Exams Eco&SD 2017

Ecology and Sustainable Development – complete list of questions 2017

Please note: The exam will contain 4 chapters with questions from each of the 4 blocks of questions listed here. In total there will be 40 points achievable (10 for each question chapter).To pass the test 2 conditions must be fulfilled: at least 26 points overall and at least 4 points for each individual chapter of questions. The grading scheme is as follows:26-28 points = G4, 29-32 points = B3, 33-36 points = U2, 37-40 points = S1

1. Provide some examples:Each correct entry is 1 point. Each wrong entry is minus 1 point.

• The advent of agriculture 10.000 years ago led to (Part 0 – p.11)

– permanent human settlements

– the domestication of animals

– use of metal tools

• Key innovations of the second industrial revolution: (Part 0 – p.22)

- modern steel production → railways

- electricity → radio, electric lightemimg, telephone

- combustion engine → automobiles

- pharmaceuticals → modern medicine

• The organelles in eukariotic cells are: (Part 1 – p.8)

– mitochondria: extract energy from sugar and fat

– ribosomes: synthesise proteins

– chloroplasts of plants with chlorophyll for photosynthesis

• The movement of the tectonic plates of the earth’s crust lead to: (Part1 – p.24)

– volcanic activity

– earthquakes

– tsunamis

• The very high dipole moment of the water molecule gives water special important

properties: (Part 1 – p.25)

– liquid state at normal enviromental temperatures due to high cohesive forces

– high solubility for nutrients and gases like oxygen due to strong interaction with other polar molecules

– reduction of temperature extremes on earth due to high heat capacity allowing water bodies to absorb huge amounts of heat.

• The different layers of the atmosphere are called (from bottom to top): (Part 1 – p.40)

– Troposphere

– Stratosphere

– Mesosphere

– Thermosphere

• The main classes of organic carbon compounds in living species (plants, animals) are: (Part 1 – p.51)

- carbohydrates

- celluloses

- proteins

• The major processes for release of carbon into the atmosphere are: (Part 1 – p.56)

– Respiration performed by animals

– Decay of animal and plant matter

– Combustion of organic material

– Production of cement

– Outgasing from oceans

– Volcanic eruption

• Mechanisms of uptake of nitrogen from atmosphere and soil by plants: (Part 1 – p.59/60)

- Conversion of N2 into forms usable by living organisms by bacteria to produce ammonia, which is then further converted by the bacteria to make its own organic compounds.

- If nitrate is absorbed, it is first reduced to nitrite ions and then to ammonium ions for incorporation into amino acids, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll.

• Fertilizers typically provide the plant nutrients the major ones being: (Part 1 – p.60)

- phosophorus

- potassium

• Major processes releasing nitrogen into the atmosphere: (Part 1 – p.62)

- combustion of materials containing nitrogen compounds (biomass)

- combustion of fossil fuels

• Sources of input of phosphorus to waters and soil: (Part 1 – p.64)

- fertilization in agriculture

- Effluents from households (detergents), human and animal excretions and decomposition of organic compounds.

• Examples for present ecological crisis are: (Part 1 – p.75)

- climate change

- loss of biodiversity

• Examples of past global ecological crises are: (Part 1 – p.75)

- Permian-Triassicextinctionevent 250 million of years ago

- Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event 65 million years ago

• Examples of past regional ecological crises are: (Part 1 – p.75)

- The Exxon Valdez oil spill off the coast of Alaska.

- The nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl

• The most important radioactive elements released in the Chernobyl accident were: (Part 1 – p.85)

– Caesium-137

– Strontium-90

– Iodine-131

• Benefits of biodiversity: (Part 2 – p.3/4)

- Resistance of crops to catastrophes

- Resistance of crops to diseases

- Provision of food and drink

- Provision of medicines

- Provision of industrial materials

- Ecosystem services

- Intellectual values

- Leisure, cultural and aesthetic values

- Intrinsic value of biodiversity

• Persistent threats to biodiversity: (Part 2 – p.6)

- Land change activities

- Enviromental pollution: atmosphere, soil and water

- Agricultural application of fertilizers, pesticides

- Climate change

- Hunting and fishing

• Main sources for acid rain: (Part 2 – p.18)

- burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) in power plants

- waste incineration and industrial production plants

- diesel and gasoline vehicles and ships

• Main technical solutions to reduce emission of acid gases from power plants and cars:(Part 2 – p.23/24)

- purification of flue gas in power plants

- use of catalytic converters in cars

• The most important classes of chemical substances in relation to pollution of the

environment are: (Part 2 – p.27)

- fertilisers

- plant protection chemicals

- detergents

- waste materials

- pharmaceuticals and agropharmaceuticals

• The main POPs which have been banned are (Part 2 – p.38/39)

- chlorofluorocarbons

- „dirty dozen“:

- aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and toxaphene.

• Major EU legislation on air pollution: (Part 4 – p.2)

– Euro Emission Standards for Road Vehicles 1970 - ...

– Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive 1996 and 2008

– National Emission Ceilings Directive 2001

– Thematic Strategy on Clean Air for Europe 2005

– Air Quality Directives 1996 - 2008

• The major primary air pollutants are: (Part 4 – p.3)

- SO2

- NOx

- Particular Matter (PM)

- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

• The major secondary air pollutants are: (Part 4 – p.3)

- O3

- ammonium sulfate particles

- ammonium nitrate particles

• Major sources for SO2 in ambient air of Europe: (Part 4 – p.6)

– power stations (coal, oil)

– transport using sulphur-containing fuel (esp. shipping)

• Major sources for PM10 in ambient air in Europe: (Part 4 – p.8)

– dust from road traffic (minerals)

– vehicle emissions (carbon)

– small scale heating (carbon)

– regional transport of air pollutants (secondary particulate matter)

– industrial emissions

• Major sources for PM2,5 in ambient air in Europe: (Part 4 – p.9)

– vehicle emissions (carbon)

– small scale heating (carbon)

– regional transport of air pollutants (secondary particulate matter)

• The main measures for the reduction of SO2-pollution of ambient air in Europe were: (Part 4 – p.12)

– industrial abatement measures

– elimination of sulfur from diesel and gasoline

• Major causes/sources for biological and chemical water pollution: (Part 4 – p.21)

- industrial waste water discharge

- agricultural effluents

- human waste water discharge, unprocessed or processed in sewage plants

- oil discharge

- excessive warming of surface waters

• Major inorganic contaminants of water: (Part 4 – p.29)

- Nitrates and phosphates from human wastewaters, manure and fertilisers

- Chemical waste as industrial byproducts

- Heavy metals including acid mine drainage (mainly accidents)

• Major organic contaminants of water: (Part 4 – p.29)

- Various toxic organic compounds used as insecticides and herbicides.

- Detergents- Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene and cosmetic products

- Agropharmaceuticals- Human medicines, like estrogens- Petroleum hydrocarbons including fuels

• Key functions of soil: (Part 4 – p.46)

- Plants and crops depend on soil for the supply of water, nutrients and as a medium for growing.

- Soil stores, filters, buffers and transforms substances that are introduced into the environment, crucial in protecting water supplies and regulating greenhouse gases.

- Soil is a provider of raw materials

- Soil is an incredible habitat and gene pool

• Mitigation of soil contamination arising from waste depostion („landfilling“): (Part 4 – p.52)

- waste reduction and recycling

- incineration and pyrolysis

- composting and mechanical biological treatment

- banning of disposal of untreated waste in landfills (AT, DE, CH)

• Drivers of increased resource (and energy) use: (Part 5 – p.2)

- Population numbers

- Developement in the sense of transition from an agrarian to an industrial regime

- Rising income (GDP)

• Human-caused deforestation and the degradation of forest habitat is continuing primarily

due to: (Part 5 – p.6)

- expanding human population

- spread of agriculture

- use of wood for housing and shipbuilding

- timber production

• Impact of deforestation on the environment: (Part 5 – p.12)

- Reduced biodiversity and loss of attraction for inhabitants and tourists

- Reduction of storage of organic carbon in soil and of extraction of carbon dioxide and pollutants from the air

- Enhancement of green house gas emissions due to burning of forests

- Land degradation, drying of the soil layers, eventually desertification

- Affects the amount of water in the soil and groundwater and the moisture in the atmosphere.

- Deforested areas become sources of surface water runoff which can lead to flash flooding

• Genetic modification of seed material allows to produce plants with new properties:(Part 5 – p.42)

- Enchanced resistance against insects (Bt-maize)

- Enchanced resistance against efficient broad band pesticides (RoundupReady Soy)

- Improved nutrient content

- Higher drought resistance

- Higher salt resistance

• The most important GM crops are (Part 5 – p.43)

- soy beans

- maize

- cotton

- canola (rapeseed)

• The most important modern fishing technologies leading to an overexploitation of many

fish stocks are: (Part 5 – p.46)

- radar detection of fish swarms

- trawling

- purse seine

• The EU has set recycling goals between 50 and 85% for: (Part 5 – p.56)

– Household waste

– Construction and demolition

– Electrical & Electronic equipment (WEEE)

– End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV)

– Packaging

• Major sinks for green house gases are uptake by (Part 6 – p.3)

- oceans

- plants (photosynthesis)

• The main factors influencing average global temperatures on earth and consequently

climate are:

- Solar Radiation

- The Greenhouse Effekt

• The main green house gases are: (Part 6 – p.14)

- CO2

- CH4

- N2O

- Halocarbons

• Major visible impacts of global warming are: (Part 6 – p.21/25)

- Warming of Mediterranean sea

- Strong retreat of Alpine glaciers

- Loss of arctic sea ice

- Number of warm days and heat waves increasing

• Technical measures taken in the EU to reduce green house gas emissions by 20% till

2020 and by 40% till 2030: (Part 6 – p.30)

- reduction of primary energy use in industrial processing and manufacturing, lightning, heating, and transport

- reduction of CO2 emissions of fossil fuel power plants: Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

- increase in renewable energies, including decarbonisation of transport

• Main implementation measures of the EU Climate and Energy Policy: (Part 6 – p.31)

- Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)

- Effort Sharing Decision

- Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) for stimulating innovations

• The main reasons for the aging of populations are: (Part 7 – p.6)

- health care

- education

• The main drivers of the “Third industrial revolution are: (Part 8 – p.4)

- Sustainable production: reduced use of resources, less pollution

- Reduction of environmental pollution: „clean“ technologies

- Mitigation of global warming: new energy systems

- Extending frontiers of human activity: space exploration

- Sustainable management of the whole earth system: earth observation

- Cheaper and better production of goods: industry 4.0

• Key elements of the “Third Industrial Revolution” are the development and

implementation of the following “sustainable” technologies: (Part 8 – p.4)

- recycling of materials - new efficient transport systems

- low carbon electricity generation

- new global monitoring techniques

- artifical intelligence

• Major green house gas emission reduction measures for road transport: (Part 8 – p.15)

– enhancement of efficiency for diesel and gasoline driven cars (maximum fuel consumption <4,5 l/100km for passenger cars by 2021)

– “CO2-neutral” biofuels

– electrical cars

– advanced public transport systems

• First generation of biofuels (methanol/ethanol or diesel) are produced from (Part 8 – p.16)

– ethanol from cereals and sugar

– diesel from plant oils

The major techniques (presently under development) to produce hydrogen in very largequantities as a basis for a “hydrogen economy” are: (Part 8 – p.22)

- high efficiency electrolysis at high temperatures (800°C) – electricity from wind and sun

- catalytic thermochemical production, e.g. using concentrated solar power, high temperature nuclear reactors („generation4“)

The 2 major groups of technologies for production of “low carbon” electricity alreadyin operation: (Part 8 – p.23/25)

– solar power

– wind power

The operational dimension of the EU GMES (Copernikus) programme covers: (Part 8 – p.43)

– Land Monitoring

– Marine Services

– Atmospheric servises

– Crisis Management

2. Chose the correct figure/answers:Each correct choice is 1 point.

Our galaxy, the “Milky Way” is one out of 1 million, 1 billion, 100 billion or 10.000 billion galaxies in the observable universe. (Part 0 – p.4)

The surface temperature of our sun is approximately 2.000, 5.000, 10.000 or 100.000 °C.(Part 0 – p.7)

Our earth has an age of 100 million, 1 billion, 5 billion or 10 billion years. (Part 0 – p.8)

Our species, the homo sapiens developed 20.000, 200.000, 1million or 2 million years ago.(Part 0 – p.10)

The invention of the World Wide Web in 1989 was made at IBM, Stanford University, CERN or Google. (Part 0 – p.28)

The number of internet users has increased during the last 20 years by a factor of 10, 50, 100 or 1.000. (Part 0 – p.28)

The human DNA contains 1 million, 100 million, 1 billion or 3 billion base pairs.(Part 1 – p.5)

The human DNA contains 1.000, 10.000 million, 23.000 or 100.000 genes. (Part 1 – p.6)

The lithosphere consists mainly of iron oxides, metallic nickel, silicates or carbohydrates.(Part 1 – p.23)

The temperature in the core of our earth is about 2.000, 3.000, 5.000 or 10.000°C.(Part 1 – p.23)

The mass of the earth is responsible for the magnetic field, the ocean currents, composition of the atmosphere or the gravitational field. (Part 1 – p.23)

Since 1970 ca 150, 200, 250 or 300 pieces of EU environmental legislation have been produced.(Part 3 – p.17)

The difference in the DNA sequence between various people of the human race amounts to 0,1; 1; 10 or 50%. (Part 1 – p.6)

The human genome contains 12.000; 23.000; 33.000 or 44.000 genes. (Part 1 – p.6)

The maximum density of water is at -10°C, 0°C, 4°C or 100°C. (Part 1 – p.25)

The large amounts of water on our earth most likely originate from bombardment by asteroids, impact of comets, outgassing of crystalline water from minerals of the mantle, or reactions in our atmosphere. (Part 1 – p.28)

• Without the green house effect caused by water vapour in our atmosphere to average temperature on our earth would be 5, 10, 30 or 50°C lower. (Part 1 – p.29)

• The last ice age ended about 1 million, 100.000, 10.000 or 1.000 years ago. (Part 1 – p.30)

• The oxygen content of polar sea water is lower, equal or higher compared to tropical ocean water. (Part 1 – p.65)

• Approximately 60, 70, 75 or 80% of the Earth is covered by water. (Part 1 – p.29)

• 1, 3, 5 or 10% of the global water resources is fresh water. (Part 1 – p.29)

• During the ice ages the average global temperature was typically 1, 2, 5 or 10°C lower than now. (Part 1 – p.30)

• The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the west coast of North America, the eastern coast of South America, south east Asia or Western Europe. (Part 1 – p.38)

• The average content of water in the atmosphere is 1, 2, 5 or 10%. (Part 1 – p.39)

• The average salt content of ocean water is 1, 2, 3.5 or 10%. (Part 1 – p.35)

• The oxygen content of the present atmosphere of the earth is 16, 21, 15, 32%. (Part 1 – p.39)

• The atmosphere protects life on earth by absorbing infrared, visible, UV or microwave radiation. (Part 1 – p.39)

• The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is about 10, 100, 500 or 1000 kPa. (Part 1 – p.41)

• The trade winds blow from west to east, north to south, east to west or south to north. (Part 1 – p.47)

• Hemoglobin molecules contain the element copper, silicon, iron or nitrogen to bind oxygen for transport into the cells. (Part 1 – p.67)

• The Haber-Bosch process now produces 100 million tons of nitrogen fertilisers per year. (Part 1 – p.61)

• That fertilizer is responsible for sustaining 10%, 20%, 33%, 50% of the Earth's population. (Part 1 – p.61)

• In the aerobic respiration following the reaction C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +the net energy gained is approximately 1.000, 2.000, 3.000 or 5.000kJ·mol-1. (Part 1 – p.66)

• The IUCN red list of endangered species contains 10, 20, 40, 75% of all 60.000 species investigated. (Part 2 – p.6)

• Numbers of insect species: 10.000, 100.000, 1 million or 10 million insects (Part 2 – p.9)

• Numbers of plant species: 100.000, 300.000, 750.000 or 1 million. (Part 2 – p.9)

• Presently about 1, 10, 100 or 1.000 million chemical substances have been registered by Chemical Abstracts Service. (Part 2 – p.26)

• Presently about 1.000, 10.000, 100.000 or 1 million chemical substances are regularly produced and enter the environment. (Part 2 – p.26)

• The EU Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) for pesticides in ground and drinking water is 1, 10, 100 or 1000 ng/L. (Part 2 – p.34)

• Since 1900 the global annual GDP has risen from 2.000 billion US$ to 10.000, 25.000, 60.000 or 100.000 billion US$. (Part? – p.?)

• Roughly 5, 20, 50 or 75% of the European urban population suffer from exposure to concentrations of the air pollutants PM, NOx and ozone above immission limit values.(Part 4 – p.5)

• 10, 20, 30 or 40% of all European surface water bodies seriously threatened by pollution(nitrate and pesticides). (Part 4 – p.31)

• 10, 20, 30 or 50% of the global land surface are covered with forests. (Part 5 – p.3)

• Agriculture started 40.000, 10.000, 5.000 or 2.000 years ago. (Part 5 – p.20)

• When people lived on hunting and gathering 1, 10, 100 or 1.000 ha of land were needed to support 1 person. (Part 5 – p.20)

• Modernisation of agriculture has allowed the world population to grow by 20%, 50%, 100% or 200% over the last 50 years. (Part 5 – p.23)

• Agricultural production accounts for ca 1, 5, 10, 20 percent of the gross world product. (Part 5 – p.23)

• Area needed for production of 1 kg of vegetable 0,1; 1; 5 or 10 m² (Part 5 – p.24)

• Areas needed for production of 1 kg of beef 10, 50, 250, 500 m² (Part 5 – p.24)

• Meat makes up ca 5 % of the global food production and uses roughly 5, 10, 25 or 60% of the agricultural land for this. (Part 5 – p.24)

• Globally only 6, 12, 20 or 30 % of land surface usable for agriculture. (Part 5 – p.25)

• Agriculture accounts for 30, 50, 70 or 80% of the global consumption of freshwater water.(Part 5 – p.27)

• By 2030 one, two, three or four billion people will be affected by severe water shortage. (Part 5 – p.27)

• The share of GM soy within the global soy harvest is 20, 40, 60 or 80%. (Part 5 – p.43)

• According to the European Commission’s Report of Biosafety the consumption of GMOs poses less risks, more risks or equal risks compared to food and feed obtained with

conventional breeding techniques. (Part 5 – p.45)

• Global fish catches amount to 40, 60, 90 or 120 million tons (Part 5 – p.46)

• Global aquaculture production amounts to 20, 30, 75 or 90 million tons (Part 5 – p.52)

• Presently agricultural production uses per capita a land area 1; 0,5; 0,25 or 0,15 ha. (Part 5 – p.53)

• Since 1850 the global production and consumption of energy has increased by a factor of 5, 10, 20 or 50. (Part 5 – p.58)

• 40, 60, 80 or 90% of the present global energy production is from fossil fuels. (Part 5 – p.58)

• Under a “business as usual” scenario global energy consumption will increase till 2050 by 10, 20, 50 or 100%. (Part 5 – p.59)

• The share of oil in global total energy production in 2013 was 12, 24, 31 or 45%. (Part 5 – p.60)

• The share of renewable (hydro, biomass, geothermal, wind and sun) in global total energy production in 2013 was 6, 14, 25, or 40%. (Part 5 – p.60)

• The share of gas in global total energy production in 2013 was about 10, 20, 30, 50%.(Part 5 – p.60)

• The share of nuclear in global total energy production in 2013 was about 5, 10, 20 or 30%.(Part 5 – p.60)

• 10, 30, 50 or 75% of the global known conventional oil reserves have already been consumed. (Part 5 – p.63)

• 10, 30, 50 or 75% of the global known conventional gas reserves have already been consumed. (Part 5 – p.63)

• The substitution of coal by natural gas for energy production reduces the emissions of CO2 by10, 20, 50 or 90%. (Part 6 – p.10)

• According to the IPCC the temperature increase caused by GHGs between 1850 and now is ca 1, 2, 4 or 6°C. (Part 6 – p.4)

• Total global annual CO2 emissions were 24, 36, 50 or 75 Gto/yr CO2 (2015). (Part 6 – p.7)

• The annual CO2-emissions of China are about 10, 20, 30 or 50% of the total global emissions (2015). (Part 6 – p.7)

• The annual CO2-emissions of the EU are about 10, 20, 30 or 50% of the total global emissions (2015). (Part 6 – p.7)

• The annual per capita CO2-emissions of China are about 3, 8, 16 or 25 tons (2015). (Part 6 – p.10)

• The annual per capita CO2-emissions of the USA are about 3, 8, 16 or 25 tons (2015).(Part 6 – p.10)

• The annual per capita CO2-emissions of the EU are about 3, 8, 16 or 25 tons (2015).(Part 6 – p.10)

• The largest source sector for the emission of green house gases in the EU is transport, agriculture, energy production or industrial processes. (Part 6 – p.11)

• Under the “business as usual” scenario (IPCC RCP8,5 scenario) annual CO2 emissions will rise by 10, 25, 50 or 100% till 2100. (Part 6 – p.12)

• Under the optimal stabilisation scenario (IPCC RCP2,6 scenario) annual CO2 emissions have to decrease by 10, 25, 50 or 100% till 2050. (Part 6 – p.12)

• According to the IPCC the temperature increase caused by GHGs between 1850 and 2100 will be ca 1, 2, 4 or 6°C under the “business as usual” scenario (RCP8,5). (Part 6 – p.19)

• According to the IPCC the temperature increase caused by GHGs between 1850 and 2100 will be 0, 1, 2 or 4°C for the optimal stabilisation scenario (RCP2,6).(Part 6 – p.19)

• The EU has decided to reduce its green house gas emissions by 5, 10, 20 or 40% till 2020.(Part 6 – p.30)

• The EU emission trading system covers about 100, 1000, 10.000 or 100.000 installations. (Part 6 – p.31)

• According to the agreements achieved at the UN Climate conferences for limiting warming to 2°C by 2100 foresees a reduction of the green house gas emissions of industrialised countries till 2050 by 25, 50, 80 or 100%. (Part 6 – p.33)

• The global population has increased from 1750 till now by a factor of 6, 10, 15 or 20.(Part 7 – p.2)

• By 2050 the global population will have reached 8, 10, 15 or 20 billion. (Part 7 – p.2)

• Current annual growth rate of the global population is ca 1, 2, 3 or 4%. (Part 7 – p.2)

• During the last 100 years life expectancy has increased by 10, 25, 50 or 100%. (Part 7 – p.4)

• During the last 100 years agricultural productivity increased by a factor of 1,5; 2,5; 5 or 10.(Part 7 – p.4)

• During the last 100 years labor productivity has increased by a factor of 5, 10, 50 or 200.(Part 7 – p.4)

• The European Union has ca 3, 7, 10 or 15% of the world population. (Part 7 – p.5)

• Asia has ca 30, 40, 50 or 60% of the world population. (Part 7 – p.5)

• Till 2050 the population of Africa will grow from now 1 billion to 1,2; 1,5, 2 or 3 billion.(Part 7 – p.6)

• Presently about 25, 50, 70 or 80% of the global population live in urban areas.(Part 7 – p.7)

• In developing countries about 10, 25, 50 or 75% of the population live in cities of 1 million or more inhabitants. (Part 7 – p.12)

• The WTO treaty of 1995 created essentially a borderless world for goods and money – covering 60, 80, 95 or 100% of the global production and financial services. (Part 7 - p.17)

• According to EUROSTAT 2016 reports the GDP of all EU member states together is ca 8.000, 15.000, 25.000 or 40.000 billion EUR. (Part 7 – p.16)

• According to EUROSTAT 2016 reports the (average) GDP per capita in the EU is ca 8.000, 13.000, 30.000 or 40.000 EUR. (Part 7 – p.16)

• Among the top 100 companies measured by their market capitalisation 15, 25, 50 or 70 % are from the USA. (Part 7 – p.23)

• Among the top 100 companies measured by their market capitalisation 15, 25, 50 or 70 % are from the EU (UK, DE, FR). (Part 7 – p.23)

• The „upper“ 20% of the global population possess 20, 40, 60 or 80% of the goods of this world. (Part 7 – p.26)

• According to UNEP 100 million, 600 million, 1 billion or more than 2 billion people are without proper sanitation services. (Part 7 – p.27)

• According to UNEP 10 million, 200 million, 600 million or more than 1 billion people are without access to safe drinking water. (Part 7 – p.27)

• According to UNEP 100 million, 600 million, 1 billion or more than 2 billion people are without access to electricity. (Part 7 – p.27)

• According to UNEP 50, 100, 200 or 400 million people are undernourished. (Part 7 – p.27)

• The annual contribution of each EU citizen to development aid is about 25, 100, 500 or 1.000 EUR. (Part 7 – p.30)

• Africas share of the global land mass is 5, 10, 20 or 40%. (Part 7 – p.34)

• While the median age of the EU population is 45 years, that of the African population is 22, 30,40, 50 years. (Part 7 – p.34)

• The costs for energy imports of the EU are roughly 1 million, 100 million, 1 billion or 10 billion EUR per day. (Part 8 – p.8)

• Electricity consumption is expected to increase till 2050 by 25, 50, 100 or 200%.(Part 8 – p.11)

• Wind energy in EU: Share in electricity production 2013 is 2, 7, 10, 20% in EU-27(Part 8 – p.24)

• Solar energy in EU: Share in electricity production 2013 is 2,5; 4, 6 or 10% in EU-27(Part 8 – p.25)

3. Select the correct components by underlining:Each correct choice is 1 point. Each wrong choice is minus 1 point.

• The center of our galaxy is formed by a supernova, a black hole, a comet or a sun. (Part 0 – p.4)

• Major macromolecules in living species are proteins, water, sodium chloride, chlorophyll, lipids, glucose and carbohydrates. (Part 1 – p.3)

• Which of the following structural elements are present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a membrane-bound nucleus encapsulating the DNA. (Part 1 – p.7/8)

• Which of the following structural elements are present only in eukaryotic cells: cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes, a membrane-bound nucleus encapsulating the DNA. (Part 1 – p.7/8)

• The core of earth contains mainly the metals aluminium, iron, copper, nickel, cobalt and magnesium. (Part 1 – p.23)

• The water molecule has a very high dipole moment giving water special properties like low

solubility for gases like CO2, high solubility for salts, low boiling point compared to other chemical compounds of similar molecular weight (like methane), high heat capacity of the oceans, blue colour of rivers like the Danube. (Part 1 – p.25)

• The Gulf Stream is largely driven by: the magnetic field of the earth, the composition of the atmosphere, the amount of precipitation, the global thermohaline circulation, the trade winds. (Part 1 – p.37)

• The huge steady ocean currents are driven by density differences, the magnetic field of the earth, tectonic movements, temperature gradients between Northern and Southern regions, solar activities, steady surface winds or chemical water pollution. (Part 1 – p.36)

• Nitrogen is an important element of the bio-geochemical cycle because it is present (in different chemical forms) in proteins, silicate sediments, natural gas, chlorophyll, chemical fertilisers, crude oil or acid rain. (Part 1 – p.57)

• Autonomous nitrogen uptake by plants is mainly in the form of molecular nitrogen, ammonium ions, proteins, nitrate ions, nitrides. (Part 1 – p.59/60)

• Biodiversity hotspots are the grain belt in the Midwest of the USA, the boreal forests in Russia, the Atlantic forest of Brasil, the Rhine valley, the island of Madagascar or the Alpine regions of Austria. (Part 2 – p.2)

• Catalytic converters in cars break down (and eliminate from the exhaust) ozone,

hydrocarbons, dioxins, nitrogen oxides, SO2, carbon dioxide, water vapour, carbon monoxide, POPs or CFCs. (Part 2 – p.24)

• The most important chemical substances in relation to pollution of the environment are nitrogen, rubber, fertilisers, detergents, wood, paper, iron ores, natural gas, coal, limestone minerals, cement products. (Part 2 – p.27)

• Chemical characteristics of POPs are high water solubility, high lipid solubility, ability for bioaccumulation, low molecular weight, presence of halogens in the molecule, ability to pass through biological membranes, short life time in the atmosphere, present only near emission sources. (Part 2 – p.36)

• The following substances belong to the POPs: dioxins, ammonium nitrate, carbon dioxide, PAHs, vinylchloride, PCBs, organosphosphorous pesticides, polyethylene. (Part 2 – p.38)

• The main POPs which have been banned are methylchloride, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), vinylchloride, DDT, ammonium sulfate, diethylhexylphtalate, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mercury chloride, (Part 2 – p.39)

• The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (“Earth Summit”) produced the following important documents: the report “Limits to Growth”, the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the report “Our Common Future”, the Convention of Biological Diversity (UNCBD), the Sustainable Development Strategy of theEU (Part 3 – p.13)

• The UN Millennium Development Goals focus on reduction of military expenses, eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, reduction of global population growth, creation of an AfricanUnion, promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women, training of persons above 60 to reduce computer illiteracy and to give a greater political power to emerging economies like China or India. (Part 3 – p.14)

• Policy Acts of the European Union, which had a major impact on the development of the environmental and sustainability policies, are the publication of the book “The Silent Spring”, foundation of the club of Rome, the commissioning of the Brundlandt Report, the Single European Act of 1997 (Amsterdam), the founding of Greenpeace, the Gothenburg European Council Decision establishing EU Sustainable Development Policy in 2001, the fall of the Berlin wall, the founding of UNEP, the Climate and Energy Package (a series of Directives to combat climate change). (Part 3 – p.16/17)

• Very important air pollutants are ozone, hydrochloric acid, nitrogen, oxygen, particulate matter, pesticides, sulfur, NOx, polymers, agro-pharmaceuticals, CFCs. (Part 4 – p.3)

• Major air pollutants are: agropharmaceuticals, chlorophyll, nitrogen, ozone (O3), ammonium phosphate, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), tributyl tin, water vapour. (Part 4 – p.3)

• Major sources for the elevated concentrations of NO2 in the ambient air of Europe are airplanes, automobiles, trains, coal fired power plants, ships, fertilisation in agriculture. (Part 4 – p.10)

• Major reasons for elevated concentrations of ozone in the ambient air of Europe are emissions from road vehicles, high infrared intensity from the sun, strong trade winds, high UV-radiation, low pressure weather systems, emissions from ships. (Part 4 – p.11)

• The primary air pollutants forming the secondary pollutant ozone are NOx, SO2 , CFCs, VOCs, benz-a-pyrene, dioxin, DDT. (Part 4 – p.14)

• Important pieces of EU legislation to limit air pollution are the Water Framework Directive, the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directives, the Thematic Strategy for Soil and the National Emission Ceilings Directive. (Part 4 – p.2)

• The major source for the emission of NOx are road traffic, small scale heating, nuclear power plants, shipping, railways. (Part 4 – p.11)

• Major mitigation measures for air pollutions from road traffic are the EU Directives (EURO 5,EURO 6, ….); the Emission Trading System, particle traps for diesel engines; the Convention on Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants or the Montreal Convention to ban the use of CFCs. (Part 4 – p.14)

• General Problems of water resources in Europe: surface water bodies threatened by pollution with nitrate, pollution with pesticides, acidification of lakes in Spain, water scarcityin Northern Europe, occasionally poor bathing water quality, elevated surface water temperatures in Central European rivers. (Part 4 – p.31)

• The most important anthropogenic pressures on coastal zones in Europe are eutrophication, bacterial contamination of bathing water, pollution of sea water with POPs, growing number of tourists, spill from oil refineries, fueling of ships in the harbors, fish and shellfish farming.(Part 4 – p.37)

• Major contaminants of water are: oxygen, agropharmaceuticals, calcium carbonate, ethanol, chemical solvents, copper, ozone, pesticides, detergents, sulphur dioxide, dioxin, freons, sodium chloride. (Part 4 – p.29)

• Industrial wastewater discharges contain ozone, heavy metals, agro-pharmaceuticals, organic toxins, fertilisers, and oxygen or oils. (Part 4 – p.21)

• The major cause for eutrophication of surface waters is an excessive input of compounds of iron, phosphorous, sulphur, carbon, potassium and nitrogen. (Part 4 – p.23)

• Important diseases caused by bacterial contamination of water are gastritis, legionellosis, influenza, typhus, polio, cholera, tuberculosis. (Part 4 – p.27)

• The most common chemicals involved in the contamination of soil are ozone, petroleum hydrocarbons, hydrochloric acid, nitrogen, dioxins, polymers, pesticides, sulphur, PVC, heavy metals, CFCs. (Part 4 – p.51)

• Major soil problems in Europe are erosion by water and by wind, high salt content in centralEurope, pollution with lead from leaded gasoline, a massive extinction of soil bacteria due toglobal warming, reduced organic carbon content. (Part 4 – p.47)

• Neolithic founder crops of agriculture are wheat, corn, peas, coffee, lentils, potatoes, barley, bananas and flax. (Part 5 – p.20)

• In terms of their production volume the three most important food products are beef, soy beans, wheat, milk, rice, potatoes or maize. (Part 5 – p.24)

• The major genetically modified agricultural products are wheat, maize, barley, soy, tomatoes, rapeseed and apples. (Part 5 – p.43)

• Major suppliers (exporters) of crude oil are South Africa, Venezuela, India, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Nigeria, China, Brasil, Russia. (Part 5 – p.61)

• Major suppliers (exporters) of natural gas are South Africa, Venezuela, India, Canada, Germany, China, Brasil, Russia (Part 5 – p.62)

• The major sources for the green house gas CO2 are agriculture, burning of fossil fuel, gas and oil exploration, application of fertilisers, biomass burning. (Page 6 – p.3)

• The major sources for the green house gas CH4 are agriculture, burning of fossil fuel, gas and oil exploration, application of fertilisers, biomass burning. (Part 6 – p.4)

• The major sources for the green house gas N2O are burning of fossil fuel, gas and oil exploration, application of fertilisers, biomass burning. (Part 6 – p.4)

• Effect of green house gases: halocarbons, stratospheric ozone, N2O, aerosols, troposphericozone, water vapour, methane and cloud albedo have a warming effect.(Part 6 – p.14)

• Effect of green house gases: halocarbons, stratospheric ozone, N2O, aerosols, tropospheric ozone, water vapour, VOCs and cloud albedo have a cooling effect.(Part 6 – p.14)

• The main technical measures foreseen in the EU to reduce its green house gas emissions by40% till 2030 are reduction of primary energy use, substitution of coal and oil for heating with gas gained in the EU territory with the fracking technology, reduction of the

CO2 emissions of power plants by installing carbon capture and storage technology (CCS), importing more gas from Russia, outsourcing the energy intensive production of steel and cement to countries outside the EU, increase the production of renewable energy, substitute 50% of the gasoline and diesel used in road traffic by biofuels.(Part 6 – p.30)

• The main implementation measures of the EU Climate and Energy Policy are increasing theimports of natural gas, setting up of an Emissions Trading System, large scale explorationof shale gas in Europe, establishing an aggregate reduction target for the non-ETS sector, outsourcing of energy intensive industry to emerging economies, implementing a Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan), replacing coal fired power plants by nuclear power plants, reduction of the electricity consumption by 50% till 2030.(Part 6 – p.31)

• Major results of the Paris Climate Agreement are to limit global warming to 2°C, to set criteria for immigration of “climate refugees” into the EU, to establish a quota for burden sharing in reduction efforts beween industrialised and developing countries,to enhance deforestation in the tropical regions, to reduce the water consumption in dry regions, to implement national action plans for mitigation, to reduce global transport of goods and to replace nuclear energy by wind and solar energy. (Part 6 – p.33)

• The basis of EU policies for shaping a global partnership for sustainable development is provided by the First Environmental Action Programme of EC, the Johannesburg Declaration, the Water Framework Directive, the Doha Development Agenda, the National Emissions Ceiling Directive, the EU Maritime Strategy, the EMEP network.(Part 7 – p.28)

• A fuel cell uses nitrogen, CO2, hydrogen, methane, NO2, oxygen to produce electricity.(Part 8 – p.18)

• The “first generation” of biofuels uses the following raw materials: wood, sugar, paper, algae, grass, cereals, organic waste biomass, plant oils. (Part 8 – p.16)

• Second and third generation biofuels use as raw materials wheat, palm oil, grass, cotton, algae, corn, sugar cane, rape seed, wood, soy beans, crude oil or coal. (Part 8 – p.16/17)

• The most important launch vehicles for satellites and space stations are called Phoenix,Saturn, Pluto, Juppiter, Sojus, Aphrodite, Ariane, Sputnik. (Part 8 – p.30)

4. Complete the following sentences:Each correct entry is 1 point.

• Our universe began ca 14 billion years ago through the ……Big Bang……. (Part 0 – p.3)

• Homo erectus was the first hominid to control …………fire……. (Part 0 – p.9)

• Homo sapiens developed some 200.000 years ago in ………Africa….. (Part 0 – p.10)

• The key invention leading to the first industrial revolution was the …steam engine…(Part 0 – p.19)

• Justus von Liebig developed in the 19th century the first …chemical fertiliser………….providing the key to solve one of the biggest problems of that time. (Part 0 – p.20)

• ………Karl Marx…………………………… is the author of “Das Kapital” published in1867 which became one of the most influential books written in human history.(Part 0 – p.21)

• The key invention of the 20th century providing the basis for our modern information and communication society is the ……Worl Wide Web…………(Part 0 – p.28)

• The key scientific achievement of the 20th century leading to an in-depth understanding of the biological processes is the elucidation of the structure of the ……DNA…(Part 0 – p.24)

• A structure inside an eucariotic cell performing a specific function is called an……Organelle………………. (Part 1 – p.3)

• The whole set of genes is called ………genome……………. (Part 1 – p.6)

• The building stones of proteins are ......amino acids..................… (Part 1 – p.5)

• All hereditary information is contained in the ...............DNA..........… (Part 1 – p.5)

• Protein production is directed by the nucleic acids deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and............ribonucleic acid (RNA).......................................…. (Part 1 – p.5)

• Regions of the DNA which perform the particular coding functions are called...............genes...............................… (Part 1 – p.6)

• Bacteria in respect to their cell structure belong to the group of ..........prokaryotes.........…(Part 1 – p.7)

• The first living things on Earth were ................prokaryotes...................... which developed3.5 billion years ago. (Part 1 – p.7)

• In respect to their cell structure complex living species belong to the group of……………eucariotes…………………………… (Part 1 – p.8)

• Animals, plants, fungi have ................eucariotic...................................... cells. (Part 1 – p.8)

• Mitochondria extract .............energy............................... from sugar and fat. (Part 1 – p.8)

• Chloroplasts produce ......glucose and oxygen........................ from carbon dioxide and water. (Part 1 – p.43)

• Ribosomes synthesise ...............proteins...................................................… (Part 1 – p.8)

• The catalyst for producing glucose from carbon dioxide and water in chloroplasts of plant cells is called .......chlorophyll.......................................................… (Part 1 – p.8)

• An ........Ecozone.............................................. is the largest scale biogeographic division of the earth's surface based on the historic and evolutionary distribution patterns of plants and animals. (Part 1 – p.11)

• A ............biome........................................... is a climatically and geographically defined area of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms. (Part 1 – p.14)

• The solid outermost shell of our earth is called the ……crust………….. (Part 1 – p.23)

• The core of our planet consists of iron and nickel and provides for the……magnetic field…………………………………….. of our earth. (Part 1 – p.23)

• Water has its maximum density at a temperature of ..............4°C................… (Part 1 – p.25)

• ......Phytoplankton.................is the first step in the oceanic food chains. (Part 1 – p.34)

• Acidity is expressed as a pH value: pH = ........- log [H + ]......................… (Part 1 – p.27)

• The pH scale comprises ......................14........................... orders of magnitude. (Part 1 – p.27)

• Acidic water has a pH value below ...............7.....................................… (Part 1 – p.27)

• The tremendous ............heat capacity............................................................. of the oceans moderates the planet's climate, and its absorption of gases affects the composition of the atmosphere. (Part 1 – p.33)

• Sea water contains dissolved gases, like .........oxygen.......................................... produced by photosynthetic processes of plants. (Part 1 – p.35)

• Sea water contains dissolved gases, like .................carbon dioxide.................. mainly from exchange processes with the atmosphere. (Part 1 – p.35)

• The thermohaline circulation in oceans is driven by global .....density............................ gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes. (Part 1 – p.37)

• Our weather is formed in the atmospheric layer called ............troposphere........................… (Part 1 – p.40)

• The .........ozone.............................................layer is important to protect many living species from ultraviolet radiation since it absorbs UV radiation. (Part 1 – p.40)

• The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing .........ultraviolet............ solar radiation. (Part 1 – p.39)

• The ozone layer is important to protect many living species from ultraviolet radiation is in the atmospheric layer called .....stratosphere........................................… (Part 1 – p.40)

• ..............Cyanobacteria............ were the first oxygen producing species. (Part 1 – p.42)

• The reaction responsible for the large concentration of nitrogen in our atmosphere is

.....4 NH3 + 3O2 = 2N2 + 6H2O (Oxygen with ammonia).....................… (Part 1 – p.44)

• In respect to the energy balance respiration is an .....exothermic.... reaction. (Part 1 – p.56)

• The major driving force for atmospheric circulation is .....solar heating...… (Part 1 – p.45)

• The ...Hadley cell.............. is a circulation pattern that dominates the tropical atmosphere. (Part 1 – p.46)

• Near the tropopause, as the air moves polewards in the Hadley cell, it is turned eastward by the .......coriolis............................................... force creating the subtropical jet streams that flow from west to east. (Part 1 – p.47)

• Carbon exists in the Earth's atmosphere primarily as .......carbon dioxide....… (Part 1 – p.40)

• Organic compounds are produced from CO2 by autotroph organisms through the process of......................photosynthesis...............................… (Part 1 – p.52)

• The energy required for the process of photosynthesis comes from ……the sun……… (Part 1 – p.53)

• In photosynthesis ……glycose……………………………………….. is produced whichprovides the energy for the existence and proliferation of cells in plants. (Part 1 – p.43)

• Photosynthesis can be described by the summary reaction:

……………6CO2 + 6H2O + hν → C6H12O6 + 6O2…… (Part 1 – p.53)

• ...........chlorophyll................................… is the catalyst for photosynthesis. (Part 1 – p.57)

• Photosynthesis takes place in cell organelles called .........chloroplasts.......… (Part 1 – p.54)

• The Haber-Bosch-Process produces NH3 according to this reaction:

.....N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3......................................… (Part 1 – p.61)

• NO and NO2 in the atmosphere react with hydrocarbons to form .....tropospheric ozone.......... which is a major component of summer smog. (Part 1 – p.62)

• The main source for N2O is the use of .......chemical fertilizers.....… (Part 1 – p.63)

• NOx react with ..................NH3.................................................. in the atmosphere to form ammonium nitrate which is an important component of acid deposition. (Part 1 – p.63)

• The …………Haber-Bosch……………………. process now produces 100 million tons ofnitrogen fertilisers per year. (Part 1 – p.61)

• Oversupply of waters with ...........phosphorus....... from household effluents contributesto eutrophication. (Part 1 – p.64)

• The main source of oxygen within the biosphere and atmosphere is….photosynthesis by plants and the phytoplankton of the oceans......… (Part 1 – p.66)

• Through photosynthesis, .......phytoplankton........ are responsible for about half of the oxygen produced in the Earth's atmosphere. (Part 1 – p.52)

• The main way oxygen is lost from the atmosphere is via ......respiration.....… (Part 1 – p.66)

• The reaction for respiration is: ......C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2880 kJ*mol -1....…(Part 1 – p.66)

• Erythrocytes contain as a carrier for oxygen from the lung to the cells of organisms millions

of ....................hemoglobin...................... molecules. (Part 1 – p.67)

• Respiration performed by animals: involves the breaking down of ..........glucose.............(or other organic molecules) into carbon dioxide and water. (Part 1 – p.56)

• In the absence of oxygen decay of animal and plant matter causes a break down of the the carbon compounds to ….methane…… (Part 1 – p.56)

• The conservation of biological diversity has become a global concern and is addressed in the......Convention on Biological Diversity...., which is an international treaty of 1992 (Rio).(Part 2 – p.10)

• Nearly one fifth of the land in the EU is protected under the Habitats Directive and the BirdsDirective and is commonly know as ......protection......... areas. (Part 2 – p.14)

• Clean, unpolluted rain water is slightly acidic with a pH of 5,6 due to the uptake of

......................CO2 (carbon dioxide)............................. from the air. (Part 2 – p.18)

• Acid rain is mostly caused by human emissions of gaseous sulfur and nitrogen compounds

(NOx, SO2) which react in the atmosphere to produce acids: mainly HNO3 and

...........H2SO4.................................… (Part 2 – p.18)

• Purification of the flue gas from coal fired power plants aims mainly at removing the acid

gas ......SO2 (Sulfur dioxide).................................................… (Part 2 – p.23)

• Removal of the acid nitrous oxides from the exhaust of a car is achieved by installation of..................catalytic converters........................................… (Part 2 – p.24)

• Shipping is responsible for the emission of significant amounts of the acid gas

.........NOX...................................… (Part 2 - p25)

• Among the most important classes of pesticides are ……herbicides…………for the control of weeds. (Part 2 – p.31)

• POPs typically contain the element ...............chlorine.................................… (Part 2 – p.36)

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been banned under the Montreal Protocol because theydestroy the ............ozone............................ layer in the stratosphere. (Part 2 – p.44)

• A degradation of the ozone layer in the stratosphere leads to an enhanced exposure of peopleto ............UVB-................................... radiation. (Part 2 – p.43)

• The Montreal Protocols completely phased out …Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)…. Production. (Part 2 – p.44)

• Public awareness of environmental pollution was first raised massively in 1962 by………Rachel Carson …. through her battle against the uncontrolled use of pesticides in agricultural production in the USA. (Part 3 – p.3)

• A main activity of the …UN Environment Programme (UNEP)... is publishing special reports on the global state of the environment with special focus on developing countries.(Part 3 – p.9)

• A main activity of the …Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)... is publishing scientific assessments of global warming. (Part 3 – p.11)

• UNFCCC stands for ..United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change..(Part 3 – p.13)

• The .. Millennium Development Goals................................. are eight goals that were set upin a UN Conference in 2000 to support the developing countries. (Part 3 – p.14)

• A significant fraction of Europe’s population suffers from summer smog, whose mainchemical component is … tropospheric ozone…… (Part 1 – p.62)

• The air pollutant ozone is formed by reaction of VOCs with ……NOX…… (Part 4 – p.14)

• The ......National Emissions Ceiling Directive.......... requires all Member States to report

information annually concerning emissions and projections for four main air pollutants. (Part 4 – p.4) • The air pollutant .......ozone.............… is formed from VOCs and NOx in presence of UV radiation (Part 4 – p.14)

• Agricultural ....effluents........................ can lead to bacterial contamination of ground orsurface waters. (Part 4 – p.21)

• A widely-used measure of eutrophication is the determination algal and cyanobacterial biomass from the .....chlorophyll......... concentration. (Part 4 – p.26)

• An .....eutrophic............................ lake is a lake with high primary productivity, the result of an excessive nutrient content. (Part 4 – p.23)

• An .........oligotrophic............. lake is a lake with low primary productivity, the result of low nutrient content. (Part 4 – p.24)

• European water problems: There is a widespread acidification of lakes in………Northern Europe…………… (Part 4 – p.31)

• Detergents are the major source for the element ……Nitrogen…………. in waste waterleading to eutrophication. (Part 4 – p.23)

• The EU legislation from 2000 requiring integrated impact-based river basin managementbased on an ecosystem approach is called ……Holistic assessment of surfacewaterstatus…. (Part 4 – p.33)

• ……Agriculture….. is the main source of nutrients (and other chemicals) to surface waters leading to eutrophication and groundwater pollution. (Part 4 – p.40)

• The ....United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea... treaty deals with aspects ofoverfishing and grants coastal states exclusive fishing rights for a 200 mile zone.(Part 5 – p.50)

• The function establishing the relation between the per capita GDP of a country and the per capita primary energy consumption is called the ………Kutznets……curve. (Part 5 – p.59)

• The new technology to exploit gas reserves in deep rock formations by hydraulic cracking ofthe rock layers is called …………fracking………………………….. (Part 5 – p.65)

• The ……Keeling‘s…………………………….. curve shows the increase of atmospheric

concentrations of CO2 which roughly matches the amount of fossil fuels burned per year.(Part 6 – p.2)

• Changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun, known as the ….…Milankovitch….….

cycles, are believed to be main reason for the large oscillations in the CO2 concentrationsof the atmosphere. (Part 6 – p.5)

• The Boreal region has huge carbon stocks which could emit .............................................under conditions of strong global warming leading to a non-linear acceleration oftemperature rise.

• Basis for the EU Development strategy towards Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) isthe ………Cotonou………….. Partnership Agreement of 2000. (Part 7 – p.28)

• CCS stands for ............Carbon Capture and Storage................… (Part 8 – p.14)

• CO2 can be used to produce methane by reaction with ........H2.............… (Part 8 – p.14)

• CO2 can be used to produce methanol by reaction with .........H2..........… (Part 8 – p.14)

• The first human made object to orbit our planet was called ........Sputnik..… (Part 8 – p.30)

• The first landing of people on the moon was achieved with a NASA missioncalled............Apollo 11............................................… (Part 8 – p.30)

• The powerful mirror telescope orbiting our earth to explore the galactic evelution of ouruniverse was called ........Hubble Space..............................Telescope. (Part 8 – p.31)

• The largest infrared telescope sent to space searching for ogygen and water in galacticobjects is called ..............Herschel......................… Space Observatory. (Part 8 – p.32)

• The pioneering ESA mission to Comet 67/P Churyumov-Gerasimenko was called...............Chury.............................… (Part 8 – p.35)

• The powerful European rocket for launching spacecrafts is called ..........Ariane 6.............…(Part 8 – p.30)

• The newly established EU earth observation system to monitor global change is called……………Copernicus………………… (Part 8 – p.43)

• The Comprehensive Global Earth Observation System established in cooperation of EU,USA, Japan etc has the acronym ……..GEOSS…………. (Part 8 – p.54)