ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

Melih ÖZSÖZ

Senior Researcher, IKV

untitled*

• What is communication?

• How a country’s image is formed?

• Success stories (country image)

• The view of Turkey in Europe

• The view of Europe in Turkey

• IKV in Europe

Content

• Communication is the method by which people share their ideas, information, opinions and feelings.

• People sharing ideas, information, opinions and feelings may contribute to the operations of teams and the work of individuals.

• Communication is a two-way activity between two or more people. There are various modes of communication, some of which are used more commonly in some workplaces than others.

What is communication?

SOURCE

S/he codes the information and transmits to the

receiver

RECEIVER

S/he reads the message and transmits to the

source

CHANNEL

IMAGE

Message to be submitted

Source

Message

IMAGE

INFORMATION

Film by Sergio Leone (1961)

“The Good, The Bad and The Ugly”

Clint Eastwood (Blondy)

Eli Wallack (Tuco)

Lee van Cleff (Angel Eyes)

“Image is like shadow; it follows you wherever you go”

by me…

COUNTRY IMAGE

VARIABLES OF

COUNTRY IMAGE

SOCIO-CULTURAL

History

Religion

Language

Culture

GEOGRAPHY

Location

Nature

ECONOMY

Country’s Economic Situation

Quality of Workforce

Companies and Brands

POLITICS

OTHER VARIABLES

Inhabitants of the country

Demography

PERSONAL

EXPERIENCES

MEDIA

Voyage

Memories

P2P Interraction

Myths

Books

Newspapers

TV

RESULTS

Tendency towards visiting the country

Tendency towards making business with the country

Tendency towards consuming country’s products

Tendency towards living in the country

Tendency towards getting education in the country

Tendency towards working in the country

EU’S SPENDING ON PROPAGANDA

In 2008, EU spent 2.4 billion Euros to promote itself and its central aim of “ever closer union”

Population of Europe (2008): 500 m.

2.400,000,000 Euros / 500,000,000. People= 4,8 EUROS

“In 2008, 4,8 Euros from your pockets go to EU’s propaganda”

Coca Cola spent 2 billion Euros in 2008 for its global advertisement

SUCCESS STORIES – 1

SPAIN

TOURISM

GOAL:

By using the cultural heritage in Barcelona, emphasizing country’s EU membership.

METHOD:

World-wide known Spanish names are being used within the world business community (Picasso, J. Iglesias etc.)

Spanish artist Miro was extensively used abroad.

“Spanish” trade mark was created.

Promotion of Barcelona around the globe.

Revision in Spain’s EU image

• “Instead of a total money consumer; a country full of fun, tourism, culture and art”.


POLAND

IMAGE MANAGEMENT FOR STEREOTYPES IN FRANCE TOWARDS POLAND

GOAL:

Changing the image of Poland in France.

In the minds of the French people, changing the view that France will be filled by Polish migrant workers symbolized as a “plumber”.

METHOD:

Advertisement Campaign:

A Polish model (Piotr Adamski) calling the French people in his own country.

4 months extensive training resulted with more than 2000 interviews with the model.


POLAND - 2

IMAGE MANAGEMENT FOR STEREOTYPES IN FRANCE TOWARDS POLAND

RESULT:

A significant change occured in the minds of the French people vis-a-vis Poland

Eurobarometer No:58 (2002)

17% of the French population supports Poland’s EU membership

Eurobarometer 60 (2003)


Eurobarometer 62 (2004)


Estonia

2001: Before the EU Negotiations

For EU : % 35

Anti EU : % 51

2003: Referandum for EU Membership

For EU: % 67

2008: Eurobarometer

For EU: %78

Aripaev, 2004 (Estonia)

“The lifes of British people wasted in their tiny offices; there are only a couple of ours left where we feel

ourselves free. Nevertheless, in this couple of hours we, the Brits, have to deal with

stinky Southern Europeans who fills the Undergroung”

2006, The Guardian

EU Membership process is a long one not just for Turkey; but for all candidate countries.

United Kingdom’s EU candidacy talks were vetoed two times by France in 1963 and 1967.

Charles de Gaulle proposed a “priviledged partnership” to UK when he first vetoed UK’s EU membership in 1963.

So; it is not only Turkey who faces with such kind of difficulties during the EU membership process. Some other candidate countries faced with much harder situation, reaching to “racism” in this process.

Any “negative” view on Turkey does not reflect the general view of whole Europe and whole EU citizens. This is something we need to keep in mind!!!

Some “clever” candidate countries found a chance to turn the “negative” image into a successful promotion material (as it is in the case of Poland).

Famous EP voting

Place: Madrid, SpainDate: 18 February 2010Event: Atletico Madrid vs. Galatasaray; semi-finals for UEFA 2010

The View of Turkey in Europe

Mamma li Turchi *

* Mommy!! The Turks are coming!!

The View of Turkey in Europe – 1

QUESTION

Is there any country you want to see in the EU in the next 5 years?

ANSWER

Switzerland % 50

Spain % 44

Austria % 39

Greece %24

Turkey %10

Source: European Commission

Date: 1976

Number of countries covered: 9

The answers coming from Germany, Italy and Belgium show that “due to the country’s geographical and cultural distance from Europe” Turkey should not be a member of the EC.


QUESTION

I ....... Turkey’s EU membership in case Turkey fulfills all necessary criterias

ANSWER

SUPPORT % 30

DON’T SUPPORT % 59

DON’t KNOW % 11

Source: European Commission (Eurobarometer)

Date: 2010 (November)

Number of countries covered: 27

Even after 34 years, the support for Turkey’s EU membership is still LOW in Europe.


For sure there are reasons why there is not so much support for Turkey’s EU membership in Europe. Among them economic, political, cultural, geographical etc. Reasons can be counted. HOWEVER, with the opening of negotiation talks with Turkey in 2005, there occured a significant change in the way how Europeans think of Turkey.

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

SUPPORT %48 %42 %39 %36 %31 %31 %30 %31

DON’T SUPPORT

%40 %40 %48 %50 %58 %59 %59 %58

QUESTION

I ....... Turkey’s EU membership in case Turkey fulfills all necessary criterias


FRANCE (Nov. 2010)

QUESTION - FRANCE

I see Turkey’s EU membership as ...................

ANSWER

Positive % 19

Negative % 71

QUESTION - FRANCE

I ....... Turkey’s EU membership in case Turkey fulfills all necessary criterias (economic, social, political etc.)

ANSWER

SUPPORT % 35



FRANCE

QUESTION – FRANCE (year 2005)

A survey conducted by Le Figaro and IPSOS, the day of EU Constitution Referandum in France.

Why you voted “NO” in the Referandum?

18 % of the voters specified that TURKEY was the reason for “NO VOTE”

French Quartet (From Left to Right)

Sarkozy-Chirac-D’Estaign-Le Pen

Marine Le PenNew leader of Front National

QUESTION - AUSTRIA


ANSWER

Positive % 7

Negative % 85

QUESTION - AUSTRIA

I ....... Turkey’s EU membership in case Turkey fulfills all necessary criterias (economic, social, political etc.)

ANSWER

SUPPORT % 16



AUSTRIA (Nov. 2010)

Total population of Austria: 8 million

Total population of Turkish origined Austrians: 250.000

COUNTRIES MOST FAVORABLE WITH TURKEY’s EU MEMBERSHIP

NOVEMBER 2010

Romania 61%

Hungary 52%

Sweden 52%

Slovenia 48%

Lithuania 41%


Italy

Forza Nuova’s Meeting Poster (2008)

La Stampa (Italy)

2007

Takvim Newspaper, 24 June 2008 (Turkey)

2008 UEFA

Turkey-Croatia

“Mommy, the Pope!!”, 2006

La Stampa (İtaly)

Room for creativity-DENMARK

Place: Copenhagen, DenmarkDate: 16 December 2004 Event: The day when EU Heads of States “unanimously” declared Turkey as a “candidate country” in Brussels (Copenhagen-Brussels: 766 KM)

H. C. Andersen’s Little Mermaid-DENMARK

1964 2007

2008

2004

2010

Little Mermaid is saved…

Mapping Stereotypes: Geography of Prejudices

A Project by a Russian graphic designer living in the UK, Yanko Tsevetkov

His blog was visited by more than 500 m. people worldwide, following the publication of maps in the Telegraph on Sptember 2010.

The story behind the maps/project is simple: the artist wanted to amuse his friends during Europe’s energy crisis in 2009.

The artist receives “requests” through his blog and decides “what to draw” accordingly.

Europe from a French perspective

Europe from a German perspective

Europe from a British perspective

Europe from a London perspective

Europe from an Italian perspective

Europe from a Bulgarian perspective

Europe from an American perspective

Europe from Greek Cypriot perspective

The View of Europe in Turkey

Arrivano i Turchi *

* Turks are coming!!

What is “the unique” resemblance in these 2 pictures?

+ 1 Syndrome

EU in 2004

15 + 10 + 1 + 2

EU in 2007

25+ 2+1

EU in 2008

27+1+1+1

CEE Countries Turkey Romania

Bulgaria

Romania

Bulgaria

Turkey

Turkey Croatia Macedonia EU in 2012 *

27+1+1 + 5

Turkey MacedoniaAlbania

Bosnia

Monte Negro

Serbia

Kosovo

Croatia

Hürriyet, 7 May 1995 (Turkey)“We are a full member of EU in 1998 latest” from Tansu Çiller (Prime Minister)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Positive 71 59 44 52 49 47 42 40

Negative 13 17 25 22 21 28 32 35

Neutral 9 20 23 17 17 14 15 14

N/A 7 3 8 9 13 11 11 11

The View of Europe in Turkey – 1

For sure there are different consideration regarding Turkey’s EU membership in Turkey among the Turkish population. These might be political, economic, social etc. HOWEVER it is important to note that the EU support in Turkey fluctuated so much in time.

QUESTION


Source: Eurobarometer


QUESTION

Do you think EU membership will be beneficial to Turkey or not?

(2011)

ANSWER

Will be beneficial % 57

It will not be beneficial % 43

QUESTION

Why EU membership will not be beneficial for Turkey? (2011)

ANSWER

I am against EU %33

We do not need EU %20

We will loose our sovereignty %17

It will stop economic growth %17

It will effect our democracy %10


QUESTION

What is the image of EU? (2008)

2005 2006 2007 2008

Positive 43 55 48 49

Negative 26 24 27 28


QUESTION

Do you support your country’s (Turkey) EU membership (2010)

7363

5448

40 42

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Destek (%)

Source: GMF, “Transatlantic Trends 2010”

The View of Europe in Turkey – Sick Man of Europe

Cartoon, 12 August 1908 Cover, May 2005 issue


Place: Istanbul, TurkeyDate: 24 October 2010 Event: 20 prostitutes were caught in Istanbul by the police. One of them yield to the cameraman while getting to the Police Head Office as:

“Bu kafayla siz AB’ye zor girersiniz”“You won’t get into the EU with this mindset”


Place: Ankara, TurkeyDate: 14 June 2004Event: Owner of a “kokoreç” café burned an EU flag in front of the cameras saying “the EU can’t touch to my kokoreç”


Place: İstanbul, TurkeyDate: 11 October 2012Event: MP Burhan Kuzu (also the head of the Constitutional Committee in the TGNA) throwed away the European Commission Regular Report on Turkey to the rubbish

“this report is so biased; there is no need to take it into consideration. I want to put it into the trash!”

Do we contribute to the formation of this image?

Last word…

On March 17, 1968

The leading figure in the visual art movement known as Pop-Art,

Andy Warhol said; “in the future, everyone will be world-

famous for 15 minutes”.

On January 24, 1984

Apple Computer introduced Apple Macintosh personal computer for the first time; in a 58 seconds TV commercial during American Super Bowl Final’84.

On January 1, 2007

Time Magazin used “YOU” as the cover; saying “Yes, you. You

control the Information Age. Welcome to your world”

Who is this?

Homo Erectus?

Homo Sapiens?

The name of human species… HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS

self-aware self-aware

WE ARE AWARE THAT WE ARE SELF-AWARE

Political Reforms in Turkey:

Crayons

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089

509

665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089

Women Employment rate in Turkey

509

665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089

Women Employment rate in Turkey Number of journalists

in prison since March 2012

509

665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089



Total number of prisoners

509

665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089



Number of cases on Turkey in front of ECoHR


509

665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089





509Number of total conscientious objection

665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089



Number of women MP




665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089



Number of cases per judge/ per

year

Number of women MP




665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089


Women Illeteracy rate in Turkey

Number of journalistsin prison since March 2012


year

Number of women MP




665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089





year

Number of women MP



Number of dead workers in ship building industry in one year


665

24 %

101147 15.200

16 %

78/550

130.617

1089





year

Number of women MP



Number of dead workers in ship building industry in one year


665

Days Youtube was band in Turkey

Benjamin Disraeli1804-1881British PM

“There are three kinds of lies:Lies, damned lies, and statistics”

“Progress Report” on Turkey: General

European Commission’s Progress Report (annual/critical)

European Commismion published its first “Progress Report” on Turkey in the year 1998.

1998-2012:15 Progress Reports have been published.

“Progress Report” on Turkey: Anatomy of a Progress Report

Each Commission’s Progress Report is composed of the following sections:

• INTRODUCTION• POLITICAL CRITERIA• ECONOMIC CRITERIA• ABILITY TO ASSUME OBLIGATIONS OF MEMBERSHIP

“Progress Report” on Turkey: Analytical Perspective

The reports were published in (# of pages):1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

57 58 82 123 161 148 187 146 82 82 91 94 104 110 94

“Progress Report” on Turkey: Analytical Perspective-2

The section on “Political Criteria” published in (# of pages):

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

13 9 12 21 33 34 46 34 21 21 24 29 34 40 31

“Progress Report” on Turkey: Analytical Perspective-3

The section on “Political Criteria” published in (# of pages):

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Report 57 58 82 123 161 148 187 146 82 82 91 94 104 110 94Pol. Cri. 13 9 12 21 33 34 46 34 21 21 24 29 34 40 31

Ratio (%) 22 15 14,6 17 20,4 23 24,5 23,2 25,6 25,6 26,3 30,8 32,6 36,3 32,9

INTERESTING !

“Progress Report” on Turkey: Word Count“Progress Report” on Turkey:

100 words have been selected from “political criteria” sections of all 15 reports.

- Issues that are often repeated by the European Commission;- New issues on the agenda- Old issues gone from the agenda- Why?

“Progress Report” on Turkey: Word Count – TOP 10

1 - Kurd (…)2 – Terror

3 – Freedom of Expression4 - Judicial5 – Cyprus6 – Torture

7 – Gender Equality8 – Women’s Right

9 – Military intervention10 - ILO

“Progress Report” on Turkey: Results

Result # 1: Kurdish problem and terror are the most important problems on Turkey-EU Relations.

Kurdish problem is not just an armed conflict!

Terror / political / economic / social / cultural

Before EU candidature, the issue was limited to “armed conflict”; but today, it is more political.

There is a growing societal conviction that the problem cannot be solved by military methods. Step by step, Turkish political elites started to change

their attitude towards the issue (civil rigts, democratic rights etc.)


Result # 2: Freedom of Expression is the “new” problem area in Turkey-EU relations. It is more&more articulated by the EU, in the last reports.

There are several reasons, why freedom of expression has been so much quoted by the EU: Article 301; Article 302; cases against

Orhan Pamuk, Hrant Dink, Elif Şafak etc.; assasination of Hrant Dink; censorship; freedom of press; Ergenekon case; increased number of journalists in prison …

The most important change: Article 301 of the Turkish Criminal Code (‘insulting Turkishness should be published’) is no longer used systematically to restrict freedom of expression. The revision on the

Article resulted with a decline on number of cases with regards to freedom of expression.

However, freedom of expression is again so widely discussed in relation to journalists in

prison (almost every week there is an article written on the issue in foreign media.


Result # 3: Cyprus issue is arguably the single most important barrier to Turkish membership of the EU.

A long historical background. In April 2004, a comprehensive UN plan to reunite the island was put to popular vote on both sides of the

island. The plan was accepted by the Turkish side, but rejected by the Greek side.

EU accepted the Greek side to the EU, without a solution; this is where whole problem started and became more and more complicated (some

EU leaders even said this was a mistake).

Cyprus problem is not only a territorial problem. Like Kurdish problem, it is social, political, economic and cultural; even violation of human rights

for inhabitants of the island! (land issue)


Result # 4: Torture and ill-treatment have always been critical in Turkey-EU Relations.

Torture and ill treatment were serious problems of Turkey for an extended period of time (esp. After the military intervention in 1980).

However considerable progress achieved since 1999.

Declaration of the “zero tolerance principle for torture and ill treatment” in 2002.

The President of the Council of Europe’s Committee for the Prevention of Torture (Oct. 13,2004): “it would be difficult to find a Council

of Europe Member State with a more advanced set of provisions in this area”


Result # 5: Gender issue: deadlock!!!!

Words connected with women in Turkey:unemployment, no social security, uneducation, violence, honor

killings, no/unsufficient political presentation, poverty, social exclusion, mobbing etc.

Huge problem that have roots on tradition, history, culture, economy.

Violence: In 2011, 356 women were killed / In 2012 (first 3 months) 59 women were killed.

Employment: In 2012, only 24% of women in Turkey are into the workforce.

Among them only 72% have social security.

Education: Illiteracy rate for women: % 16

Politics: Last elections: 78 out of 550 (%14).


Result # 6: Politics and Religion: Alevi Issue / Headscarf Issue / X Issue / Y Issue

Islam is no longer the official religion of the state (since 1923). However the process of modernization and democratization in Turkey has always faced the problem of establishing a delicate balance between politics and religion.

However the problematic question is: Islam is a challenging factor regarding Turkey’s prospective EU membership? (most popular

questions in EU capitals!)

Wearing of the headscarf has been a controversial issue that fuels polarization between ‘islamists’ and ‘secularists’.“Devant le guichet; derrier le guichet”

Religious courses: Sunni Muslims / Alevits

Political Reform Process in Turkey

The recognition of Turkey as a candidate for accession at the Helsinki European Council Summit in December 1999, marked the beginning of EU-Turkey relations with a perspective of full membership.

From that day on, a comprehensive reform process started in Turkey to fullfill EU’s Copenhagen political criteria (very much related with human rights issues).


Constitutional Amendments (Oct. 4, 2001)The Revised Civil Code (July 2001)

First Harmonisation Package (Feb. 19,2002)Second Harmonisation Package (April 9, 2002)Third Harmonisation Package (August 9, 2002)

Constitutional Amendments (Dec. 13,2002)Fourth Harmonisation Package (Jan. 11, 2003)

Fifth Harmonisation Package (Feb. 4, 2003)Sixth Harmonisation Package (July 19, 2003)

Seventh Harmonisation Package (Aug. 7, 2003)The Constitutional Package (May 22, 2004)

Eight Harmonisation Package (July 14, 2004)The New Criminal Code (Oct. 2004)

Constitutional Amendments (Oct. 2005)Ninth Harmonisation Package (July 2006)

Turkey’s Programme for Alignment with the EU Acquis 2007-2013 (April 17, 2007)Draft Constitution of Turkey (2008)

National Programme of Turkey for the Adoption of the EU Acquis (Oct. 2008)

Constitutional Reform Package of 2011 (20101


Constitutional Amendments (Oct. 4, 2001)The Revised Civil Code (July 2001)First Harmonisation Package (Feb. 19,2002)Second Harmonisation Package (April 9, 2002)Third Harmonisation Package (August 9, 2002)Constitutional Amendments (Dec. 13,2002)Fourth Harmonisation Package (Jan. 11, 2003)Fifth Harmonisation Package (Feb. 4, 2003)Sixth Harmonisation Package (July 19, 2003)Seventh Harmonisation Package (Aug. 7, 2003)The Constitutional Package (May 22, 2004)Eight Harmonisation Package (July 14, 2004)The New Criminal Code (Oct. 2004)Constitutional Amendments (Oct. 2005)Ninth Harmonisation Package (July 2006)Turkey’s Programme for Alignment with the EU Acquis 2007-2013 (April 17, 2007)Draft Constitution of Turkey (2008)National Programme of Turkey for the Adoption of the EU Acquis (Oct. 2008)Constitutional Reform Package of 2011 (2011)

AKP AKP

DSP+MHP+ANAPDSP+MHP+ANAP CoalitionCoalition

“We could learn a lot from crayons: some are sharp, some are pretty, some are dull, some have weird names, and all are different colors ...but they all have to learn to live in the same box”…

‘THANK YOU’

Melih ÖzsözSenior ResearcherEconomic Development Foundation

[email protected]

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

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