Ecology Prim Production Plankton - Cabrillo...

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BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

• The Living Ocean Chap 14

• Production and Life Chap 15

• The Plankton: Drifters of the Open Sea Chap 16

• The Nekton: Free Swimmers of the Sea Chap 16

Groups of Organisms

How do we organize life?

• In Reference to Habitat: Plankton, Nekton and Benthos

• In Reference to Taxonomy, the scientific classification of different kinds of organisms, some use the Linnean System (named after Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist) which typically has 5 Kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

• Clades: A group consisting of an organism and all its decedents. Or: A group of biological species that share features inherited from a common ancestor.

• Kingdom Monera: cells simple and unspecialized, single cells that lack a

membrane-bounded nuclei, sexual recombination and internal cell compartments. Some in groups or chains. Include Bacteria and Cyanobacteria. Sometimes referred to as Prokaryotes and sometimes divided into 2 kingdoms, Kingdom Archaebacteria (Extremophiles) and Kingdom Eubacteria.

• Kingdom Protista: Microscopic and mostly single celled Eukaryotes

including autotrophs (algae) and heterotrophs (protozoa). Eukaryotes have membrane bounded nucleus containing chromosomes, have sexual recombination, and internal cell compartments. Reproduction among protists can be sexual but is usually asexual. May capture food, absorb food or photosynthesize. A “convenience kingdom” including all eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants or animals. (algae, forams, rads…)

• Kingdom Fungi: Filamentous multicellular eukaryotes. Not important in

marine ecosystems.

• Kingdom Plantae: plants, primarily nonmotile, multi cellular photosynthetic autotrophs. Can be planktonic brown algae Sargassum, or benthos

• Kingdom Animalia: multicellular heterotrophs with specialized cells, tissues and organs, include marine zooplankton and a diverse group of nekton and benthos.

Humans

Animalia

Chordata (Subphylum Vertabrata)

Mammalia

Primates

Hominidae

Homo

Homo Sapiens

The 3 Domains: Emphasizes separation of prokaryotes into 2 groups.

A new system based on genetic and biochemical research organizes life into 3 categories above the kingdom level. Members of the Monera

Kingdom are placed in either the Bacteria or Archea domains. The

Eukarya domain includes many single celled organisms with nuclei and animals, plants and fungi.

Environmental Zones, or Biozones

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MARINE ECOLOGY Chapters 14 (& parts of 5 and 6)

• Marine Ecology definition....• Ecological Niches: how an organism responds to

resources and competitors/ enemies, or how an organism makes a living

• Factors that control the distribution and abundance of life in the marine environment or Biozones:

• PHYSICAL FACTORS:

• light...... photic zone, (in clear ocean water: ~60% absorbed in 1st

meter, 80% gone after 10 meters and <1% left below 100 meters) vision, photosynthesis, bioluminescence

• pressure (table 14.2)• temperature• circulation.... currents / waves

Fig. 14.9

Fig. 5.8

Fig. 18.2

brown

brown

brown

red

red

red

green

green

brown

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BioluminescenceGolden Brown Algae


• Marine Ecology definition....• Ecological Niches• Factors that control the distribution and abundance of

life in the marine environment or Biozones:

• PHYSICAL FACTORS:• light...... photic zone, (in clear ocean water: ~60% absorbed in 1st

meter, 80% gone after 10 meters and <1% left below 100 meters) vision, photosynthesis, bioluminescence

• pressure (table 14.2)

• temperature• circulation.... currents / waves

Table 14.2


• Ecology definition....• Ecological Niches• Factors that control the development & distribution of

life in the marine environment or Biozones:

• PHYSICAL FACTORS:• light...... vision, photic zone, photosynthesis,

bioluminescence• pressure (table 14.2)• temperature: can effect viscosity, floatation adaptations,

surface temps change more than the deep water. Annual surface temps are small at very low and high latitudes and larger at mid latitudes. Change of temps act as signal to spawn, spring and summer reproduction and growth / winter dormancy

• circulation.... currents / waves

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• CHEMICAL FACTORS:

• Salinity

some Euryhaline fish: Salmon, Bull Shark, Herring,

Molly, Trout, Sturgeon, Striped Bass, Lamprey, Tilapia, Puffer Fish

some Stenohaline fish: most fresh water fish, most saltwater fish, Goldfish, Haddock

• Nutrients: NO3

-PO4

-3 SiO4

-4

• dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5)

• photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition

• Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%

• Sea Water: N2 48%, O2 15%, CO2 15%

Fig. 15.5

Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrate=NO3-

Fig. 15.6

Phosphate Cycle

(PO4_3)


• CHEMICAL FACTORS:• salinity

• nutrients

• dissolved gases: carbon dioxide and oxygen (Chapter 5)• photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition

• Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%

• Sea Water: N2 48%, O2 15%, CO2 15%• BIOLOGICAL FACTORS:

• dispersal and migration abilities, buoyancy and flotation

• reproduction and numbers of offspring• food

• predators...... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons, senses

• GEOLOGICAL FACTORS:• substrate

• slope failure

• chemosynthesis• plate tectonics

Figure 5.7



• nutrients


• Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%



• reproduction and numbers of offspring• Food, predators...... camouflage, colorings, armor, speed, poisons,

senses• GEOLOGICAL FACTORS:

• substrate

• slope failure• Chemosynthesis

• Plate tectonics

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Fig. 18.4

Substrate

Rocky Zonation

Fig. 18.9Substrate

Soft

Sediment

Benthos



• nutrients


• Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%






• slope failure

• Chemosynthesis: Hydrogen Sulfide chemosynthesis =• 6{CO2}+6{H2O}+3{H2S}→C6H12O6+3{H2SO4}

• Plate Tectonics

Location of Chemosynthetic Biological Communities (CBC) in Monterey Bay. Mostly bacteria, clams and worms.



• nutrients


• Atmosphere: N2 78%, O2 21%, CO2 .03%






• slope failure

• Chemosynthesis: Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis =• 6{CO2}+6{H2O}+3{H2S}→C6H12O6+3{H2SO4}

• plate tectonics??

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Plankton Production and Life(Chaps 15 &16)

• What is Plankton?

• Phytoplankton and Zooplankton

• Food Web: All the feeding relationships of a community including production,

consumption, decomposition and the flow

of energy.

• Trophic Levels and Trophic Pyramids

The Ocean Food WebPlant, animal and bacterial

populations are dependent on the flow of energy and

the recycling of nutrients through the food web. The

initial energy source is the sun, which fuels the primary

production in the surface layers. Herbivores graze the

phytoplankton and the benthic algae and are in turn

consumed by the carnivores. Animals at

deeper levels depend on organic matter from above.

Upwelling recycles nutrients to the surface where they

are used in photosynthesis.

Figure 14 p.385

Trophic Level = A link in a web of consumption.

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“All flesh is grass” British biological oceanographer, Sir Alister Hardy

Measuring Primary Production

Bottle A – Bottle Bdark = measure of oxygen used in respiration

Bottle Clight – Bottle A = measure of net oxygen produced by photosynthesis, or net PP

Bottle Clight – Bottle Bdark = measure of total oxygen produced or gross PP

The White & Dark Bottle Experiment:

The carbon:oxygen ratio for photosynthesis, the volume of water in the bottles and the duration of the experiment are used to convert the calculated changes in dissolved oxygen to changes in gC/volume/time.

Light nutrients and the stability of the water combine to provide conditions for the highest PP at a depth of approximately 30 meters.

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Phytoplankton in the Black Sea Figure 14.10

Phytoplankton biomass, nutrient supply and surface water stability respond to solar energy changes at the middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere.

Lack of surface mixing at low latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere results in a depressed phytoplankton biomass. The pattern is related to solar radiation that produces a year round stable water column.

Picoplankton: less than 0.0012mm, typically bacteria and extremly small

phytoplanktonNannoplankton: 0.002 – 0.02mm, larger phytoplankton

Microplankton or Net Plankton: 0.02 – 0.2mm include phytoplankton and

zooplankton often collected in tow nets.Macroplankton: 0.2 – 2mm or larger, typically zooplankton and other animals

Sampling Plankton

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GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION

PHYTOPLANKTON:I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-

bounded nucleus, some in groups or chains

A. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic

II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms (Autotrophs / algae)

A. Phylum Chrysophyta: Golden Brown and Yellow Algae, All Autotrophic

1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O2 on the planet

2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producers

B. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella

1. Dinoflagellates - not important sediment contributors ~50% are autotrophic, and ~50% heterotrophic, some are both, usually considered phytoplankton

Cyanobacteria; lyngbya

Fig. 16.1b,c

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Coccolith Bloom


PHYTOPLANKTON:I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-

bounded nucleus, some in groups or chains

A. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic



1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O2 on the planet

2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producers

B. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella


Nontoxic red tide of dinoflagellate Noctiluca in Puget Sound, 1996. The red tide extended ~10km and lasted ~1 week

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PHYTOPLANKTON:I. KINGDOM MONERA: Single celled organisms without membrane-bounded nucleus,

some in groups or chainsA. Cyanobacteria: Blue-green algae, all autotrophic



1. Diatoms - important siliceous sediment contributors, produce up to 60% of O2 on the planet2. Coccolithophorids (Coccoliths) - important Calcareous sediment producersB. Phylum Dinophyta: fire algae, often bioluminescent, single cells with flagella


ZOOPLANKTON: II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms

(heterotrophs / protozoa)

A. Phylum Sarcodina - single cell organisms1. Foraminifera (Forams) - important calcareous sediment producers2. Radiolaria (Radiolarians) - important siliceous sediment producers

III. KINGDOM ANIMALIA:A. Phylum Arthropoda - paired, jointed appendages1. Class Crustacea (Crustaceans) Holoplankton Members:

a. Copepopds Both are herbivorous, not important sediment producersb. Euphausiids (Krill)MEROPLANKTON - Temporary Plankton from most other Phylums

(i.e. fish, clams, snails, crabs, barnacles, worms, lobsters, starfish, sea urchins)

Fig. 16.9GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION







2. ZOOPLANKTON: II. KINGDOM PROTISTA: All Holoplankton, microscopic, mostly single celled organisms






Fig. 16.8

There are ~86 species of Euphausiids, which are one of the more important

zooplankton biomass because of their relatively large size and great abundance. They can occupy 1,000’s of square kilometers and weigh over 6

billion metric tons. Important food for whales, seals, fishes and birds.

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Copepod Fun Facts:Copepod means “oared foot”

Most numerous group of animals

on earth; can be anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million/square meter

of seawater

Fastest animals on earth; can swim 500 body lengths per

second which would be comparable to a cheetah running

2,000mph! A typical military fighter jet flies ~15 body lengths per

second

Huge capacity to graze phytoplankton; satellites can see

missing “patches” of phytoplankton, similar to cows

grazing on grasses but much faster.














Fig. 16.15

Meroplankton

Crab larva

Marine snail larva

Fig. 16.16b

Starfish larva

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Fig. 16.12

Fig. 16.19GENERALIZED PLANKTON CLASSIFICATION













CO 16

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