sporocarpLycoperdon marginatum • Gi-i-sa-wa Psychoactive • sporocarpLycoperdon mixtecorum • Gi-i-wa Psychoactive • sporocarpLycoperdon spp. • Puffball Food • sporocarpMorchella esculenta • Morel Food • sporocarpOphiostoma ulmi Cause of Dutch elm diseasePaneolus spp. • Sacred mushrooms Psychoactive • sporocarpPenicillium camemberti Ripening and flavoring of cheese • allPenicillium chrysogenum Antibiotic (penicillin) • allPenicillium notatum Antibiotic (penicillin) • allPenicillium roquefortii Ripening and flavoring of cheese (Roquefort) • allPhytophthora infestans Cause of late blight of potatoPhytophthora ramorum Cause of sudden oak death diseasePhytophthora sojae Cause of soybean root rotPleurotus spp. • Oyster mushroom Food • sporocarpPsilocybe spp. • Sacred mushrooms Psychoactive • sporocarpRhizoctonia crocorum Cause of violet root rot in vegetablesPuccinia spp. • Rusts Cause of cereal rustsRussula spp. • brittle caps Food • sporocarpSaccharomyces carlsbergensis • Beer yeast Alcohol production (brewing) • allSaccharomyces cervisieae • Beer yeast Alcohol production (brewing) • allSaccharomyces ellipsoideus • Wine yeast Alcohol production (wine making) • all

-2-

Saccharomyces theobromae • Cacao yeast Fermentation process (cacao) • allStreptomyces spp. Antibiotics • allStropharia spp. • Sacred mushrooms Psychoactive • sporocarpTolypocladium inflatum Medicine (cyclosporin) • allTuber spp. • Truffles Food • sporocarpVolvariella volvacea • Straw mushroom Food • sporocarpZygosaccharomyces soyae Alcoholic fermentation • all

LICHENS

Cetraria islandica • Iceland-moss Food, medicine • allEvernia prunastri • Oak-moss Perfume stabilizer; dye • allEvernia vulpina • lichen wolf-moss Dye • allEvernia spp. • Yellow lichen Arrow poison • allLasallia pustulata • Blistered umbilicaria Dyes (red, purple, brown) • allLecanora esculenta • Manna Food, sugar • allLobaria pulmonaria • lung lichen, lung-moss Medicine (respiratory, urinary); dye • allParmelia conspera • Jevud hiosig Fumatory, masticatory • allRoccella tinctoria • Archil, orseille Dye (litmus paper); food coloring • allUmbilicaria spp. • rock tripe Food • allUrceolaria spp. Dyes • allUsnea spp. • Old man’s beard Dyes, powder (cosmetic) • all

MOSSES & LIVERWORTS

Polytrichum commune • Haircap moss Bedding, medicine (speed child birth) • allSphagnum spp. • Sphagnum, peat moss Fuel (peat), insulation, packing material • all

LYCOPHYTES & FERNS

Cyathaea spp. • Tree fern Building material, thatching • frondDryopteris dilatata • Broad shield fern Medicine (vermifuge) • rhizomeDryopteris filix-mas • Male fern Food • rhizome; vermifugeEquisetum spp. • Horsetails, scouring-rush Scouring material • stems; food • shootLycopodium alpinum • Club-moss Yellow dye • allLycopodium clavatum • Club-moss Flash powder, suppository coatings • sporesMatteuccia struthiopteris • Ostrich fern Food • frondOsmunda cinnamomum • Cinnamon fern Food; fibers for orchid growing • frondPteridium aquilinum • Bracken fern, brake fern Food • rhizome

GYMNOSPERMS

ARAUCARIACEAE (ARAUCARIA FAMILY)Agathis australis • Kauri, kauri-pine TimberAraucaria araucana • Monkey puzzle Food • seedAraucaria bidwillii • Bunya-pine Food • seed; timberAraucaria cunninghamii • Moreton Bay-pine TimberAraucaria excelsa • Norfolk Island-pine Timber

CUPRESSACEAE (JUNIPER OR CEDAR FAMILY)Calocedrus decurrens • Incense cedarChamaecyparis lawsoniana • Port Orford cedar TimberChamaecyparis nootkatensis • Alaska cedar TimberJuniperus communis • Common juniper Flavoring alcoholic beverages (gin) • "berries"Juniperus virginiana • Red cedar TimberSequoia sempervirens • Redwood Timber

-3-

Sequoiadendron giganteum • Big tree, Sierra redwood TimberTaxodium distichum • Bald cypress TimberThuja occidentalis • Northern white cedar Essential oil • leafThuja plicata • Western red cedar TimberTsuga canadensis • Eastern hemlock TimberTsuga heterophylla • Western hemlock Timber

CYCADACEAE (CYCAD FAMILY)Cycas circinalis • Sago-palm Food (starch) • stemCycas revoluta • Japanese sago palm Food (starch) • stemDioon edule • Palma de la Virgen Food • seedEncephalartos caffer • Kaffir bread Food (sago starch) • seed, stemEncephalartos altensteinii • Bread tree Starch • stemZamia floridana • Florida coon-tie, Florida arrowroot Food • rhizome

EPHEDRACEAE (EPHEDRA FAMILY)Ephedra sinica • Ma-huang Medicine (ephedrine) • stemEphedra trifurca • Mormon tea Medicine (ephedrine) • stem

GINKGOACEAE (GINKGO OR MAIDENHAIR TREE FAMILY)Ginkgo biloba • Maidenhair tree Timber; medicine, oil, food (sal nut) • seed

PINACEAE (PINE FAMILY)Abies alba • White fir TimberAbies amabalis • Cascade fir TimberAbies balsamea • Balsam fir Resin (Canada balsam, balm-of-Gilead)Abies concolor • White fir TimberAbies grandis • Giant fir, grand fir TimberAbies magnifica • Red fir TimberAbies procera • Noble fir TimberCedrus atlantica • Atlantic cedar TimberCedrus deodara • Deodar cedar TimberCedrus libani • Cedar-of-Lebanon Timber; essential oil • woodLarix decidua • European larch Timber, turpentine, medicine, tannins • barkLarix laricina • Eastern larch, tamarack TimberLarix occidentalis • Western larch ResinPicea abies • Norway spruce TimberPicea engelmannii • Englemann spruce TimberPicea glauca • White spruce TimberPicea rubens • Red spruce TimberPicea sitchensis • Sitka spruce TimberPinus cembra • Stone pine, Swiss stone pine Food • seedPinus cembroides • Mexican stone pine Food • seedPinus edulis • Piñon pine Food • seedPinus lambertiana • Sugar pine TimberPinus monophylla • Piñon pine Food • seedPinus monticola • Western white pine TimberPinus palustris • Longleaf pine Timber; resin (turpentine, pitch)Pinus pinea • Pignolia Food • seedPinus ponderosa • Ponderosa pine, yellow pine TimberPinus strobus • White pine TimberPinus succinifera • Amber tree Resin (amber)Pinus sylvestris • Scotch pine, Scots pine TimberPinus taeda • Loblolly pine TimberPinus spp. • Pines Resin, oleoresinPseudotsuga menziesii • Douglas-fir Timber; resin (Oregon balsam); beverage • leaf

-4-

PODOCARPACEAE (PODOCARP FAMILY)Podocarpus spp. • Podocarp Timber, wood

TAXACEAE (YEW FAMILY)Taxus baccata • English yew WoodTaxus brevifolia • Pacific yew Medicine (taxol) • leaf, barkTaxus cuspidata • Japanese yew Timber, dyeTorreya nucifera • Japanese torreya. Food • seed, oil

FLOWERING PLANTS

ACANTHACEAE (ACANTHUS FAMILY)Justicia pectoralis • Masha-hari Psychoactive (snuff) • leaf

ACERACEAE (MAPLE FAMILY)Acer nigrum • Black maple Sugar • sapAcer platanoides • Norway maple Timber; dye • woodAcer pseudoplatanus • Sycamore maple TimberAcer rubrum • Red maple Timber; dye • woodAcer saccharum • Sugar maple Timber; sugar • sap

ACTINIDIACEAE (CHINESE-GOOSEBERRY FAMILY)Actinidia deliciosa • Kiwi, Chinese-gooseberry Food • fruit

AGAVACEAE (AGAVE OR CENTURY PLANT FAMILY)Agave atrovirens • Maguey, pulque Fiber • leaf; fermented beverage • sapAgave cantala • Cantala, Manila maguey Fiber • leafAgave fourcryodes • Henequen, Mexican sisal Fiber • leafAgave lecheguilla • Istle, lechiguilla, tula istle Fiber • leafAgave sisalina • Sisal Fiber • leafAgave tequilina • Mezcal Distilled beverage • sap; fiber • leafAgave zapupe • Zapupe Fiber • leafAgave spp. • Maguey Fermented beverage • sapCordyline terminale • Ti Fiber • leafFurcraea cabuya • Cabuya, Mauritius hemp Fiber • leafFurcraea foetida • Mauritius hemp Fiber • leafFurcraea hexapetala • Cuban hemp, pitre Fiber • leafFurcraea macrophylla • Fique Fiber • leafHesperoyucca whipplei • Chaparral yucca Fiber • leaf, Food • fruitNolina spp. • Zacate Fiber • leafYucca baccata • Banana yucca Fiber • leaf; food • budYucca brevifolia • Joshua tree Fiber • leafYucca funifera • Ixtle Fiber • leafYucca glauca • Soapweed yucca Fiber • leafYucca mohavensis • Mohave yucca Fiber • leafYucca treculeana • Trecul yucca Fiber • leafYucca spp. • Palma istle Fiber • leaf

AIZOACEAE (ICE-PLANT FAMILY)Carpobrotus edulis • Hottentot-fig Medicine (anti-diarrhea) • stem; food • fruitSceletium tortuosum • Kanna, channa Reduce stress, relieve hunger • plantTetragonia inexpansa • New Zealand spinach Food • leaf

ALISMATACEAE (ARROWHEAD FAMILY)Sagittaria latifolia • Arrowhead, wapato Food • rhizomeSagittaria sagittifolia • Arrowhead Food • rhizome

-5-

AMARANTHACEAE (PIGWEED FAMILY)Amaranthus caudatus • Achita, jataco, Inca-wheat Food • leaf, fruitAmaranthus gangeticus • Tampala Food • leafAmaranthus hypochondriachus • Prince's plume Food • leaf, seedAmaranthus tricolor • Chinese spinach, Joseph's coat Food • leaf

ANACARDIACEAE (CASHEW FAMILY)Anacardium occidentale • Cashew Food • fruit, receptacle; timber; fixed oil • seed; dyeBuchanania lanzan • Chirauli nut, almondette Food • seedCotinus coggygria • Venetian sumac Dye • wood, tannin • leafCotinus obovatus • Chittamwood Dye • woodHarpephyllum caffrum • Kaffir-plum Food • fruitMangifera indica • Mango, mango powder (amchoor) Food, flavoring • fruitMelanorrhoea usitata • Burmese lacquer tree Lacquer, timberMetopium toxiferum • Poison wood Medicine (purgative) • sapPistacia lentiscus • Mastic tree Resin (mastic)Pistacia vera • Pistachio, green almond Food • fruit; fixed oil • seedPoupartia birrea • Maroola-plum, marula nut, jelly-plum Food; potent beer • fruitRhus coriaria • Sumac Flavoring • fruitRhus verniciflua • Lacquer tree LacquerRhus spp. • Lemonade berry Beverage • fruitSchinopsis spp. • Quebracho Tannins; woodSchinus lorentzii • Quebracho TanninsSchinus molle • Pepper tree Flavoring • fruitSemecarpus anacardium • Marking nut Black ink-dye ; medicine (anti-inflammatory) • fruitSpondias cytherea • Golden-apple, Otaheite apple, ambarella Food • fruitSpondias mombin • Yellow mombin, hog-plum Food • fruitSpondias purpurea • Red mombin, Spanish-plum Food • fruit

ANNONACEAE (SOURSOP FAMILY)Annona x atemoya • Atemoya Food • fruitAnnona cherimola • Cherimoya Food • fruitAnnona glabra • Pond-apple Food • fruitAnnona muricata • Guanabana, soursop Food • fruitAnnona reticulata • Bullock's heart Food • fruitAnnona squamosa • Sugar apple, sweetsop Food • fruitAsimina triloba • Pawpaw Food • fruitCananga odorata • Ylang-ylang Essential oil • flower

APOCYNACEAE (DOGBANE FAMILY)Alstonia congensis • Pattern wood WoodAlstonia constricta • Bitter bark Medicine • barkAlstonia scholaris • Dita bark Vermifuge; woodAlstonia spatulata • marsh pulai WoodApocynum cannabinum • Indian hemp Fiber • stem; medicine (emetic, cardiac stimulant) • rootApocynum venetum • Kendyr fiber • stemAsclepias curassavica • Tropical milkweed Medicine (toothache, extraction) • latexAsclepias spp. • Milkweed Fiber • seed; latexCalotropis gigantea • Madar, crown flower, giant milkweed Food • leaf, fiber • barkCarissa microcarpa • Natal-plum Food • fruitCatharanthus roseus • Periwinkle Medicinal glycosides (vincristine, vinblastine) • leafCouma macrocarpa • Milk tree Food; latex (chewing gum) • fruitCryptostegia grandiflora • Rubber vine LatexCryptostegia spp. • Palay LatexDyera costulata • Jelutong LatexFuntumia africana • False rubber tree Latex

-6-

Funtumia elastica • Lagos silk rubber LatexHancornia speciosa • Mangabeira rubber LatexHoodia gordonii • Hoodia Medicine (appetite suppressant; infections) • stemLandolphia kirkii • Kirk's rubber vine LatexLandolphia spp. • Landolphia rubber LatexUrechites suberecta • Savanna flower Medicine, arrow-poison (wooraia)Plumeria spp. • Plumeria, frangipani Essential oilRauvolfia serpentina • Indian snakeroot Medicinal alkaloid (reserpine) • rootStrophanthus hispidus • Ouabin, kombe Arrow poison • seedStrophanthus kombe • Kombe Arrow poison • seedStrophanthus gratus • rose-allamanda Arrow poison-medicine (ouabin) • sapThevetia spp. • Yellow-oleander Fixed oil (exile oil) • seed; medicine (heart, hemorrhoids) • seedUrechites suberecta • Savanna flower Medicine, arrow-poison (wooraia) • seedWillughbeia coriacea • Borneo rubber Latex

APONOGETONACEAE (APONOGETON FAMILY)Aponogeton dystachyon • Cape-asparagus Food • sprouts

AQUIFOLIACEAE (HOLLY FAMILY)Ilex paraguariensis • Maté, yerba maté, Jesuit tea, Paraguay tea Caffeinated beverage • leafIlex vomitoria • Yaupon, cassine Caffeinated beverage • leaf

ARACEAE (AROID OR PHILODENDRON FAMILY)Acorus calamus • Calamus root, sweet flag Flavoring • rhizomeAlocasia macrorrhiza • Giant taro Food • rhizomeAmorphophallus campanulatus • Elephant yam Food • tuberColocasia antiquorum • Taro Food • rhizomeColocasia esculenta • Dasheen Food • rhizomeCyrtosperma chamissonis • Giant swamp taro Food • rhizomeMonstera deliciosa • Ceriman, Mexican breadfruit Food • fruitPhilodendron spp. • Philodendron Food • rhizome; fiber; medicineXanthosoma atrovirens • Yocoyam, tanier Food • rhizomeXanthosoma sagittifolium • Yautia Food • rhizome

ARALIACEAE (GINSENG FAMILY)Aralia cordata • Udo Food • leafEleutherococcus senticosus • Siberian ginseng Medicine (tonic) • rootOplopanax horridus • Devil’s club Medicine (various) • roots, inner bark, berriesPanax ginseng • Ginseng Medicine • rootPanax quinquefolium • American ginseng Medicine • rootTetrapanax papyriferum • Rice paper plant Fiber • pith

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (BIRTHWORT FAMILY)Aristolochia spp. • Birthwort Medicine (menstruation, abortifacient) • root, rhizome

BASELLACEAE (BASELLA FAMILY)Basella alba • Malabar-spinach, creeping-spinach Food • leafUllucus tuberosus • Ullucu Food • tuber

BATIDACEAE (SALTWORT FAMILY)Batis spp. • Saltwort Food • leaf

BERBERIDACEAE (BARBERRY FAMILY)Berberis vulgaris • Barberry Food • fruitPodophyllum emodi • Indian podophyllum, Himalayan mayapple Medicine (podophyllin) • rhizomePodophyllum peltatum • American mandrake or mayapple Medicine (podophyllin) • rhizome

-7-

BETULACEAE (BIRCH FAMILY)Alnus glutinosa • Black alder Wood (Stradivarius violin), tannin, medicineAlnus oregana • Red alder Wood (canoes)Alnus rubra • Alder WoodBetula allaghaniensis • Yellow birch TimberBetula lenta • Cherry birch Timber, flavoring and medicine (oil of sweet birch)Betula papyrifera • Paper birch TimberBetula pendula • European birch TimberCarpinus caroliniana • Blue beech TimberCorylus americana • American hazelnut Food • fruitCorylus avellana • European hazelnut Food • fruitCorylus chinensis • Chinese filbert Food • fruitCorylus cornuta • Beaked hazelnut Food • fruitOstrya spp. • Hop hornbeam, ironwood Timber

BIGNONIACEAE (BIGNONIA FAMILY)Catalpa bignonioides • Indian-bean, catalpa TimberCatalpa speciosa • Indian-bean, catalpa TimberCrescentia cujete • Calabash tree Utensils • fruit; timberKigelia pinnata • Sausage tree (Medicine (lesions) • barkTabebuia donnell-smithii • Primavera, West Indian boxwood, roble blanco Timber

BIXACEAE (BIXA FAMILY)Bixa orellana • Annatto, urucú, achiote Food coloring, body paint • pulp around seed

BOMBACACEAE (BOMBAX FAMILY)Adansonia digitata • BaobabBombax ceiba • Red silk cotton Fiber • fruit wallCeiba pentandra • Kapok, pochote Fiber • fruit wall; fixed oil • seedChorisia speciosa • Palo boracho Fiber • fruit wallDurio zibethinus • Durian Food • fruitOchroma pyramindale • Balsa wood Specialty wood items

BORAGINACEAE (BORAGE FAMILY)Alkanna lehmannii • Alkanna, alkanet Dye • rootPulmonaria officinalis • Lungwort Medicine (respiratory) • leafSymphytum officinale • Comfrey Medicine • leaf

BROMELIACEAE (BROMELIAD OR PINEAPPLE FAMILY)Aechemea magdalanae • Pita floja, ixtle Fiber • leafAnanas comosus • Pineapple Food • fruit; proteolytic enzyme (bromelin); fibers (piña cloth) • leafTillandsia usneoides • Spanish-moss Fibers (stuffing) • all

BURSERACEAE (BURSERA FAMILY)Boswellia carteri • Frankincense, olibanum Medicine • sapBursera simaruba • gumbo-limbo, tourist tree Glue, resin, varnish, incense • woodCanarium spp. • Pili nut, damar Food • seed, resinsCommiphora gileadensis • Balm-of-Gilead Medicine, incense • sap from stem woundsCommiphora myrrha • Myrrh Medicinal , incense (myrrh) • sap from stem wounds

CACTACEAE (CACTUS FAMILY)Carnegia gigantea • Saguaro Food • fruit, seedCoryphanthus palmeri • Huevos de coyote, falscher peyote Psychoactive • stemEchinopsis pachanoi • San Pedro cactus Psychoactive alkaloids (mescaline) • stemHylocereus undatus • Dragon fruit, pitahaya Food • fruitLophophora williamsii • Peyote, peyotl cactus Psychoactive alkaloids (mescaline, etc.) • stem

-8-

Opuntia ficus-indica • Prickly pear, tuna, nopal Food • fruitStenocereus stellatus • Pityayo Food • fruit

CAMPANULACEAE (BLUEBELL FAMILY)Lobelia inflata • Indian tobacco Fumatory • leaf; medicine (emetic) • leafLobelia tupa • Tupa Psychoactive • seed

CANNABACEAE (MARIJUANA FAMILY)Cannabis sativa • Hemp Fiber • stemCannabis sativa • Marijuana Fixed oil, food, medicine • seedCannabis sativa • Marijuana Psychoactive terpenoids • leaf, flower budsHumulus lupulus • Hops Flavoring beer • floral bracts

CANNACEAE (CANNA FAMILY)Canna edulis • Queensland arrowroot, achira Edible starch • rhizome

CAPPARACEAE (CAPER FAMILY)Capparis spinosa • Caper bush Flavoring • flower buds

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY)Sambucus spp. • Elderberry Beverage • fruit

CARICACEAE (PAPAYA FAMILY)Carica papaya • Papaya, pawpaw, mamao Food • fruit; medicine, meat tenderizer (papain) • sapCarica x heilbornii var. pentagona • Babaco, mountain papaya Food • fruitVasconcellea pubescens • Mountain paw paw Food (also rich in papain) • fruit

CARYOCARACEAECaryocarya amygdaliferum • Mani, swarri nut Food • fruit

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (CARYOCAR FAMILY)Dianthus spp. • Carnation Essential oil • flowerSaponaria officinalis • Soapwort Soap-making • root; medicine (laxative) • root

CASUARINACEAE (BEEFWOOD FAMILY)Casuarina equisetifolia • Beefwood Wood

CELASTRACEAE (BITTERSWEET FAMILY)Catha edulis • Khat, qat Caffeinated beverage • leaf

CERCIDOPHYLLACEAE (KATSURA TREE FAMILY)Cercidiphyllum japonicum • Katsura Timber

CHENOPODIACEAE (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY)Atriplex spp. • Saltbush, orach Food • leafBeta vulgaris var. cicla • Chard, Swiss chard Food • leafBeta vulgaris var. vulgaris • Beet, sugar beet, mangel Food, sugar • taprootChenopodium ambrosioides • Epazote, Mexican tea Essential oil (wormseed) • leaf, fruitChenopodium anthelminthicum • Wormseed Medicine (intestinal worms) • leaves, seedsChenopodium quinoa • Quinoa Food • fruitKochia scoparia • Summer cypress Food • shootsSalicornia spp. • Glasswort, samphire Food • stem, leafSpinacia oleracea • Spinach Food • leaf

CHRYSOBALANACEAE (COCO-PLUM FAMILY)Chrysobalanus icaco • Coco-plum Food • fruit; oil • seed

-9-

CISTACEAE (ROCKROSE FAMILY)Cistus ladaniferus • Rockrose Essential oil (labdanum) • leaf, twig

COCHLOSPERMACEAE (BUTTERCUP TREE FAMILY)Cochlospermum religiosum • White silk cotton Gum (karaya); stuffing materials • fruit

COMBRETACEAE (WHITE MANGROVE FAMILY)Anogeissus latifolia • Gum ghatti Industrial gum • stem; dye (black) • leaf; timberTerminalia chebula • Myrobalan Tannin • root, barkTerminalia catappa • Indian-almond, sea-almond Food • fruit; oil • seedTerminalia superba • Afara TimberTerminalia spp. • Myrobalan, terminalia Food • fruit

COMPOSITAE (ASTER, DAISY OR SUNFLOWER FAMILY)Acmella oleracea • Toothache plant, paracress Medicine (analgesic) • leaf, flowerAnthemis cotula • Mayweed Medicine (antispasmodic, fevers, treat insect bites); insecticide • plantAnthemis nobilis • Chamomile Essential oil • flowerArctium lappa • Gobo Food • root, leafArtemisia absinthium • Wormwood Essential oil (absinthe) • leafArtemisia dracunculus • Tarragon Flavoring • leaf; medicine (diuretic, vermifuge) • leafCarthamus tinctorius • Safflower Fixed oil • seed; dye • flowerChrysanthemum cinerariifolium • Dalmatian insect flower Insecticide (pyrethrum) • flowerChrysothamnus spp. • Chrysil rubber LatexCichorium endivia • Endive Food • leafCichorium intybus • Chicory Coffee substitute and flavoringCota tinctoria • Dyer’s chamomile Yellow dye • flowerCynara cardunculus • Cardoon Food • root, leafCynara scolymus • Artichoke Food • flower clusterEupatorium solidaginifolium • Pihol Tobacco substitute • leafGuizotia abyssinica • Niger-seed Oil • fruitHelianthus annuus • Sunflower Food • seed; fixed oil • seedHelianthus tuberosus • Jerusalem artichoke Food • tuberInula helenium • Elecampane Flavoring, medicine (respiratory) • root; dye (blue) • rootLactuca sativa • Lettuce Food • leafLactuca scariola • Winter lettuce Food • leafMatricaria spp. • Chamomile, pineapple weed Medicinal tea; insecticide • leafParthenium argentatum • Guayule LatexScorzonera hispanica • Black oyster plant Food • rootSilybum marianum • Milk thistle, holy thistle Food • stem, leaf; medicine (hepatitis) • seedSolidago spp. • Goldenrod LatexStevia rebaudiana • Sweet herb, sweet leaf Sweetening agent (stevioside) • leafTanacetum parthenium • Feverfew Medicine(many ailments, esp. migraine) • inflorescenceTanacetum vulgare • Tansy Medicine (tanacetin) • leaf, flower clustersTaraxacum kok-saghyz • Russian dandelion LatexTaraxacum officinale • Dandelion Food • leafTragopogon porrifolius • Salsify, oyster plant Food • root

CONVOLVULACEAE (MORNING GLORY FAMILY)Convolvulus scammonia • Scammony Medicine (purgative) • seedDichondra spp. • Dichondra Lawn grass substituteIpomoea aquatica • Water-spinach Food • leaf, shootsIpomoea batatas • Sweet potato, yam Food • tuberIpomoea orizabensis • Scammony root Medicine (purgative) • tuberIpomoea pandurata • Indian-potato Food • tuberIpomoea pes-caprae • Beach morning glory Food • root; medicine (cathartic) • seedIpomoea purga • Jalap Medicine (purgative) • root

-10-

Ipomoea tricolor • Heavenly blue morning glory, tiltilizin Psychoactive • seedRivea corymbosa • Ololiuqui Psychoactive • seed

CORIARIACEAE (CORIARIA FAMILY)Coriaria myrtifolia • Shanshi Psychoactive • fruit; fly-poison

CORNACEAE (DOGWOOD FAMILY)Camptotheca acuminata • cancer tree Medicine (leukemia, throat cancer) • wood, bark, fruitCornus mas • Cornelian-cherry Medicine (gastrointestinal) • flower, bark; food • fruitNyssa aquatica • Tupelo TimberNyssa sylvatica • Sour gum, black gum Timber

CRUCIFERAE (MUSTARD FAMILY)Armoracia lapathifolia • Horse-radish Flavoring • rootBarbarea verna • Spring cress Food • leafBrassica chinensis • Chinese cabbage, pak choi Food • leafBrassica juncea • Brown mustard, mustard greens Flavoring • seedBrassica napus • Rape, rutabaga, swede Food • stemBrassica nigra • Black mustard Essential oil • seed; fixed oil (Canola oil) • seedBrassica oleracea var. acephala • Kale, collards Food • leafBrassica oleracea var. botrytis • Broccoli, cauliflower Food • flower clusterBrassica oleracea var. capitata • Cabbage Food • leafBrassica oleracea var. gemmifera • Brussels sprouts Food • budBrassica oleracea var. gongyloides • Kohlrabi Food • root, stemBrassica rapa • Turnip, pak choi Food • root, stemCamelina sativa • False flax FiberCrambe maritima • Sea kale Food • petioleEruca vesicaria • Garden rocket Food • leaf, fixed oil • seedEruca sativa • Arugula Food • leafEutrema wasabi • Wasabi, Japanese horseradish Essential oil • rootIsatis tinctoria • Woad Dye and body paint • leafLepidium meyenii • Maca Food • leafLepidium sativum • Garden cress Food • leafNasturtium officinale • Water cress Food • leafRaphanus sativus • Radish Food • rootSinapis alba • White mustard Flavoring • seed

CUCURBITACEAE (SQUASH OR GOURD FAMILY)Benincasa hispida • Wax gourd Food • fruitCitrullus colocynthis • Colocynth, bitter-apple Medicine (purgative) • fruitCitrullus lanatus • Watermelon Food • fruitCucumis anguria • Gherkin Food • fruitCucumis melo • Musk melon, cantaloupe, honeydew, casaba Food • fruitCucumis metalicerus • Horned melon, kiwano Food • fruitCucumis sativus • Cucumber Food • fruitCucurbita filicifolia • fig-leaf gourd, chilacayote Food • shoot, leaf, flower, fruit, seedCucurbita maxima • Winter squash, pumpkin, marrow Food • fruit, seedCucurbita moschata • Squash, cushaw, calabaza Food • fruitCucurbita pepo • Marrow, pumpkin, summer squash, zuccini Food • fruitEcballium elaterium • Squirting cucumber Medicine • fruitLagenaria siceraria • Bottle gourd Utensils, ornamental gourds • fruitLuffa aegyptiaca • Luffa, vegatable sponge clean skin • fruitMarah spp. • Man root, wild cucumber Dye • seedMomordica charantia • Balsam pear Food, medicine • fruitSechium edule • Chayote Food • fruitSicana odorifera • Cassabanana, musk cucumber Food, jams • fruit

-11-

Trichosanthes spp. • Snake gourds Food • fruit

CYCLANTHACEAE (PANAMA HAT FAMILY)Carludovica palmata • Panama hat palm, paja toquilla Fibers (hat making) • leaf

CYPERACEAE (SEDGE FAMILY)Cyperus esculentus • Tiger nut Food • fruitCyperus papyrus • Papyrus Fiber • pithEleocharis dulcis • Water-chestnut Food • cormFimbristylis umbellaris • Tikus Fiber (weaving) • stemScirpus californicus • Tortora reed Fiber (boat-making) • stem

DILLENIACEAE (DILLENIA FAMILY)Dillenia indica • Hondpara Food • fruit

DIOSCOREACEAE (YAM FAMILY)Diosocrea alata • Greater Asiatic yam, white yam Food; medicine (cortical steroids) • tuberDioscorea batatas • Chinese yam, Chinese-potato Food • tuberDioscorea bulbifera • Air-potato Food • tuberDioscorea cayenensis • Yellow Guinea yam Food • tuberDioscorea esculenta • Chinese yam, potato-yam Food • tuberDioscorea hispida • Nami Food • tuberDioscorea rotundata • White Guinea yam Food • tuberDioscorea trifida • Cush-cush yam, yampee, yampi Food • tuberDioscorea villosa • Yam Medicine (diosgenin) • tuber

DIPSACACEAE (TEASEL FAMILY)Dipsacus sylvestris • Fuller's teasel Raise nap on cloth • fruit

DIPTEROCARPACEAE (DIPTEROCARP FAMILY)Dipterocarpus spp. • Dipterocarps Timber; resins • stemDipterocarpus tuberculatus • Eng tree Fixed oil • seedHopea spp. • Kambakam Resin (dammar); timberShorea spp. • Borneo tallow, sal, damar Timber

EBENACEAE (EBONY FAMILY)Diospyros digyna • Black persimmon, black sapote, chocolate pudding fruit Food • fruitDiospyros discolor • Velvet apple Food • fruitDiospyros ebenum • Ceylon ebony TimberDiospyros kaki • Japanese persimmon, kaki Food • fruitDiospyros marmorata • Zebra wood TimberDiospyros mollis • Makua Dye (black) • fruitDiospyros virginiana • Persimmon Food • fruitFraxinus quadrangulata • Blue ash Dye • leaf, twig

ELAEAGNACEAE (ELEAGNUS FAMILY)Hippophae rhamnoides • Sea-buckthorn Food • fruit; beverage • leafShepherdia argentea • Buffalo berry Dye • fruit; food • fruit

ERICACEAE (HEATH FAMILY)Arbutus menziesii • Madrone, madroño Wood products; dye • barkArbutus unedo • Strawberry tree Food • fruitArctostaphylos uva-ursi • Bearberry Dye • leafEmpetrum nigrum • Crowberry Food, dye • fruitGaultheria hispida • Creeping snowberry Food • fruit; beverage • leafGaultheria procumbens • Wintergreen Essential oil; medicine (methyl salicylate) • leaf

-12-

Gaylussacia baccata • Huckleberry Food • fruitKalmia latifolia • Mountain-laurel Medicine • leaf; toxin (suicide) • leafLedum glandulosum • Labrador tea Beverage • leafVaccinium corymbosum • highbush blueberry Food • fruitVaccinium macrocarpon • American cranberry Food • fruitVaccinium myrtillus • Bilberry, whortleberry Food • fruitVaccinium oxycoccus • European cranberry Food • fruitVaccinium vitis-idaea • Lingon berry, patridgeberry, cowberry Food • fruitVaccinium spp. • Blueberry, cowberry, huckleberry Food • fruit

ERYTHROXYLACEAE (COCA FAMILY)Erythroxylum coca • Coca Psychoactive, medicinal alkaloid (cocaine) • leafErythroxylum novogranatense • Columbian coca Psychoactive alkaloid (cocaine) • leaf

EUPHORBIACEAE (SPURGE OR EUPHORB FAMILY)Aleurites fordii • Tung-oil, tung-nut tree Fixed oil • seedAleurites moluccana • Candlenut tree Fixed oil • seed; ornamental (necklaces) • seedAntidesma bunius • Bignay, Chinese laurel Food • fruitCnidoscolus aconitifolius • Chaya Food • leafCnidoscolus elasticus • Chilte rubber Latex • allCroton lechleri • dragon’s blood Anti-dirrheal medicine • latexCroton tiglium • Croton Fixed oil • seed; fish poisonCryptostegia madagascariensis • Madagascar rubber vine Latex (palay rubber)Euphorbia antisyphilitica • Candellila wax Latex (polishes, insulation, candles)Euphorbia intisy • Intisy LatexFlueggea virosa • Chinese waterberry Food • fruitHevea brasiliensis • Pará rubber Latex, illuminantHippomane mancinella • Manchineel tree Arrow, dart poison • seedHura crepitans • Sandbox tree, huru Arrow, dart poison • seedJatropha spp. • Physic nut, purge nut, Barbados nut Fixed oil, medicine, food • seedManihot esculenta • Cassava, manioc, yuca, tapioca Food • tuber; latexManihot glaziovii • Ceara rubber LatexMicrandra spp. • Caura rubber LatexPhyllanthus acidus • Otaheite gooseberry, emblic Food • fruitRicinus communis • Castor oil Fixed oil (industrial, medicinal) • seedSapium sebiferum • Chinese tallow tree Medicine; fish poison • stemSapium sebiferum • Chinese tallow tree arrow poison • sapSapium sebiferum • Chinese tallow tree Mexican jumping beans • seedSchinziophyton rautanenii • Mongongo nut, manketti nut Food • fruit

FAGACEAE (OAK OR BEECH FAMILY)Castanea crenata • Japanese chestnut Food • fruitCastanea dentata • American chestnut Food • fruitCastanea mollissima • Chinese chestnut Food • fruitCastanea pumila • Chinquapin Food • fruitCastanea sativa • European chestnut Food • fruitChrysolepis spp. • Chinquapin Timber; Food • fruitFagus crenata • Japanese beech TimberFagus grandifolia • American beech Food • fruitFagus sylvatica • European beech, beechnut Food • fruitNothofagus spp. • Southern hemisphere beech TimberNotholithocarpus densiflorus • Tanoak Timber; tannin • barkQuercus suber • Cork oak Cork • barkQuercus spp. • Acorn, oak Timber; Food • fruit; tannin • bark, galls

-13-

FLACOURTIACEAE Dovyalis hebecarpa • Ceylon-gooseberry Food • fruitFlacourtia indica • Governor's plum Food • fruitFlacourtia inermis • Lovi-lovi Food • fruitGossypiospermum praecox • Venezuelan boxwood, zapatero WoodHydnocarpus kurzii • Chaulmoogra tree Medicinal oil (leprosy) • seed

GENTIANACEAE (GENTIAN FAMILY)Gentiana lutea • Yellow gentian Medicine (tonic), flavoring • root

GERANIACEAE (GERANIUM FAMILY)Pelargonium odoratissimum • Rose geranium Essential oil • leaf

GOMORTEGACEAE Gomortega keule • Keule Psychoactive • fruit

GRAMINEAE (GRASS FAMILY)Andropogon virginicus • Broomsedge Dye • leafAnthoxanthum odoratum • Sweet vernal grass Scent • leafArundinaria spp. • Cane, switchcane Fishing poles • stem, food • fruitArundo donax • Reed grass Reeds for musical instruments • stem pithAvena spp. • Oats Food • fruitBambusa spp. • Bamboo Building material • stem; food • young shootsBrachiaria spp. • Browntop Food • fruitCoix lacryma-jobi • Job's tears, adlay Food • fruitCymbopogon citratus • Lemon grass Flavoring • lower shoots; essential oil • leafCymbopogon martinii • Lemon grass Essential oil • leafCymbopogon nardus • Citronella Essential oil • leafCynodon dactylon • Bermuda grass Lawn grass, forageDendrocalamus spp. • Bamboo Building material, chop sticks • stem; food • fruitDigitaria spp. • Crabgrass, fonio Food • fruitEchinochloa spp. • Millet Food • fruitEleusine coracana • African millet, finger millet, ragi Food • fruitEragrostis tef • Teff Food • fruitGigantochloa spp. • Bamboo Building material • stemGlyceria spp. • Manna grass Food • fruitGuadua angustifolia • Bamboo Building material • stemGynerium sagittatum • Uva grass, wild cane Building material • stem, weaving • leafHordeum vulgare • Barley Food • fruit; flavoring (malt) • fruitMuhlenbergia macroura • Zacaton Fiber • leafMuhlenbergia rigens • Deer grass Fiber • leafOryza glaberrima • African rice, red rice Food • fruitOryza sativa • Rice Food • fruitPanicum miliaceum • Proso millet Food • fruitPennisetum glaucum • Pearl millet Food • fruitPhragmites australis • Common reed Food (sugar); fiber • stemPhyllostachys spp. • Fish pole bamboo Fishing poles, walking sticks • stemPhyllostachys spp. • Bamboo Building material • stem; food • shootsSaccharum officinarum • Sugar cane Sugar • stemSecale cereale • Rye Food • fruitSetaria spp. • Foxtail millet Food • fruitSorghum bicolor • Sorghum, milo, broomcorn Silage • leaf; food • fruits; brooms • inflorescencesStipa tenacissima • Esparto grass Fiber • leafX Triticosecale • Triticale Food • fruitTriticum aestivum • Common wheat, bread wheat Food • fruitTriticum durum • Durum wheat, macaroni wheat Food • fruit

-14-

Vetiveria zizanioides • Khus-khus, vetiver Essential oil • rhizomeZea mays • Maize, corn, teosinte Food; starch; oil • fruitZizania palustris • Wild-rice Food • fruit

GROSSULARIACEAE (GOOSEBERRY FAMILY)Ribes nigrum • Black currant Food; flavoring • fruitRibes rubrum • Red currant Food; flavoring • fruitRibes uva-crispa • European gooseberry Food • fruitRibes spp. • Gooseberry, currant Food • fruit

HAMAMELIDACEAE (WITCH HAZEL FAMILY)Hamamelis virginiana • Witch hazel Medicine; essential oil • stemLiquidambar orientalis • Sytrax Gum (Levant storax) • stemLiquiambar styraciflua • Sweet gum Timber, medicine • stem; gum (American storax) • stemLoropetalum chinese • Razzelberri Food • fruit

HIMANTANDRACEAEGalbulimima belgraveana • Agara Psychoactive (snuff) • leaf

HIPPOCASTANACEAE (BUCKEYE FAMILY)Aesculus arguta • Western buckeye Fish poison • seedAesculus californica • California buckeye, horse-chestnut Food • seed, fish poisons • seed, stemAesculus flava • Yellow buckeye TimberAesculus hippocastanum • Horse-chestnut Timber; medicine (cardiovascular) • seedAesculus pavia • Red buckeye Fish poison • seed

HYPERICACEAE (ST. JOHN’S WORT FAMILY)Calophyllum inophyllum • Indian laurel, laurel wood Fixed oil (domba oil) • medicineCalophyllum inophyllum • Indian laurel, laurel wood illuminant • seed; woodGarcinia livingstonei • Imbé Food • fruitGarcinia xanthochymus • Gamboge tree Dye • sapGarcinia mangostana • Mangosteen Food • fruitHypericum perforatum • St. John’s wort Treat depression, abortifacient • leaf, rootMammea americana • Mammee-apple Food • fruit

ILLICIACEAE (STAR-ANISE FAMILY)Illicium floridanum • Florida-anise, purple-anise Essential oil • fruit, seedIllicium parviflorum • Yellow star-anise Essential oil • fruit, seedIllicium verum • Star-anise, Chinese star-anise Essential oil • fruit, seed

IRIDACEAE (IRIS FAMILY)Crocus sativus • Saffron Essential oil • stigma, styleIris florentina • Orris root Essential oil • rhizome

JUGLANDACEAE (WALNUT FAMILY)Carya illinoensis • Pecan Food • fruitCarya spp. • Hickory, pignut, mockernut Food • fruitJuglans ailanthifolia • Japanese walnut Food • fruitJuglans cinerea • Butternut Food • fruit; dye • bark, huskJuglans nigra • Black walnut Food • fruit; dye • bark, huskJuglans regia • English walnut Food • fruit; fixed oil • seed

JUNCACEAE (RUSH FAMILY)Juncus bufonius • Toad rush Fiber • stemJuncus effusus • Rush Fiber • stem

-15-

LABIATAE (MINT FAMILY)Coleus blumei • Coleus Psychoactive • leafHedeoma pulgioides • Pennyroyal Medicine • leafHyptis suaveolens • Chia, wild spikenard Beverage; novelty items • seedHyssopus officinalis • Hyssop Essential oil, medicine • leafLavandula officinalis • Lavender Essential oil • flowerLavandula stoechas • French lavender Essential oil • leafMarrubium vulgare • Horehound Essential oil; medicine • leafMelissa officinalis • Balm Essential oil; medicine • leafMentha piperita • Peppermint Essential oil • leafMentha pulegium • Pennyroyal Essential oil • leafMentha spicata • Spearmint Essential oil • leafMonarda spp. • Oswego tea, horsemint Essential oil (flavoring, medicine) • leafNepeta cataria • Catnip Essential oil • leafOcimum basilicum • Basil Essential oil • leafOriganum majorana • Marjoram Essential oil • leafOriganum vulgare • Pot marjoram, oregano Essential oil • leafPerilla frutescens • Perilla Essential oil • leafPogostemon cablin • Patchouli Essential oil • leafPrunella vulgaris • Self-heal Medicine • leafRosmarinus officinalis • Rosemary Essential oil • leaf, flowerSalvia columbarieae • Chia, chan Beverage, toys • seedSalvia divinorum • Hierba de la pastora, hierba de la virgen Psychoactive • leafSalvia officinalis • Sage Essential oil • leafSalvia sclarea • Clary Essential oil • leafSatureja hortensis • Savory Essential oil • leafStachys palustris • Marsh woodwort Food • tuber; medicine • leafStachys officinalis • Betony Medicine • leafThymus vulgaris • Thyme Essential oil (flavoring) • leaf

LARDIZABALACEAELardizabala biternata • Zabala fruit Food • fruit

LAURACEAE (LAUREL FAMILY)Aniba rosquedora • Rosewood Essential oil • woodCinnamomum camphora • Camphor Essential oil (medicine) • woodCinnamomum cassia • Cassia Essential oil • bark, budCinnamomum verum • Cinnamon Essential oil • barkLaurus nobilis • Laurel Essential oil • leafOcotea rodioei • Greenheart TimberPersea americana • Aguacate, avocado, alligator pear Food • fruitSassafras albidum • Sassafras Essential oil • leafUmbellularia californica • California laurel, pepperwood Essential oil • leaf

LECYTHIDACEAE (BRAZIL NUT FAMILY)Barringtonia excelsa • Fish-poison tree Fish poison; medicine • fruitBertholletia excelsa • Brazil nut Food • seed; fixed oil • seedLecythis minor • Coco de mono Food • seedLecythis ollaria • Monkey pod, monkey pot Food • seedLecythis usitata • Monkey nut Food • seedLecythis spp. • Paradise nut Food • seed

LEGUMINOSAE (LEGUME, BEAN, OR PEA FAMILY)Acacia catechu • Catechu, black cutch Industrial gum; tannin; dye • woodAcacia koa • Koa TimberAcacia senegal • Gum arabic Industrial gum • wood

-16-

Acacia spp. • Wattle TimberAeschynomene spp. • Shola, sola Fiber (pith helmets) • stem pithAlbizzia saman • Rain tree TimberAmphicarpaea bracteata • Talet bean Food • seedAnadenanthera colubrina • Huilca, vilca Psychoactive • seedAnadenanthera peregrina • Cohoba, nopo, parica, yopo Psychoactive • seedApios americana • American potato bean Food • tuberArachis hypogaea • Goober, ground nut, peanut Food; fixed oil • seedAspalanthus contaminatus • Rooibos Beverage • leafAstragalus gummifer • Gum tragacanth Industrial gum; medicine (constipation); cosmetics • barkAfzelia spp. • Afzelia, Malacca-teak Timber; charms • seedBaphia nitida • Barwood, camwood Dye • woodCaesalpinia coriaria • Divi-divi Tannin • fruitCaesalpinia echinata • Brazil wood Wood, dye • woodCaesalpinia sappan • Sappan wood Dye • woodCajanus cajan • Pigeon pea, Cajan pea Food • seedCanavalia ensiformis • Jack bean, horse bean Food • seedCanavalia gladiata • Sword bean Food • seedCardeauxia edulis • Yeheb nut Food • seed; purple dye • seedCassia angustifolia • Indian senna Dye, medicine • leafCassia fistula • Purging cassia Medicine (laxative) • seedCassia occidentalis • Coffee weed Medicine, coffee substitute • seedCeratonia siliqua • Carob, St • John's bread Gum, food • pulp around seedCicer arietinum • Chick pea, garbanzo bean Food • seedCopaifera officinalis • Copaiba balsam Resin (medicine, industry) • stemCopaifera spp. • Copal Resin (medicine, industry) • stemCrotalaria juncea • Sunn hemp Fiber • stemCyamopsis tetragonolobus • Guar gum Industrial gum (cosmetic, industrial) • seedDalbergia nigra • Brazilian rosewood WoodDalbergia decipularis • Brazilian tulipwood WoodDalbergia melanoxylon • African blackwood WoodDalbergia retusa • Cocobolo WoodDalbergia sisso • Sisso, sheesham WoodDalbergia stevensonii • Honduras rosewood WoodDerris spp. • Tuba, derris Fish poison (rotenone) • rootDipteryx odorata • Tonka bean Flavoring ( tobacco, snuff) • seedDipteryx oleifera • Ebor, eboe Flavoring (tobacco, snuff) • seedEntada spp. • Sea bean Abortifacient, fish poison • seedGenista tinctoria • Greenwood Dye • plantGleditsia triacanthos • Honey locust Food, drink • seed, pulpGlycine max • Soybean Food • seed, fruit, industrial oil • seedGlycyrrhiza glabra • Licorice Flavoring • rhizome, rootGymnocladus dioica • Kentucky coffee bean tree Timber; coffee substitute • seedHaematoxylon campechianum • Logwood Dye (medical, scientific applications) • woodIndigofera tinctoria • Indigo Dye • stem, leafInga edulis • Ice cream bean Food • fruitInocarpus fagifer • Polynesianchestnut, Tahiti-chestnut Food • seedLablab purpureus • Hyacinth bean, lablab bean, bonavist bean Food • seedLens culinaris • Lentil Food • seedLonchocarpus spp. • Barasco, cubé, timbo Arrow, dart poisons • rootLonchocarpus violaceus • Balché Ceremonial wine • barkMicroberlinia brazzavillensis • Zebrano, zebra wood WoodMelilotus spp. • Sweet clover Medicine (coumarins) • stem, leafMilletia laurentii • Wenge WoodMilletia stuhlmanii • Panga-panga TimberMimosa hostilis • Jurema Psychoactive • root

-17-

Mucuna spp. • Velvet bean Food • seed; medicine • seed; fish poison; dye • bark, leafMyroxylon balsamum • Balsam of Tolu Resin • stemMyroxylon pereirae • Balsam of Peru Medicinal resin • stem woundPachyrrhizus spp. • Yam bean, jicama Food • tuberParkia filcoidea • Locust bean Food • seedPericopsis spp. • False dalbergia TimberPhaseolus acutifolius • Tepary bean Food • seedPhaseolus aureus • Mung bean Food • seedPhaseolus coccineus • Scarlet runner bean Food • seedPhaseolus limensis • Lima bean Food • seedPhaseolus lunatus • Butter bean, sieva bean, sugar bean Food • seedPhaseolus vulgaris • most of our commonly consumed beans Food • seed, fruitPhysostigma venenosum • Calabar bean Ordeal poison, medicinal • seedPiscidia piscipula • Fish poison tree Fish poison • bark, rootPisum sativum • English pea, garden pea Food • seedPithecellobium saman • Saman, rain tree Food • seed; woodPongamia pinnata • Pongam Essential oil; medicine • seedProsopis glandulosa • Mesquite, algaroba WoodPsophocarpus tetragonolobus • Asparagus pea, Goa bean, winged bean Food • seed, tuberPterocarpus spp. • Barwood, rosewood, sandalwood WoodPueraria montana • Kudzu Erosion control • plant; medicine (fever, alcoholism) • flower, rootRobinia pseudoacacia • Black locust WoodSesbania exaltata • Colorado River hemp Fiber • stemSophora secundiflora • Mescal bean, red bean Psychoactive • seedSphenostylis stenocarpa • Yam bean Food • tuberTamarindus indica • Tamarind, tamarindo Food • fruit, seed, pulpTephrosia spp. • Tephrosia Fish poison, insecticide, medicine • rootTrigonella foenum-graecum • Fenugreek Essential oil • seed, leafVicia faba • Broad bean, fava bean, horse bean, Windsor bean Food • seedVigna acontifolia • Mat bean, moth bean Food • seed, fruitVigna angularis • Adzuki bean Food • seedVigna mungo • Black gram bean, urd bean Food • seedVigna radiata • Golden gram bean, mung bean Food • seedVigna umbellata • Rice bean Food • seedVigna unguiculata • Asparagus bean, black-eyed pea, cowpea Food • seedVoandzeia subterranea • Bambara groundnut Food • seed

LILIACEAE (LILY FAMILY)Allium ampeloprasum • Elephant garlic, leek Food • bulbAllium ascalonium • Shallot Food • bulbAllium cepa • Onion Food • bulbAllium sativum • Garlic Food; medicine (allicin) • leafAllium schoenoprasum • Chives Food • leafAloë vera • Aloe vera Medicine (treat burns) • sapAsparagus officinalis • Asparagus Food • shootsCamassia spp. • Camas FoodChlorogalum pomeridianum • Soaproot Fish poison • rootColchicum autumnale • Autumn crocus Toxic, medicinal alkaloid (colchicine) • bulbDracaena draco • Dragon tree Medicine • sap; resinDrimia maritima • Squill, sea-onion Rat poison • bulbHyacinthus spp. • Hyacinth Essential oil • flowerPhormium tenax • New Zealand flax Fiber • leafPolianthes tuberosa • Tuberose Essential oil • flowerSamuela carnerosana • Palma ixtle Fiber • leafSansevieria spp. • Bowstring hemp Fiber • leaf

-18-

LIMNANTHACEAE (MEADOW FOAM FAMILY)Limnanthes alba • Meadow foam Industrial oil • seedLimnanthes douglasii • Meadow foam Industrial oil • seed

LINACEAE (FLAX FAMILY)Linum catharticum • Purging flax Medicine (purgative); fiber • stemLinum usititissimum • Flax Fiber (linen) • stem; fixed oil (linseed) • seed

LOGANIACEAE (LOGANIA FAMILY)Gelsemium elegans • Graceful jessamine Poison (criminals, suicide) • leafGelsemium sempervirens • Yellow or Carolina jessamine Medicine (CNS depressant) • rootStrychnos nux-vomica • Nux vomica Medicinal, toxic alkaloid (strychnine) • seedStrychnos toxifera • Curare Arrow, dart poisons • bark

LYTHRACEAE (LYTHRUM FAMILY)Lagerstromia speciosa • Banaba tree, crape myrtle Medicine (lower blood pressure) • leafLawsonia inermis • Henna Dye (henna hair rinse) • leaf, medicine • bark

MAGNOLIACEAE (MAGNOLIA FAMILY)Liriodendron tulipifera • Tulip tree TimberMagnolia officinalis • Houpu magnolia Medicine (tonic) • barkMagnolia virginiana • Sweetbay magnolia, swamp magnolia TimberMichelia champaca • Champaca, sapu Timber; essential oil • flower

MALPIGHIACEAE (MALPIGHIA FAMILY)Banisteriopsis caapi • Ayahuasca, caapi, yajé Psychoactive • barkBunchosia armeniaca • Ciruela Food • fruitMalpighia glabra • Acerola, Barbados cherry Food • fruitMalpighia punicifolia • West Indian cherry Food • fruit

MALVACEAE (MALLOW OR COTTON FAMILY)Abelomoscus esculentus • Okra, gumbo Food • fruitAbutilon theophrasti • China jute, Indian mallow, velvet weed Fiber • stemAlthaea officinalis • Marsh mallow Food, medicine • rootGossypium arboreum • Tree cotton Fiber • seedGossypium barbadense • Sea-island cotton, Egyptian c. Fiber • seedGossypium herbaceum • Arabian cotton, Asiatic c., levant c., short-staple c. Fiber • seedGossypium hirsutum • Upland cotton Fiber; fixed oil • seedGossypium nanking • Khaki cotton Fiber • seedHibiscus cannabinus • Decan hemp, kenaf Fiber • stemHibiscus tomentosum • Hawaiian cotton Fiber • seedHibiscus sabdariffa • Roselle, Jamaican sorrel Fiber; fiber • shootHibiscus tiliaceus • Majagua, mahoe Fiber • stemMalva spp. • Mallow Food; medicine; beverage • fruitSida acuta • Queensland hemp Fiber • stem; medicine • leafThespesia populnea • Milo, tulip tree wood, fiber • barkUrena lobata • African hemp, aramina, cadillo Fiber (aramina) • stem

MARANTACEAE (PRAYER PLANT FAMILY)Calathea lutea • Balasier Fiber (baskets); wax (cavassú) • leafMaranta arundinacea • West Indian arrowroot Food, cosmetics, industrial • rhizomeThaumatococcus danielli • miracle berry, African serendipity berry Sweetener (thaumatin) • fruit

MELIACEAE (CHINA BERRY FAMILY)Azadirachta indica • Neem tree, nim Timber; oil (margosa o.); insecticide, spermicide • bark, leafCarapa guianensis • Andiroba, crabwood Timber; oil (andiroba oil) • seed

-19-

Cedrela odorata • Spanish cedar, cigar-box cedar WoodKhaya senegalensis • African mahogany WoodLansium domesticum • Langsat Food • fruitMelia azedarach • China berry Insecticide • leafSwietenia humilis • Mexican mahogany TimberSwietenia mahagoni • Cuban mahogany TimberSwietenia macrophylla • Baywood TimberToona sinensis • Chinese-cedar Timber

MENISPERMACEAE (MOON SEED FAMILY)Chondrodendron tomentosum • Curare Arrow, dart poisons; medicine (tubocurarine) • rootCocculus laurifolius • Moonseed Arrow, dart poisons • barkCocculus spp. • Coral bead, Carolina snail seed Food, alcoholic beverages • fruit

MENYANTHACEAE (BOG BEAN FAMILY)Menyanthes trifoliata • Buck bean, bog bean Medicinal (tonic, antiscurvy); tobacco substitute • leaf

MORACEAE (FIG OR MULBERRY FAMILY)Antiaris africana • Bark cloth tree TimberAntiaris toxicaria • Upas Arrow, dart poisons • sapArtocarpus altilis • Breadfruit, pan del árbol Food • fruit; surf boards • trunkArtocarpus heterophyllus • Jack fruit, jak fruit Food • fruitArtocarpus odoratissima • Marang Food • fruitBrosimum alicastrum • Breadnut, ramón Food • seedBrosimum guianense • Leopard wood Violin bows, turnery • woodBrosimum utile • Cow tree Food, chewing gum • latexBroussonetia papyrifera • Paper mulberry Fiber • barkCastilla elastica • Panama rubber, Castilla rubber LatexChlorophora tinctoria • Fustic Dye • wood, medicine • barkFicus benghalensis • Banyan tree Food • fruit, leaf; timber; fiber • bark; medicine • latexFicus carica • Fig Food • fruit; medicine • latexFicus elastica • India rubber, Assam rubber LatexFicus platyphylla • Gutta niger, red kano rubber Latex; fiber, tanning • barkFicus religiosa • Bo tree, peepul tree Sealing wax • latex; fiber • bark; silkworm food • leafFicus sycomorus • Mulberry fig Timber; food • fruitMaclura pomifera • Bois d'arc, Osage-orange Arrow, dart shafts, timber; dye • woodMaclura tinctoria • Toothache tree Medicine • latexMaclura tricuspidata • Chinese-mulberry, cudrang Food • fruitMaquira sclerophylla • Rape dos Indios Psychoactive (snuff); arrow poison • fruitMorus nigra • Black mulberry Food • fruitMorus rubra • Red mulberry Food • fruit

MORINGACEAEMoringa oleifera • Horseradish tree Food • fruit, fixed oil (oil of Ben) • seedMoringa pterogyosperma • Horseradish tree Fixed oil • seed

MUSACEAE (BANANA FAMILY)Ensete ventricosum • Abyssinian banana Food • seed; fiber • stem, shootsMusa acuminata • Datil, finger banana Food • fruitMusa x paradisiaca var. paradisiaca • Plantain, platano, cooking banana Food • fruitMusa x paradisiaca var. sapientum • Banana Food • fruitMusa textilis • Manila hemp, abacá Fiber • leaf

MYRICACEAE (MYRICA FAMILY)Myrica cerifera • Wax myrtle Essential oil, wax • fruitMyrica pensylvanica • Bayberry Essential oil, wax • fruit

-20-

MYRISTICACEAE (NUTMEG FAMILY)Myristica fragrans • Nutmeg Flavoring • seedMyristica fragrans • Mace Flavoring • arilVirola spp. • Otoba butter Fixed oil (candles, soap)Virola spp. • Epena Psychoactive resins (snuffs) • inner bark

MYRTACEAE (MYRTLE OR EUCALYPTUS FAMILY)Austromyrtus dulcis • Midgen berry, midyim Food • fruitEucalyptus diversicolor • Karri TimberEucalyptus globulus • Blue gum Timber; oil • woodEucalyptus marginata • Jarrah TimberEucalyptus microtheca • Coolibah TimberEucalyptus spp. • Eucalypts Flavoring • leafEugenia aggregata • Cherry of the Rio Grande Food • fruitEugenia malaccensis • Mountain-apple Food • fruitEugenia uniflora • Pitanga, Surinam cherry Food • fruitFeijoa sellowiana • Feijoa Food • fruitLeptospermum petersonii • lemon-scented tea tree Essential oil • leafLeptospermum scoparium • Manuka Timber; beverage • leafMelaleuca cajuputi • Cajuput Fixed oil (medicine) • seedMyrciaria cauliflora • Jaboticaba, Brazilian grape tree Food • fruitPimenta dioica • Allspice, bay Essential oil • fruitPimenta racemosa • Bay leaf, bay-rum Essential oil • leafPsidium cattleianum • Strawberry guava, purple guava Food • fruitPsidium guajava • Guava Food • fruitPsidium guineense • Guisaro Food • fruitRhodomyrtus tomentosa • Ceylon Hill-gooseberry Food, wine • fruit; medicine (antiseptic) • leafSyzygium aromaticum • Cloves Essential oil • flower budSyzygium cuminii • Jambolan, Java plum Food • fruitSyzygium jambos • Rose-apple Food • fruitSyzygium malaccense • Rose-apple, Malay-apple, Otaheite-apple Food • fruitSyzygium samarangense • Java apple, wax jambu, wax-apple Food • fruitUgni molinae • Chilean-guava Food • fruit

NELUMBONACEAE (INDIAN LOTUS FAMILY)Nelumbo nucifera • Sacred lotus, Indian lotus Food • seed, rhizome, leafNelumbo pentapetala • Water chinquapin Food • stem, rhizome, leaf

NITRARIACEAE (NITRARIA FAMILY)Peganum harmala • Syrian rue Psychoactive • seed

NYCTAGINACEAE (FOUR O’CLOCK FAMILY)Mirabilis jalapa • Marvel-of-Peru Medicine • root, dye • flowerMirabilis multiflora • Four o'clock Medicine • root

NYMPHAEACEAE (WATER-LILY FAMILY)Nymphaea spp. • Water-lily Food • rhizome

OLACACEAE (AFRICAN-WALNUT FAMILY)Coula edulis • Gaboon nut, African-walnut, bush kola Food • seed

OLEACEAE (OLIVE FAMILY)Carissa congesta • Karanda, caramba Food • fruitCarissa grandiflora • Carissa Food • fruitFraxinus americana • American ash WoodFraxinus excelsior • European ash Wood

-21-

Fraxinus mandschurica • Japanese ash WoodFraxinus pensylvanica • Red ash WoodJasminum officinale • Jasmine Essential oil • flowerOlea europaea • Olive Food • fruit; fixed oil • seedOsmanthus fragrans • Sweet osmanthus, tea-olive, sweet-olive Flavoring • flowerSyringa vulgaris • Lilac Flavoring • flower

ORCHIDACEAE (ORCHID FAMILY)Vanilla planifolia • Vanilla Flavoring • fruit

OXALIDACEAE (OXALIS OR SORREL FAMILY)Averrhoa bilimbi • Bilimbi Food • fruitAverrhoa carambola • Carambola Food • fruitOxalis tuberosa • Oca Food • tuber

PALMAE (PALM FAMILY)Areca catechu • Betel nut Psychoactive • seedArenga pinnata • Gomuti palm, sugar palm, sago palm Sugar • sap; beverage • stemArenga pinnata • Gomuti palm, sugar palm, sago palm food (starch) • stem; thatch • leafAttalea funifera • Bahia piassava Fiber • leafBactris spp. • Pejibaye, peach palm Food • fruit; beverage; fixed oil; building materialBorassus flabellifer • Palmyra palm Fiber, building material • leaf, stems; food; beverage • fruitCalamus rotang • Rattan, chair bottom cane Furniture (wicker) • stemCalamus scipionum • Malacca cane, rattan palm Walking canes • stemCaroyta urens • Toddy palm, sago palm Sugar • stem; food (starch) • stem; fiber • leafCeroxylon spp. • Wax palm Wax • leafCocos nucifera • Coconut Thatching, building material • leaf, stemCocos nucifera • Coconut Fixed oil, food, sugar • fruit, sapCopernicia prunifera • Carnauba wax palm Industrial wax • seedDaemonorops spp. • Rattan Resin (Sumatran dragon's blood) medicine, varnish • fruitElaeis guineensis • African oil palm Industrial oil • seedEuterpe edulis • Açai palm Food • palm heart; Euterpe oleracea • Açai palm Food • palm heart; beverage • fruitJubaea chilensis • Honey palm Sugar • sapLeopoldiana piassaba • Piassaba Fiber • leafMetroxylon amicarum • Ivory nut palm Buttons • seedMetroxylon sagu • Sago palm Starch • stemNypa fruticans • Nypa palm Sugar • inflorescenceOrbignya cohune • Cohune palm Oil (cosmetic) • seed; food • buds; thatch, fiber (hats) • leafOrbignya phalerata • Babassu palm Oil (cosmetic, margarine) • seedPhoenix dactylifera • Date palm Food • fruitPhoenix sylvestris • Wild date palm Sugar • stemRaphia farinifera • African wine palm Fibers • leaves; juice • wine; seed • foodRaphia vinifera • West African wine palm Fibers • leaves; wine • stem and fruit; buttons • seedsRaphia spp. • Raffia palm Fiber • leaf, beverage (palm wine) • stem, inflorescenceRoystonea oleracea • American cabbage palm Food (starch) • palm heart; thatch • leafRoystonea regia • Royal palm Food (starch) • palm heart; thatch • leafSabal palmetto • Cabbage palmetto, palmetto Fiber • leaf; apical bud • foodSabal causiarum • Puerto Rican hat palm Fiber • leafSerenoa repens • Sabal palmetto Food • fruit; medicine (prostate) • fruit

PANDANACEAE (SCREW-PINE FAMILY)Pandanus spiralis • Screw-pine Food • seeds; fibers (bags, mats, shelter) • leafPandanus tectorius • Hala, pandan Food • seed; fibers • leafPandanus utilis • Common screw-pine Food, medicine (aphrodisiac) • flowers, fruit; thatching • leaf

-22-

PAPAVERACEAE (POPPY FAMILY)Argemone mexicana • Mexican poppy Oil • seed; psychoactive • seedPapaver bracteatum • Poppy Medicinal alkaloid (thebaine) • latexPapaver somniferum • Opium poppy, poppy Medicinal and psychoactive alkaloids • latexPapaver somniferum • Opium poppy, poppy flavoring; fixed oil • seedSanguinaria canadensis • Bloodroot Dye • root; medicine (expectorant, emetic) • latex

PASSIFLORACEAE (PASSION FLOWER FAMILY)Passiflora edulis • Purple granadilla Food • fruitPassiflora incarnata • purple passion flower Food, medicine • fruitPassiflora laurifolia • Yellow granadilla Food • fruitPassiflora ligularis • Sweet granadilla Food • fruitPassiflora mollissima • Banana passion flower, banana poka Food • fruitPassiflora quadrangularis • Giant granadilla Food • fruit

PEDALIACEAE (SESAME FAMILY)Harpagophytum procumbens • Devil’s claw Medicine (analgesic, anti-inflammatory) • rootSesamum indicum • Sesame Food • seed; fixed oil • seed

PHYTOLACCACEAE (POKE WEED OR POKE BERRY FAMILY)Phytolacca americana • Poke, poke weed, poke berry Food • leaf; dye • fruit

PIPERACEAE (PIPER OR PEPPER FAMILY)Piper betle • Betel pepper Used with betel nut and tobacco (masticatory) • leafPiper cubeba • Cubeb pepper Flavoring • fruitPiper longum • Long pepper Flavoring • fruit, seedPiper methysticum • Kava, kava kava, yongona, grog Psychoactive (masticatory) • root, stemPiper nigrum • Black pepper, white pepper Flavoring • fruit, seed

PITTOSPORACEAE (PARCHMENT BARK FAMILY)Billardiera scandens • Apple berry, apple dumpling Food • fruit

PLANTAGINACEAE (PLANTAGO FAMILY)Plantago psyllium • Psyllium Laxative • seed

PLATANACEAE (SYCAMORE FAMILY)Platanus occidentalis • Sycamore TimberPlatanus orientalis • European plane tree Timber

PODOCARPACEAE (PODOCARP FAMILY)Podocarpus totara • Totara Timber, carving

POLYGALACEAE (POLYGALA FAMILY)Polygala senega • Senega snakeroot Medicine (snakebite) • root

POLYGONACEAE (SMARTWEED OR KNOTWEED FAMILY)Coccoloba uvifera • Sea-grape Food, jelly • fruitFagopyrum esculentum • Buckwheat, kasha Food • fruit; dye • stemPolygonum odoratum • Vietamese-coriander Culinary herb • leafRheum australe • Indian rhubarb Medicine • rootRheum rhabarbarum • Rhubarb Food • petioleRheum palmatum • Chinese rhubarb Medicine • rhizomeRumex crispus • Dock Food • leaf; medicine • rootRumex hymenosepalus • Canaigre, tanner's dock Tannins • root

-23-

PORTULACACEAE (PURSLANE FAMILY)Lewisia rediviva • Bitter root Food • rootPortulaca oleracea • Purslane Food • leaf

PROTEACEAE (PROTEA FAMILY)Grevillea robusta • Silky-oak TimberMacadamia integrifolia • Macadamia nut, Queensland nut Food • seedKnightia excelsa • Rewa-rewa Timber

PUNICACEAE (POMEGRANATE FAMILY)Punica granatum • Pomegranate Food • fruit; flavoring • seed

RANUNCULACEAE (BUTTERCUP OR CROWFOOT FAMILY)Aconitum napellus • Monkshood, wolfbane Medicine • rootCaulophyllum thalictroides • Blue cohosh Medicine • rootHydrastis canadensis • Goldenseal Medicine • root; dye (yellow) • allNigella sativa • Nigella Flavoring • seed

RESEDACEAE (MIGNONETTE FAMILY)Reseda luteola • Weld, wild mignonette Dye (Sherwood Forest green) • allReseda odorata • Mignonette Essential oil • flower

RHAMNACEAE (BUCKTHORN FAMILY)Ceanothus americanus • New Jersey tea Beverage • leafHovenia dulcis • Raisin tree Inflorescence axis • food; honey substitute, wine • seedReynosia septentrionalis • Darling-plum, red ironwood Food • fruit; cabinetry • woodRhamnus cathartica • Cascara, cascara sagrada Laxative • bark; dye • fruitFrangula purshiana • Cascara sagrada Laxative • bark, fruitZizyphus jujuba • Jujube, Chinese-date Food • fruit

ROSACEAE (ROSE FAMILY)Agrimonia striata • Agrimony Dye • rhizomeAronia melanocarpa • Black chokeberry Food, medicine (colds) • fruitChrysobalanus icacao • Coco-palm, icaco Food • fruitCrataegus spp. • Hawthorn Food • fruitCydonia oblonga • Quince Food • fruitEriobotrya japonica • Loquat Food • fruitFilipendula ulmaria • Meadowsweet Medicine (aspirin source); essential oil • leafFragaria ananassa • Strawberry Food • receptacle, seed-like fruitMalus sylvestris • Apple Food • receptacle, fruit; gum (pectin) • fruitMespilus germanica • Medlar Food • fruitPrunus africana • Pygeum tree, red stinkwood Medicine (treat BPH) • leaf, bark, fruitPrunus avium • Sweet cherry Food • fruitPrunus armeniaca • Apricot Food • fruitPrunus domestica • Plum, prune, damson Food • fruitPrunus dulcis • Almond, bitter almond Food • seed; essential oil • fruitPrunus mahalab • Mahleb Flavoring • seedPrunus persica • Peach, nectarine Food • fruitPrunus salicifolia • Capulin cherry Food • fruit; furniture, carpentry • woodPrunus serotina • Black cherry Food • fruitPrunus spinosa • Sloe, blackthorn Flavoring (gin) • fruitPyrus communis • Pear Food • fruitPyrus pyrifolia • Apple pear, Asian pear, Chinese pear, sand pear Food • fruitQuillaja saponaria • Soapbark Saponins (soap substitute) • barkRosa centifolia • Rose Essential oil • flowerRosa damascena • Summer damask rose Essential oil (otto of roses) • flower

-24-

Rubus chamaemorus • Cloudberry Food • fruitRubus fruticosus • Blackberry Food • fruitRubus idaeus • Red raspberry, European raspberry Food • fruitRubus occidentalis • Black raspberry Food • fruitRubus ursinus • Boysenberry, loganberry, veitchberry, youngberry Food • fruitRubus spp. • Blackberry, dewberry Food • fruitSorbus aucuparia • Rowan Food (jelly); brandy • fruit; wood

RUBIACEAE (MADDER OR COFFEE FAMILY)Cinchona spp. • Quinine Medicinal alkaloids (quinine, etc.) • barkCoffea arabica • Arabian coffee Caffeinated beverage • seedCoffee liberica • Liberian coffee Caffeinated beverage • seedCoffee canephora • Robusta coffee, Congo coffee Caffeinated beverage • seedGardenia jasminoides • Gardenia Essential oil • flowerGenipa americana • Genipap Food, dye, drink • fruitMitchella repens • Twinberry, partridge berry Food • fruit; medicine (child birth) • leafMitragyna speciosa • kratom Psychoactive, medicinal (opium withdrawal) • leafMorinda citrifolia • Indian mulberry, noni, Indian-mulberry Dye; food; medicine • fruit, leaf, flowerPausinystalia yohimbe • Yohimbe Medicine (aphrodisiac) • barkPsychotria ipecacuanha • Ipecac Medicine (induce vomiting) • rhizomeRubia tinctorum • Madder Dye • rootUncaria gambir • Gambier, white cutch Dye, masticatory, medicine • leafUncaria spp. • Cat’s claw, uña de gato Medicinal tea • stem, leaves, bark

RUTACEAE (CITRUS FAMILY)Aegle marmelos • Bael Religious rites (India) • leaf; food, beverage, medicine (GI) • allAgathosma betulina • Buchu Essential oil • leafAngostura febrifuga • Angostura Flavoring (bitters) • barkCasimiroa edulis • White sapote Food • fruit; essential oil • leafCitrus aurantifolia • Lime Flavoring • fruitCitrus aurantium • Sour orange, bitter orange, Seville orange, bergamot Flavoring • fruitCitrus maxima • Pomelo, shaddock Food • fruitCitrus hystrix • Kaffir lime Flavoring • fruit rind, leafCitrus japonica • Kumquat Food • fruitCitrus latifolia • Persian lime, Tahitian lime Food • fruitCitrus limon • Lemon Flavoring • fruitCitrus medica • Citron Food • fruitCitrus x mitis • Calomondin Food • fruitCitrus x paradisi • Grapefruit Food • fruitCitrus reticulata • Clementine, Mandarin orange, tangerine Food • fruitCitrus sinensis • Orange, sweet orange Food • fruitCitrus trifoliata • Trifoliate orange Food (marmalade) • fruitClausena lansium • Wampee Food • fruitDictamnus albus • Dittany, gas plant Medicine (uterine stimulant) • rootGalipea officinalis • Angostura Flavoring • barkLimonia acidissima • Elephant-apple, wood-apple Food • fruit; timber, gumMurraya koenigii • Curry leaf Flavoring • leafPhellodendron spp. • Cork tree TimberPilocarpus jaborandi • Jaborandi Medicine • leafRuta graveolens • Rue Flavoring • leafZanthoxylum piperitum • Fagara, Sichuan pepper Flavoring • fruit

SALICACEAE (WILLOW FAMILY)Populus alba • White poplar Timber; medicine • barkPopulus balsamifera • Balsam poplar Resin • buds; woodPopulus grandidentata • Largetooth aspen Wood

-25-

Populus tremula • European aspen WoodPopulus tremuloides • Quaking aspen Wood; medicine • barkSalix alba • White willow Medicine (salicin) • barkSalix spp. • Willows Fiber (baskets) • stem

SANTALACEAE (SANDALWOOD FAMILY)Phoradendron flavescens • Mistletoe Medicine (abortifacient) • plant, leaf, fruitSantalum album • Sandalwood Essential oil • wood, rootSantalum acuminatum • Quandong nut Food • fruitViscum album • Mistletoe Medicine (immunostimulatory) • fruit

SAPINDACEAE (SOAP BERRY FAMILY)Blighia sapida • Akee, ackee Food • fruitDimocarpus longan • Longan, lungan Food • fruitLitchi chinensis • Litchi nut, lychee nut Food • fruitMelicoccus bijugatus • Mamoncillo, Spanish lime Food • fruitNephelium lappaceum • Rambutan Food • fruitPaullinia cupana • Guaraná Caffeinated beverage • seedsPaullinia yoco • Yoco, cohoba Psychoactive snuff • barkSapindus saponaria • Soapberry Soap substitute • fruit

SAPOTACEAE (SAPOTE FAMILY)Argania spinosum • Argan Food (olive oil substitute); timber, fuelCalocarpum sapota • Sapote, marmalade plum Food • fruitCalocarpum viride • Green sapote Food • fruitChrysophyllum cainito • Star-apple, caimito Food • fruitLucuma salicifolia • Yellow sapote Food • fruitManilkara bidentata • Balata Industrial latex; timberManilkara zapota • Chiclé, sapodilla, zapote, chiku Latex (masticatory); Food • fruitPalaquium gutta • Gutta-percha Industrial latexPouteria caimito • Abiu Food • fruitPouteria campechiana • Canistel, egg fruit Food • fruitPouteria sapota • Mammee zapote, marmalade plum, zapote Food • fruitSynsepalum dulcifolium • Miracle berry Food, sweetener • fruitVitellaria paradoxa • Shea butter Flavor food; illuminant • seed; timber

SCHISANDRACEAE (KADSURA FAMILY)Schisandra chinensis • Magnolia vine, five flavor berry Food, medicine (traditional Chinese) • fruit

SCROPHULARIACEAE (SNAPDRAGON FAMILY)Digitalis purpurea • Foxglove Medicinal glycosides (digitoxin, etc.) • leaf, rootDigitalis lanata • Grecian foxglove Medicinal glycosides (digitoxin, etc.) • leaf

SIMAROUBACEAE (QUASSIA FAMILY)Quassia amara • Quassia Flavoring, medicine (vermifuge), fly-poison • woodQuassia cedron • Cedron Vermifuge • seedQuassia indica • bitter wood Medicine, insecticide • seed; timber

SIMMONDSIACEAE (JOJOBA FAMILY)Simmondsia chinensis • Jojoba Industrial wax • seed

SMILACACEAE (SMILAX FAMILY)Smilax officinalis • red sarsaparilla Medicines • rootSmilax spp. • Sarsaparilla Beverage, flavoring • root

-26-

SOLANACEAE (NIGHTSHADE FAMILY)Atropa belladonna • Belladonna Medicinal alkaloid (atropine) • leaf, root; cosmetic • sapBrugmansia spp. • Angel trumpet, borrachero, tree datura Psychoactive alkaloids • bark, seedBrunfelsia grandiflora • Fever tree Psychoactive • leaf, bark, medicinal • fruitBrunfelsia uniflora • Manaca Medicine (syphilis) • leaf, barkCapsicum annuum • most peppers (other than black and white) Flavoring, food • fruitCapsicum baccatum • Cayenne or aji pepper Flavoring • fruitCapsicum chinense • Aji, habanero, rocotillo pepper Flavoring • fruitCapsicum frutescens • Bird, chili, cayenne, Tabasco pepper Flavoring • fruitCapsicum pubescens • Rocoto pepper Flavoring • fruitDatura innoxia • Sacred datura, toloache, toloatzin Psychoactive alkaloids • seedDatura stramonium • Jimson weed, thorn apple, wyscoccan Medicinal, psychoactive • seedDuboisia hopwoodii • Pituri Psychoactive (masticatory) • leaf, stemDuboisia myoporoides • Corkwood Medicine; timber; fish poison • stem, leafHyoscyamus niger • Black henbane Medicine, insecticide • leafLatua pubiflora • Latue Psychoactive; fish poison • fruitLycium barbarum • gogi berry food • fruit; beverage • leaf; medicine (immune system) • fruitLycium spp. • Matrimony vine Food, medicine • fruitMandragora officinarum • Mandrake, hexenkraut Medicine; psychoactive • allNicotiana rustica • Indian tobacco Fumatory; alkaloids (nicotine, etc.) • leafNicotiana tabacum • Tobacco Fumatory • leafPetunia violacea • Petunia, shanin Psychoactive • leafPhysalis ixocarpa • Husk tomato, tomatillo, tomatl Food • fruitPhysalis peruviana • Cape gooseberry Food • fruitPhysalis spp. • Ground cherry Food • fruitSolanum betaceum • Tree-tomato, tamarillo Food • fruitSolanum lycopersicum • Tomato, love apple Food • fruitSolanum melongena • Eggplant, aubergine Food • fruitSolanum muricatum • Pepino, melon pear, tree melon Food • fruitSolanum nigrum • Black nightshade, wonderberry Food • fruitSolanum quitoense • Naranjilla, lulo Food • fruitSolanum tuberosum • Potato, Irish potato, white potato Food • tuberWithania somnifera • Indian-ginseng, winter-cherry Medicine (anti-stress, etc.); psychoactive • fruit

STERCULIACEAE (CACAO FAMILY)Cola acuminata • Kola nut, cola nut Essential oil • seedCola nitida • Kola nut, cola nut Essential oil • seedSterculia quadrifida • Peanut tree Food • seed; medicine • taproot; fiber • barkSterculia urens • Gum karaya Industrial gum • stemTheobroma cacao • Cacao Essential oils; flavoring (cocoa) • seed; fixed oil • seed

STYRACACEAE (STYRAX FAMILY)Styrax spp. • Benzoin Medicine • resin

TACCACEAE (ARROWROOT FAMILY)Tacca leontopetaloides • Tahiti arrowroot, East Indian arrowroot Food • rhizome

TAMARICACEAE (TAMARISK FAMILY)Tamarix gallica • Tamarisk, salt-cedar Wood; dye • gallTamarix mannifera • Manna tamarisk tree Food (manna) • sap from insect damage

THEACEAE (CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY)Camellia sinensis • Tea Caffeinated beverage • leaf

THYMELAEACEAE (MEZEREUM FAMILY)Lagetta lagetto • Lacebark tree Fiber • inner bark

-27-

TILIACEAE (BASSWOOD FAMILY)Aquilaria malaccensis • Agar wood Incense (joss sticks) , medicine • resinClappertonia ficifolia • Bolo-bolo Fiber • barkCorchorus spp. • Jute Fiber • stem, food • shootMuntingia calabura • Capulin Food • fruitTilia americana • Basswood, linden tree TimberTilia cordata • European linden tree, lime tree TimberTriumfetta lappula • Cadillo, pega-pega, lapulla Fiber • bark

TROPAEOLACEAE (NASTURTIUM FAMILY)Tropaeolum majus • nasturtium Food • leaf, flowerTropaeolum tuberosum • Añu, ysano, mashua Food • tuber

TYPHACEAE (CATTAIL FAMILY)Typha spp. • Cattail Fiber • leaf; food • rootstock, pollen

ULMACEAE (ELM FAMILY)Celtis laevigata • Sugar berry, southern hackberry TimberUlmus alata • Winged elm WoodUlmus americana • American elm WoodUlmus procera • English elm Wood; medicinal tea • leafUlmus procera • English elm WoodUlmus pumila • Siberian elm WoodUlmus rubra • Slippery elm WoodUlmus thomasii • Rock elm, cork elm, hickory elm Wood

UMBELLIFERAE (UMBEL OR CARROT FAMILY)Anethum graveolens • Dill Flavoring • leaf, fruitAngelica archangelica • Angelica Flavoring, food • leaf, rootAngelica sinensis • Dong quai Medicine (tonic) • rootAnthriscus cereifolium • Chervil Flavoring • leafApium graveolens • Celery, celeriac Food • leaf, rootstock; flavoring • fruitArracachia xanthorrhiza • Arracacha Food • rootCentella asiatica • Gotu kola Food, medicine (skin ointment) • leafCarum carvi • Caraway Flavoring • fruit; essential oil • fruitChaerophyllum bulbosum • Turnip-rooted chervil Food • rootCoriandrum sativum • Coriander, cilantro Flavoring • leaf, fruitCuminum cyminum • Cumin Flavoring • fruit; essential oil • fruitDaucus carota • Carrot Food • rootFerula assafoetida • Asafetida, devil’s dung Medicinal, culinary resin • rhizomeFerula galbaniflua • Galbanum Medicinal resin • stemFoeniculum vulgare • Fennel, finochio Flavoring (leaf, fruit); essential oil • fruitLevisticum officinale • Lovage Flavoring • leafMyrrhis odorata • Sweet cicely Flavoring • leaf; food • root, seedOpopanax chironium • Opopanax Gum (opopanax) • rootPastinaca sativum • Parsnip Food • rootPetroselinum crispum • Parsley Food • leaf; flavoring • leafPimpinella anisum • Anise Flavoring; essential oil • fruitSium sisarum • Skirret Food • rootTrachyspermum copticum • Ajowan Flavoring • fruit; essential oil

URTICACEAE (NETTLE FAMILY)Boehmeria nivea • Ramie, China-grass Fiber • stemLaportea canadensis • Wood nettle Fiber • stemLaportea spp. • Wood nettle Food • leafUrtica dioica • Nettle Fiber • stem; food • stem, leaf; medicine • leaf

-28-

Urtica urens • Dog nettle Fiber • stem; food • stem, leaf; medicine (diuretic) • leaf, flowerUrtica spp. • Nettle Food • young shoots

VALERIANACEAE (SPIKENARD FAMILY)Nardostachys grandiflora • Spikenard Flavoring • rhizomeValeriana officinalis • Valerian Medicine • rhizomeValerianella olitoria • Corn-lettuce Food • leaf

VERBENACEAE (VERVAIN OR VERBENA FAMILY)Aloysia triphylla • lemon verbena Fragrance; medicinal (various) • leafTectona grandis • Teak TimberVerbena triphylla • Verbena, vervain Essential oil • leaf

VIOLACEAE (VIOLET FAMILY)Viola odorata • Violet Essential oil • flower

VITACEAE (GRAPE FAMILY)Ampelopsis brevipedunculata • Porcelain berry, pepper vine Food, medicine • fruitVitis rotundifolia • Muscadine grape Food • fruit; alcoholic beverage (wine) • fruitVitis labrusca • Wild grape Alcoholic beverage (wine) • fruitVitis vinifera • European grape, table grape, raisin Food • fruit, leaf; grape seed oil • fruitVitis vinifera • wine grape alcoholic beverage (wine) • fruitVitis vulpina • Chicken grape, frost grape Food • fruit

WINTERACEAE (WINTER’S BARK FAMILY)Drimys winteri • Winter's bark Medicine (scurvy) • bark

XANTHORRHEACEAE (GRASS TREE FAMILY)Xanthorrhoea spp. • Grass tree, yacca Wood, resin; sugar

ZINGIBERACEAE (GINGER FAMILY)Aframomum melegueta • Grains-of-paradise Flavoring • seedAlpinia galanga • Greater galangal Flavoring • rhizomeAlpinia officinarum • Lesser galangal Flavoring • rhizomeCurcuma angustifolia • East Indian arrowroot Flavoring • rhizomeCurcuma longa • Turmeric Flavoring • rhizome; medicine (curcumin) • rhizomeCurcuma zedoaria • Zedoary Flavoring • rhizomeElettaria cardamomum • Cardamom Flavoring • seedKempferia galanga • Sand ginger, resurrection-lily Flavoring; insecticide • rhizomeZingiber officinale • Ginger Flavoring • rhizome

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE (CALTROP FAMILY)Guaiacum officinale • Lignum vitae Timber; medicinal resin • stemGuaiacum sanctum • Lignum vitae WoodLarrea tridentata • Creosote Resin; food • bud; medicine (various) • plant

-29-

PLANT FAMILIES: COMMON NAMES TO TECHNICAL NAMES

Acanthus û AcanthaceaeActinidia –> ActinidiaceaeAdder's-tongue û OphioglossaceaeAfrican-violet û GesneriaceaeAfrican-walnut û OlacaceaeAgave û AgaveAkebia û LardizabalaceaeAlder û BetulaceaeAmaranth û AmaranthaceaeAmaryllis û LiliaceaeAnnatto û BixaceaeAnnona û AnnonaceaeAralia û AraliaceaeAraucaria û AraucariaceaeAroid û AraceaeArrow-grass û JuncaginaceaeArrowhead û AlismataceaeArrowroot û TaccaceaeAsh û OleaceaeAster û CompositaeAvocado û Lauraceae

Bald cypress û CupressaceaeBalsam û BalsaminaceaeBanana û MusaceaeBarberry û BerberidaceaeBasella û BasellaceaeBasswood û TiliaceaeBean û LeguminosaeBeech û FagaceaeBeef wood û CasuarinaceaeBegonia û BegoniaceaeBellflower û CampanulaceaeBindweed û ConvolvulaceaeBirch û BetulaceaeBird-of-paradise û StrelitziaceaeBirthwort û AristolochiaceaeBittersweet û CelastraceaeBladdernut û StaphyleaceaeBladderwort û LentibulariaceaeBloodroot û HaemodoraceaeBluebell û CampanulaceaeBogbean û MenyanthaceaeBombax û BombacaceaeBorage û BoraginaceaeBox û BuxaceaeBoxwood û BuxaceaeBracken fern û DennstaedtiaceaeBrake fern û PteridaceaeBrazil nut û LecythidaceaeBromeliad û BromeliaceaeBroomrape û OrobanchaceaeBuckeye û HippocastanaceaeBuckthorn û RhamnaceaeBur-reed û SparganiaceaeButtercup û Ranunculaceae

Cacao û SterculiaceaeCactus û CactaceaeCaltrop û ZygophyllaceaeCamellia û TheaceaeCanna û CannaceaeCaper û CapparaceaeCarnation û CaryophyllaceaeCarpet weed û MolluginaceaeCarrot û UmbelliferaeCaryocar CaryocaraceaeCashew û AnacardiaceaeCatalpa û BignoniaceaeCattail û TyphaceaeCedar û CupressaceaeCentury plant û AgavaceaeChenopod û ChenopodiaceaeCinnamon û LauraceaeCitrus û RutaceaeClub-moss û LycopodiaceaeCoca û ErythroxylaceaeCoco plum û ChrysobalanaceaeCoffee û RubiaceaeCorkwood û LeitneriaceaeCotton û MalvaceaeCrowberry û EmpetraceaeCrowfoot û RanunculaceaeCrucifer û CruciferaeCurly-grass û SchizaeaceaeCurrant û GrossulariaceaeCustard apple û AnnonaceaeCycad û CycadaceaeCypress û Cupressaceae

Daisy û CompositaeDeer fern û BlechnaceaeDillenia û DilleniaceaeDitch-grass û RuppiaceaeDipterocarp û DipterocarpaceaeDodder û CuscutaceaeDogbane û ApocynaceaeDogwood û CornaceaeDuckweed û LemnaceaeDurango root –> Datiscaceae

Ebony û EbenaceaeEel-grass û ZosteraceaeElaeocarp û ElaeocarpaceaeElm û UlmaceaeEphedra û EphedraceaeEvening primrose û Onagraceae

Fig û MoraceaeFigwort û ScrophulariaceaeFilmy fern û HymenophyllaceaeFlacourtia û FlacourtiaceaeFlax û Linaceae

Flowering-rush û ButomaceaeForget-me-not û BoraginaceaeFoxglove û ScrophulariaceaeFrog's bit û HydrocharitaceaeFour o’clock û NyctaginaceaeFumitory û Fumariaceae

Garcinia û GuttiferaeGardenia û RubiaceaeGentian û GentianaceaeGeranium û GeraniaceaeGinger û ZingiberaceaeGinkgo û GinkgoaceaeGinseng û AraliaceaeGooseberry û GrossulariaceaeGoosefoot û ChenopodiaceaeGourd û CucurbitaceaeGrape û VitaceaeGrass û GramineaeGrass-tree û XanthorrheaceaeGrass wrack û Zannicelliaceae

Harebell û CampanulaceaeHeath û EricaceaeHemp û CannabaceaeHickory û JuglandaceaeHolly û AquifoliaceaeHoneysuckle û CaprifoliaceaeHops û CannabaceaeHornwort û CeratophyllaceaeHorse chestnut û HippocastanaceaeHorsetail û Equisetaceae

Ice plant û AizoaceaeIndian lotus û NelumbonaceaeIndian pipe û MonotropaceaeIris û Iridaceae

Joint-fir û EphedraceaeJojoba û SimmondsiaceaeJuniper û Cupressaceae

Kadsura û SchisandraceaeKnotweed û PolygonaceaeKola û Sterculiaceae

Laurel û LauraceaeLeadwort û PlumbaginaceaeLeatherwood û CyrillaceaeLegume û LeguminosaeLily û LiliaceaeLinden û TiliaceaeLizard's tail û SaururaceaeLoasa û LoasaceaeLobelia û LobeliaceaeLoosestrife û Lythraceae

-30-

Lotus û Nelumbonaceae

Madder û RubiaceaeMagnolia û MagnoliaceaeMahogany û MeliaceaeMaidenhair û GinkogaceaeMallow û MalvaceaeMalpighia û MalpighiaceaeMangosteen û GuttiferaeMaple û AceraceaeMare's tail û HippuridaceaeMarijuana û CannabaceaeMeadow foam û LimnanthaceaeMignonette û ResedaceaeMilkweed û AsclepiadaceaeMilkwort û PolygalaceaeMint û LabiataeMistletoe û SantalaceaeMoonseed û MenispermaceaeMormon tea û EphedraceaeMorning glory û ConvolvulaceaeMosquito fern û AzollaceaeMulberry û MoraceaeMustard û CruciferaeMyrtle û Myrtaceae

Nasturtium û TropaeolaceaeNettle û UrticaceaeNightshade û SolanaceaeNutmeg û Myristicaceae

Oak û FagaceaeOcotillo û FouquieriaceaeOlax û OlacaceaeOleander û ApocynaceaeOleaster û ElaeagnaceaeOlive û OleaceaeOrchid û OrchidaceaeOrpine û CrassulaceaeOxalis û Oxalidaceae

Paeonia û PaeoniaceaePalm û PalmaePanama hat û CyclanthaceaePapaya û CaricaceaeParchment bark û PittosporaceaeParsley û UmbelliferaePassion flower û PassifloraceaePawpaw û CaricaceaePea û LeguminosaePepper û PiperaceaePersimmon û EbenaceaePhilodendron û AraceaePhlox û PolemoniaceaePickerel weed û PontederiaceaePigweed û AmaranthaceaePine û PinaceaePineapple û BromeliaceaePink û CaryophyllaceaePiper û PiperaceaePipewort û EriocaulaceaePitcher plant û NepenthaceaePitcher plant û Sarraceniaceae

Pittosporum û PittosporaceaePlane tree û PlatanaceaePlantago û PlantaginaceaePlantain û PlantaginaceaePodocarp û PodocarpaceaePoison-oak û AnacardiaceaePokeweed û PhytolaccaceaePolypody û PolypodiaceaePomegranate û PunicaceaePond weed û PotamogetonaceaePoplar û SalicaceaePoppy û PapaveraceaePotato û SolanaceaePrayer plant û MarantaceaeProtea û ProteaceaePulse û LeguminosaePumpkin û CucurbitaceaePurslane û Portulacaceae

Quassia û SimaroubaceaeQuillwort û Isoëtaceae

River weed û PodostemaceaeRock-rose û CistaceaeRose û RosaceaeRose imperial û CochlospermaceaeRue û RutaceaeRush û Juncaceae

Salt-cedar û TamaricaceaeSaltwort û BatidaceaeSandalwood û SantalaceaeSapodilla û SapotaceaeSaxifrage û SaxifragaceaeScouring-rush û EquisetaceaeScrew-pine û PandanaceaeScroph û ScrophulariaceaeSedge û CyperaceaeSesame û PedaliaceaeShe-oak û CasuarinaceaeSilk tassel û GarryaceaeSilverbell û StyracaceaeSmartweed û PolygonaceaeSmilax û SmilacaceaeSnapdragon û ScrophulariaceaeSoapberry û SapindaceaeSorrel û OxalidaceaeSoursop û AnnonaceaeSpiderwort û CommelinaceaeSpike-moss û SelaginellaceaeSpikenard û AraliaceaeSpikenard û ValerianaceaeSpindle tree û CelastraceaeSpleenwort û AspleniaceaeSpurge û EuphorbiaceaeSquash û CucurbitaceaeStar anise û IlliciaceaeStinging nettle û UrticaceaeSt • John's wort û GuttiferaeStonecrop û CrassulaceaeStyrax û StyraceaeSumac û AnacardiaceaeSundew û Droseraceae

Sunflower û CompositaeSweetgale û MyricaceaeSweetsop û AnnonaceaeSycamore û Platanaceae

Tamarisk û TamaricaceaeTea û TheaceaeTeak û VerbenaceaeTeasel û DipsacaceaeThrift û PlumbaginaceaeTouch-me-not û BalsaminaceaeTree fern û CyatheaceaeTrigger plant û Stylidiaceae

Umbel û UmbelliferaeUnicorn plant û Martyniaceae

Verbena û VerbenaceaeVervain û VerbenaceaeViolet û Violaceae

Walnut û JuglandaceaeWater chestnut û TrapaceaeWater clover û MarsileaceaeWater hawthorn AponogetonaceaeWaterleaf û HydrophyllaceaeWater-lily û NymphaeaceaeWater-lily û CabombaceaeWater milfoil û HaloragaceaeWater nymph û NajadaceaeWater plantain û AlismataceaeWater poppy û LimnocharitaceaeWater starwort û CallitrichaceaeWaterwort û ElatinaceaeWax myrtle û MyricaceaeWhisk fern û PsilotaceaeWild cinnamon û CanellaceaeWillow û SalicaceaeWintergreen û EricaceaeWinter's bark û WinteraceaeWitch hazel û HamamelidaceaeWood fern û Dryopteridaceae

Yam û DioscoreaceaeYellow-eyed-grass û XyridaceaeYew û Taxaceae

-31-

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Buckingham, J. (editor). 1994-1996. Dictionary of natural products. Chapman & Hall. Nine vols. 9500 pp.

Coon, N. 1974. The dictionary of useful plants. Rodale Press. Emmaus, PA. 290 pp.

Duke, J. A. Phytochemical and ethnobotanical databases. ars-grin.gov, duke

Hanelt, P. (editor). 2001. Mansfeld’s world manual of agricultural and horticultural crops (exceptornamentals). Springer. Berlin, Germany. Six vols. 3645 pp.

Hartley, W. 1979. A checklist of economic plants of the world. CSIRO. Melbourne, Australia.

Hocking, G. M. 1997. A dictionary of natural products. Plexus Publ. Medford, NJ. 994 pp.

Johnson, T. 1999. CRC ethnobotany desk reference. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 1211 pp.

Mabberley, D. J. 2008. Mabberley’s plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses.Third edition. Cambridge Univ. Press. Cambridge, U. K. 1021 pp.

Moerman, D. E. 1998. Native American ethnobotany. Timber Press. Portland, OR. 927 pp.

Quatttrocchi, U. 2012. CRC world dictionary of medicinal and poisonous plants. Five volumes. CRC Press. BocaRaton, FL.

Roecklein, J. C. & P. S. Leung. 1987. A profile of economic plants. Transaction Books. New Brunswick, NJ. 623 pp.

Uphof, J. C. Th. 1968. Dictionary of economic plants. Stechert-Hafner Service Agency. New York, NY. 591 pp.

Usher, G. 1974. A dictionary of plants used by man. Constable. London, U. K. 619 pp.

Terrell, E. E., S. R. Hill, J. H. Wiersema, & W. E. Rice. 1986. A checklist of names for 3,000 vascular plantsof economic importance. Agric. Handbook No. 505. Revised edition. Agric. Res. Serv. U. S. Dept. Agriculture.Washinton, D. C. 201 pp.

Wiersema, J. H. & B. León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 749 pp. Updated at GRIN online database.

-32-