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ECOLOGY
Lesson 1
Biotic & Abiotic factors
Levels of Organization
Ecosystem Requirements
Living Non-Living
Circle of Life (clip from Lion King)
Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors
Ecology • the study of the relationships between organisms
and their physical environment
BIOTIC
FACTORS
(trees, grass,
animals,
bacteria)
Consists of
BOTH BIOTIC
AND ABIOTIC
FACTORS
ABIOTIC
FACTORS
(water, soil, air)
ECOSYSTEM
Identify the abiotic and biotic factors here!
Levels of Organization in an
Ecosystem Biosphere – includes all the
inhabitable space on Earth
is made up of many different…
Biomes - a large
geographical area
characterized by certain
types of plants and animals
are made up of many different…
Ecosystem – includes all living AND non-living (biotic &
abiotic) factors
is made up of a…
Community – all of the LIVING organisms that inhabit an
ecosystem
is made up of many different…
Population – one species in an ecosystem. Ex. Homo
sapiens (humans) or Tursiops truncatus (bottle nose
dolphin)
is made up of many…
Individual Organisms– each one plays an important role
(its “niche”)
Ex. One
moose Ex. All the moose in
a certain forest
Ex. All of the living
things in in that forest
Ex. Forest, African Plains, Coral
Reef, Freshwater Ponds, etc.
Ex. Desert, Tundra, Taiga, Tropical
Rain Forest, Deciduous Forest, Marine
Ex. Earth’s
land & seas Levels of Organization
Requirements of All Ecosystems
1. Energy must be continuously added (usually from the
sun). Energy can NOT be recycled!
2. Autotrophic organisms to convert light energy from sun (or
chemicals from hydrothermal vents) into chemical bonds of
organic compounds (food)
Requirements of All Ecosystems
Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis
Requirements of All Ecosystems
3. Cycling of Materials: minerals, CO2, O2, nitrogen, & H20 are
recycled (used over and over) between the living & non-
living things in an ecosystem
Requirements of All Ecosystems
4. Limiting factors:
• Environmental factors that determine the types of
species that can survive in a particular environment
• Different in each ecosystem
Ex. Temperature, food availability
What is a limiting factor that
determines which organisms
can survive in this
ecosystem?
Ex. Temperature
Ex. Amount of water
What limiting factor
determines which organisms
can survive in this ecosystem?
Ex. Pressure and
light availability
What limiting factor
determines which
organisms can survive
in this deep sea
ecosystem?
Deep Sea Anglerfish
Ex. pH (level of acidity)
What limiting factor
determines which organisms
can survive in this ecosystem?
What do these different ecosystems have in
common?
sun water soil
rocks
wind fish duck butterfly
deer trees
individual
population community ecosystem
ECOLOGY
Lesson 2
Nutritional Relationships (vocab)
Food chain, food web
Energy Relationships (vocab)
Nutritional and Energy Flow Relationships
Between Organisms
1. Producers (Autotrophs) • Perform photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to make their
own food
• More of them than any other organism in a stable ecosystem
• Ex. Trees, algae, grass, phytoplankton
2. Consumers (Heterotrophs)
• Must obtain their food from another source (consuming
another organism)
Types of Consumers
feed only on producers like plants, leaves, grass, seeds,
algae, phytoplankton
Ex. Rabbit, deer, some birds, some insects
Herbivores (Primary Consumers)
Feed only on other animals
• Predators: kill & eat their
prey (animal killed by
predator)
– Ex. Lion, shark
• Scavengers: feed on
dead animal remains
– Ex. Hyena, vulture
Carnivores
Feed on both producers and consumers (plants and
animals)
Ex. Bears, humans, some birds
Omnivores
Decomposers / Detritivores
• obtain nutrients from “detritus” - the
remains of dead or decaying
organisms
• Recycle nutrients from organic
matter back into the soil
Ex. Bacteria & fungi
The flow of energy between producers and consumers can
be organized in a variety of ways…
• Food Chain
• Food Web
• Energy Pyramid
Examples of Food Chains
Food Chain
• Diagram showing one chain of energy existing between
organisms in an ecosystem
• Arrows point in the direction of energy flow
• Ex.
Food Web
• All of the interconnected food
chains in an ecosystem
Q- The mouse population
would most likely
decrease if there were
(1) an increase in the frog
and tree populations
(2) a decrease in the snake
and hawk populations
(3) an increase in the
number of decomposers in
the area
(4) a decrease in the
amount of available
sunlight
Identify two producers in
this food web.
Trees and Grass
Which organism is a producer
in this food web?
(1) algae (2) amphipod
(3) snail (4) catfish
Which organisms feed on both
producers & decomposers?
(1) amphipods (2) crayfish
(3) catfish (4) protozoa
What would happen to the diving beetle population if there were fewer snails? Justify your response.
Diving beetle population will decrease because they will have less food available.
Energy Pyramids
Energy must be CONTINUOUSLY added for an ecosystem to
remain stable. Energy is NOT recycled!
Producers – use energy from
sun to make food
Primary Consumers /
Herbivores
Secondary
Consumers
Tertiary
Consumers
Quaternary
Consumers
• Only 10% of available
energy is transferred
between trophic levels
• Most energy is used for
life processes and lost
as heat to the
environment
(1.) The organisms in level B obtain food
directly from level A.
(2.) Level D contains the greatest number
of heterotrophs in the pyramid.
(3.) Level C contains the largest group of
consumers in the pyramid.
(4.) Level A contains the largest producers
in the pyramid.
Which level contains secondary
consumers?
(1.) A (2.) B (3.) C (4.) D
An energy pyramid is represented by the diagram. Which
statement best describes one of the levels of this pyramid?
Which organisms would contain the greatest amount of available energy?
(1.) rabbits & deer (2.) grasses & shrubs (3.) hawks (4.) lice
The primary consumers include
(1.) insects & seed-eating birds (2.) rabbits & snakes
(3.) rats and frogs (4.) spiders and coyotes
Food Chain Game (Brainpop)
Ecology
Lesson 3
Biomass Pyramid
Material Cycles
Biomass Pyramid
(amount of organic matter)
Producers ex. grass
Primary Consumers
ex. grasshopper
Secondary Consumers
ex. frog
Tertiary Consumers
ex. snake
Quaternary
Consumers ex. hawk
• Less biomass is
supported at each higher
level
• Greatest # of producers,
less primary consumers,
even less secondary
consumers, etc.
• Organic matter is
recycled, can change
forms
Material Cycles
• many materials (NOT ENERGY) are used over and over again by organisms in a food web
– Carbon: components of living organisms (carbs, lipids, proteins), also CO2
– Oxygen: used in aerobic cell respiration, produced by autotrophs
– Water: used for transport within all organisms
– Nitrogen: important part of proteins (amino acids), released as waste, dead organisms, decaying organic matter
The Carbon-Oxygen Cycle
OXYGEN
Respiration
in Plants
and
Animals
Dead Organisms
Combustion
Decomposition
Photosynthesis
Carbon
dioxide
The Water Cycle
Transpiration
Respiration
Condensation
Precipitation Evaporation
The Nitrogen Cycle
Brainpop – Nitrogen Cycle
Plants Animals
Decomposers
1) To Water - Eutrophication
• Fertilizers rich in nitrogen help
crops grow faster/bigger
• Excess nitrogen in the soil
produces run off into rivers &
lakes, speeding up growth of
algae (algal bloom)
• Oxygen supply is depleted due to
overgrowth of algae, water can no
longer support life
Disruptions of the Nitrogen Cycle
2) To Land – Soil Acidification
• excess animal waste (feces)
increases nitrogen levels of
soil, can increase acidity
• acidified soil can’t support
life
Disruptions of the Nitrogen Cycle
Disruptions of the Nitrogen Cycle
3) To Air – Acid Rain / Precipitation
• burning fossil fuels & fires during deforestation increase
nitric oxide in air
• forms nitric acid (acid rain) which is deadly for plants &
fish
Events that take place in an
ecosystem are shown in the
diagram. Which information is
represented in the diagram?
1. Respiration and photosynthesis
are interrelated.
2. Transpiration and
condensation are related to the
water cycle.
3. Decomposers release a
material that is acted on by
other organisms.
4. Predators and their prey are
involved in many interactions
An ecosystem, such as an aquarium, is self-sustaining if it involves the interaction between organisms, a flow of energy, and the presence of 1. equal numbers of plants and animals 2. more animals than plants 3. materials cycles 4. pioneer organisms
Ecology
Lesson 4
Competitive Relationships (niche)
Carrying Capacity
Play game “Oh Deer!”
- more competition exists between
organisms that have a similar
niche (role in its habitat)
- where it lives/feeds
- food it eats
- who eats it
- when it reproduces
Competitive Relationships
Graphs show the
growth of 2 different
species of bacteria.
Give one possible
explanation for the
results shown in
graph C.
Species 1 and 2 had
to compete for
resources when
grown together.
Species 1 survived
to reproduce,
species 2 did not.
1)They most likely do not compete for nesting sites because they occupy different niches
2) They do not compete for nesting sites because they have the same reproductive behavior
3) They compete for nesting sites because they build the same type of nest
4) They compete for nesting sites because they nest in the same tree at the same time
Distance
of Nest
Above
Ground
(meters)
Total # of Nests
built by 2 different
species
A B
Less
than 1
5 0
1-5 10 0
5-10 5 0
Over 10 0 20
Information concerning nests built in the same tree by 2 different bird species over a 10-year period is shown in the table below. Which inference best describes these 2 bird species?
Carrying Capacity
• maximum # of organisms that can be
supported in one ecosystem
•Once reached, competition for
resources will increase and many
organisms will die
•Once the population decreases, more
resources will become available and
populations will increase again
•Homeostasis / dynamic equilibrium of
an ecosystem
Ecology
Lesson 5
Symbiotic Relationships
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
• Organisms living in close
association with each other
1- Mutualism (+/+)
both organisms benefit from
their association
Ex. Cleaning associations
Symbiotic Relationships
2. Commensalism (+/0)
one organism benefits,
but the other is NOT
affected at all
Ex. Barnacles on a
whale, anemone and
clown fish
3. Parasitism (+/-)
one organism benefits (parasite) while the other is harmed (host)
Ex. Athlete’s Foot fungus
Ex. Ticks
Ex. Heartworm, tapeworm
Lymphatic filariasis, also known as Elephantiasis, is caused by
parasitic worms
Most Extreme - Odd Couples
(symbiosis video clips)
10 & 9
• 2:01
• 6:51
8 (start at 1:00 end 3:30)
6
4 & 3 (3 at 4:30)
2 & 1 (1 at 4:33-6:15 & 7:52-8:30)
10 – snapper & tongue biter (parasitic)
9 – intestinal worms (parasitic)
8 – Hermit crab & sea anemone (mutualism)
6 – blind shrimp & Gobi fish (mutualism)
4 – badger & coyote alliance to hunt squirrel
3 - tarantula & frog (mutualism)
2 – tree ants & butterfly caterpillar (mutualism)
1 – Greenland shark & parasitic crustacean
Ecology
Lesson 6 Quiz
Ecological Succession
Ecological Succession Ecological Succession -
Video
• is a series of changes in which one habitat changes into another
(more stable) one
• In each stage, the community causes modifications to its
environment
Stage 1. Lichens / Algae / Mosses:
Pioneer Organisms
• first to inhabit bare rock, can break down rock and create soil
• Add organic materials to the soil when they die & decompose
Lichens on bare rock
Lichens on a
tree
Stage 2. Grasses:
• Hold moisture in the soil
• Adds more soil & nutrients as it dies & decomposes
Stage 3. Shrubs / small trees
• Replace grasses - shade prevents grass from getting as
much light
• Continue to thicken soil & add nutrients
Stage 4. Climax Community:
• Stable end resulting environment
(organisms differ by region)
• Remains stable unless disrupted by
catastrophic change
– Ex. Forest fire, volcanic eruption,
deforestation
Examples of Climax Communities
Pioneer Organisms
Put these pictures of pond succession in order.
B A D C
There are two main types of
Ecological Succession
• Primary Succession: creating life in an area where no life previously existed
• Secondary Succession: re-stabilization after a disturbance in an ecosystem
Which type of succession is this?
Primary or Secondary?
Which type of succession is this?
Primary or Secondary?