Economic Prospects for Dhaulvali Village

7/30/2019 Economic Prospects for Dhaulvali Village

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A Report on

Economic Prospects for Dhaulvali Village

Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

M.Tech. in Technology and Development

By

Vishal Singh [123350007]

Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA)

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

August 2013


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Certificate

This is to certify that the report entitled Economic Prospects for Dhaulvali Village, Ratnagiri,

Maharashtra, India submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

Master of Technology in Technology and Development of IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400 076 is a

record of bonafide work carried out by Vishal Singh (Roll No: 123350007) under our supervision

and guidance.

Examiner Prof. Milind A. Sohoni

Center for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA)

Date:5th

August 2013


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Acknowledgement

I wish to thank the villagers of Dhaulvali to host my stay, support the extensive study and care

for me like a family. Without their cooperation and active involvement in participatory

appraisals, this study would have not been successful. I especially wish to thank, Shri. Subhash

Purushottam Gokhale and his family for their hospitality throughout my stay.

It is my special privilege to have valuable guidance and insights about village life and

development activities at grassroot level from Sarpanch Shrimati Akshat A. Velye, Upsarpanch

Shri Sanjay D. Kiranje, Shri R.T. Dalwi and various other members of the village and the gram

panchayat. This study would have been far from completeion without their help and support.

I would take this opportunity to express my respect and sincere thanks to Prof. Milind A.

Sohoni, Prof. Milind Gokhale, Prof. N. C. Narayanan, Prof.Puru Kulkarni and other faculty

members from CTARA and other departments at IIT Bombay for giving me the opportunity to

explore village life and learn some life lessons.

Date: 5th

August 2013

Vishal Singh


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Table of contentsCertificate ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 3

Table of contents .......................................................................................................................................... 4

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 5

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. 5

Professional Summary .................................................................................................................................. 6

1. Economic Structure of Dhaulvali ........................................................................................................... 7

1.1 The Three Tier Structure ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.1.1 Typical Practices ........................................................................................................................... 8

1.2 Stakeholders of the village economy .................................................................................................. 9

1.2.1 Inhabitants ................................................................................................................................... 9

1.2.2 Emigrants ..................................................................................................................................... 9

Landholding Pattern, Dhaulvali ................................................................................................................... 10

1.2.3 Big farm owners ......................................................................................................................... 11

1.2.4 Enterprises in Dhaulvali ............................................................................................................. 12

1.2.5 Local Businesses ......................................................................................................................... 13

2 Parameters of the village economy ......................................................................................................... 14

2.1 Sources of income ............................................................................................................................. 14

2.2 General expenditure trend ............................................................................................................... 15

2.3 Parameters influencing local economy ............................................................................................. 15

3. Employment Schemes ............................................................................................................................. 16

3.1 Employment Guarantee Scheme ...................................................................................................... 16

3.1.1 Future of NREGA ........................................................................................................................ 16

3.2 Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP) .................................................................... 18

3.2.1 IWMP and allied activities .............................................................................................................. 19

4 New opportunities and scope of improvement ....................................................................................... 20

4.1. Improving the Rural Investment Climate for Businesses ................................................................. 20

4.1 1 Increase Market Demand ........................................................................................................... 21

4.1.2 Access to Marketplace and Market information ....................................................................... 21

4.1.3 Access to Finance ....................................................................................................................... 21
http://c/Users/vishal/Desktop/DR.docx%23_Toc363480211http://c/Users/vishal/Desktop/DR.docx%23_Toc363480211


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4.1.4 Business Services........................................................................................................................ 21

References .................................................................................................................................................. 22

Credits ......................................................................................................................................................... 22

Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 23

Rural Investment Climate Questionnaire ................................................................................................ 23

General information: Characteristics of the establishment........................................................................ 23

Infrastructure and Services ...................................................................................................................... 23

Labor ....................................................................................................................................................... 24

Finance .................................................................................................................................................... 24

Sales and Supplies .................................................................................................................................... 24

Degree of Competition .............................................................................................................................................. 25

Security.................................................................................................................................................... 25

Business-Government Relations ............................................................................................................... 25

Performance ............................................................................................................................................ 25

Comments................................................................................................................................................ 25

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Population division by age

Figure 1.2: Landholding pattern in Dhaulvali

Figure 1.3: Total area under cultivation

Figure 1.4: Non-farm activities, Dhaulvali

Figure 1.5: Nate Market, Geographical Coverage

Figure 1.6: Nate market, Business mix

Figure 2.1: Segregation based on source of income

Figure 3.1: Population census, Dhaulvali

Figure 3.2: New well dug at Teliwadi, Dhaulvali

Figure 3.3 Migration Statistics, Dhaulvali GP

Figure 3.4 Details of Allied/other activities, Dhaulvali GP

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Monthly requirement for PDS shop, Dhaulvali

Table 1.2: Farms in Dhaulvali GP

Table 3.1: Average income of emigrants, Dhaulvali GP

Table 4.1 Problem Ranking Chart, Dhaulvali


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Professional SummaryThis report contains a detailed analysis of collected data pertaining to the economic status of the village

Dhaulvali and nearby villages. It outlines the primary stakeholders of the village economy and an effort

will be made to compare available livelihood options of different kinds as seen in the village on a one on

one basis. The document also contains the livelihood opportunities as being presented and projected by

the IWMP DPR as an outcome of this project in the village. The last section will discuss opportunities

that can be profitably pursued given an economic environment like Dhaulvali.


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1. Economic Structure of DhaulvaliThis section will discuss the economic structure of Dhaulvali and nearby villages. It will discuss the

various stakeholders of the economic structure of the village. It will also outline the economic entities

according to different categories as seen and found in the locality.

1.1 The Three Tier StructureThe economic structure of the Dhaulvali can be clearly understood if the population is divided into three

distinct age groups. The first group comprises those people who have aged more than 60 now and are

usually not considered fit for manual labor. This age is slightly shifted towards a larger number as we

met with many enterprising individuals having aged more than 70 and found them very fit and healthy.

Perhaps the age of 60 is stuck due to the governmental norm of retiring people at that age. These

individuals reside in their ancestral homes in the village with the family and earn livelihood from

agricultural activities and wage labor, as and when required. The average expenditure in rice farming

comes about 3000 per guntha (1000 sq. ft.) and coupled with intense labor from at least three members

of the family for a period of three to four months is very labor intensive and requires a high physical

threshold. Hence agricultural activities by individual farmers are on a decline. This decline has affected

the second age group of younger people, who comprise the working population.

The second age group consists of the present working generation that comprises of people of both

genders above 16years of age. The general trend has seen a dip in the resident male population of the

village. The prevalent sex ratio of the village is 1296 women per 1000 men. This causes many questions

to arise which will be discussed later. The third group is the younger lot of school going children of the

age less than 16. Since there are many primary schools in the village, the average level of education is

quite good. Most children of the families residing in Dhaulvali live in the village itself, and study in the

school till the time they graduate.

Fig 1.1: Population division by age

0.04

0.14

0.14

0.54

0.14

0 to 6

6 to 16

16 to 30

30 to 60

60 and above


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1.1.1 Typical Practices

The people of the older generation reside in the village itself and are quite often able to fend for

themselves by doing agriculture in a small spot of land or by working as a wage labor for a few days. The

needs of a village life are also meager, hence people are able to live on whatever small amount of his

earning the boys (and girls) of the family send home. The practice of agriculture also is seen to have

gone down over the years and a practice of the male of the house migrating to a nearby big town is

seeing a tremendous rise. Not only, this whole process is causing economic instability of the region, it is

also causing social problems. Even then, there is a lot of inclination in the young minds of the locale to

migrate. This situation is not isolated and similar practices are followed in most parts of the Indian

states. The person, who migrates to another city for a job, sends home a small amount of his earning for

his family back in the village by money-order. This process has rendered the descendants of a whole

generation of producers become consumers.

From the household interviews we conducted, out of the total 307 people we interviewed from across

50 households spread over the entire span of Dhaulvali over 12 habitations, we found the average age

to be about 35.2 years of age and an average level of education to be slightly more than 7 years offormal schooling. This signifies that a large part of the population falls in an age group which is the fittest

for work conditions. A good amount of literacy was also found to be prevalent.

The typical practices being followed in this and nearby villages is of great concern to everyone as a

whole. It has caused overburdening ofcitys resources and weakening of a healthy village economy. The

prospects this system does hold for future, are tried to be discovered in this section.


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1.2 Stakeholders of the village economy

This section will discuss various stakeholders of the village economy and their respective importance in

the smooth running of the whole ecosystem. It will understand the issues and opportunities, for

sustenance of livelihood, as faced by each individual.

1.2.1 InhabitantsThe inhabitants are the prime stakeholders of the village economy. This is evident by the fact that there

are no wholesale suppliers in the village and the primary consumers are the inhabitants themselves. The

consumption pattern of food can be found below from the data obtained by the local PDS shop.

Table 1.1: Monthly requirement for PDS shop, Dhaulvali

Antyodaya BPL APL

Rice 25,000 kg 54,000 kg 40,000 kg

Wheat 4,000 kg 6,000 kg 10,000 kg

Palm oil 1 kg per card 1 kg per card 1 kg per card

Pulses 1 kg per card 1 kg per card 1 kg per card

Kerosene Oil 2100 liter total

A village of 3185 inhabitants requires the input of about 119 tons of food grains per month. A quick back

of the envelope calculation will show that the average per head requirement is about 37 kg and average

per head daily consumption is about 1.25 kg. The inhabitants have reported that they bought salt, spices

and edible oil from general stores but rarely bought grains. However a significant no. of marginal rice

farmers exists in the village which needs to be accounted for.

1.2.2 Emigrants

The emigrants of the village in most probability have settled in the metropolitan city of Mumbai which is

about 380 km from the village. Most of the emigrants are working for private firms in jobs requiring

physical labor. A handful of the people have government jobs. A large number of emigrants have caused

societal complications as well. This is attributed by the fact that young women of the village demand

grooms residing in Mumbai for marriage. Even though a lot get suitable grooms, their situation remains

far from improvement. Even the married couples do not live in together at Mumbai. Common practice is

to leave back the bride at the village to take care of her in-laws, children, animals if any and farming as

well, while the groom moves to the city in search of work. He then sends home an amount of money

which in most cases covers the very basic needs, like ration from PDS shop, electricity, cable tv and

mobile phone bill. This practice has led people residing in the village give up on farming totally. Most

aged residents have based their livelihood on the monthly money order they receive or take up wage

labor if required. The whole region is seeing a lot of migration. Much of this is also attributed to the fact

that farming is a risky proposition in these times. The financial and physical inputs demanded by rain-fed

rice farming do not return enough on investment so as to compare it with paid labor.


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Landholding Pattern, Dhaulvali

A quick look in the landholding pattern of the village will tell us that most of the farms are

small and marginal and hence it is very difficult to sustain a livelihood based solely on it.

Only about 8% people hold farms larger than 5 acres in size.

Fig 1.2: Landholding pattern in Dhaulvali

20%

50%

22%

8% Landless

Land holding 1 & < 5

acres

Land holding >5acres


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1.2.3 Big farm owners

The owners of big farms usually are the hereditary landholders of the Brahmin caste. Quite a few people

have bought new or converted their existing lands to create mango farms. This activity is seeing an

upward trend because mangoes provide good returns on investments as compared to rice. However the

mango farm owners are facing an acute shortage of labor for different farm activities. Various vital

activities that need to be taken care of are pre-season treatment, soil preparation, fertilizer spray,

insecticide spray etc. Mangoes also need protection from the damage caused by monkeys and baboons

in the area. Farm owners have to employ people from outside the locality for several of these tasks.

Table 1.2: Farms in Dhaulvali GP

Habitation Mango Rice Ragi (Nachni) Cashew Total

Dhaulwalli 66.14 43.11 6.41 8.84 124.50

Poklewadi 7.49 9.12 0.30 0.00 16.91

Ambelkarwadi 32.55 3.08 0.00 4.22 39.85

Bhablewadi 16.88 8.25 0.22 0.80 26.15

Dasurewadi 4.27 4.34 1.00 0.20 9.81Total 127.33 67.90 7.93 14.06

*All areas in Hectares

Figure 1.3: Total area under cultivation

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Cashew

Nachni

Rice

Mango


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1.2.4 Enterprises in Dhaulvali

Enterprises of two major types were seen in the locality. The farm and non-farm activities were the two

major distinctions between the types of enterprises. The village sees a plethora of farm activities and

fishing is the favored livelihood activity of many inhabitants of the nearby village Nate. The pie chart

below shows the various divisions of the 26 non-farm enterprises identified in the village.

Fig 1.4: Non-farm activities, Dhaulvali

It should be remembered that while the enterprises in the village are of diverse nature, not all

requirements of the residents are fulfilled by them. This has led to a local ecosystem of villages with

Nate villages marketplace as a primary source of supplies. While the enterprises in Dhaulvali satisfy

most of the basic requirements, the marketplace at Nate fulfills commercial requirements as well.Complete with banks, ATM and post office, Nate has grown to become a flourishing center of fish trade.

Various types of enterprises of the medium and small scale exist in and around the village. However, due

to limitation of time and data collection capacities, there might be a few left out and not accounted for.

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4

21

2

6

11

1

General store

Flour mill/rice mill

Dairy farm

Spice mill

Fruit juice

Auto-rickshaw

Furniture wood

Building contractor

Poultry


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1.2.5 Local Businesses

The local marketplace is the nearby village called Nate and is visited by almost all families of Dhaulvali

regularly. The marketplace at Nate is quite diverse in nature and can be compared to a small town

market. It serves many local shoppers from many nearby villages like Ambolgarh, Padawne, Sakhrewadi,

Pokri, Sakhri, Rajwadi, Tiwre, Mogre, Panere, etc. The pie chart below will give an idea about the mix of

various businesses being spotted at the Nate marketplace.

Figure 1.5: Nate Market, Geographical Coverage

Figure 1.6: Nate market, Business mix

0

5

10

15

20

25

Generalstore

s

Fis

h

Stalls

Eaterie

s

Vegetable

s

Jweller

y

Electronicrepairs

Tailo

r

Medical

Bakery

Printin

g

Meatsho

p

Ba

r

Construction

Saloo

n

Stationary

Clothin

g

Hardwar

e

Steelfabricato

r

Drivingschool

Lotter

y

HeadSho

p

Series1


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2 Parameters of the village economyThis section will try to find out the various parameters of the village economy. These will be the

important factors which decide the condition and running of the prevalent economic conditions in the

village.

2.1 Sources of incomeSource of income is an important parameter in the economy of the village. From the various interviews

and other data collection techniques, the following methods were the most favored as income sources.

Agriculture: Agriculture used to be the prime source of livelihood for the older generation; it ishowever on a downfall these days as many people are taking up different activities

Business: There are a very few big investors in the village who have the capital required to setup even a small business.

Cooperatives: A cooperative bank is run in Nate, also the Dhaulvali public distribution shop ismanaged by a cooperative society

Wage labor: Options are available in nearby villages as construction laborers or other activities;women earn a daily wage of Rs. 150 while men earn at Rs. 200 per day.

Migration: Migration to a big city has been seen an upward trend and is likely to increase in nearfuture.

Enterprise: A few enterprising individuals have setup their own enterprises and are running itsuccessfully albeit many problems and lack of resources.

Services: A few people of the village are employed in service providing such as administrativejobs at the Gram Panchayat, teachers at schools etc.

The chart below shows the percentage of families which practice any one of the above as their primary

source of income

Figure 2.1: Segregation based on source of income

2 1

41

36

119 Business

Cooperatives

Agriculture/ Wage labor

Migration

Enterprise

Services


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2.2 General expenditure trend

Various heads, under which a village household usually spends the earning on, are discussed below.

Taxes: The various taxes are collected by the GP for farms, water and various other services,most of these are paid annually

House: The houses are built of the stone bricks commonly used at the place. Less than 20% ofthe houses had mud walls. Most houses have clay tiled roofs which require maintenance after

every rainy season

Water: Water reaches people of the village by different means; people pay water bills rangingfrom nothing to Rs. 500 per annum. It depends on the type of water services available in the

habitation.

Food: Agriculture is mainly of the subsistence type and most people consume their agricultureproduce themselves. PDS shop supplies grains and other essentials at cheap institutional rates.

Electricity: Almost all homes were electrified. Very few enterprises used a commercialconnection and instead used a line-out from the residential connection itself for the enterprise

activities.

Other utilities: Other utility items required by the resident population can be found in the villageitself or the nearby Nate market.

2.3 Parameters influencing local economy

Climate/weather: The whole ecosystem is based on the rain-fed rice cultivation; however thisfact is continuously being skewed by various factors. This leads the weather and the climate as a

whole to become very important parameters for discussion as it affects the produce and hence

effects the economy in a very direct way

Geography: Absence of large tracts of fertile land is a luxury in the area. Rice farming is practicedon terraced fields on the hilly slopes. Usage of farm machinery is limited due to geography.

Mindsets/traditional practices: The local mindset is to while away time in school until a guy isadult enough and then migrate to a big city for a job. This practice has led to a great decline in

traditional practices and products due to unavailability of labor.

Social/political constraints: The existing society pays undue importance to the caste structure.This fact was evident at many times during the stay.


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3. Employment SchemesThis section will discuss the various governmental schemes running or planned in the area. Schemes

which have promised or are providing various types of assistances for creating a better living

environment and creating new livelihoods are discussed.

3.1 Employment Guarantee SchemeIn the sample space of 50 households which we interviewed, about 12 of them accepted having job

cards and about a half of them accepted to have worked and got paid for it. The payout per day was

reported to be about Rs. 127 to Rs. 133 per day. However the number of days as reported by the

villagers was of the range 3-10 for which they worked. A simple comparison can show that getting a

wage labor task for a day would pay Rs. 200 which is also available as per seasonal trends.

There is very little emphasis on the works or the people benefitting from NREGA. A detailed study on the

functioning and non-functioning of these schemes can be found at source.1

The plot below shows the population demographics for the last 30 years in Dhaulvali and nearby villages

of the Dhaulvali GP.

Figure 3.1: Population census, Dhaulvali

3.1.1 Future of NREGA

The future of any employment guarantee scheme looks grim unless wholesome changes are made in the

working structure and guiding principles in the project. It however remains a question of the future to

see what developmental changes such a large scale social investment can actually bring over time. It

perhaps first needs to be implemented carefully.

1http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2013_48/26-27/Designed_to_Falter.pdf

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

1981

1991

2001
http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2013_48/26-27/Designed_to_Falter.pdfhttp://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2013_48/26-27/Designed_to_Falter.pdfhttp://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2013_48/26-27/Designed_to_Falter.pdfhttp://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2013_48/26-27/Designed_to_Falter.pdf


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Below is a well that the inhabitants of Teliwadi dug themselves and every input was made by a resident

contributor. This was after repeated requests to the administration about water shortage and need of

new supplies.

Figure 3.2: New well dug at Teliwadi, Dhaulvali


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3.2 Integrated Watershed Management Program (IWMP)

This section discusses the details of the IWMP project planned for the cluster of five villages of Dhaulvali

GP on a smaller level and the whole plan as detailed in the DPR for Rajapur Taluka.

Figure 3.3 Migration Statistics, Dhaulvali GP2

The plot above is created by using the statistics obtained from the IWMP DPR for Rajapur. The average

wages as earned by the migrants as reported in the DPR is given in the table below. The details were

based on the PRA conducted by IWMP and the Census of India, 2001.

Table 3.1: Average income of emigrants, Dhaulvali GP

Name of village Female Male Total Averageincome Averagetime

Dhaulvali 60 155 215 5000 >5 months

Ambelkarwadi 28 72 100 5400 >5 months

Poklewadi 12 31 43 5250 >5 months

Bhablewadi 17 44 61 5250 >5 months

Dasurewadi 17 43 60 5200 >5 months

2Source IWMP DPR, Census of India 2001

Female

MaleTotal

0

50

100

150

200

250

Female

Male

Total


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3.2.1 IWMP and allied activities

The figure below shows an excerpt from the IWMP DPR for Rajapur detailing the allied and other

economic activities that will be promoted in the area. The proposed activities are sericulture, bee

keeping, small ruminants, livestock, fisheries, biofuels, carpentry, masonry, home gardening etc.

Figure 3.4 Details of Allied/other activities, Dhaulvali GP

It will remain a test of time to see whether the project actually is able to deliver its promises and is able

to create the various livelihood opportunities as proposed. Various other data sheets have beencaptured from the DPR which will prove to be a valuable source of data in the longer run.


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4 New opportunities and scope of improvementThis section will describe the various opportunities that can be profitably pursued in an economic

environment similar to Dhaulvali. There are various reasons of the migration problem and job

unavailability is the primary one. The primary reasons of failure or loss making enterprises were taken

down by talking to various enterprise owners. There seems to be a great discontent amongst everyone

interviewed on the condition of roads in the village. People wanting to set up businesses on pieces of

land away from the road face transportation problem. The clubbing of agricultural and business incomes

also proves a problematic scene for the enterprising individuals. A chart below will be an excerpt from a

report on PRA conducted in the same village. It shows the problem ranking as perceived by the males

and females of the village on an overall basis.

Figure 4.1 Problem Ranking Chart, Dhaulvali

S.No Problem Female Male

1 Drinking water Quality 3 9

2 Electricity 6 2

3 Liquor consumption 9 10

4 Unemployment & poverty 8 3

5 Sanitation 7 8

6 General medical facilities 4 4

7 Veterinary facilities 10 7

8 Irrigation 5 6

9 Commodity unavailability 1 5

10 Higher education in village 2 1

4.1. Improving the Rural Investment Climate for BusinessesImproving the RIC for businesses appears to be a necessary condition for incentivizing activities that

raise rural incomes. The establishment of such activities lays the foundation for improved livelihoods,

and promises to provide an expanded resource base. It can be achieved by improvement in community

health care, education, transportation, and infrastructure. By combining major constraints perceived by

rural entrepreneurs, assessed by questionnaire, and survey results, the following areas are identified as

critical components for improvement: market demand, access to markets, access to finance,

business/agriculture services, management, and technology. Labor and telecommunication could be

also added to the list. Improving these areas would lessen the obstacles to starting a business and the

reasons for closing it and it would further increase income generation activities. These income-

generation activities could also boost the population of the rural communities through increased

economic activities.


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4.1 1 Increase Market Demand

The market demand for goods produced at a small shop in some village is very much unable to fight

competition with that produced by big companies. However, there were a few juice and extracts

bottling plants in the village. The need of better sales and supply chain and the need to increases self-

employment opportunities availability in the locality are urgently felt. The entrepreneurs also added

worries about finding adequate labor even in non-farm seasons.

4.1.2 Access to Marketplace and Market information

This was a major challenge for all enterprises, small and medium alike. The access routes are good

overall but are not in a very good condition in Dhaulvali village. The transport facilities are a major

challenge for at least half of the habitations of the village situated east of the stream. This also poses

problems of market access to entrepreneurs and families who were earlier involved in home based

business are converting to job based families.

4.1.3 Access to Finance

Finance options are available through cooperative banks and nationalized banks. Many of the enterprise

owners reported to have repaid the loans they received or not to have taken a loan at all. Even then the

finance options were not termed friendly by the investors. The village does not have any financial

institution apart from a small post office which only provides communication facilities. There is a

nationalized bank and a cooperative bank as well as a proper post office in the nearby village Nate.

4.1.4 Business Services

There is a huge lack of business services as required by a proper economic climate to flourish. Even basic

necessities like photocopier and atm are absent in the village and the GP as a whole. This causes a great

many financial and other related problems in the village. A good input in this field is required for a good

economic environment to flourish and perhaps it will also be able to stop migration to a small extent.


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ReferencesNonfarm Microenterprise Performance and the Investment Climate: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia

-Josef Loening, Bob Rijkers and Mns Sderbom

Farm households entry and exit into and from non-farm enterprises in rural Ethiopia

- Merima Ali

Promoting the Rural Farm and Nonfarm Businesses

- Naotaka Sawada, Jian Zhang

Non-Farm Occupation in Rural India

- A. K. Mukhopadhyay, D. Gangopadhyay & Saswati Nayak

Non-Farm Household Agricultural Enterprise Survey

Credits Mr. Subhash Gokhale (Dhaulwalli) Mr. Shyam Gokhale (Thane) Ms. Akshata Velye (Sarpanch, Dhaulwalli) Mr. Prakash Aayar (Dhaulwalli) Mr. Ramesh Toraskar (Dhaulwalli) Mr. R.T. Dalwi (Dhaulwalli) Mr. Kiran Gokhale (Dhaulwalli) Prof. Milind Gokhale (IIT Bombay) Agriculture Office (Rajapur) State Transport (Rajapur)


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AppendixThe appendix contains the questionnaire as developed and used for data collection about various

enterprises.

Rural Investment Climate Questionnaire

General information: Characteristics of the establishment

Name of the business/enterprise

Name of the manager

Type of firm

Ownership of firm

Year of start of operations

Sectoral changes (if any)

Does this enterprise do one activity or more than one activity

Principal activity of the enterprise

Secondary activity

Does it operate the entire year, seasonally, or only some months

Infrastructure and Services

Electricity

Do you require electricity for your enterprise

Availability/sufficiency of electricity

Ever bribed for electricity

Outages/ losses due to outage

Own/share generator/backup facilities

Water

Do you require water for your enterprise

Availability/sufficiency of water

Distance of source

Method of fetching

Ever bribed for water

Telecommunication

Availability of fixed line/mobile

Network providers

Quality of service

Use of internet

Land

Application for construction permit.

Wait for construction permit


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Bribe for construction permit

Total selling area

Labor

Does this business employ household members (including children)

How many household members were actively employed in the enterpriseHow many hours per day do these people work

Does this business ever have any permanent [hired] employees

How many salaried employees worked for enterprise in last 1 month

How many hours per day do these people work

Does the business hire or give work to anyone on a contract or casual basis

How many contractual workers worked for enterprise in last 1 month

How many hours per day do these people work

Level of education of average laborer

Formal training

No. of skilled laborers

No. of unskilled laborers

No. of female laborers

Finance

Paid for after delivery

Working capital

Purchase of fixed assets, investments, etc.

Fixed assets

Checking/savings account

An overdraft facility

Loans

Institutions that granted loan

Value of the outstanding loan

Collateral

Value of collateral as percent of loan value

Application for new loans in last year

Sales and Supplies

Establishments main product

Total sales

Where sales are made

Days of inventory of main sales item

Inputs for production

From where the inputs are obtained/purchased

Days of inventory of main input


25/26

25

Theft, breakage or spoilage

full production capacity capability

Hours per week of operation

Degree of Competition

Number of competitors in establishments marketTechnology licensed from a foreign owned company

Competition from unregistered or informal firms

Security

Pay for security

How much pay for security

Experienced losses from theft, robbery, vandalism, arson

Extent of losses from theft, robbery, vandalism, arson

Business-Government RelationsIs the enterprise registered under any Act or authority of registration

Year of registration

Have you received any recognized certifications

Application for operating license

Wait for operating license

Bribes for operating license

Visitations from tax inspectors

Bribes from tax inspectors

Size of informal payments/gifts

Performance

Total cost of labor, including wages, salaries and benefits

Raw materials and intermediate goods

Finished goods and materials purchased to resell

Electricity

Communication services

Fuel

Other costs of production not included above

Comments

Date

Time

Place


26/26

26

Other comments

Economic Prospects for Dhaulvali Village

Documents

Transcript of Economic Prospects for Dhaulvali Village