Economic Integration in Northeast Asia: Challenges and Strategies for South Korea by Kar-yiu Wong

8/3/2019 Economic Integration in Northeast Asia: Challenges and Strategies for South Korea by Kar-yiu Wong

1/21

Ikx Ugrgnbhjs d`r rgisugcbdbc C`ffgo`rg~bì 7 ;

KC@I@JBC BI^KH_G B@I BI I@_ÂKGS^ GSBG=CAGFFKIHKS GIN S^_G^KHBKS D@_ S@[Â L@_KG

Lgr*b{ Xìh -

C@I^KI^S

B) Bi~r`n{c~bì

BB) J{~{gf Nkukinkick gjìh S`{~a L`rkg& Cabig& gin Mgugi

BBB) ^rgnb~bìgf Tbkxs `d Kcì`jbc Bi~khrg~b i

BT) Kcì`jbc Bi~khrg~bì gin Bi~krig~b igf _btgfr

T) Cìcf{nbih _kjgrls

- Lgr*b{ Xìh bs g Ur`dkss`r `d Kcì`jbcs g~ ~ak [ibtkrsb~ `d Xgsabih~ì)

Ak gfs` skrtks gs ~ak Nbrkc~`r `d ~ak _kskgrca Cki~kr d`r Bi~krig~bìgf

Kcì`jbcs gin gs ~ak Urksbnki~ `d ~ak Gsbg*Ugcbdbc Kcì`jbc Gss`cbg~bì)


2/21

74 [)S)L`rkg Gcgnkjbc Sju`sb{j

B) Bi~r`n{c~bì

Bi I`r~akgs~ Gsbg& ~ak kcì`jbks `d Mgugi& S`{~a L`rkg& gin Cabig agtk jgnk

~akjskftks akgtbf nkukinki~ ì kgca `~akr& o{~ ~akrk bs ktbnkick ~ag~ s{ca j{~{gfnkukinkick ags okki okikdbcbgf ~` ~akj gff) Xb~a ~ak hr`x~a `d ~akbr kcì`jbks gin

gd~kr ~ak Gsbgi dbigicbgf crbsbs bi 7228& ~ak grk gcabktbih cf`skr gin cf`skr kcì`jbc

rkfg~bìs)

Hk`hrguabcgff& ~aksk ~arkk kcì`jbks grk ikbhao`rs& xb~a S`{~a L`rkg sb~{g~kn bi

~ak jbnnfk) Sk`{f& cgub~gf `d S`{~a L`rkg& bs f`cg~kn guur`qbjg~kf g~ ~ak jbnu`bi~ `d

g fbik m`bibih ~ak cgub~gfs `d ~ak `~akr ~x` c`{i~rbks& Okbmbih gin ^`l`) S`{~a L`rkg

bs skugrg~kn dr`j Cabig o I`r~a L`rkg gin bs cìikc~kn ~` Mgugi o ~ak Skg `d

Mgugi) Kcì`jbcgff& ~aksk ~arkk kcì`jbks grk ì nbddkrki~ nktkfùjki~ ug~as gin

g~ nbddkrki~ nktkfùjki~ s~ghks) Mgugi ags ~ak j`s~ nktkfùkn kcì`j& o{~ ~ak

kcì`j `d S`{~a L`rkg& xabca ~``l `dd bi ~ak 7245s gd~kr s`jk nrgs~bc kcì`jbcrkd`rjs& bs w{bclf hr`xbih gin cg~cabih {u) Cabig ùkikn {u b~s kcì`j g~ ~ak kin

`d ~ak 7285s& gin sbick ~aki b~s hr`x~a ags okki j`rk ~agi sukc~gc{fgr) B~ ags jgbi~gbikn

gi gii{gf hr`x~a rg~k `d guur`qbjg~kf 2 ukrcki~ ikgrf ktkr kgr) B~ bs i`x ìk `d

~ak kcì`jbc u`xkrs `d ~ak x`rfn bi ~krjs `d jgi kcì`jbc binbcg~`rs& bicf{nbih

hr`ss n`jks~bc ur`n{c~ !HNU"& ~rgnk t`f{jk& gin d`rkbhi cgub~gf bidf`xs)

âksk ~arkk kcì`jbks sagrk g c`jjì dkg~{rk= ~ak grk gff `{~xgrn f``lbih gin

nkukin d`r hr`x~a ì ~akbr kcì`jbc rkfg~bìs xb~a `~akr kcì`jbks) Gff grk kqu`r~

`rbki~kn& xb~a fgrhk sagrks `d ~akbr n`jks~bc `{~u{~s nks~bikn ~` `~akr kcì`jbks)

Mgugi bs gfs` g jgm`r cgub~gf kqu`r~kr& gin S`{~a L`rkg bs ~glbih g sbjbfgr ug~a) Cabig

bs jgbif ì ~ak rkckbtbih kin `d d`rkbhi cgub~gf& okbih ~ak fgrhks~ rkcbubki~ `d d`rkbhinbrkc~ bitks~jki~ gjìh gff nktkfùbih c`{i~rbks)

B~ bs ~a{s i` c`bicbnkick ~ag~ ~aksk ~arkk kcì`jbks agtk cf`sk ~bks= ~ak ~rgnk akgtbf

gjìh ~akjskftks< gin Mgugi gin S`{~a L`rkg grk skinbih cgub~gf ~` Cabig& xb~a

jgi `d ~akbr dbrjs sk~~bih {u s{osbnbgrbks `r m`bi~ tki~{rks bi Cabig)

_kcki~f& xb~a ~ak rbsbih bi~krks~ bi rkhbìgf kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bì gjìh jgi Gsbgi

kcì`jbks& Cabig& S`{~a L`rkg& gin Mgugi agtk skrb`{sf kquf`rkn ~ak u`ssbobfb~bks `d

cf`skr kcì`jbc rkfg~bìs gin c`ùkrg~bì) Gjìh ~ak u~bìs ~ak agtk s~{nbkn& o`~a

binbtbn{gff gin m`bi~f& grk ~ak ks~gofbsajki~ `d drkk ~rgnk grkgs !D^Gs"& bicf{nbih

s`jk xb~a c`{i~rbks bi ~akr rkhbìs& s{ca gs D^Gs xb~a ~ak jkjokrs d ~ak Gss`cbg~bì`d S`{~akgs~ Gsbgi Ig~bìs !GSKGI") âk agtk gfs` kqgjbikn ~ak bjugc~s gin

u`ssbobfb~bks `d d`rjbih D^Gs gjìh ~akjskftks& bicf{nbih D^Gs c`jurbsbih ~x`

c`{i~rbks !L`rkg*Mgugi& L`rkg*Cabig& Mgugi*Cabig" gin gi D^G d`r gff ~arkk c`{i~rbks

!L`rkg*Cabig*Mgugi")


3/21

Ikx Ugrgnbhjs d`r rgisugcbdbc C`ffgo`rg~bì 7 8

Gf~a`{ha ~ak nk~gbfs `d kgca `d ~aksk D^Gs agtk ~` ok x`rlkn `{~ gin guur`tkn& b~ bs

cfkgr ~ag~ D^Gs x`{fn gff`x drkkr j`tkjki~s `d j`s~ h``ns !gin u`ssbof cgub~gf gs

xkff" gjìh jkjokr c`{i~rbks) Okcg{sk `d ~ak sb}ks `d ~aksk ~arkk kcì`jbks gin

~akbr ~rgnk t`f{jks& gi D^G d`rjkn gjìh ~akj x`{fn crkg~k g fgrhk kcì`j gingfs` jglk g fgrhk bjugc~ ì ~akbr kcì`jbks gin ~ak kcì`jbks `d iìjkjokr

c`{i~rbks)

âk u{ru`sk d ~abs ugukr bs ~` kqgjbik s`jk d ~ak dkg~{rks d ~aksk ~arkk kcì`jbks

a`x ~ak grk nkukinki~ i kgca ~akr gin ~ak ig~{rk gin u`ssbofk bjugc~s `d tgrb`{s

D^Gs gjìh ~ak ~arkk) Bi ugr~bc{fgr& ~abs ugukr xbff gigf}k ~aksk bjugc~s dr`j ~ak

tbkxu`bi~ `d S`{~a L`rkg) B~ xbff gfs` bitks~bhg~k s`jk `d ~ak ù~bìs gin s~rg~khbks `d

S`{~a L`rkg bi ks~gofbsabih kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bì bi I`r~akgs~ Gsbg) âbs ugukr xbff

~r ~` rgil tgrb`{s D^Gs bi ~krjs `d ~ak xkfdgrk bjugc~s ì ~ak kcì`j `d S`{~a

L`rkg)

âk gigfsbs ur`tbnkn bi ~abs ugukr ~rbks ~` cgu~{rk gin bs ogskn ì s`jk `d ~ak

dkg~{rks `d ~rgnk gjìh S`{~a L`rkg& Cabig& gin Mgugi) B~ bs gfs` o{bf~ ì s`jk `d ~ak

j`~btks `d ~akbr h`tkrijki~s bi d`rjbih D^Gs xb~a `~akr c`{i~rbks) @ik `d ~aksk

dkg~{rks bs ~ag~ ~aksk h`tkrijki~s u{~ j{ca kjuagsbs i ~ak kqu`r~ ukrd`rjgicks d

~akbr dbrjs) Gi`~akr dkg~{rk bs ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi kqu`r~ ~` Cabig jgi

sbjbfgr ur`n{c~sc`ju{~krs& c`ju{~kr cabus& ckff{fgr uaìks& jìb~`rs& cgjkrgs& gin

cgrsgin grk c`juk~bih d`r jgrlk~ sagrks bi Cabig)

^` ur`tbnk ~ak s{hhks~kn gigfsbs& ~abs ugukr urù`sks g rkfg~btkf ikx guur`gca ~`

bitks~bhg~bih D^Gs gin ~ak j`~btks d h`tkrijki~s bi ks~gofbsabih D^Gs gin ca``sbih

ugr~ikrs) âbs guur`gca& b~ bs grh{kn& bs j`rk guurùrbg~k ~agi `~akrs d`r gigf}bih ~akD^G u`fbcbks `d jgi Gsbgi c`{i~rbks) âbs guur`gca bs ogskn ì ~ak rkgsìgofk

urkjbsk ~ag~ h`tkrijki~s agtk gi bicki~btk ~` akfu ig~bìgf dbrjs ukrd`rj ok~~kr bi

~akbr kqu`r~s gin akfu ~akj cgu~{rk obhhkr sagrks d d`rkbhi jgrlk~s) B~ bs grh{kn ~ag~

guurùrbg~k D^Gs grk xgs `d gcabktbih ~abs òmkc~btk)

O`~a S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi agtk dbrjs ~ag~ kqu`r~ sbjbfgr ur`n{c~s ~` Cabig& gin

~ak grk {igt`bngof c`juk~bih dbkrckf d`r ~ak Cabig jgrlk~) ag~ dgc~ jglks d`rjbih

gi D^G xb~a Cabig j`rk jkgibihd{f) A`xktkr& b~ bs grh{kn ~ag~ xaki kb~akr S`{~a

L`rkg `r Mgugi d`rjs gi D^G xb~a Cabig& ~ak `~akr c`{i~r xbff gfs` agtk rkgsìs ~`

d`rj gi D^G xb~a Cabig gs xkff) Bi ~abs ugukr& ik ~uk d D^G bs cgffkn gi ghhrkssbtk

D^G gin bs d`rjkn xb~a ~ak u{ru`sk `d ur`j`~bih ~ak kqu`r~s `d b~s ig~bìgf dbrjs big ~abrn jgrlk~< gi`~akr lbin `d D^G bs cgffkn g nkdkisbtk D^G& gin b~ bs d`rjkn xb~a

~ak u{ru`sk `d rkj`tbih ~ak kcì`jbc nbsgntgi~ghk cg{skn o i`~ okbih g jkjokr

c`{i~r `d ~ak D^G)


4/21


âk skcìn skc~bì xbff urkski~ s`jk cr{cbgf dkg~{rks d ~ak ~arkk kcì`jbks gin xbff

sa`x a`x ~ak nkukin ì kgca `~akr) âk ~abrn skc~bì xbff urkski~ ~ak ~rgnb~bìgf

tbkx ì D^Gs gin xbff kqufgbi s`jk `d ~ak fbjb~g~bìs `d ~ak ~rgnb~bìgf tbkx) Bi

ugr~bc{fgr& b~ grh{ks ~ag~ ~ak ~rgnb~bìgf tbkx bs i`~ s{b~gofk d`r gigf}bih ~ak rkcki~D^Gs ks~gofbsakn bi Gsbg) âk d`{r~a skc~bì xbff urkski~ g ikx tbkx `d D^Gs& xb~a

gi kjuagsbs i ~ak rbtgfr ok~xkki s`jk L`rkgi dbrjs gin s`jk Mgugiksk dbrjs gin

ì ~akbr c`juk~b~bì bi ~ak Cabiksk jgrlk~) âk dbd~a skc~bì bs ~ak cìcf{sbì)

BB) J{~{gf Nkukinkick gjìh S`{~a L`rkg& Cabig& gin Mgugi

Bi ~abs skc~bì& xk xbff kqgjbik s`jk `d ~ak dkg~{rks `d ~ak kcì`jbks `d Cabig&

S`{~a L`rkg& gin Mgugi gin bitks~bhg~k a`x ~ak nkukin ì kgca `~akr)

^gofk 7 sa`xs ~ak sbhibdbcgick d ~aksk ~arkk kcì`jbks gin ~ak u`ssbofk bjugc~s d

~ak D^Gs ~ag~ grk {inkr cìsbnkrg~bì) âk ~gofk urkski~s ~ak ~ù 7; c`{i~rbks bi ~ak

x`rfn bi ?55> bi ~krjs `d rkgf HNU !g~ cìs~gi~ ?555 urbcks" gin kqu`r~ t`f{jk) Bi

~krjs `d rkgf HNU& Mgugi& Cabig& gin S`{~a L`rkg xkrk ~ak ?in& ;~a& gin 7?~a fgrhks~

^gofk 7= ^ù 7; C`{i~rbks bi ^krjs `d HNU gin Kqu`r~s& ?55>

_gil _kgf HNUg _kgf HNU& UUUo Kqu`r~sc

C`{i~r Sagrkn C`{i~r Sagrkn C`{i~r Sagrkn

7 [ib~kn S~g~ks 35)23 [ib~kn S~g~ks ?5)82 [ib~kn S~g~ks 75)?2

? Mgugi 7>)3; Cabig 7?)83 Hkrjgi 2)>>

3 Hkrjgi ;)>2 Mgugi 4)8; Cabig ;)83> [)L) >);7 Binbg 4)57 Mgugi ;)87

; Cabig >)37 Hkrjgi >)74 Drgick >)88

4 Drgick 3)21 [)L) 3)?1 [)L) >)87

8 B~gf 3)72 Drgick 3)7? Cgigng 3)>5

1 Cgigng ?)?4 B~gf ?)25 Aìh Lìh ?)15

2 Org}bf 7)11 Org}bf ?)4; _@L ?)41

75 Sugbi 7)81 _{ssbg ?);? Sugbi ?)>?

77 Jkqbc` 7)88 Sugbi 7)18 _{ssbg 7)13

7? _@L 7)84 Jkqbc` 7)17 Jkqbc` 7)1?

73 Binbg 7)48 Cgigng 7)81 Sxb~}krfgin 7);2

7> G{s~rgfbg 7)?8 _@L 7)8; G{s~rbg 7)>>

7; Ik~akrfgins 7)51 Binìksbg 7)32 Brkfgin 7)37

S`{rck= X`rfn Ogil !?55>")

g HNU bi cìs~gi~ ?555 [)S) n`ffgrs)o HNU u{rcagsbih u`xkr ugrb~& bi cìs~gi~ ?555 bi~krig~bìgf n`ffgrs)c Kqu`r~s d h``ns gin skrtbcks& ogfgick d ugjki~s& bi c{rrki~ [)S) n`ffgrs)n Sagrk : ukrcki~ghk sagrk `d ~abs tgrbgofk bi ~ak x`rfn)


5/21


kcì`jbks& rksukc~btkf) Xaki jkgs{rkn bi ~krjs `d UUU& Cabig& Mgugi& gin S`{~a

L`rkg akfn ~ak u`sb~bìs `d ?in& 3rn& gin 7>~a bi ~ak x`rfn) Gjìh ~aksk ~arkk

kcì`jbks& S`{~a L`rkg ags ~ak sjgffks~ kcì`j& o{~ b~s ~rgnk t`f{jk bs j{ca

fgrhkr ~agi xag~ b~s HNU x`{fn s{hhks~= bi ~krjs `d ~rgnk t`f{jk& Cabig& Mgugi& ginS`{~a L`rkg xkrk ~ak 3rn& >~a& gin 2~a)

^gofk ? urkski~s ~ak u`~ki~bgf kcì`jbc u`xkr `d tgrb`{s& skfkc~kn D^Gs ~ag~ jbha~

kqbs~ bi ~ak d{~{rk) Bd S`{~a L`rkg& Cabig& gin Mgugi d`rj gi D^G& ~ak xbff crkg~k gi

kcì`jbc {ib~ xb~a g c`jobikn rkgf HNU `d .8&7?8 obffbì !?55> ng~g"& `r sfbha~f j`rk

~agi ?5 ukrcki~ d ~ak x rfns HNU)7 âbs kcì`jbc {ib~ x`{fn agtk gi kqu`r~ t`f{jk

`d .7&;8> obffbì !?55> ng~g"& ~ak obhhks~ bi ~ak x`rfn) Ktki bd if ~x` d ~ak c`{i~rbks

crkg~k gi D^G& b~ x`{fn s~bff ok sbhibdbcgi~) D`r kqgjufk& bd Cabig gin Mgugi d`rjkn gi

D^G& ~ak ikx kcì`jbc {ib~ x`{fn agtk g rkgf HNU d .4&;7> obffbì& r 72 ukrcki~ d

~ak x`rfns ~`~gf HNU) Bi ~krjs `d kqu`r~ t`f{jk& b~ x`{fn agtk .7&?84 obffbì& `r 77

ukrcki~ `d ~ak x`rfns ~`~gfs~bff ~ak obhhks~ bi ~ak x`rfn)

^gofk 3 sa`xs ~ak hr`x~a `d ~rgnk t`f{jk `d ~ak ~arkk c`{i~rbks) Dr`j 7221 ~` ?55>&

~ak ~`~gf kqu`r~s d S`{~a L`rkg hrkx g~ gi gii{gf rg~k d 77); ukrcki~& xabfk b~s ~`~gf

bju`r~s hrkx g~ gi gii{gf rg~k `d 7;)1 ukrcki~) âk hr`x~a rg~ks `d Cabig xkrk

j{ca j`rk bjurkssbtk= ?7)4 ukrcki~ d`r ~`~gf kqu`r~s gin ?4)5 ukrcki~ d`r ~`~gf bju`r~s)

âk ~rgnk t`f{jks d Mgugi& urògof okcg{sk b~ bs g j`rk nktkfùkn kcì`j& sa`xkn

g fkss sukc~gc{fgr hr`x~a `d ~rgnk= 4); ukrcki~ d`r ~`~gf kqu`r~s gin 1)> ukrcki~ d`r

~`~gf bju`r~s)

7) B~ x`{fn ok rgilkn gs ~ak skcìn fgrhks~ kcì`jbc {ib~ bi ~ak x`rfn& gd~kr ~ak [ib~kn S~g~ks)

^gofk ?= Sbhibdbcgick `d Tgrb`{s U`ssbofk D^Gs& ?55>

U`ssbofk D^Gs _kgf HNUg Kqu`r~so

Tgf{k Sagrkc Tgf{k Sagrkc

obffbìs d n`ffgrs + obffbìs d n`ffgrs +

L`rkg*Cabig*Mgugi 8&7?8)7 ?5)>? 7&;8>)4 7>)73

L`rkg*Cabig ?&772)3 4)58 231)5 1)>?

L`rkg*Mgugi ;&4?7)? 74)75 23;)1 1)>5

Cabig*Mgugi 4&;73)4 71)44 7&?8;); 77)>>

S`{rck= X`rfn Ogil !?55>")

g HNU bi cìs~gi~ ?555 [)S) n`ffgrs& bi obffbìs)o Kqu`r~s `d h``ns gin skrtbcks& bi [)S) n`ffgrs& bi obffbìs)c Ukrcki~ghk `d ~ak x`rfns HNU)


6/21

?5 [)S)L`rkg Gcgnkjbc Sju`sb{j

^gofk > fbs~s ~ak ~ù dbtk kqu`r~bih jgrlk~s gin ~ù dbtk bju`r~bih s{uufbkrs `d S`{~a

L`rkg& Cabig& gin Mgugi bi 7221 gin ?55>) ak ~gofk sa`xs ~ag~ ~aksk ~arkk c`{i~rbks

grk bju`r~gi~ ~rgnbih ugr~ikrs `d kgca `~akr gin ~ag~ ~ak nkhrkk `d bju`r~gick h`~

obhhkr n{rbih ~aksk kgrs) @i o`~a ~ak kqu`r~ gin ~ak bju`r~ sbnks& kgca c`{i~r bs ì

~ak ~ù*dbtk fbs~ `d ~ak `~akr ~x` c`{i~rbks& gin b~s u`sb~bì r`sk n{rbih ~abs ukrb`n) D`r

kqgjufk& d`r S`{~a L`rkg& bi 7221& Mgugi gin Cabig xkrk ~ak skcìn gin ~abrn j`s~

bju`r~gi~ jgrlk~s& rksukc~btkf& d`r L`rkgi ur`n{c~s gin s{uufbkrs d bju`r~kn ur`n{c~s)

Sbq kgrs fg~kr& Cabig okcgjk ~ak obhhks~ jgrlk~ d`r L`rkgi ur`n{c~s& xb~a Mgugi g

nbs~gi~ ~abrn& xabfk Mgugi xgs L`rkgs j`s~ bju`r~gi~ s{uufbkr& xb~a Cabig ~ak skcìn)

^` ok~~kr nkjìs~rg~k ~ak j{~{gf nkukinkick gjìh ~ak ~arkk c`{i~rbks& ^gofk ;

sa`xs ~ak cagihks bi ~rgnk t`f{jks gjìh ~aksk c`{i~rbks dr`j 7221 ~` ?55>) @i

~ak xa`fk& ~ak ~gofk rktkgfs cf`sk ~rgnk rkfg~bìs gjìh ~ak c`{i~rbks gin ~ag~ ~aksk

c`{i~rbks grk okc`jbih ktki j`rk nkukinki~ ì kgca `~akr `tkr ~bjk) âbs bs j`rk

sbhibdbcgi~ d`r ~ak nkukinkick `d S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi ì Cabig ì o`~a ~ak kqu`r~

gin ~ak bju`r~ sbnks) D`r S`{~a L`rkg& ~ak ukrcki~ghk `d b~s kqu`r~s ~` Cabig r`sk

dr`j 1)3 ukrcki~ bi 7221 ~` 72)4 ukrcki~ bi ?55>& xabfk ~ak sagrk `d bju`r~s dr`j

Cabig& gs g ukrcki~ghk `d S`{~a L`rkgs ~`~gf bju`r~s& bicrkgskn dr`j 4)8 ukrcki~ bi

7221 ~` 73)? ukrcki~) ak ubc~{rk d`r Mgugi xgs go`{~ ~ak sgjk= ;)? ukrcki~ bi 7221&

rbsbih ~` 73)7 ukrcki~ bi ?55> ì ~ak kqu`r~ sbnk< gin 73)? ukrcki~ bi 7221 ~` ?5)8

ukrcki~ bi ?55> ì ~ak bju`r~ sbnk)

^x` j`rk bi~krks~bih dkg~{rks `d ^gofk ; cgi ok u`bi~kn `{~) Dbrs~& ~rgnk ok~xkki

S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi rkjgbikn dgbrf s~gofk n{rbih ~ak 7221?55> ukrb`n& g~ fkgs~ bi

g ukrcki~ghk skisk) D`r kqgjufk& d`r S`{~a L`rkg& ~ak sagrk `d bju`r~s dr`j Mgugi

s~gkn guur`qbjg~kf g~ r sfbha~f okf`x ?5 ukrcki~& xakrkgs d`r Mgugi& ~ak sagrk `d

^gofk 3= Hr`x~a `d ^rgnk T`f{jk bi S`{~a L`rkg& Cabig& gin Mgugi& 7221

?55>& obffbìs `d [)S) n`ffgrs

Rkgr ^ ~gf kqu r~s ^`~gf bju r~sS) L`rkg Cabig Mgugi S) L`rkg Cabig Mgugi

7221 73?)35 713)17 311)7> 23)?1 7>5)?> ?15)43

7222 7>3)42 72>)23 >78)47 772)8; 74;)85 352)22

?555 78?)?8 ?>2)?5 >82)?; 745)>1 ??;)52 382)44

?557 7;5)>3 ?44)75 >53)34 7>7)75 ?>3);; 3>2)35

?55? 74?)>8 3?;)45 >74)8? 7;?)7? ?2;)78 338)47

?553 723)1? >31)?3 >8?)55 781)13 >7?)84 313)>;

?55> ?;3)1> ;23)33 ;4;)84 ??>)>4 ;47)?3 >;;)?;

Hr`x~a rg~k& + 77); ?7)4 4); 7;)1 ?4)5 1)>

S`{rck= [I !tgrb`{s kgrs")


7/21

Ikx Ugrgnbhjs d`r rgisugcbdbc C`ffgo`rg~bì ? 7

bju`r~s dr`j S`{~a L`rkg rkjgbikn g~ guur`qbjg~kf ; ukrcki~) Skcìn& d`r Cabig&

~ak sagrks `d ~rgnk xb~a S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi& bi ~krjs `d kqu`r~s gin bju`r~s&

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nkhrkk `d nkukinkick ì S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi rkjgbis dgbrf cìs~gi~)

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8/21

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obffb`is`d[)S)n`ffgrsginukrcki~ghk


9/21


BBB) rgnb~bìgf Tbkxs d Kcì`jbc Bi~khrg~bì

Xaki g hr`{u `d c`{i~rbks d`rjs gi D^G& a`x jg ~ak ~rgnk t`f{jks gin xkfdgrk `d

~ak jkjokr c`{i~rbks gin iìjkjokr c`{i~rbks ok gddkc~kn0 âbs bs g w{ks~bìkcì`jbs~s agtk fìh ~rbkn ~` gisxkr) Gf~a`{ha ~ak gisxkrs jg tgr nkukinbih ì

~ak kcì`jbc cìnb~bìs `d ~ak c`{i~rbks cìckrikn& b~ ags okki rkc`hib}kn ~ag~ ~ak

xkfdgrk kddkc~s ì ~aksk c`{i~rbks grk bi hkikrgf gjobh{`{s& ~ag~ bs& bi s`jk cgsks g

jkjokr `r g iìjkjokr c`{i~r jg hgbi gin bi `~akr cgsks g jkjokr `r g

iìjkjokr c`{i~r jg f`sk)

Bi `~akr x`rns& xaki g hr`{u `d c`{i~rbks d`rjs gi D^G& ~ak x`rfn gs g xa`fk jg

`r jg i`~ ok ok~~kr `dd) B~ bs u`ssbofk ~ag~ s`jk `d ~ak jkjokr c`{i~rbks `d ~ak D^G

jg ktki okc`jk x`rsk `dd)? âbs ukssbjbs~bc tbkx ags fkn ~` ~ak grh{jki~ ~ag~

j{f~bfg~krgf ~rgnk fbokrgfb}g~bì bs s{ukrb`r ~` rkhbìgf ~rgnk fbokrgfb}g~bì& g~ fkgs~ dr`j

~ak u`bi~ `d tbkx `d ~ak kcì`jbc xkfdgrk `d ~ak x`rfn gs g xa`fk)

Rk~ b~ ags okc`jk g dgsabì gjìh jgi c`{i~rbks ~ag~ d`rjbih D^Gs xb~a `~akr

c`{i~rbks bs ìk `d ~ak j`s~ bju`r~gi~ ~rgnk u`fbcbks g h`tkrijki~ cgi {inkr~glk)

âk c{rrki~ xgtk d D^Gs bi Gsbg bs gi kqgjufk) ak bjjknbg~k w{ks~bì bs& xa grk

s` jgi c`{i~rbks x`rlbih s` agrn ~` ikh`~bg~k xb~a `~akr c`{i~rbks ~` d`rj D^Gs0

^rgnb~bìgf kcì`jbc ~ak`r ags g s~rgbha~d`rxgrn xg d kqufgbibih ~ak xkfdgrk kddkc~s

`d kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bì) J`rk ~agi dbtk nkcgnks gh`& Tbikr !72;5" s{hhks~kn ~ak {sk

`d ~ak cìcku~ d ~rgnk crkg~bì gin ~rgnk nbtkrsbì ~` jkgs{rk ~ak xkfdgrk kddkc~s d

kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bì) B~ bs grh{kn ~ag~& d`r gi binbtbn{gf jgrlk~& bd ~rgnk bs crkg~kn !bi

~ak skisk ~ag~ ~akrk bs gi bicrkgsk bi ~ak ~rgnk t`f{jk" ok~xkki ~x` jkjokr c`{i~rbksgs g rks{f~ `d g nrù bi ~rgnk rks~rbc~bìs& kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bì ~kins ~` ok okikdbcbgf ~`

~ak c`{i~rbks) âbs d`ff`xs ~ak {s{gf grh{jki~ `d hgbis dr`j ~rgnk) âbs bs ~rgnk

crkg~bì) A`xktkr& b~ bs i`~kn ~ag~ kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bì {s{gff fkgns ~` urkdkrki~bgf

~rgnk ~rkg~jki~ bi dgt`r d jkjokr c`{i~rbks o{~ ghgbis~ iìjkjokr c`{i~rbks) a{s&

gd~kr ~ak d`rjg~bì `d g c{s~`js {ibì `r gi D^G& g jkjokr c`{i~r xbff ok gofk ~`

skk g sxb~ca bi ~ak s`{rck `d bju`r~s `d g c`jj`nb~ dr`j g iìjkjokr c`{i~r ~` g

jkjokr c`{i~r) âbs bs cgffkn ~rgnk nbtkrsbì& gin b~ ~kins ~` ok nk~rbjki~gf d`r o`~a

~ak bju`r~bih c`{i~r gin ~ak x`rfn gs g xa`fk okcg{sk ~ak s`{rck `d ~ak bju`r~s bs

sxb~cakn dr`j g c`{i~r `d f`x c`s~ !~ak iìjkjokr c`{i~r" ~` g c`{i~r `d abha

c`s~ !~ak jkjokr c`{i~r")

Okcg{sk S`{~a L`rkg& Cabig& gin Mgugi grk j{~{gff nkukinki~ ì kgca `~akr&

kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bì gjìh ~akj xbff orbih s{os~gi~bgf cagihks ~` ~akbr kcì`jbks

?) Sghbfb gin Xìh !?55;"& {sbih sbjufk i{jkrbcgf sbj{fg~bì& sa`x ~ag~ Cabig jg kqukrbkick g nrùbi xkfdgrk bd b~ d`rjs gi D^G xb~a ~ak c`{i~rbks d GSKGI)


10/21

?> [)S)L`rkg Gcgnkjbc Sju`sb{j

gin ~` jgi `~akrs bi ~ak x`rfn) A`x xkff cgi ~ak ~rgnb~bìgf tbkxs ok guufbkn ~`

nkscrbok ~ak bjugc~s `d tgrb`{s d`rjs `d kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bì gjìh ~aksk c`{i~rbks&

gin a`x xkff cgi ~rgnb~bìgf tbkxs ok {skn ~` nkscrbok ~ak nkcbsbìs d ~ak h`tkrijki~s

bit`ftkn0

^` kqgjbik a`x ~ak cìcku~ `d ~rgnk crkg~bì gin ~rgnk nbtkrsbì cgi ok guufbkn ~`

~aksk c`{i~rbks& xk cgi f``l g~ ~ak cgsk `d S`{~a L`rkg) Cìsbnkr bin{s~r 835?75

!AS ?55?& rgbfs `d brì/s~kkf")3 Bi ?55>& S`{~a L`rkg bju`r~kn .>&;>2&424 x`r~a `d

brì/s~kkf rgbfs dr`j `~akr c`{i~rbks& g~ gi gtkrghk urbck `d .7)75 ukr lbf`hrgj& o{~

bju`r~kn iìk dr`j Cabig ![I ?55>") Cabig& a`xktkr& bs g sbhibdbcgi~ ur`n{ckr gin

kqu`r~kr `d brì/s~kkf rgbfs) Bi ?55>& b~ kqu`r~kn .3>&;38&>48 x`r~a `d brì/s~kkf rgbfs ~`

~ak rks~ `d ~ak x`rfn& g~ gi gtkrghk urbck `d .5)>5 ukr lbf`hrgj) Xb~a i` urkdkrki~bgf

~grbdd ~rkg~jki~& ~ak dgc~ ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg bju`r~s brì/s~kkf rgbfs dr`j ~ak rks~ `d ~ak

x`rfn o{~ i`~ dr`j Cabig bjufbks ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg urkdkrs ~ak w{gfb~*urbck jbq `d

rgbfs dr`j ~ak rks~ `d ~ak x`rfn gin i`~ dr`j Cabig)

S{uu`sk i`x ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg gin Cabig d`rj gi D^G& xb~a ~ak ~grbdds ì ~ak h``ns

bju`r~kn dr`j kgca `~akr rkj`tkn xabfk kq~krigf ~grbdds `d o`~a c`{i~rbks rkjgbi

{icagihkn) S{ca g urkdkrki~bgf ~grbdd ~rkg~jki~ o S`{~a L`rkg bi dgt`r `d Cabig xbff

kic`{rghk S`{~a L`rkg ~` bju`r~ Cabiksk ur`n{c~s) Bi ~akr x`rns& ~ak D^G hbtks gi

kq~rg knhk ~` ur`n{c~s dr`j Cabig) S{uu`sk& d`r ~ak u{ru`sk `d bff{s~rg~bì& ~ag~ ~rgnk

fbokrgfb}g~bì gs g rks{f~ `d ~ak D^G kqbs~s ~` s{ca gi kq~ki~ ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg i`x

ca``sks ~` bju`r~ brì/s~kkf rgbfs dr`j Cabig)

âk sxb~ca bi ~ak s`{rck `d brì/s~kkf rgbfs bju`r~kn o S`{~a L`rkg& xabca bs cgffkn

~rgnk nbtkrsbì& bs rkhgrnkn gs nk~rbjki~gf ~` ~ak xkfdgrk d S`{~a L`rkg& gin ktki ~`~ak xkfdgrk `d ~ak x`rfn gs g xa`fk)> âk rkgsì bs ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg bs bju`r~bih ~ak

ur`n{c~ dr`j g ufgck ~ag~ ur`n{cks gi bidkrb`r urbck*w{gfb~ jbq `d ~ak b~kj bis~kgn `d

dr`j ~ak `rbhbigf s{uufbkr c`{i~r xb~a g ok~~kr urbck*w{gfb~ jbq `d ~ak ur`n{c~)

^rgnk crkg~bì bs j`rk fblkf d`r `~akr ur`n{c~s ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg bju`r~s dr`j Cabig

urb`r ~` ~ak d`rjg~bì `d ~ak D^G) D`r kqgjufk& bi ?55>& S`{~a L`rkg bju`r~kn g ~`~gf

`d .75?&524 x`r~a `d brì/s~kkf sxb~ca ofgnks& cr`ssbih dr`hs& gin u`bi~ r`ns !835?35&

AS ?55?" dr`j gff c`{i~rbks `d ~ak x`rfn& g~ gi gtkrghk urbck `d .4)?2 ukr lbf`hrgj)

@{~ `d ~abs ~`~gf& .38&;;2 x`r~a `d ~ak ur`n{c~& `r 34)1 ukrcki~& cgjk dr`j Cabig& g~

3) AS ?55? jkgis ~ak Agrjìb}kn C`jj`nb~ Nkscrbu~bì gin C`nbih Ss~kj d c`jj`nb~ cfgssbdb*cg~bì& `r sbjuf ~ak Agrjìb}kn Ss~kj !AS"& gnù~kn bi ?55?)

>) Cabig c`{fn tkr xkff hgbi dr`j ~ak D^G& a`xktkr& g~ fkgs~ gs dgr gs ~ak S`{~a L`rkg jgrlk~ bscìckrikn)


11/21

Ikx Ugrgnbhjs d`r rgisugcbdbc C`ffgo`rg~bì ? ;

g urbck `d .?)>? ukr lbf`hrgj); Gi D^G xb~a Cabig xbff kic`{rghk j`rk ~rgnk xb~a

Cabig) S{ca crkg~bì `d ~rgnk ~kins ~` okikdb~ i`~ ìf S`{~a L`rkg o{~ gfs` Cabig& gs

~ak {s{gf gigfsbs d`r hgbis dr`j ~rgnk cgi ok guufbkn akrk ~` kqufgbi ~ak okikdbcbgf

bjugc~ `d ~rgnk crkg~bì)

Tbikrs cìcku~ `d ~rgnk crkg~bì gin ~rgnk nbtkrsbì ags okki {skn xbnkf o

kcì`jbs~s gin u`fbcjglkrs ~` ktgf{g~k ~ak xkfdgrk bjugc~s `d D^Gs `r c{s~`js

{ibìs) A`xktkr& ~abs cìcku~ ags fbjb~g~bìs) Dbrs~& b~ bs ogskn ì g ugr~bgf kw{bfborb{j

drgjkx`rl& xabca guufbks ~` g jgrlk~ bi xabca ~ak dbrjs gin cìs{jkrs bi kgca

c`{i~r agtk i` jìù`f u`xkr) Xaki xk xgi~ ~` cìsbnkr ~ak bjugc~s `d gi D^G

ì ~ak ki~brk kcì`j `d g jkjokr c`{i~r& s{ca g sbihfk*jgrlk~ gigfsbs bs i`

fìhkr guufbcgofk& gin& bi dgc~& bi s`jk cgsks b~ c`{fn fkgn ~` g jbsfkgnbih `r ktki g

xrìh cìcf{sbì)

Skcìn& gf~a`{ha xk cgi agrnf dbin `{~ kqgc~f xag~ g h`tkrijki~ bs ~abilbih go`{~gin xa gi D^G bs guur`tkn& xk cgi s~bff òskrtk xag~ h`tkrijki~s grk n`bih) Bi

Gsbg& ~ak dktkr `d d`rjbih D^Gs bs s~bff rghbih) A`x xkff cgi ~ak ~rgnb~bìgf tbkx

kqufgbi xag~ bs h`bih ì bi Gsbg0

âk ~rgnb~bìgf tbkx d`c{sks ì ~ak bju`r~ sbnk `d gi kcì`j gin ~rbks ~` nk~krjbik

xak~akr g h`tkrijki~ bs bju`r~bih h``ns dr`j ~ak rbha~ s`{rcks& b)k)& xak~akr b~ bs

kddbcbki~& dr`j ~ak u`bi~ `d tbkx `d o`~a ~ak jkjokr c`{i~r gin ~ak x`rfn gs g

xa`fk& d`r ~ak jkjokr c`{i~r ~` bju`r~ j`rk h``ns dr`j `~akr jkjokr c`{i~rbks)

A`xktkr& d`r ~ak h`tkrijki~s `d jgi `d ~aksk Gsbgi c`{i~rbks& xabca tbkx ~ak

kqu`r~ ukrd`rjgick `d ~akbr c`{i~rs dbrjs gs gi bju`r~gi~ dgc~`r `d hr`x~a& b~ xbff

ok ~ak kqu`r~ sbnk& i`~ ~ak bju`r~ sbnk& `d d`rkbhi ~rgnk ~ag~ bi hkikrgf xbff rkckbtkj`rk g~~ki~bì bi sk~~bih jgm`r ~rgnk u`fbcbks s{ca gs D^Gs)4 D`r kqgjufk& ~akrk bs i`

ktbnkick ~ag~ ~ak h`tkrijki~ `d S`{~a L`rkg bs x`rrbih j{ca go`{~ ~ak u`ssbofk

sxb~ca bi ~ak s`{rck `d ~ak s{uufbih c`{i~r dr`j `~akr c`{i~rbks `d ~ak x`rfn ~`

Cabig bd g L`rkg*Cabig D^G bs d`rjkn)

^x` gnnb~bìgf kqgjufks cgi sa`x xa ~ak bju`r~ sbnk `d d`rkbhi ~rgnk bs bi hkikrgf

~ak d`c{s `d g~~ki~bì d`r jgi h`tkrijki~s) Dbrs~& i`~k ~ag~ Sbihgu`rk& g sjgff gin

dgs~*hr`xbih kcì`j& bs gfrkgn gnù~bih g drkk*~rgnk rkhbjk) Rk~ Sbihgu`rk bs tkr

lkki ì d`rjbih D^Gs xb~a `~akr c`{i~rbks) Gs `d Jgrca ?554& Sbihgu`rk agn

;) âk urbck `d ~ak ur`n{c~ dr`j Cabig bs cìsbs~ki~f f`xkr ~agi ~ak urbck `d ~ak ur`n{c~ `d ~ak sgjkcg~kh`r dr`j ~ak x`rfn gs g xa`fk) G u`ssbofk gin rkgsìgofk kqufgig~bì bs ~ag~ ~ak ur`n{c~ dr`j Cabigbs d g f`xkr w{gfb~)

4) âkrk grk `d c`{rsk kqcku~bìs) D`r kqgjufk& h`tkrijki~s jg x`rr go`{~ bi~krigf u`fb~bcgf rksbs*~gick bd gi D^G c`{fn rks{f~ bi g s{os~gi~bgf m{ju bi ~ak bju`r~ d s`jk `d ~ak ur`n{c~s) Xk bhi`rk ~abskddkc~ bi ~abs ugukr) D`r g nbsc{ssbì d ~abs kddkc~& ufkgsk rkgn Xìh k~ gf) !?55>")


12/21


cìcf{nkn D^Gs xb~a 77 c`{i~rbks `r hr`{us `d c`{i~rbks gin bs cìsbnkrbih ~ak c`s~s

gin okikdb~s `d d`rjbih D^Gs xb~a 7; `~akr c`{i~rbks `r hr`{us `d c`{i~rbks)8 Bi

~krjs `d ~ak i{jokr `d D^Gs cìcf{nkn gin {inkr ikh`~bg~bì& Sbihgu`rks kghkrikss

bi ~abs u`fbc bs {ijg~cakn o gi `~akr c`{i~r bi Gsbg) D{r~akrj`rk& ikh`~bg~bìsagtk okki bib~bg~kn gin cìcf{nkn tkr w{bclf) D`r kqgjufk& ~ak ikh`~bg~bì ur`ckss

ok~xkki Sbihgu`rk gin S`{~a L`rkg& d`r ~ak L`rkg*Sbihgu`rk Drkk ^rgnk Ghrkkjki~&

xgs fg{icakn bi Mgi{gr ?55>& sa`r~f gd~kr ~ak sbhibih `d ~ak Nkcfgrg~bì `d Bi~ki~ ì

?3 @c~òkr ?553) Gd~kr sktki r`{ins `d ikh`~bg~bìs& ~ak D^G xgs cìcf{nkn bi

I`tkjokr ?55> gin `ddbcbgff sbhikn ì > G{h{s~ ?55;)

Xa x`{fn g sjgff& ùki kcì`j fblk Sbihgu`rk& xabca gfrkgn ags g drkk*~rgnk

u`fbc& ok bi~krks~kn bi d`rjbih D^Gs xb~a `~akr c`{i~rbks0 Gd~kr gff& d`rjbih gi D^G

xbff agrnf gddkc~ ~ak kq~krigf urbck s~r{c~{rk b~s bju`r~ sbnk bs dgcbih) âkrkd`rk ~ak

{s{gf grh{jki~ bi ~krjs `d ~rgnk crkg~bì gin ~rgnk nbtkrsbì cgi agrnf ok guufbcgofk

bi ~ak cgsk `d Sbihgu`rk)

Mgugi bs gi`~akr kqgjufk) Mgugi sbhikn gi D^G xb~a Jkqbc` ì 78 Sku~kjokr ?55>&

gin b~ ki~krkn bi~` d`rck ì 7 Gurbf ?55;) âbs bs ~ak skcìn D^G Mgugi ags sbhikn

xb~a gi`~akr c`{i~r bi ~ak rkcki~ ugs~)1 âbs bs g cgsk nbddbc{f~ ~` kqufgbi xb~a ~ak

~rgnb~bìgf tbkx okcg{sk Jkqbc` bs i`~ gi bju`r~gi~ ~rgnbih ugr~ikr d Mgugi& ksukcbgff

ì ~ak bju`r~ sbnk) Bi 7221& Jkqbc` rgilkn 34~a ì ~ak fbs~ `d Mgugis s`{rcks `d

bju`r~kn h``ns& ur`tbnbih g jkrk 5)>> ukrcki~ `d xag~ Mgugi bju`r~kn) Bi ?55>& ~ak

kgr bi xabca ~ak ghrkkjki~ xgs sbhikn& ~ak bju`r~gick `d Jkqbc` ~` Mgugi gs g

s`{rck `d bju`r~kn h``ns bjur`tkn sfbha~f& okbih rgilkn 3?in gin ur`tbnbih 5)>1

ukrcki~ `d Mgugis ~`~gf bju`r~s) Gs g jg~~kr `d dgc~& Jkqbc` bs j`rk bju`r~gi~ ~`

Mgugi gs g d`rkbhi jgrlk~ d`r Mgugiksk ur`n{c~s= bi o`~a 7221 gin ?55>& Jkqbc` xgsrgilkn ?7s~ gjìh ~ak jgrlk~s d`r Mgugiksk kqu`r~s) Jkqbc` o`{ha~ 7)52 ukrcki~ !bi

7221" gin 5)2> ukrcki~ !bi ?55>" `d ~ak ghhrkhg~k kqu`r~s `d Mgugi)

BT) Kcì`jbc Bi~khrg~bì gin Bi~krig~bìgf _btgfr

Bi ~ak urktb`{s skc~bì& xk kqufgbikn ~ak fbjb~g~bìs d ~ak ~rgnb~bìgf tbkxs xaki ~ak

grk guufbkn ~` gi gigfsbs d ~ak r{sa d Gsbgi c`{i~rbks ~`xgrn D^Gs) Bi ~ak Sbihgu`rk

8) âk c`{i~rbks ~ag~ agtk cìcf{nkn gi D^G xb~a Sbihgu`rk grk GSKGI Drkk ^rgnk Grkg& G{s~rgfbg&K{rùkgi Drkk ^rgnk Gss`cbg~bì& Binbg& Mgugi& M`rngi& Ikx ]kgfgin& Ugigjg& S`{~a L`rkg& ^rgis*Ugcbdbc SKU !Or{ikb& Ikx ]kgfgin& Cabfk& Sbihgu`rk"& gin ~ak [ib~kn S~g~ks) Sbihgu`rk bs ikh`~bg~bihxb~a ~ak d`ff`xbih c`{i~rbks gin hr`{us d`r u`ssbofk ikx D^Gs= GSKGI*Ukùfks _ku{ofbc `d Cabig&GSKGI*G{s~rgfbg*Ikx ]kgfgin& GSKGI*Binbg& GSKGI*Mgugi& GSKGI*S`{~a L`rkg& Ogargbi& Cgigng&Khu~& L{xgb~& Jkqbc`& Uglbs~gi& Ukr{& Wg~gr& Srb Fgilg& gin ~ak [ib~kn Grgo Kjbrg~ks) Skk a~~u=//guu)d~g)h`t)sh/gsu/d~g/`{rd~g)gsu)

1) âk dbrs~ ìk xgs xb~a Sbihgu`rk& sbhikn ì 77 Nkckjokr ?553) Skk a~~u=//xxx)j`dg)h`)mu/rkhbì/gsbg*ugcb/sbihgu`rk/mskug537?)und)


13/21


gin Mgugi kqgjufks nkscrbokn go`tk& ~ak c`{i~rbks bju`r~ sbnks n` i`~ skkj ~` ok

cr{cbgf bi ~ak h`tkrijki~s nkcbsbìs go`{~ D^Gs)

^` fkgri ~ak j`~btks `d ~aksk h`tkrijki~s bi sbhibih D^Gs& fk~ {s kqgjbik ~ak u`sb~bìs`d Sbihgu`rk gin Mgugi) âk Jbibs~r `d ^rgnk gin Bin{s~r `d Sbihgu`rk& bi gi

{ing~kn n`c{jki~ ki~b~fkn Okikdb~s `d D^Gs& s~g~ks cfkgrf xa b~ bs ks~gofbsabih

D^Gs gin ca``sbih ugr~ikrs=

Xb~a D^Gs& Sbihgu`rk*ogskn c`jugibks xbff kim` c`s~*sgtbihs dr`j ~ak

kfbjbig~bì `d c{s~`js n{~bks gin bjur`tkn jgrlk~ gcckss) C`s~ sgtbihs

grk nkrbtkn i`~ ìf dr`j ~grbdd sgtbihs& o{~ gfs` dr`j j{~{gf rkc`hib~bì

ghrkkjki~s& c{s~`js c`ùkrg~bì jkgs{rks gin rkj`tgf `d ìkr`{s

rkh{fg~bìs) O`~a `{r ur`n{ckrs gin skrtbck s{uufbkrs xbff kim` ig~bìgf

~rkg~jki~& b)k) ~ak xbff ok ~rkg~kn fblk f`cgfs {uì ki~krbih `{r D^G

ugr~ikrs jgrlk~s) abs gin jgi ~akr ur`tbsbìs bi `{r D^Gs grk bi~kinkn~` akfu ofg}k ~ak ug~a `d bi~krig~bìgfbsg~bì d`r Sbihgu`rk*ogskn

c`jugibks)2

âbs s~g~kjki~ d`c{sks ki~brkf i ~ak kqu`r~ sbnk d ~ak kcì`j) B~ kjuagsb}ks ~ak

ikkn `d ~ak c`{i~r ~` bjur`tk jgrlk~ gcckss d`r tgrb`{s c`jjkrcbgf gin ur`dkssbìgf

skrtbcks gin ~` hk~ kgsbkr ki~r bi~` `~akr c`{i~rbks d`r ig~bìgf o{sbikssks)

Mgugi !J@DG ?55>" gnù~s g sbjbfgr g~~b~{nk d`r sbhibih D^Gs) B~ s~g~ks ~ak crb~krbg

ì bnki~bdbih c`{i~rbks gin rkhbìs xb~a xabca ~` ikh`~bg~k d`r D^Gs gin kcì`jbc

ugr~ikrsabu ghrkkjki~s !KUGs"=

?*7 Xak~akr `r i`~ b~ xbff s{os~gi~bgff kqugin gin dgcbfb~g~k kqu`r~s `d

bin{s~rbgf& ghrbc{f~{rgf& d`rks~r gin dbsakr ur`n{c~s& ~rgnk bi skrtbcks& gin

bitks~jki~& ~ar`{ha ~ak fbokrgfb}g~bì d ~rgnk bi h``ns gin skrtbcks gin d

bitks~jki~< xak~akr `r i`~ b~ xbff bjur`tk ~ak o{sbikss kitbrìjki~ d`r

Mgugiksk c`jugibks ùkrg~bih bi ~ak ugr~ikr c`{i~rbks/rkhbìs& ~ar`{ha

agrjìb}g~bì d tgrb`{s kcì`jbc ss~kjs s{ca gs ur`~kc~bì d bi~kffkc~{gf

urùkr~ rbha~s& gs xkff gs ~ar`{ha dgcbfb~g~bì `d j`tkjki~ `d ig~{rgf

ukrsìs)

?*? Xak~akr r i`~ b~ bs binbsukisgofk ~` kfbjbig~k kcì`jbc nbsgntgi~ghks

cg{skn o goskick `d KUG/D^G)

Ugrghrgua ?*7 bs sbjbfgr ~` ~ak u`sb~bì `d Sbihgu`rk& o{~ Mgugi ~glks h`ks ìk s~ku

d{r~akr) Bi gnnb~bì ~` ~rbih ~` akfu ig~bìgf dbrjs hgbi gcckss bi~` d`rkbhi jgrlk~s&

2) Skk a~~u=//guu)d~g)h`t)sh/gsu/dgws/hkikrgfPokikdb~s)gsu)


14/21


~ak Mgugiksk h`tkrijki~ gfs` cgrks go`{~ xak~akr ~ak goskick `d gi D^G xbff jkgi

kcì`jbc nbsgntgi~ghks d`r ig~bìgf dbrjs) â{s& ~ak ks~gofbsajki~ `d gi D^G c`{fn

ok g xg ~` rkn{ck `r kfbjbig~k s`jk `d ~ak nbsgntgi~ghks dgckn o ig~bìgf dbrjs bi

d`rkbhi jgrlk~s)

âk fg~~kr u`bi~ bs ksukcbgff bju`r~gi~ gin cgi ok {skn ~` kqufgbi ~ak j`~btk okabin

Mgugis sbhibih gi D^G xb~a Jkqbc`) Ktki ~a`{ha ~ak [ib~kn S~g~ks bs ~ak j`s~

bju`r~gi~ ~rgnbih ugr~ikr `d Mgugi& jgi Mgugiksk dbrjs grk c`juk~bih bi~kiskf

xb~a c`rrksuìnbih dbrjs bi ~ak [ib~kn S~g~ks d`r jgrlk~s bi ~abrn c`{i~rbks s{ca gs

Jkqbc`< d`r kqgjufk& ^`sabog gin Sì grk c`juk~bih xb~a Akxfk~~ Ugclgrn gin

Guufk bi c`ju{~krs& gin ``~g gin Aìng grk c`juk~bih xb~a HJ gin D`rn) Okcg{sk

~ak [ib~kn S~g~ks gin Jkqbc` !gfs` xb~a Cgigng" agtk gi D^G !~ak I`r~a Gjkrbcgi

Drkk rgnk Ghrkkjki~< IGD^G"& ~aksk [)S) dbrjs ~a{s agtk ~ak gntgi~ghk d skffbih

~akbr ur`n{c~s ~` Jkqbc`s jgrlk~ drkk `d h`tkrijki~ ~gqks xabfk ur`n{c~s dr`j

Mgugiksk dbrjs grk s{omkc~ ~` ~grbdds bju`skn o ~ak Jkqbcgi h`tkrijki~) Mgugi ~a{sags gi bicki~btk ~` ks~gofbsa g sbjbfgr D^G xb~a Jkqbc` ~ag~ xbff rkj`tk ~ak kcì`jbc

nbsgntgi~ghks cg{skn o gi goskick `d gi D^G)

âk ~x` ~uks `d D^Gs ks~gofbsakn {inkr ~ak ~x` j`~btks nkscrbokn go`tk cgi ok

~krjkn ghhrkssbtk D^Gs gin nkdkisbtk D^Gs= Ghhrkssbtk D^Gs grk ~a`sk d`rjkn d`r

~ak u{ru`sk `d ur`tbnbih gi gntgi~ghk ~` ig~bìgf dbrjs ~` hk~ bi~` g d`rkbhi jgrlk~&

gin nkdkisbtk D^Gs grk ~a`sk d`rjkn d`r ~ak u{ru`sk `d kfbjbig~bih `r rkn{cbih ~ak

nbsgntgi~ghk bi g d`rkbhi jgrlk~ ~ag~ ig~bìgf dbrjs grk dgcbih)

I`x fk~ {s skk a`x xk cgi jglk {sk `d ~ak go`tk cìcku~ bi ~krjs `d ~aksk ~x`

~uks d D^Gs ~` kqgjbik ~ak u~bìs d`r S`{~a L`rkg bi ~krjs d kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bìbi I`r~akgs~ Gsbg)

S`{~a L`rkg ags ~arkk ù~bìs d`r g I`r~akgs~ Gsbg D^G=

D^G xb~a Cabig&

D^G xb~a Mgugi& r

D^G xb~a Cabig gin Mgugi)

Bd b~ sbhis gi D^G xb~a ìk c`{i~r& sg& Cabig& ~ak bjugc~s xbff nkukin ì xak~akr

Mgugi xbff sbhi g skugrg~k D^G xb~a Cabig) Agtbih ~x` skugrg~k D^Gs bs i`~ ~ak

sgjk gs gi D^G cìsbs~bih `d gff ~arkk c`{i~rbks)75 Xk xgi~ ~` gigf}k ~aksk ù~bìs

bi ~krjs `d ~ak j`~btks `d g h`tkrijki~ nkscrbokn go`tk)

75) D`r kqgjufk& bd ~akrk bs gi D^G ok~xkki S`{~a L`rkg gin Cabig gin g skugrg~k ìk ok~xkki Cabiggin Mgugi& ~aki S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi c`{fn jgbi~gbi ~grbdds i ~ak h``ns bju`r~kn dr`j kgca ~akr) Bd~akrk bs gi D^G d`r ~arkk c`{i~rbks& ~rgnk xbff ok drkk ok~xkki gi ~x` c`{i~rbks)


15/21


S`{~a L`rkg gnù~kn g nktkfùjki~ ug~a ~ag~ bs sbjbfgr bi jgi xgs ~` ~ag~ `d

Mgugi) N{rbih ~ak ugs~ nkcgnks& S`{~a L`rkg ags ~` g hrkg~ kq~ki~ cf`skn ~ak

~kcai`f`h hgu ok~xkki b~s dbrjs gin ~ak c`rrksuìnbih dbrjs bi Mgugi) Gs g rks{f~&

jgi L`rkgi dbrjs grk ur`n{cbih cf`sk s{os~b~{~ks d`r Mgugiksk ur`n{c~s)D{r~akrj`rk& ~aksk ur`n{c~s grk c`juk~bih bi jgi c`jjì jgrlk~s) D`r kqgjufk&

A{ingb bs c`juk~bih xb~a Aìng gin ^``~g bi ~ak sgfk `d cgrs& xabfk Sgjs{ih bs

c`juk~bih xb~a Sì gin ^`sabog bi ~ak sgfk `d c`ju{~krs& c`ju{~kr gcckss`rbks gin

ukrbuakrgfs& gin ckff{fgr uaìks bi ~ak rgubnf kquginbih Cabig jgrlk~)77 Li`xbih

~ag~ jgi S`{~a L`rkgi ur`n{c~s grk c`juk~bih xb~a c`rrksuìnbih Mgugiksk ur`n{c~s&

xk cgi gigf}k ~ak D^G ù~bìs d`r S`{~a L`rkg)

S`{~a L`rkg D^G xb~a Cabig

S{uu`sk ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg ca``sks ~` d`rj gi D^G xb~a Cabig) Gs g rks{f~& ur`n{c~s

ur`n{ckn bi S`{~a L`rkg cgi ki~kr jgrlk~s bi Cabig drkk `d gi ~grbdds& xabfk h``nski~krbih Cabig ~ag~ grk ur`n{ckn s`jkxakrk kfsk grk s~bff s{omkc~ ~` ~ak ~grbdds bju`skn

o ~ak Cabiksk h`tkrijki~)7?

âk D^G ~a{s rkurkski~s g urkdkrki~bgf ~rkg~jki~ ~` ~a`sk L`rkgi dbrjs ~ag~ c`juk~k

nbrkc~f xb~a Mgugiksk dbrjs bi jgrlk~s bi Cabig) ak kfbjbig~bì d ~ak ~grbdds urktb`{sf

bju`skn o ~ak Cabiksk h`tkrijki~ kddkc~btkf f`xkrs ~ak c`s~s `d skffbih L`rkgi

ur`n{c~s bi Cabig) Okcg{sk ~ak c`rrksuìnbih Mgugiksk dbrjs n` i`~ rkckbtk s{ca

~rkg~jki~& ~ak u`fbc ~a{s okikdb~s ~ak L`rkgi dbrjs g~ ~ak kqukisk `d ~ak Mgugiksk

dbrjs) D`r ~ak L`rkgi jgrlk~& xabca ags b~s xkfdgrk nkukinki~ ì ~ak ur`db~s `d ~ak

L`rkgi dbrjs skffbih ~akbr ur`n{c~s bi Cabig& ~ak D^G u`fbc bs xkfdgrk kiagicbih)

_kckbtbih urkdkrki~bgf ~rkg~jki~ bs gi bju`r~gi~ j`~btk d`r d`rjbih D^Gs& gin ~abs

kqufgbis xa ~ak i{jokr `d D^Gs ags okki rbsbih s` rgubnf rkcki~f) 73 Xk fgokf s{ca

D^Gs gs ghhrkssbtk D^Gs)7>

77) âk ur`n{c~bì `d ~aksk ur`n{c~s bi Cabig bs bisbhibdbcgi~& s` ~ag~ xag~ktkr Cabig cìs{jks bsbju`r~kn dr`j gor`gn) Mgugi gin S`{~a L`rkg grk ~x` d ~ak j`s~ bju`r~gi~ s`{rcks d bju`r~kn h``nsd`r Cabig)

7?) [s{gff xaki g c`{i~r d`rjs gi D^G xb~a gi`~akr c`{i~r& b~ xbff kfbjbig~k ikgrf gff ~ak ~grbdds i~ak h``ns bju`r~kn dr`j ~ak skcìn c`{i~r& xabfk b~ lkkus ~ak ~grbdds& bd gi& ì h``ns bju`r~kn dr`j`~akr c`{i~rbks {icagihkn)

73) âbs j`~btk bs sbjbfgr ~` ~ak ìk d`r kqu`r~ s{osbnbks bi ~ak urkskick `d bi~krig~bìgf rbtgfr)Kcì`jbc ~ak`r sa`xs ~ag~ kqu`r~ s{osbnbks cgi agtk ~ak kddkc~ `d okikdb~bih n`jks~bc dbrjs g~ ~akkqukisk d d`rkbhi dbrjs ~ag~ c`juk~k xb~a ~ak n`jks~bc dbrjs bi ~abrn jgrlk~s) [sbih kqu`r~ s{osbnbksbs bi hkikrgf uràbob~kn o ~ak X`rfn rgnk @rhgib}g~bì !X^@"& a`xktkr< o{~ d`rjbih D^Gs bs gff`xkn&{inkr ckr~gbi cìnb~bìs& o ~ak X^@)

7>) D`r s`jk `d ~ak dbrjs bi ~ak [ib~kn S~g~ks& IGD^G bs gi`~akr kqgjufk `d gi ghhrkssbtk D^G) D`rkqgjufk& xb~a ~ak D^G& s`jk [)S) c`jugibks cgi rkckbtk urkdkrki~bgf ~rkg~jki~ xaki skffbih ~akbrur`n{c~s bi Jkqbc`< ~abs urkdkrki~bgf ~rkg~jki~ c`jks g~ ~ak kqukisk d c`juk~b~`rs s{ca gs Mgugiksk dbrjs)


16/21


S{ca ghhrkssbtk D^Gs xbff {in`{o~knf gddkc~ ikhg~btkf ~ak dbrjs ~ag~ c`juk~k nbrkc~f

xb~a L`rkgi dbrjs bi ~ak jgrlk~s bi Cabig) âg~ ~ak L`rkgi dbrjs grk rkckbtbih

urkdkrki~bgf ~rkg~jki~ jkgis ~ag~ ~akbr c`{i~krugr~s bi Mgugi grk bi g nbsgntgi~ghk`{s

u`sb~bì gin xbff j`s~f fblkf skk g nrù bi ~akbr ur`db~s gin bi ~ak xkfdgrk `d ~akMgugiksk kcì`j)

âbs xbff ur`tbnk gi bicki~btk ~` Mgugi ~` d`rj g sbjbfgr D^G xb~a Cabig) D`rjbih gi

D^G bs gi kddkc~btk xg `d rkj`tbih ~ak urkdkrki~bgf ~rkg~jki~ ~` L`rkgi dbrjs) Gi

D^G ~ag~ bs d`rjkn xb~a ~ak u{ru`sk d fktkfbih ~ak ufgbih dbkfn bs fgokfkn g nkdkisbtk

D^G)

D`r Mgugi& d`rjbih g nkdkisbtk D^G x`{fn agtk ~ak kddkc~ `d bjur`tbih Mgugis

xkfdgrk c`jugrkn xb~a xag~ b~ c`{fn hk~ gd~kr L`rkg d`rjs gi D^G xb~a Cabig& o{~ b~

x`{fn f`xkr ~ak xkfdgrk d L`rkg) ak w{ks~bì bs& gd~kr ~ak ghhrkssbtk D^G gin ~aki

~ak nkdkisbtk D^G& a`x xbff ~ak xkfdgrk `d L`rkg gin Mgugi c`jugrk xb~a ~akbr urb`rsb~{g~bìs& bi ~ak goskick `d ~aksk ~x` D^Gs0

âk rkj`tgf `d ~ak ~grbdds bib~bgff bju`skn o Cabig sa`{fn& gs g xa`fk& okikdb~ ~ak

L`rkgi gin Mgugiksk dbrjs ~ag~ skff ~akbr ur`n{c~s ~` Cabig) âkrkd`rk& s{ca ~rgnk

fbokrgfb}g~bì ì Cabigs ugr~ c`{fn okikdb~ s`jk `d b~s ~rgnbih ugr~ikrs o{~ a{r~ s`jk

`~akrs)7; âbs jkgis ~ag~& bd L`rkgs kcì`j gin Mgugis kcì`j grk sbjbfgr& Cabigs

~rgnk fbokrgfb}g~bì x`{fn okikdb~ o`~a S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi) Bd ~ak L`rkgi gin

Mgugiksk kcì`jbks grk s{os~gi~bgff nbddkrki~ dr`j kgca ~akr& ~ak xkfdgrk kddkc~ d

Cabigs ~rgnk fbokrgfb}g~bì ì gi binbtbn{gf c`{i~r c`{fn ok gjobh{`{s)

â{s& d`r S`{~a L`rkg& d`rjbih gi ghhrkssbtk D^G xb~a Cabig bs ok~~kr ~agi i` D^Gg~ gff& gs fìh gs Mgugi n`ks i`~ d`rj g nkdkisbtk D^G xb~a Cabig) Bd Mgugi n`ks d`rj

g nkdkisbtk D^G xb~a Cabig& S`{~a L`rkgs xkfdgrk x`{fn ok f`xkr ~agi xag~ b~

c`{fn hk~ bi ~ak goskick `d ~ak nkdkisbtk D^G& o{~ b~ x`{fn s~bff ok abhakr ~agi xag~ b~

c`{fn hk~ xb~a`{~ gi D^Gs gs fìh gs ~ak L`rkgi gin Mgugiksk kcì`jbks grk i`~

~`` nbddkrki~ dr`j kgca `~akr) D`r Mgugi& i` D^G bs ok~~kr ~agi agtbih S`{~a L`rkg

d`rjbih gi ghhrkssbtk D^G xb~a Cabig& o{~ d`rjbih g nkdkisbtk D^G xb~a Cabig

c`{fn bjur`tk b~s xkfdgrk go`tk xag~ b~ x`{fn hk~ xb~a i` D^Gs gs fìh gs ~ak

L`rkgi gin Mgugiksk kcì`jbks grk sbjbfgr ki`{ha)

7;) Bi hkikrgf& xk cgii`~ r{fk `{~ ~ak u`ssbobfb~ ~ag~ s`jk `d ~ak dbrjs jg ok a{r~) Bi g j`nkf `d`fbhù`f& ~ak dbigf {~c`jk xbff nkukin i a`x ~ak dbrjs c`juk~k) a{s& ~ak dbigf rks{f~ nkukins i ~akbib~bgf ~grbdd rg~ks& ~ak kq~ki~ `d ~rgnk fbokrgfb}g~bì& ~ak ~kcai`f`hbks `d ~ak dbrjs& gin ~ak nkjgincìnb~bìs bi Cabig gin u`ssbof bi ~akr c`{i~rbks gs xkff) Xk cgi& a`xktkr& ok s{rk ~ag~ g~ fkgs~ s`jkdbrjs xbff okikdb~)


17/21


S`{~a L`rkg D^G xb~a Mgugi

S{uu`sk i`x ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg d`rjs gi D^G xb~a Mgugi bis~kgn `d xb~a Cabig) A`x

xbff ~abs L`rkg*Mgugi D^G gddkc~ ~ak xkfdgrk `d tgrb`{s c`{i~rbks0

S{ca gi D^G x`{fn jkgi ~ag~ S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi x`{fn kfbjbig~k ~akbr ~grbdds ì

~ak h``ns bju`r~kn dr`j kgca `~akr& xabfk ~ak x`{fn lkku ~grbdds ì h``ns dr`j

`~akr c`{i~rbks {icagihkn) Gfs` gss{jkn bs ~ag~ `~akr c`{i~rbks x`{fn i`~ cagihk

~akbr ~grbdd u`fbcbks)

Bd xk s~bff d`c{s ì ~ak jgrlk~s bi xabca ~ak Mgugiksk gin L`rkgi dbrjs grk jgm`r

ur`n{ckrs& s{ca gs cgrs& c`ju{~krs& ckff{fgr uaìks& gin s` ì& ~aki Cabig cgi ok

bhi`rkn bi ~ak d`ff`xbih gigfsbs okcg{sk Cabig bs i`~ g jgm`r kqu`r~kr `d ~aksk

ur`n{c~s) Xk cgi ~a{s d`c{s ì xag~ xbff aguuki bi ~ak L`rkgi gin Mgugiksk

jgrlk~s)74

Xaki o`~a S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi rkj`tk ~akbr j{~{gf ~grbdds& kgca kcì`j bs

gddkc~kn bi ~arkk nbddkrki~ xgs=

F`cgf*jgrlk~ kddkc~gi bicrkgsk bi c`juk~b~bì dr`j d rkbhi c`juk~b~`rs [)S)L`rkg Gcgnkjbc Sju`sb{j

h`tkrijki~s xgi~ ~` bjur`tk ~ak ur`db~s `d ~akbr c`{i~rs dbrjs) B~ ags okki sa`xi

~ag~ kcì`jbc bi~khrg~bì c`{fn ok g xg ~` akfu ur`j`~k ~ak ur`db~s d ~akbr c`{i~rs

dbrjs gs ~ak skff ur`n{c~s ~` Cabig gin c`juk~k xb~a ~ak dbrjs dr`j ~ak ~akr c`{i~r)

[sbih ~abs guur`gca& xk nbs~bih{bsa ok~xkki ghhrkssbtk D^Gs gin nkdkisbtk D^Gs&xabca S`{~a L`rkg gin Mgugi cgi ~glk bi~` gcc`{i~ xaki cìsbnkrbih d`rjbih D^Gs

bi I`r~akgs~ Gsbg)

âk guur`gca s{hhks~kn bi ~abs ugukr bs nbddkrki~ dr`j ~ak ~rgnb~bìgf guur`gca bi ~ak

kcì`jbcs fb~krg~{rk= b~ kjuagsb}ks ~ak kqu`r~ sbnk `d ~ak kcì`jbks bis~kgn d d`c{sbih

ì ~akbr bju`r~ sbnk) â{s ~ak bju`r~gi~ dgc~`r d`r cìsbnkrg~bì d`r g h`tkrijki~ bs

i`~ xak~akr ~ak kcì`j bju`r~s h``ns dr`j ~ak rbha~ s`{rck o{~ xak~akr ~ak kcì`j

bs gofk ~` ur`j`~k ~ak ur`db~ d b~s xi dbrjs bi ~abrn jgrlk~s) Xk okfbktk ~ag~& okcg{sk

jgi L`rkgi dbrjs grk c`juk~bih xb~a sbjbfgr Mgugiksk dbrjs bi Cabig& ~ak c{rrki~

guur`gca ~` gigf}bih D^Gs kigofks {s ~` kqgjbik ~ak bss{k j`rk nkkuf)

@ik fbjb~g~bì `d ~ak c{rrki~ guur`gca bs ~ag~ b~ bs ogskn ì g ugr~bgf kw{bfborb{j

drgjkx`rl& s` b~ cgi kqgjbik ìf ìk jgrlk~ g~ g ~bjk gin bs j`rk guufbcgofk xaki

~x` c`{i~rbks agtk dbrjs c`juk~bih bi g ~abrn jgrlk~) G j`rk c`jufk~k gigfsbs

ukragus xbff ikkn g hkikrgf kw{bfborb{j drgjkx`rl bi xabca xk cgi kqgjbik j`rk

~agi ~x` bin{s~rbks g~ ~ak sgjk ~bjk)

S` dgr xk agtk ur`tbnkn if ugr~ d ~ak u`ssbofk gigf~bcgf bitks~bhg~bì gin nbsc{ssbì)

Xk sa`xkn ~ag~ s`jk `d ~ak rgilbihs grk i`~ {ibw{k& gin xak~akr ìk d`rj `d D^G

bs urkdkrrkn ~` gi`~akr d`rj bs gi kjubrbcgf w{ks~bì) abs s{hhks~s ~ag~ cgrkd{f kjubrbcgf

s~{nbks `d ~aksk bin{s~rbks gin kcì`jbks xbff ok ikknkn)


21/21

Ikx Ugrgnbhjs d`r rgisugcbdbc C`ffgo`rg~bì 3 ;

_KDK_KICKS

J@DG !Jbibs~r d D`rkbhi Gddgbrs") ?55>) Ogsbc U`fbc ~`xgrns D{r~akr Ur`j`~bì d Kc`*

i`jbc Ugr~ikrsabu Ghrkkjki~s !KUGs"& Guur`tkn o ~ak C`{icbf d Jbibs~krs i ~akUr`j`~bì d Kcì`jbc Ugr~ikrsabu) `l`= J@DG) ?7 Nkckjokr) xxx)j`dg)h`)mu/u`fbc/kcì`j/d~g/u`fbc5>7?)a~jf)

Sghbfb& Jks{~& gin Lgr*b{ Xìh) ?55;) [ibfg~krgf gin _khbìgf rgnk Fbokrgfb}g~bì= CabigsX^@ Gcckssbì gin D^G xb~a GSKGI) X`rlbih ugukr) [ibtkrsb~ d Xgsabih~ì&Skg~~fk)

[I ![ib~kn Ig~bìs") ?55>) [I C`jj`nb~ ^rgnk S~g~bs~bcs Ng~gogsk ![I C`j~rgnk") IkxR`rl= [I)

[I ![ib~kn Ig~bìs") Tgrb`{s kgrs) [I C`jj`nb~ rgnk S~g~bs~bcs Ng~gogsk ![I C`j~rgnk")Ikx R`rl= [I)

Tbikr& Mgcò) 72;5) âk C{s~`js [ibì Bss{k) Ikx R`rl= Cgrikhbk Kin`xjki~ d`r Bi~krig*~bìgf Ukgck)

Xìh& Lgr*b{) ?55;) Drkk ^rgnk Grkgs gin Bi~krig~bìgf _btgfr) X`rlbih ugukr) [ibtkrsb~`d Xgsabih~ì& Skg~~fk)

Xìh& Lgr*b{& Rk` gkl*nìh& R`ì R`{ih*jgi& gin R{i Skìh*a{i) ?55>) I`r~akgs~ GsbgiKcì`jbc Bi~khrg~bì= Gi Gigfsbs d ~ak rgnk _kfg~bìs gjìh L`rkg& Cabig& gin

Mgugi) BiI`r~akgs~ Gsbgi Kcì`jbc C`ùkrg~bì gin ~ak L`rkgi Kcì`j& kn)Agaj Mkìh*a`& 713?38) Sk`{f= Ogil d L`rkg)

X`rfn Ogil) ?55>) X`rfn Nktkfùjki~ Binbcg~`rs) Ng~gogsk) Xgsabih~ì& N)C)= X`rfn Ogil)

Economic Integration in Northeast Asia: Challenges and Strategies for South Korea by Kar-yiu Wong

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Transcript of Economic Integration in Northeast Asia: Challenges and Strategies for South Korea by Kar-yiu Wong