Impact of DAP towards sustainable urban development of Chittagong city :

A Spatial analysis in relation to commercial and industrial land use.

Key words:

Chittagong, DAP, Sustainable urban development, Economic

sustainability (commercial & industrial land use), Spatial

configuration (Space Syntax).

Sequence of presentation

Part 01:The city at a glance

Part 02:Introduction to the research topic

Part 04:Its aim, objective and methodology

Part 03:Formulation of research problem

Part 01The city at a glance

Chittagong division

Chittagong district Beginning

of the city

Second largest city

Largest seaport

Commercial capital

Karnafuly

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To Dhaka

A long tradition of being a sea port & important trade centre since the beginning of Christian era (around 9th century).

It flourished as a commercial center and was renowned as Porto Grande or a great port for largely due to the monopolized sea borne Portuguese trade.

Before the Mughals, various powers (the Arakanese, the Portuguese, the Tippera and so on) competed for the land and invaded as their supremacy for its competent geographic quality to be operated as port. It had 1) easy access 2) safe anchorage 3) position near the mouth of Meghna which was the principal route to the royal capital.

Early history as port and commercial centre

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Chittagong Municipality area - 1914

Mughal period

Conquered the land in 1666 & named Islamabad.

Paid attention to build city.

Gave an administrative boundary

Built forts, mosques, tombs etc.

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•

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Katalganj

Bhanghutna

KapashgolaChawk Bazar

Chandanpura

Ander killa

JamalkhanRahmatganj

Firinghi Bazar• Port areaSadar Ghat

Chaktai Khal

Administrative zone

K a r n a f

u l y

R i

v e r

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K a r n a f

u l y

R i

v e r

Chittagong Municipality area - 1914

The company was engaged here as a commercial body.

Identified potentials about produce, manufactures and commerce.

Municipality was formed after more than a century of British take over.

Shifted the administrative centre to fairy hill.

Incorporated the city with Asam Bengal Railway system to export produces through the port at cheaper cost.

Colonial period Mughal administrative zone

Colonial administrative area (Fairy hill)

Railway Head Quarter & related establishment

Railway connecting jetty

Connecting to Asam Bengal railway system

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Urban growth of the city

1991

Urban population 289, 981Urban population 364,205Urban population 1,390,684Urban population 2,348,428

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Master plans of the city (1961& 1999)

The first regional plan of Chittagong was prepared in 1961 for an area of 549 sq. km by a British town planning consulting firm.

With in that, the master plan area was 259 sq. km and that master plan governed till the approval of the current one.

Master plan of 1961:

Second Metropolitan master plan was approved by the Government of Bangladesh on 1999.

Master plan of 1999:

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Areas in master plan -1999

Areas only surveyed

Study area

DAP area: 691 sq km ( or 267 sq mile)

City Corporation area:202 sq km ( or 78 sq mile)

CDA control area: 1152 sq km ( 0r 445 sq mile)

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Sea Port

Air Port

To Dhaka

Karnafuly

Railway Station

CCC area-2008 Metropolitan area-2008

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Part 02Introduction to research topic

Urban environment of the city

Traffic congestion

Water logging and drainage

Waste disposal

Dense Living

Land slide

Concern of experts and intellectuals From literature review, it is found that,

Chittagong is growing at a rate of 4.5%, where more than 60% of the city dwellers are migrants from neighbouring districts, who are attracted to what is perceived as better living conditions and job opportunities in the urban area.

Massive pull of urban population due to economic growth.

Tremendous population pressure has far exceeded the infrastructure facilities, which is deteriorating the quality of urban or neighbourhood services.

The implication of such urbanization are manifested in

day to day life.

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Concern of experts and intellectuals

A perception study on Chittagong metropolitan city says that the residents are dissatisfied with over all urban environment.

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Mass povertyGross inequality High unemploymentCrowded livingProliferation of slums and squatters Deterioration in the environmental conditionWater loggingHighly inadequate supply of power and waterAbsence of solid waste managementOver crowding in schools and hospitalsIncrease in traffic jamsRoad accidentsLack of civic amenitiesCrimes and social tensions

Major problems behind the degradation

State of Functional city of Chittagong

Sustainability under

pressure

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Part 03Focus on research problem

The most widely known definition of sustainable development comes from the Brundtland Commission, which defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Rees, William E. and Roseland, Mark. 1991. Sustainable Communities: Planning for the 21st Century.

"Sustainable community development is the ability to make development choices which respect the relationship between the three "E's"-economy, ecology, and equity:Economy - Economic activity should serve the common good, be self-renewing, and build local assets and self-reliance. Ecology - Human are part of nature, nature has limits, and communities are responsible for protecting and building natural assets. Equity - The opportunity for full participation in all activities, benefits, and decision-making of a society."

Mountain Association for Community Economic Development (MACED): Hart Environmental Data

Concept of sustainability

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Definitions of sustainability often refer to the "three pillars" of social, environmental and economic sustainability.

A representation of sustainability showing how both economy and society are constrained by environmental limits.

^ a b Adams, W.M. (2006). "The Future of Sustainability: Re-thinking Environment and Development in the Twenty-first Century." Report of the IUCN Renowned Thinkers Meeting, 29–31 January 2006. Retrieved on: 2009-02-16.

^ Ott, K. (2003). "The Case for Strong Sustainability." In: Ott, K. & P. Thapa (eds.) (2003).Greifswald’s Environmental Ethics. Greifswald: Steinbecker Verlag Ulrich Rose. ISBN 3931483320. Retrieved on: 2009-02-16.

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Issues that deteriorate sustainability of a city varies from city to city with the change of social, cultural and economic condition.

Sustainability issues for the city of Chittagong

Economy

Industry

Trade & commerce

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Port based trade and commerce

Port

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A

B

A

B

Industrial development as guiding factor

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Urban area of 1948

1950-51

1960

1960-611961-63

Historically, it is a port based market town where related trade and commerce have an induction on social life.

Pattern of economic growth is the guiding principle of urban growth and urban development.

It is the industrial development which brought a boom in urban growth.

Thus, being responsible as the guiding factor of urban growth, economy has received the focus of this research .

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Theoretical Premise

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According to Bill hillier,

Designing cities depends on how we understand them.

It is the understanding of cities as movement economies

Proper design of cities gives way out in achieving sustainability.

A glimpse from the theory by Bill Hillier “Cities as Movement Economies”

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Activities that occur in economic, social, cultural and environmental processes.

Cities as movement economies Cities could be understood from two sides

Physical city Functional cityStocks of buildings connected by space and infrastructure

Means Ends (Control) (Sustainability)

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Sustainable functional city

(Ends)

Proper urban design & city planning, development co-ordination, control etc.

Physical city of Chittagong

(Means)

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Established in the year 1959 in order to ensure the planned and systematic growth of the city.

The Master plan approved in 1999 has three major components.

1. Planning component2. Drainage component

3. Transportation component

Structure plan

Urban development plan

Detailed area plan

Chittagong Development Authority (CDA)

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Research Question

Is the detailed area plan (DAP) of Chittagong is adding to the economic sustainability of the city?

Sustainability Focus on economy,

reasons behind

How to achieve sustainability

Theory of physical and functional city

Physical city(DAP)

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(focusing on land use and spatial structure towards economic sustainability)

Part 04Aim, objective and methodology

Aim:

To help the city for sustainable urban development

Objectives:

•To examine the Detailed area plan (DAP) of the city with a vision to explore its

contribution to the economic sustainability of projected urban development.

•To analyze the spatial structure of the city in correspondence with its economic

land use.

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Methodology

Step 01:Literature study to gain the knowledge about the physical growth pattern of the city to know the evolving urban problemsto develop the concept of sustainabilityto review the detailed area plan (DAP) of the city

Step 02:Space Syntax Analysis of the city to understand the spatial morphology of Chittagong.

Step 03:Examination of the prospects of detailed area plan (DAP) for sustainable urban development in the light of syntactic properties of the city.

Step 04:Interviewing experts in critical issues.

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Syntactic representation of Chittagong

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Thank You