Ecology. Define Ecology study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their...
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Transcript of Ecology. Define Ecology study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their...
Ecology
Define Ecology
Define Ecology
• study of the interactions that take place among organisms and their environment
Describe each of the following terms:
• Biosphere
• Biotic
• Abiotic
Describe each of the following terms:
• Biosphere - part of Earth that supports life, including the top portion of Earth's crust, the atmosphere, and all the water on Earth's surface
• Biotic - living
• Abiotic – non-living
Describe each of the following terms:
• Biome
Describe each of the following terms:
• Biome - large geographic areas with similar climates and ecosystems
• Includes:– TUNDRA– TAIGA– DESERT– TROPICAL RAINFOREST– TEMPERATE RAINFOREST– DECIDUOUS FOREST– DESERT– GRASSLAND
Describe each of the following terms:
• Organism
• Population
• Community
Describe each of the following terms:
• Organism – one of any living thing
• Population - all the organisms that belong to the same species living in a community
• Community - all the populations of different species that live in an ecosystem
Describe each of the following terms:
• Ecosystem
• Habitat
• Niche
Describe each of the following terms:
• Ecosystem - all the living organisms that live in an area and the nonliving features of their environment
• Habitat - place where an organism lives and that provides the types of food, shelter, moisture, and temperature needed for survival
• Niche - in an ecosystem, refers to the unique ways an organism survives, obtains food and shelter, and avoids danger
Describe each of the following terms:
• Limiting factor
• Carrying capacity
Describe each of the following terms:
• Limiting factor - anything that can restrict the size of a population, including living and nonliving features of an ecosystem, such as predators or drought
• Carrying capacity - largest number of individuals of a particular species that an ecosystem can support over time
Describe each of the following terms:
• Producer
• Consumer
• Decomposer
Describe each of the following terms:
• Producer - organism, such as a green plant or alga, that uses an outside source of energy like the Sun to create energy-rich food molecules
• Consumer - organism that cannot create energy-rich molecules but obtains its food by eating other organisms
• Decomposer – consume wastes and dead organisms
Describe each of the following terms:
• Predator
• Prey
Describe each of the following terms:
• Predator – an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food. A predator is a consumer [carnivore or omnivore]
• Prey – an animal that is hunted and caught for food. Prey is a consumer; it may be a herbivore, omnivore, or carnivore.
Describe each of the following terms:
• Carnivore
• Herbivore
• Omnivore
Describe each of the following terms:
• Carnivore – eat omnivores or other carnivores [other consumers]
• Herbivore – eat producers
• Omnivore – eat producers and consumers
Describe each of the following terms:
• Adaptations of consumers:– Carnivore - meat-eating animal with sharp
canine teeth specialized to rip and tear flesh – Herbivore - plant-eating mammal with incisors
specialized to cut vegetation and large, flat molars to grind it
– Omnivore - plant- and meat-eating animal with incisors specialized to cut vegetables, premolars to chew meat, and molars to grind food
Review food chains, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores,
decomposershttp://www.planetpals.com/foodchain.html
Describe each of the following terms:
• Energy flow through an ecosystem
Describe each of the following terms:
• Energy flow through an ecosystem - the movement of energy through an ecosystem through food webs. The transfer of energy from one organism to another.
Review the flow of energy through plants and animals here:
http://www.ftexploring.com/me/me2.html
Describe each of the following terms:
• Food chain
• Food web
Describe each of the following terms:
• Food chain - chain of organisms along which energy , in the form of food passes. An organism feeds on the link before it and is in turn prey for the link after it.
• Food web - Complex network of many interconnected food chains and feeding relationships; a group of interconnecting food chains
Review food chains here:
http://www.vtaide.com/png/foodchains.htm
Describe each of the following terms:
• Energy pyramid
Describe each of the following terms:
• Energy pyramid – a way of showing energy flow. As the amount of available energy decreases, the pyramid gets smaller. Each layer on a pyramid is called a trophic level.
Describe each of the following terms:
Review energy pyramids here:
http://www.ftexploring.com/me/pyramid.html
Describe each of the following terms:
• Mutualism
• Commensalism
• Symbiosis
• Parasitism
Describe each of the following terms:
• Mutualism - a type of symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit
• Commensalism - a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is not affected
• Symbiosis - any close relationship between species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism
• Parasitism -a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed
Describe each of the following terms:
• Succession
• Primary succession
• Secondary succession
Describe each of the following terms:
• Succession - natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area; can be primary or secondary
• Primary succession – takes where no soil exists
• Secondary succession – takes place where soil is already present
Describe each of the following terms:
• Pioneer species
• Climax community
Describe each of the following terms:
• Pioneer species - a group of hardy organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building process
• Climax community - stable, end stage of ecological succession in which the plants and animals of a community use resources efficiently and balance is maintained by disturbances such as fire.
Review succession here:
http://library.thinkquest.org/17456/succession1.html
List the types of biomes:
List the types of biomes:
• Tundra• Taiga• Desert• Tropical rain forest• Temperate rain forest• Grasslands• Freshwater• Saltwater
Describe each biome
• Taiga - world's largest biome, located south of the tundra between 50° N and 60° N latitude; has long, cold winters, precipitation between 35 cm and 100 cm each year, cone-bearing evergreen trees, and dense forests
Describe each biome
• Tundra - cold, dry, treeless biome with less than 25 cm of precipitation each year, a short growing season, permafrost, and winters that can be six to nine months long
Describe each biome
• Temperate rainforest - biome with 200 cm to 400 cm of precipitation each year, average temperatures between 9°C and 12°C, and forests dominated by trees with needlelike leaves
Describe each biome
• Tropical rain forest - most biologically diverse biome; has an average temperature of 25°C and receives between 200 cm and 600 cm of precipitation each year
Describe each biome
• Grasslands - temperate and tropical regions with 25 cm to 75 cm of precipitation each year that are dominated by climax communities of grasses; ideal for growing crops and raising cattle and sheep
Describe each biome
• Desert - driest biome on Earth with less than 25 cm of rain each year; has dunes or thin soil with little organic matter and plants and animals specially adapted to survive extreme conditions
Describe each biome
• Deciduous forest - biome usually having four distinct seasons, annual precipitation between 75 cm and 150 cm, and climax communities of deciduous trees
Describe each biome
• Freshwater - flowing water such as rivers and streams and standing water such as lakes, ponds, and wetlands
Describe each biome
• Saltwater - oceans, seas, a few inland lakes, such as the Great Salt Lake in Utah, coastal inlets and estuaries
Review biomes here:
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/biomes.html