Ecology
43
Ecology AP Biology 2010
description
Ecology . AP Biology 2010. Use textbook to: Compare/Contrast Chaparral and Savannah Biomes. Temperature Rainfall Geographic Locations General types of plants/animals (ex. Pine forest) Special adaptations. Freshwater Aquatic Biomes. Zones: photic/aphotic; temperature - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Ecology
Ecology
AP Biology 2010
Use textbook to: Compare/Contrast Chaparral and Savannah Biomes
• Temperature• Rainfall• Geographic Locations• General types of plants/animals (ex. Pine
forest)• Special adaptations
Freshwater Aquatic BiomesZones: photic/aphotic; temperature
Oligotrophic versus Eutrophic lakes
Cultural Eutrophication
Input of nitrogen and phosphorous
Algal blooms followed by fish-kills
Marine BiomesZones: intertidal, neritic, oceanic/pelagic, benthic
Intertidal zone
Nertitic zone
Oceanic/pelgic zone
Benthic Zone
How might we expect global climate changeto alter world biomes?
Population EcologyDemography – Life tables & survivorship curves
Human Population Survivorship Curves
Life Histories
Semelparity: One-time reproduction
Iteroparity: repeated reproduction
Driving factor: how many offspring survive to reproduce – determines how many offspring; parental investment
Basic factors Affecting Population Size
• Number/Age of females• Fertility rate of females• Death rates of females
Purple: 7-8; bottom blue:0-1
World fertility rates
Population GrowthIn a restricted environment without immigration/emmigration:
Change in pop. Size = Births - Deaths for a time interval
N = B-Dt
b/d= per capita rateNt
= bN-dN
r=b-d Nt = rN OR
dNdt
= rN
Intrinsic rate of increase: rmax : exponential growth
Exponential Population Growth
Logistic GrowthK = carrying capacity
dN= rmaxN( K-N
K ) dt
Compare/Contrast
• Tundra/Desert• Rainforest/Temperate deciduous forest
Geographic locations,Rainfall, temperature, unique adaptations, overall types of plants/animals
Natural Populations have Limits to Growth• Negative Feedback - intrinsic/extrinsic
• Density dependent factors: predation, disease
K – selection life history traits or r-selected life history traits
Community Ecology• Species Richness – Biodiversity• Historical theories: Gleason’s Individualistic hypothesis
versus Clements Interactive hypothesis• Modern theories:
– Erlich’s Rivet Theory – tight association– Walker’s Redundancy Model – loose web
Competition
• Interspecific – Competitive Exclusion Principle• Ecological niche• Resource partitioning
Ecological Niche
Sum of a species use of abiotic and biotic resources in an environment.
Reflect and write a paragraph on the following statement: Humans are responsible for all major ecological issues.
Ecological Interactions
• Competition: inter and intra- specific• Predator/Prey: camoflauge, mullerian,
batesian mimicry• Mutualism• Commensalism• Parasitism
Batesian Mimicry
Primary Succession
Secondary Succession
Dominant versus Keystone species
• Dominant: highest abundance• Keystone species: disproportional importance
for abundance. Removal Experiments
Trophic Organization
Primary production - amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (glucose) by autotrophs
Net primary production – what is available to next trophic levels: Primary-R
Secondary production
Bioaccumulation of Toxins in Food Chain:
Ex. Mercury (methylmercury)
Mercury in Tuna Sushi Higher at Restaurants than Groceries
Nitrogen fixation: Endocrine disrupters and flavonoid signallingJennifer E. Fox1,2, Marta Starcevic1, Kelvin Y. Kow1, Matthew E. Burow1,3
& John A. McLachlan1,3Top of page
AbstractNitrogen fixation is a symbiotic process initiated by chemical signals from
legumes that are recognized by soil bacteria. Here we show that some endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs)1, 2, 3, so called because of their
effect on hormone-signalling pathways in animal cells, also interfere with the symbiotic signalling that leads to nitrogen fixation. Our results raise the
possibility that these phytochemically activated pathways may have features in common with hormonal signalling in vertebrates, thereby extending the
biological and ecological impact of EDCs.
Invasive Species
NUTRIA
