Management Memo Thresholds Biology-Based stressor thresholds
Economic Thresholds & IPM Strategy Dewey M. Caron University of Delaware.
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Transcript of Economic Thresholds & IPM Strategy Dewey M. Caron University of Delaware.
EconomicEconomicThresholdsThresholds
&&IPMIPM
StrategyStrategy
Dewey M. CaronDewey M. Caron
University of DelawareUniversity of Delaware
IPM – Integrated Pest IPM – Integrated Pest ManagementManagement
““Several techniques are employed Several techniques are employed simultaneously to solve simultaneously to solve
specific pest problems”specific pest problems”
I=INTEGRATED – ideally use of more than pesticide I=INTEGRATED – ideally use of more than pesticide chemical controlchemical control
P=PEST – mites sure but applicable to any of the 3 P’sP=PEST – mites sure but applicable to any of the 3 P’s
M=MANAGEMENT – as you mange the bee population M=MANAGEMENT – as you mange the bee population you manage the P’syou manage the P’s
Alternative BMP’s Best Management Practices
names: Alternative Treatments (non-pesticide)
IPMIPMIPM is a decision-making process for IPM is a decision-making process for control of PESTScontrol of PESTS
PEST = pathogens, parasites, predators of PEST = pathogens, parasites, predators of honey bees, their colonies &/or productshoney bees, their colonies &/or products
Bee Mites have changed the face of Bee Mites have changed the face of beekeeping – no longer bee-haversbeekeeping – no longer bee-havers
We are management specialists!We are management specialists!
Four Fundamental Four Fundamental Strategies for Pest Strategies for Pest
ManagementManagement
Do nothingDo nothing
Reduce numbers of pestReduce numbers of pest
Reduce susceptibility of the hostReduce susceptibility of the host
Use combinations of the last twoUse combinations of the last two
Goals to Focus on Goals to Focus on When Developing a When Developing a
Pest Management PlanPest Management Plan
Reduce pest statusReduce pest status
Conserve environmental qualityConserve environmental quality
Accept tolerable pest densitiesAccept tolerable pest densities
Improve net profitsImprove net profits
Timing…NOT calendar treatmentsTiming…NOT calendar treatments
Implementation of Pest Implementation of Pest Management StrategiesManagement Strategies
Pest identificationPest identification
Pest population assessmentPest population assessment
Economic evaluationEconomic evaluation**
Timing of controlsTiming of controls
* Is economic damage possible/imminent?* Is economic damage possible/imminent?
How to Achieve These How to Achieve These GoalsGoals
Efficient sampling methodsEfficient sampling methods
Valid decision guidelinesValid decision guidelines
Integrating a number of effective Integrating a number of effective tactics for an overall plan of tactics for an overall plan of attackattack
Acceptance of higher mite levelsAcceptance of higher mite levels
IPM in PracticeIPM in Practice
MONITORINGMONITORINGMite levels fluctuate within & Mite levels fluctuate within &
between seasons. We must carefully between seasons. We must carefully sample sample (=scout or monitor)(=scout or monitor)and then use best estimates to and then use best estimates to determine risk level – if risk elevated determine risk level – if risk elevated we control!we control!
We MUSTWe MUST-- Understand bee/mite life cycleUnderstand bee/mite life cycle-- be able to ID mite & predict #be able to ID mite & predict #
Varroa mite – a pest or vector?
K-Wing or Wingless bees of value?
Illustration series from MartinIN: Mites of Honey BeesDadant & Sons, Inc 2001
Adult female miteenters larval cell as itcompletes development.She hides on side wallas pre-pupa spins cocoon
In 60 hours she lays1st egg (male).After 24 hours she laysfemale egg one every 24 hours
Her son (male) develops feedingon pupa & matesw/ sister as she matures
When adult beeemerges 1.3 adultfemale mites are mature – if eggson drone 3X are mature
SOLUTION?
Control Collapse w/ PesticidesControl Collapse w/ Pesticides
“Resistant” mites increase with each generation
Due to:
(1)selection pressure
(2)Sub-optimal exposure
EIL
ET
Averagedensity
Time
Pes
t d
ens i
t y
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Economic Threshold
Apply controls
Avoid exceeding economic injury level
Mite NumbersMite Numbers
Increase seasonally
Mite NumbersMite Numbers
Vary between colonies & years
High mite yr
Low miteyr
MonitoringMonitoring
On broodOn brood - worker- worker - drone- drone
On beesOn bees - ether roll- ether roll - powdered sugar- powdered sugar
- alcohol wash- alcohol wash
In colonyIn colony- Sticky board- Sticky board
IPM THRESHOLDIPM THRESHOLDMMonitoring can supply a numberonitoring can supply a number
- a “guesstimate” - a “guesstimate”OOne or more numbers can be obtainedne or more numbers can be obtained
- use number(s) to evaluate mite population - use number(s) to evaluate mite population- one mite in sample = X mites in colony- one mite in sample = X mites in colony
(1=50 in U.S. -- 1=100 Europe)(1=50 in U.S. -- 1=100 Europe)
DDetermine an appropriate risk leveletermine an appropriate risk level- one mite vs 100 vs 1000?- one mite vs 100 vs 1000?
Assumption: 3000 mites in fall represents a Assumption: 3000 mites in fall represents a minimally acceptable conservative risk???minimally acceptable conservative risk???
BBalance of costs vs benefitsalance of costs vs benefits
Valadation of mite sample [bars] to actual numbers [background]Not perfect but good correlation
ThresholdThreshold
An acceptable level of pests An acceptable level of pests [mites] – determine necessity of [mites] – determine necessity of further controlsfurther controls
A number to use to evaluate mite A number to use to evaluate mite control efficacy effortscontrol efficacy efforts
Allows estimation of risk if no Allows estimation of risk if no pesticide chemical is integrated pesticide chemical is integrated into the controlinto the control
The basis for IPM – a decision The basis for IPM – a decision process utilizing modern pest process utilizing modern pest control practicescontrol practices
ThresholdThreshold
Spring/summer Spring/summer (April or May or Mid-June)(April or May or Mid-June) Sticky boards – over 5-10 Sticky boards – over 5-10 Adult bees – over 3-4Adult bees – over 3-4 Brood – over 5%Brood – over 5%Exceeding threshold means additional control may be usefulExceeding threshold means additional control may be useful
Pre-fall Pre-fall (mid-August, Sept too late!)(mid-August, Sept too late!) Sticky boards – over 50-60 means additional controlSticky boards – over 50-60 means additional control Adult bees – over 10-12Adult bees – over 10-12 Brood – over 5-10%Brood – over 5-10%Exceeding threshold means additional (chemical)Exceeding threshold means additional (chemical)
control neededcontrol needed
IPM Mite Control TriangleIPM Mite Control Triangle
Varroa Mites – cultural controlVarroa Mites – cultural control
Apiary site locationApiary site location
Comb cullingComb culling
Small-sized cell baseSmall-sized cell base
Requeening w/ Resistant Requeening w/ Resistant (tolerant) stock(tolerant) stock Hygienic queen stockHygienic queen stock SMR (surpressed mite resistance)SMR (surpressed mite resistance) Russian stockRussian stock
From Martin: In Mites of the Honey Bee
Varroa Mites – physical controlVarroa Mites – physical control
Screened bottom boards (season long)Screened bottom boards (season long)
Drone brood trapping (1X to 8X)Drone brood trapping (1X to 8X)
Heat Heat (104-110(104-110◦◦F for 4 hrs)F for 4 hrs)
Varroa Mites – physical controlVarroa Mites – physical control
Screened bottom board
Varroa Mites – biological controlVarroa Mites – biological control
No identified control agent so farNo identified control agent so far
Best choice seems to be a virus or Best choice seems to be a virus or fungusfungus
Varroa Mites – Chemical controlVarroa Mites – Chemical controlMiticides - Apistan®; Checkmite+®; Amitraz®Miticides - Apistan®; Checkmite+®; Amitraz®Formic acid - Apicure®Formic acid - Apicure®; ; Mite-Away II® Mite-Away II® Other acids (acetic; oxalic)Other acids (acetic; oxalic)Essential oilsEssential oils Thymol Api Life VAR® Thymol Api Life VAR® [thymol + others];[thymol + others]; ApiGuard® ApiGuard® Others -thyme, citronella, clove, camphor, eucalyptolOthers -thyme, citronella, clove, camphor, eucalyptol
Semiochemcials – Nasanov gland pheromones Semiochemcials – Nasanov gland pheromones + others+ othersMineral/vegetable oil (FGMO), estersMineral/vegetable oil (FGMO), esters Grease patties; oil machines, Sucrocide ®Grease patties; oil machines, Sucrocide ®
Drying agentsDrying agents Diatomaceous earth, talc, powdered sugarDiatomaceous earth, talc, powdered sugar
Varroa Mites - Chemical ControlVarroa Mites - Chemical Control
Pesticides – natural/synthetic need to be Pesticides – natural/synthetic need to be approved (registered) for legal useapproved (registered) for legal use
Emergency registration (i.e. Checkmite+) Emergency registration (i.e. Checkmite+) means emergency – temporary answermeans emergency – temporary answer
Natural doesn’t mean less toxicNatural doesn’t mean less toxic
DUMB chemicals (less toxic, not pre-DUMB chemicals (less toxic, not pre-packaged) need SMART beekeeperspackaged) need SMART beekeepers